Timeline of solar power

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This is a timeline of solar power.

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Time period Development summary
1954< The era of modern solar cell technology begins when G.L. Pearson, D. Shapin and C. Fuller demonstrate a silicon solar cell capable of 6% energy conversion efficiency with direct sunlight.Cite error: Closing </ref> missing for <ref> tag
3rd century BC Greeks and Romans are known to harness solar power with mirrors to light torches for religious ceremonies. These mirrors become a normalized tool referred to as “burning mirrors.”[1]
20 AD The Chinese civilization documents the use of mirrors for the same purpose like those used by Greeks and Romans.[1] China
Late 1700s – 1800s Researchers and scientists have success using sunlight to power ovens for long voyages. They also harness the power of the sun to produce solar-powered steam boats.[1]
1839 French physicist Edmond Becquerel first discovers the photovoltaic effect. This process occurs when light is absorbed by a material and creates electrical voltage. Most modern solar cells use silicon crystals to attain this effect.[2][3] France
1873 English electrical engineer Willoughby Smith discovers that selenium has photoconductive potential.[1][2] United Kingdom
1876 William Grylls Adams’ and Richard Evans Day discover that selenium creates electricity when exposed to sunlight.[1]
1877 American scientists William Adams and Richard Day publish The action of light on selenium.[4] United States
1883 American inventor Charles Fritts produces the first solar cells made from selenium wafers.[1] Fritts coats selenium with a thin layer of gold. This cell achieves an energy conversion rate of 1–2% (most modern solar cells work at an efficiency of 15–20%).[2] United States
1887 German physicist Heinrich Hertz first observes the photoelectric effect, where light is used to free electrons from a solid surface (usually metal) to create power. Hertz finds this process produces more power when exposed to ultraviolet light, rather than more intense visible light. Albert Einstein later receives the Nobel Prize for further explaining the effect. Modern-day solar cells rely on the photoelectric effect to convert sunlight into power.[2] Germany
1888 American chemist Edward Weston receives the first US Patent for solar cell.[4] United States
1888 – 1891 Russian physicist Aleksandr Stoletov develops the first solar cell using the outer photoelectric effect.[4]
1902 German physicist Philipp Lenard observes that the energy of individual emitted electrons increases with the frequency (which is related to the colour) of the light.[5] Germany
1904 German physicist Wilhelm Hallwachs develops a semiconductor-junction solar cell.[4] Germany
1905 Albert Einstein publishes his theory of “photoelectric effect”.[4]
1918 Polish chemist Jan Czochralski invents the Czochralski process, which is used for growing single crystals and in the production of semiconductor wafers.[6][7][8] Germany
1922 Albert Einstein receives Nobel Prizes in Physics for his photoelectric effect theory.[4]
1932 Stora and Audobert discover a photovoltaic material, cadmium selenide.[4]
1941 Technology American engineer Russell Ohl invents the solar cell, shortly after the invention of the transistor.[9][10][11][3] United States
1954 Technology Daryl Chapin, Calvin Fuller, and Gerald Pearson at Bell Labs create the silicon photovoltaic (PV) cell. Many argue that this event marks the true invention of PV technology because it is the first instance of a solar technology that could actually power an electric device for several hours of a day.[1] United States
1956 American company Western Electric begins selling commercial licenses for its silicon PV technologies. However, the prohibitive costs of silicon solar cells keep them from widespread market saturation.[2] United States
1956 Solar panels cost roughly US$300 per watt.[1]
1957 – 1960 Hoffman Electronics makes a number of breakthroughs with photovoltaic efficiency, improving the efficiency record from 8% to 14%.[1]
1958 Solar energy is used in space. The Vanguard I satellite uses a tiny one-watt panel to power its radios. Later that year the Vanguard II, Explorer 3 and Sputnik 3 are all launched with PV technology on board.[1][2][2]
1960 Technology Hoffman Electronics develops a new solar cell with fourteen percent efficiency.[4]
1963 Technology Japanese multinational Sharp Corporation manufactures a feasible photovoltaic module of silicon solar cells.[4]
1964 Technology NASA launches the first Nimbus spacecraft, a satellite able to run entirely on a 470 watt solar array.[1][12][13] United States
1964 Book American physical chemist Farrington Daniels publishes Direct Use of the Sun's Energy.[14] United States
1966 NASA launches the world’s first Orbiting Astronomical Observatory, powered by a one-kilowatt array.[1]
