Timeline of antibiotics

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Year Event type Details Geographical location
1932 German pathologist Gerhard Domagk develops prontosil, the first sulphonamide microbial.[1][2][3] Germany
1942 Penicillin is introduced.[3]
1943 Streptomycin is introduced. It is the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis.[4][5][6][3]
1945 The cephalosporins are discovered from a fungus, Cephalosporium acremonium, in seawater samples near a sewage outfall in Sardinia.[3][7][8][9] Italy
1947 Chloramphenicol is isolated from the soil organism Streptomyces venezuelae. Merketed in 1949, its use would quickly become widespread due to its broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity.[10][11][12][13]
1947 American plant physiologist Benjamin Minge Duggar isolates chlortetracycline from a Missouri River mud sample. It is the first tetracycline introduced.[14][15][16][17] United States
1949 Jewish-American biochemist Selman Waksman and Hubert A. Lechevalier first isolate neomycin, as aminoglycoside antibiotic found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eyedrops.[18][19][20] United States
1952 Eli Lilly and Company introduces erythromycin, an antibiotic useful for the treatment of a number of bacterial infections, including respiratory tract infections, skin infections, chlamydia infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and syphilis.[21][22][23] United States
1956 Research team at the Lilly Biological Laboratories in Indiana first isolates vancomycin from bacterium streplomyces orienlalis. Vancomycin is used as a treatment for complicated skin infections, bloodstream infections, endocarditis, bone and joint infections, and meningitis caused by methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus.[3][24][25][26] United States
1961 Antibiotic ampicillin is introduced. Within a short time it would become the drug of choice for treatment of Hemophilus influenzae meningitis.[27][28][29][3]
1963 Antibiotic gentamicin is discovered.[3]
1964 Antibiotic cephalosporins is introduced.[3]
1964 Antibiotic vancomycin is introduced.[3]
1965 Dicloxacillin is synthesized by Bayer.[30][31][32]
1966 Antibiotic doxycycline is introduced.[3]
1970 Non-toxic semi-synthetic acid-resistant isoxazolyl penicillin flucloxacillin is introduced into clinical practice.[32][33]
1971 Antibiotic rifampicin is introduced.[3]
1974 Antibiotic co-trimoxazole is introduced.[3]
1976 Antibiotic amikacin is introduced.[3]
1984 Antibiotic ampicillin/clavulanate is introduced.[3]
1987 Antibiotic imipenem/cilastin is introduced.[3]
1987 Antibiotic ciprofloxacin is introduced.[3]
1993 Antibiotics azithromycin and clarithromycin are introduced.[3]
1999 Antibiotic quinupristin/dalfopristin is introduced.[3]
2000 Antibiotic linezolid is introduced.[3]
2003 Antibiotic daptomycin is introduced.[3]
2004 Antibiotic telithromycin is introduced.[3]
2005 Antibiotic tigecycline is introduced.[3]

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References

  1. ↑ Ravina, Enrique. The Evolution of Drug Discovery: From Traditional Medicines to Modern Drugs. 
  2. ↑ Savona-Ventura, Charles. Contemporary Medicine in Malta [1798-1979]. 
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 Torok, Estee; Moran, Ed; Cooke, Fiona. Oxford Handbook of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology. 
  4. ↑ Lorian, Victor. Antibiotics in Laboratory Medicine. 
  5. ↑ Morabia, Alfredo. Enigmas of Health and Disease: How Epidemiology Helps Unravel Scientific Mysteries. 
  6. ↑ Cumo, Christopher Martin. The Ongoing Columbian Exchange: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History: Stories of Biological and Economic Transfer in World History. 
  7. ↑ Stephanie Watts; Faingold, Carl; Dunaway, George; Crespo, Lynn. Brody's Human Pharmacology - E-Book. 
  8. ↑ Riviere, Jim E.; Papich, Mark G. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 
  9. ↑ Bennett, Peter N.; Brown, Morris J. Clinical Pharmacology E-Book: With STUDENTCONSULT Access. 
  10. ↑ Kacew, Sam. Drug Toxicity and Metabolism in Pediatrics. 
  11. ↑ Riviere, Jim E.; Papich, Mark G. Veterinary Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 
  12. ↑ Shapiro, Stuart. Regulation of Secondary Metabolism in Actinomycetes. 
  13. ↑ Aschenbrenner, Diane S.; Venable, Samantha J. Drug Therapy in Nursing. 
  14. ↑ Dougherty, Thomas J.; Pucci, Michael J. Antibiotic Discovery and Development. 
  15. ↑ Kokate, Chandrakant; Jalalpure, SS; Pramod, H.J. Textbook of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology - E-Book. 
  16. ↑ Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy. 
  17. ↑ McKenna, John. Natural Alternatives to Antibiotics – Revised and Updated: How to treat infections without antibiotics. 
  18. ↑ Schindel, Leo. Unexpected Reactions to Modern Therapeutics: Antibiotics. 
  19. ↑ Grayson, M Lindsay; Crowe, Suzanne M; McCarthy, James S; Mills, John; Mouton, Johan W; Norrby, S Ragnar; Paterson, David L; Pfaller, Michael A. Kucers' The Use of Antibiotics Sixth Edition: A Clinical Review of Antibacterial, Antifungal and Antiviral Drugs. 
  20. ↑ Advances in Carbohydrate Chemistry, Volume 18. 
  21. ↑ Rubin, Bruce K.; Tamaoki, Jun. Antibiotics as Anti-Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Agents. 
  22. ↑ Piscitelli, Stephen C.; Rodvold, Keith A.; Pai, Manjunath P. Drug Interactions in Infectious Diseases. 
  23. ↑ Nightingale; Mur. Antimicrobial Pharmacodynamics in Theory and Clinical Practice, Second Edition. 
  24. ↑ Staphylococci in Human Disease (Kent B. Crossley, Kimberly K. Jefferson, Gordon L. Archer, Vance G. Fowler ed.). 
  25. ↑ Antibiotics Annual. 
  26. ↑ Hejzlar, Miroslav. Advances in Antimicrobial and Antineoplastic Chemotherapy: Progress in Research and Clinical Application: pt. 1-2. Antimicrobial chemotherapy. 
  27. ↑ Atta-ur-Rahman. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry, Volume 56. 
  28. ↑ Thompson, R.A.; Green, John R. Infectious Diseases of the Central Nervous System. 
  29. ↑ Fifty Years of Antimicrobials: Past Perspectives and Future Trends. Society for General Microbiology. Symposium. 
  30. ↑ McGuire, John L. Pharmaceuticals, 4 Volume Set. 
  31. ↑ Kuemmerle, Helmut Paul. Clinical Chemotherapy: Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Harper, N. J.; Simmonds, Alma B. Advances in Drug Research, Volume 7. 
  33. ↑ Neonatal Formulary. BMJ Books, 2000. 
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