Timeline of non-human animal intelligence

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Sample questions

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Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
1950s Cognitive revolution
1950s–1960s "During the 1950s and 1960s, researchers started to suggest that large brains in primates were due to their complex social life."[1]

Full timeline

Year Species/taxonomy Event type Details
1858 General "The word anthropomorphism existed for a long time, mainly to describe gods and celestial beings as humanlike, but its likely first usage for animals was made in 1858."[2]
1871 Hominidae "Darwin (1871) later published The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex, which made the mind-blowing conclusion that millions of years ago, humans shared a common ancestor with the other great apes. By kicking humans off their pedestal and inserting them into the animal kingdom, Darwin boldly redefined the centuries-old relationship between humans and animals—and made a lot of people really mad in the process."[2]
1882 Literature "In his book Animal Intelligence, Romanes (1882) reported dozens of stories of complex cognitive behaviors in everything from scorpions to elephants." " Romanes’ publication of Animal Intelligence in 1882 marks one possible start of the field"[2]
1908 American psychologist Margaret Floy Washburn publishes The Animal Mind, a collection of experimental data on topics like sensory systems, learning, tool use, motivation, and subjective experience.[2]
1953 "The full concept of the Social Intelligence Hypothesis were first proposed by Michael Chance and Allan Mead in 1953 (Chance and Mead 1953), as they linked social complexity and enlargement of the neocortex in primates."[1]
1969 Literature Karen Pryor publishes The Creative Porpoise: Training for Novel Behavior.
1984 Dolphin (bottlenose) Scientists observe wild bottlenose dolphins in Shark Bay, Western Australia using a basic tool. When searching for food on the sea floor, many of these dolphins are seen tearing off pieces of sponge and wrapping them around their rostra, presumably to prevent abrasions and facilitate digging.[3]
1985 "Gordon Burghardt coined the term critical anthropomorphism for the use of data from multiple sources—including anthropomorphic ones—but which could then be formed into appropriately testable hypotheses (Burghardt, 1985)."[2]
1986 Dolphin "One hypothesis proposed by Jerison (1986) is that members of a pod of dolphins are able to share echolocation results with each other to create a better understanding of their surroundings."[4]
1988 "Wasserman says the pigeon experiment comes from a project published in 1988 and featured in the New York Times in which University of Iowa researchers discovered pigeons could distinguish among four categories of objects."[5]
1995 Dolphin "Marten and Psarakos used television to test dolphin self-awareness.[6] They showed dolphins real-time footage of themselves, recorded footage, and another dolphin. They concluded that their evidence suggested self-awareness rather than social behavior. While this particular study has not been repeated since then, dolphins have since passed the mirror test.[7] However, some researchers have argued that evidence for self-awareness has not been convincingly demonstrated."[8]
2000 "Attitudinal reciprocity, which was shown in capuchin monkeys, Cebus apella (de Waal, 2000), describes a mechanism in which the choice to cooperate depends on the attitude the interaction partner has recently shown towards the subject (Brosnan and de Waal, 2002, de Waal, 2000)."[9]
2002 "Brosnan and de Waal (2002) argued that many examples of animal altruism might depend on symmetry-based reciprocity."[10]
2011 (June 29) John Marzluff records that crows can hold a grudge.[11]
2012 (September 17) In a test on New Caledonian crows, crows were placed in an enclosure wherein a stick would emerge from a hide. They used two scenarios: in the first, a human was observed entering the hide before the stick moved, and leaving after. In the second, the human remained hidden. In the first, the crows were much more relaxed after the human left, correctly linking the movement of the stick to the presence of the human. They would forage for food, and behave normally. In the second, the crow had no other reference for the stick's presence, so they remained wary. "These results really seem to be showing that crows react in a very similar way to humans in a situation that requires them to reason about a hidden causal agent," says biologist Alex Taylor."[12]
2014 Dolphin (long-finned pilot whale) It is shown for the first time that a species of dolphin, the long-finned pilot whale, has more neocortical neurons than any mammal studied to date including humans.[13]
2014 (April) Crow "Crows aren't driven purely by instinct - they can experience anticipation, and exercise self-control if the end result is a greater reward. A 2014 study devised a test based on the Stanford marshmallow experiment, a 1960s study into delayed gratification in children. The first step was to determine which snacks the crows liked the most. The researchers fed them grapes, bread, sausage, fried fat and other treats. Next, they were given a snack and the option to trade their snack - if they were willing to wait. They could either receive a better quality snack - meat in exchange for a grape, for instance - or a higher quantity of the same snack. The birds preferred to wait until a better snack was on offer, but if it was just more of the same, they weren't. In some cases, they waited up to 10 minutes for a better snack. The fact that they waited for better quality, not quantity, showed that they were waiting because they wanted to - not because they were actually hungry."[14][15]
2014 (July 23) Crow (New Caledonian "In an experiment with tubes published in PLOS One, scientists determined that New Caledonian crows can not only tell the difference between water and sand - they also understand water displacement. The test involved tubes containing water and a treat floating on top out of reach. The crows filled the tubes with enough rocks or other heavy items to bring the food within reach."[16][17]
2015 (October) Raven "In a 2015 study[18], researchers from the University of Vienna gave ravens a task wherein they would only receive the reward if they cooperated, pulling on ropes to raise a platform which had two pieces of cheese, one for each raven. If one raven stole their companion's cheese, as well as their own, they were on the outs: the other raven would refuse to cooperate with them - but they would cooperate with other ravens who played fair. "Such a sophisticated way of keeping your partner in check has previously only been shown in humans and chimpanzees, and is a complete novelty among birds," lead researcher Jorg Massen said."[19][15]
2017 (June) Raven Researchers reveal that ravens are able to remember a human who cheated them out of a snack and were also more positive towards humans who exhibited fairer behaviour.[20]
2020 (December 10) A study claims that by four months old, ravens have full-blown cognitive skills and before reaching full maturity they can rival adult great apes.[21]