1968 Robert Riehl introduces his solar-powered wristwatch.[15]
1970 Soviet team led by Zhores Alferov develops the first highly effective GaAs heterostructure solar cells.[16] Soviet Union
1973 The University of Delaware constructs the first solar building, named “Solar One.” The system runs on a hybrid supply of solar thermal and solar PV power. It is also the first instance of building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV).[1]
1974 Organization The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) is established in the United States.[17][18] United States
1974 Japan launches the "Project Sunshine", a broad R&D program in solar energy. The goal is to produce new sources of clean energy by the year 2000.[19][20][21] Japan
1975 Solar panels cost drops to just over US$100 a watt.[1]
1978 Technology The first solar-powered calculator is released.[22][23][24][25]
1979 United States President Jimmy Carter has solar panels installed on the White House during his term as president.[1] United States
1980< Solar panel prices starts dropping by at least 10 percent every single year. The plummeting cost of solar is largely responsible for the growing popularity of solar and the legitimacy of photovoltaics as a reliable energy source in today’s world.[1]
1981 Paul MacCready builds Solar Challenger, the first aircraft to run on solar power, and flies it across the English Channel from France to Britain.[1]
1982 Arco Solar builds the first solar park (basically a solar power plant) in Hesperia, California.[2] United States
1985 The University of South Wales achieves 20% photovoltaic efficiency for silicon cells.[1] Australia
1989 Reflective solar concentrators are first applied with solar cells.[4]
1991 The first efficient photo electrochemical cell and the dye-sensitized solar cell are developed.[4]
1992 The University of South Florida creates a 15.89 percent efficient thin-film cell.[4] United States
1994 The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory develops a new solar cell from gallium indium phosphide and gallium arsenide that exceeds 30% conversion efficiency.[2] United States
1994 Japan starts “70,000 Solar Roofs” PV subsidy program, to increase the use of photovoltaic system in the residential sector.[26][27][28] Japan
1995 Thomas Faludy files a patent for a retractable awning with integrated solar cells. This is one of the first times solar cells are used in recreational vehicles. Later, this feature would become a popular way to power RVs.[2]
1998 The remote-controlled solar airplane “Pathfinder” sets an altitude record after reaching 80,000 feet.[1]
1999 The U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory creates thin-film solar cells that convert 32% of the sunlight it collects into usable energy.[1][2] United States
2001 NASA breaks record when reaching 96,000 feet with its solar-powered non-rocket aircraft.[1]
2005 DIY solar panels are released. These would become more prevalent with each new year.[2]
2006 Solar cell surpass the 40 percent efficiency.[4]
2007 Google launches in the United States the Project Sunroof, with aim at helping homeowners explore whether they should go solar, offering solar estimates for over 43 million houses across 42 states.[29][30][31] United States
2008 The inverted metamorphic triple-junction solar cell is developed.[4]
2015 Solar cells as thin as paper are manufactured using an industrial printer. These have 20% power conversion efficiency, and a single strip can produce up to 50 watts per square meter.[2]
2016 Researchers at the University of South Wales reach 34.5% photovoltaic efficiency.[1] Australia
2016 Bertrand Piccard completes the first zero-emissions flight around the world with Solar Impulse 2, the world’s largest and most powerful solar-powered airplane to date.[1]
2016 A research team from the University of California, Berkeley, and the Australian National University discover nanomaterial property called magnetic hyperbolic dispersion, which means the material glows when heated. If combined with thermophotovoltaic cells, it could turn heat into electricity without the need for sunlight.[2] United States, Australia

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References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named What_is_the_history_of_solar_power_and_when_were_solar_panels_invented.3F
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 "A History of Solar Cells: How Technology Has Evolved". solarpowerauthority.com. Retrieved 23 August 2018. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 "SOLAR PANEL BRIEF HISTORY AND OVERVIEW". energymatters.com.au. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 "Photovoltaic History: A Timeline of Important Breakthroughs". dbmsolar.com. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  5. ↑ "Photoelectric Effect". myexistenz.com. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  6. ↑ Nishinaga, Tatau. Handbook of Crystal Growth: Fundamentals. 
