Timeline of parasitology
From Timelines
This is a timeline of parasitology, attempting to focus on human parasitology.
Contents
Big picture
| Time period | Development summary |
|---|---|
| Paleolithic | Since the emergence of Homo sapiens in eastern Africa, humans spread throughout the world, possibly in several waves, migrating to and inhabiting virtually the whole of the face of the Earth, bringing some parasites with them and collecting others on the way.[1] |
| Ancient history | Many detailed descriptions of various diseases that might or might not be caused by parasites, specifically fevers, are found in the writings of Greek physicians between 800 to 300 BC, such as the Corpus Hippocratorum by Hippocrates, and from physicians from other civilizations including China from 3000 to 300 BC, India from 2500 to 200 BC, Rome from 700 BC to 400 AD, and the Arab Empire in the latter part of the first millennium. The descriptions of infections become more accurate and Arabic physicians, particularly Rhazes (AD 850 to 923) and Avicenna (AD 980 to 1037), write important medical works that contain a great deal of information about diseases clearly caused by parasites.[1] |
| 10,000 BP | First Agricultural Revolution, from hunting and gathering to settled agriculture. Humans acquire parasites from animals with which they come in contact during agricultural practices.[1] |
| Middle Ages | The medical literature is very limited during this time, but there are many references to parasitic worms. In some cases, they are recognized as the possible causes of disease but in general, the writings of the period reflect the culture, beliefs, and ignorance of the time.[1] |
| 1500< | The slave trade, which would flourish for three and a half centuries from about 1500, bring new parasites to the New World from the Old World.[1] |
| 16th century | The first definitive reports of lymphatic filariasis begin to appear.[1] |
| 17th–18th century | The science of helminthology develops, following the reemergence of science and scholarship during the Renaissance period.[1] |
| Present time | Known parasites infecting humans has now increased to about 300 species.[1] |
Full timeline
| Year | Event type | Details |
|---|---|---|
| 150,000 BP | Homo sapiens emerge in eastern Africa | |
| 3,000–400 BC | The first written records of what are almost certainly parasitic infections come from this period of Egyptian medicine, particularly the Ebers papyrus of 1500 BC discovered at Thebes.[1] | |
| 2277 BC | A. lumbricoides eggs are found in human coprolites from Peru dating from that time.[1] | |
| 1550 BC | The Ebers papyrus in Egypt refers to intestinal worms. These records can be confirmed by the recent discovery of calcified helminth eggs in mummies dating from 1200 BC.[1] | |
| 460 BC–365 BC | Hippocrates describe worms from fishes, domesticated animals, and humans.[1] | |
| 25 BC–200 AD | Roman physicians including Celsus (25 BC to AD 50) and Galen (AD 129 to 200) are familiar with the human roundworms Ascaris lumbricoides and Enterobius vermicularis, as wellas tapeworms belonging to the genus Taenia. | |
| 625 AD–690 AD | Byzantine Greek physician Paul of Aegina (AD 625 to 690) clearly describes Ascaris, Enterobius, and tapeworms and gives good clinical descriptions of the infections they cause.[1] | |
| 980 AD– 1037 AD | Persian polymath Avicenna recognizes Ascaris, Enterobius, tapeworms and the guinea worm, Dracunculus medinensis.[1] | |
| 1674 | Georgius Hieronymus Velschius initiates the scientific study of the nematode Dracunculus and the disease it causes.[1] | |
| 1707–1778 | Swedish botanist Carl von Linné describes and names six helminth worms, Ascaris lumbricoides, Ascaris vermicularis (= Enterobius vermicularis), Gordius medinensis (= Dracunculus medinensis), Fasciola hepatica, Taenia solium, and Taenia lata (= Diphyllobothrium latum).[1] | |
| 1770 | French surgeon, Mongin describes the worm Loiasis (Eye Worm) passing across the eye of a woman in Santa Domingo, in the Caribbean, and recounts how he tried unsuccessfully to remove it. This is the first definitive record of the worm.[1] | |
| 1819 | Carl Asmund Rudolphi discovers adult female worms containing larvae of Dracunculus. | |
| 1835 | James Paget, then a medical student at St. Bartholomew's Hospital in London, discovers Trichinella in humans.[1] | |
| 1836 | British army officer D. Forbes, serving in India, finds and describes the larvae of D. medinensis in water.[1] | |
| 1848 | "The first English account of the removal of worms from the eye is that by William Loney in 1848"[1] | |
| 1849 | English chemist William Prout records the condition of chyluria in his book On the Nature and Treatment of Stomach and Renal Diseases.[1] | |
| 1859 | Rudolf Virchow.[1] | |
| 1860 | Friedrich Zenker.[1] | |
| 1863 | "The larval microfilariae were first seen in hydroceel fluid by the French surgeon Jean-Nicolas Demarquay in 1863"[1] | |
| 1866 | "The larval microfilariae" "in urine by Otto Henry Wucherer in Brazil in 1866"[1] | |