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See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Vernouillet, Alizée (2018). "Social Intelligence Hypothesis". Encyclopedia of Animal Cognition and Behavior. Springer International Publishing: 1–5. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-47829-6_1498-1. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 "Historical Perspective on Animal Cognition". connect.springerpub.com. Springer Publishing Company. 13 January 2021. Retrieved 8 October 2022. 
  3. ↑ Smolker, Rachel; Richards, Andrew; Connor, Richard; Mann, Janet; Berggren, Per (26 April 2010). "Sponge Carrying by Dolphins (Delphinidae, Tursiops sp.): A Foraging Specialization Involving Tool Use?". Ethology. 103 (6): 454–465. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1997.tb00160.x. 
  4. ↑ "Do Dolphins Eavesdrop on the Echolocation Signals of Conspecifics?" (PDF). escholarship.org. Retrieved 8 October 2022. 
  5. ↑ Agnew-Iowa, Sara (16 February 2015). "Pigeons are smarter than you'd think". Futurity. Retrieved 8 October 2022. 
  6. ↑ Marten, Ken and Psarakos, Suchi "Using Self-View Television to Distinguish between Self-Examination and Social Behavior in the Bottlenose Dolphin (Tursiops truncatus)" (Consciousness and Cognition, Volume 4, Number 2, June 1995)
  7. ↑ Reiss, D; Marino, L (8 May 2001). "Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: A case of cognitive convergence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 98 (10): 5937–42. PMC 33317Freely accessible. PMID 11331768. doi:10.1073/pnas.101086398. 
  8. ↑ Gallup Jr, Gordon G., and James R. Anderson. "Self-recognition in animals: Where do we stand 50 years later? Lessons from cleaner wrasse and other species." Psychology of Consciousness: Theory, Research, and Practice (2019).
  9. ↑ de Waal, Frans B.M. (August 2000). "Attitudinal reciprocity in food sharing among brown capuchin monkeys". Animal Behaviour. 60 (2): 253–261. doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1471. 
  10. ↑ Brosnan, Sarah F.; de Waal, Frans B. M. (1 March 2002). "A proximate perspective on reciprocal altruism". Human Nature. 13 (1): 129–152. ISSN 1936-4776. doi:10.1007/s12110-002-1017-2. 
  11. ↑ Cornell, Heather N.; Marzluff, John M.; Pecoraro, Shannon (7 February 2012). "Social learning spreads knowledge about dangerous humans among American crows". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 279 (1728): 499–508. doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0957. 
  12. ↑ Taylor, Alex H.; Miller, Rachael; Gray, Russell D. (2 October 2012). "New Caledonian crows reason about hidden causal agents". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 109 (40): 16389–16391. ISSN 0027-8424. doi:10.1073/pnas.1208724109. 
  13. ↑ Mortensen, Heidi S.; Pakkenberg, Bente; Dam, Maria; Dietz, Rune; Sonne, Christian; Mikkelsen, Bjarni; Eriksen, Nina (26 November 2014). "Quantitative relationships in delphinid neocortex". Frontiers in Neuroanatomy. 8: 132. ISSN 1662-5129. doi:10.3389/fnana.2014.00132. 
  14. ↑ Hillemann, Friederike; Bugnyar, Thomas; Kotrschal, Kurt; Wascher, Claudia A.F. (April 2014). "Waiting for better, not for more: corvids respond to quality in two delay maintenance tasks". Animal Behaviour. 90: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2014.01.007. Check |doi= value (help). 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Starr, Michelle (9 November 2017). "13 Surprisingly Weird Reasons Why Crows And Ravens Are The Best Birds, No Question". ScienceAlert. Retrieved 12 October 2022. 
  16. ↑ Müller, J. J. A.; Massen, J. J. M.; Bugnyar, T.; Osvath, M. (1 June 2017). "Ravens remember the nature of a single reciprocal interaction sequence over 2 days and even after a month". Animal Behaviour. 128: 69–78. ISSN 0003-3472. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.04.004. 
  17. ↑ "Are ravens as smart as us? | BBC Earth". www.bbcearth.com. Retrieved 9 October 2022. 
  18. ↑ Massen, Jorg J. M.; Ritter, Caroline; Bugnyar, Thomas (7 October 2015). "Tolerance and reward equity predict cooperation in ravens (Corvus corax)". Scientific Reports. 5: 15021. ISSN 2045-2322. doi:10.1038/srep15021. 
  19. ↑ "Ravens cooperate, but not with just anyone: Ravens detect cheaters in cooperation". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 12 October 2022. 
  20. ↑ Müller, J. J. A.; Massen, J. J. M.; Bugnyar, T.; Osvath, M. (1 June 2017). "Ravens remember the nature of a single reciprocal interaction sequence over 2 days and even after a month". Animal Behaviour. 128: 69–78. ISSN 0003-3472. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.04.004. 
  21. ↑ Pika, Simone; Sima, Miriam Jennifer; Blum, Christian R.; Herrmann, Esther; Mundry, Roger (10 December 2020). "Ravens parallel great apes in physical and social cognitive skills". Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 20617. ISSN 2045-2322. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-77060-8. 
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