  7. ↑ Shing, Lau Wai. Ulsi Front-end Technology: Covering From The First Semiconductor Paper To Cmos Finfet Technology. 
  8. ↑ Nemova, Galina. Laser Cooling: Fundamental Properties and Applications. 
  9. ↑ Light, Water, Hydrogen: The Solar Generation of Hydrogen by Water Photoelectrolysis (CRAIG GRIMES, OOMMAN VARGHESE, SUDHIR RANJAN ed.). 
  10. ↑ Thomas, Isabel. The Pros and Cons of Solar Power. 
  11. ↑ Flinn, Elizabeth; Patel, Sarah. The Really Useful Primary Design and Technology Book: Subject knowledge and lesson ideas. 
  12. ↑ "Why China, and not the US, is the leader in solar power". aljazeera.com. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
  13. ↑ "Solar Does It – From Eureka Moments to Wacky Wearables". Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
  14. ↑ "Direct Use of The Sun's Energy By Farrington Daniels. Illustrated. 374 pp. New York: Ballantine Books. $1.95.". nytimes.com. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  15. ↑ "The Story of Roger W. Riehl and the Synchronar". watchesnsuch.net. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  16. ↑ "Optical Spectrocopy on Nanostructrured Materials" (PDF). diva-portal.org. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  17. ↑ Rimmer, Matthew. Intellectual Property and Climate Change: Inventing Clean Technologies. 
  18. ↑ Schilling, Vincent. Native Defenders of The Enviornment. 
  19. ↑ Characterization and Assessment of Potential European and Japanese Competition in Photovoltaics. Department of Energy, Solar Energy Research Institute, 1979. 
  20. ↑ Jones, Geoffrey. Profits and Sustainability: A History of Green Entrepreneurship. 
  21. ↑ Jones, Geoffrey. Varieties of Green Business: Industries, Nations and Time. 
  22. ↑ Grinnell, Scott. Renewable Energy & Sustainable Design. 
  23. ↑ Fraas, Lewis M. Low-Cost Solar Electric Power. 
  24. ↑ Robbins, Michael W. Whole Green Catalog: 1000 Best Things for You and the Earth. 
  25. ↑ "Featured Electronic Hand-held Calculators". vintagecalculators.com. Retrieved 24 August 2018. 
  26. ↑ Jordan-Korte, Katrin. Government Promotion of Renewable Energy Technologies: Policy Approaches and Market Development in Germany, the United States, and Japan. 
  27. ↑ Fthenakis, Vasilis M.; Lynn, Paul A. Electricity from Sunlight: Photovoltaic-Systems Integration and Sustainability. 
  28. ↑ Herbes, Carsten; Friege, Christian. Marketing Renewable Energy: Concepts, Business Models and Cases. 
  29. ↑ "Google launches Project Sunroof to suggest the best solar panel installation for your home". venturebeat.com. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
  30. ↑ "Project Sunroof: Solar energy sustainability with Google". deccanchronicle.com. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
  31. ↑ "Google's Project Sunroof: How it could help you save with solar power". csmonitor.com. Retrieved 15 September 2018. 
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