| 1870 | "1870 that the whole life cycle, including the stages in the crustacean intermediate host, was elaborated by the Russian Alekej Pavlovitch Fedchenko"[1] | |
| 1875 | Irish naval surgeon John O'Neill first observes the microfilariae of onchocerciasis when examining skin samples from patients in Ghana.[2] | |
| 1876 | S. stercoralis and the disease strongyloidiasis are both discovered by Louis Alexis Normand, a physician to the French naval hospital at Toulon.[1] | |
| 1876 | "The adult worm was described by Joseph Bancroft in 1876 (14, 136) and named Filaria bancrofti in his honour by the British helminthologist Thomas Spencer Cobbold"[1] | |
| 1877 | "Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with the nematode worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and B. timori, which are transmitted by mosquitoes. The discovery of the life cycle by Patrick Manson"[1] | |
| 1883 | German parasitologist Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolf Leuckart discovers the alternation of generations involving parasitic and free-living phases.[1] | |
| 1890 | British ophtalmologist Stephen McKenzie identifies microfilaria in cases of loiasis.[2][1] | |
| 1894 | "Manson" "guinea worm"[1] | |
| 1895 | Scottish ophtalmologist Douglas Argyll-Robertson describes the clinical presentation of loiasis.[2] Argyll-Robertson records the swellings (now known as Calabar swellings) in Old Calabar in Nigeria.[1] | |
| 1899 | American zoologist Charles Wardell Stiles identifies progressive pernicious anemia seen in the southern United States as being caused by the hookworm A. duodenale. | |
| 1909 | The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission for the Eradication of Hookworm Disease is organized in the United States, as a result of a gift of US$1 million from John D. Rockefeller.[3] | |
| 1910 | Scottish physician Patrick Manson confirms that loiasis is caused by roundworms.[2][1] | |
| 1912 | British parasitologist Robert Thompson Leiper confirms biting flies, Chrysops spp. as the transmission vector in loiasis.[2][1] | |
| 1915 | Guatemaltecan physician Rodolfo Robles describes the so-called "American onchocerciasis", which is caused by a filarial parasite.[2] | |
| 1947 | American chemist Redginal I. Hewitt develops an effective antifilarial treatment with diethylcarbamazine.[2] | |
| 1962 | Norman Stoll describes hookworm infection as an extremely dangerous infection because its damage is “silent and insidious.”[4] | |
| 1977 | Japanese physician Satoshi Omura develops a new, highly effective drug called ivermectin.[2] | |
| 1987 | American physicians Pindaros Roy Vagelos and William Campbell persuade Merck&Co. to donate the drug ivermectin to establish the first filarial eradication programs in the world.[2] | |
| 2001 | The 54th World Health Assembly passes a resolution demanding member states to attain a minimum target of regular deworming of at least 75% of all at-risk school children by the year 2010.[5] | |
| 2008 | United States President Bill Clinton announces a mega-commitment at the Clinton Global Initiative (CGI) 2008 Annual Meeting to de-worm 10 million children.[6] | |
| 2009 | S. haematobium–Schistosoma bovis hybrids are described in northern Senegalese children. | |
| 2015 | Hookworm infected about 428 million people in the year.[7] |
Meta information on the timeline
How the timeline was built
The initial version of the timeline was written by FIXME.
Funding information for this timeline is available.
Feedback and comments
Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:
- FIXME
What the timeline is still missing
Parasitology Parasitism [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]
Timeline update strategy
See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 Cox, F. E. G. "History of Human Parasitology". doi:10.1128/CMR.15.4.595-612.2002. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 Sangüeza, Omar P; Bravo, Francisco. Dermatopathology of Tropical Diseases: Pathology and Clinical Correlations.
- ↑ Page, Walter H. (September 1912). "The Hookworm And Civilization: The Work Of The Rockefeller Sanitary Commission In The Souther States". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. Vol. XXIV. pp. 504–518. Retrieved 17 May 2018.
- ↑ Stoll NR (August 1962). "On endemic hookworm, where do we stand today?". Exp. Parasitol. 12 (4): 241–52. PMID 13917420. doi:10.1016/0014-4894(62)90072-3.
- ↑ "School Deworming". Public Health at a Glance. World Bank. 2003.
- ↑ Hawdon JM, Hotez PJ (October 1996). "Hookworm: developmental biology of the infectious process". Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 6 (5): 618–23. PMID 8939719. doi:10.1016/S0959-437X(96)80092-X.
- ↑ GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. (8 October 2016). "Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.". Lancet. 388 (10053): 1545–1602. PMC 5055577
. PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6.
