Timeline of bicycle transportation

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This is a timeline of bicycle transportation.

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Time period Development summary
1800s The velocipede from 1860 is considered the first true bicycle. John Kemp Starley's Rover Safety Bicycle is regarded as the first model of “modern” bicycle.[1] In the 1860s, several different French inventors develop prototypes with pedals attached to the front wheel.[2] In the 1870s there are several advances in metallurgy, including hollow frame tubes and wire-spoked wheels.[3] By 1890, bikes are already popular.[4]
1900s–1950s ". Golden Age of Bicycles lasted from 1900s to 1950s in which bicycles became one of the primary means of public road transportation. Early bicycle clubs popularized recreational driving across America and Europe. During the years their manufacturing costs came down significantly, which increased their use all over the world."[5] During World War I, bicycles play a valuable role as the French, British and Germans deploy bicycle regiments and battalions.[1]
1960s–1970s "Modern age of bicycles started in the 1960s and 70s with the increase of North American consciousness of the benefits of exercise and energy efficient transport."[5] In the 1960s there's a revival of interest in folding bikes.[6] "During the 1970's the so-called Bike Boom occurred in America as the general public became aware of the value of exercise and energy-efficient transportation."[7]
1980s Mountain Bike}s and BMXs becomes popular.[8]
2010s It is estimated that about 16% of the global population can ride a bicycle. China is the global leader in bicycle production, sales, and export. Dockless bike share systems grow rapidly to involve over 100 cities and millions of bicycles.[9]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Location
3500 BC–1700s AD The wheel is invented around this time.[7]
500 BC Chinese inventor Lu Ban is probably the first to mention a pedal powered cycle.[1] This is supposed to be a large wooden device with complicated gears and pedals to make it move.[7] China
1418 Italian engineer Giovanni Fontana is credited with building the first human powered land vehicle: a device featuring four wheels and using a continuous rope, connected via gears to the wheels.[9] Italy
1493 A bicycle drawing appears in Leonardo Da Vinci's "Codex Atlanticus". However, the drawing is speculated to be made by his student Gian Giacomo Caprotti.No working prototype of the device would be ever made.[8][5][1] Italy
1649 German mechanician Johann Hautsch develops a carriage able to transport one passenger over 500m with the use of the complicated mechanical drive. This device reminds more of a motorcar than a bicycle.[8][10][11] Germany
1680 German inventor Stephan Farffler creates a manumotive carriage which is considered to be the first known tricycle. This model does not feature pedals, but is propelled with the use of hand crank.[12][13][14][8] Germany
1790 Prelude Comte Mede de Sivrac in France develops the celerifere, an early precursor of the bicycle.[7] France
1817 Technology German engineer Karl Drais patents the Laufmaschine, which combines the three main principles of the bicycle: methods of propulsion, steering, and balance.[3] It is operated by kicking against the street.[2][15] Germany
1820 Model Denis Johnson of London releases his Dandy horse, using an elegantly curved wooden frame which allows the use of larger wheels. These improve the stability during the ride.[16] United Kingdom
1830s Background Due to improved safety for the rider, tricycles and quadricycles become popular.[3]
1839 Model Scottish blacksmith Kirkpatrick MacMillan develops an early rear wheel pedal driven bicycle.[1] United Kingdom
1850 Technology The first three-wheeler is introduced, allowing for a more stable ride."[15][17]
1858 Model The Boneshaker is released. A stiff contraption, the wheels are pure wood, and the tires are made of iron. Although very impractical and difficult for the rider, it is the first bike in cycling history to have the front-wheel pedals.[18][4]
1860 French engineers Ernest Michaux and Pierre Lallement invent the velocipede, which is considered the first true bicycle.[3][15] France
1861 Technology French blacksmith Pierre Michaux patents the bicycle pedal and starts using rubber tires and ball bearings for faster and easier use.[15] France
1861 Technology Crank and pedals are introduced, but not yet brakes, resulting in many dangerous “headers”.[15]
1867 Model The velocipede becomes so popular that up to 150 independent manufacturers produce them in France.[3] France
1868 Technology French mechanic Eugène Meyer patents the wire spoke wheel.[1] France
1868 Early development The term bicycle is first used to describe a two-wheeled pedal velocipede.[3] France, United Kingdom, United States
1868 Production Bicycles start to be mass produced.[18]
1868 Model The Roper Steam Velocipede is released as the first steam-powered bicycle, coming out around the same time that bicycles begin exploding on the market.[18]
1868 Application (sport) The first velocipede race is held in Paris. English racer James Moore wins.[3] France
1868 Model British engineer Thomas Humber develops a model fitting the description of future safety bycicles.[19] United Kingdom
1869 Technology The first rubber tires are used for bicycles, marking a major change in the development and production as well as the capabilities of bikes.[18]
1870 Model The Penny-farthing bicycle is invented. The name comes from the idea that the wheels resemble two coins, the penny and the farthing next to each other, the former significantly larger than the latter. An inefficient model, the Penny-farthing is unstable, extremely difficult to get on and off and the front wheel is used for power and steering.[15] United Kingdom
1870 Model French mechanic Eugène Meyer makes a bicycle with very large front wheel and smaller back wheel.[8] He is believed to be the person primarily responsible for making the Penny-farthing feasible and widely known.[20] France
1872 Model The Penny-farthing is first manufactured in Britain.[18] United Kingdom
1874 Model British engineer Harry John Lawson designs the first rear chain driven "safety bicycle".[8][4] United Kingdom
1876 Model English engineer Harry John Lawson desings the first bicycle to be called a safety bicycle.[21]
English engineer Editing W. H. J. Grout patents the Grout Tension Bicycle which introduces several innovations including hollow forks to save weight, rubber tyres for a better ride and adjustable spokes which could be tensioned to align the wheel.[22] United Kingdom
1879 Model British designer Harry John Lawson patents his chain-driven bicycle, with the chain making riding easier.[18] United Kingdom
1880 Organization The League of American Wheelmen is founded. It is one of the most well-known cycling associations in history.[18] United States
1884 Model English industrialist John Kemp Starley designs his Rover Safety, with two wheels of equal size with a similar frame. It is built as the official alternative to the Penny-farthing.[18] Starley is widely considered the inventor of the modern bicycle.[23][24][25][26] United Kingdom
1884 Application English cyclist Thomas Stevens rides a high-wheeler bike on a journey around the globe.[2]
1885 Manufacturer Bianchi is founded in Italy. It is the world's oldest bicycle manufacturing company in existence, having pioneered the use of equal-sized wheels.[27] Italy
1885 British manufacturer Raleigh Bicycle Company is founded.[28] United Kingdom
1885 Background The first motorcycle is released.[18]
1887 Application English-born American immigrant Thomas Stevens becomes the first person to travel around the world on a bicycle, using the Penny-Farthing.[18]
1887 American inventor, Emmit G. Latta files a patent for his new folding bike, with the idea to enhance portability and make commuting easy.[4][6] United States
1888 Scottish inventor John Boyd Dunlop develops inflatable pneumatic bicycle tires, thus providing a smoother ride than existing solid-rubber tires.[18][7][3] United Kingdom
1889 Technology Daniel Stover and William Hance patent the bicycle brake operated by backward pedal with a back pedal seat.[29][18] This break would later become known as safety brake, and would also later become a standard feature on bicycles.[29]
1890 "1890 – Alumnium bikesAs bicycles became more and more common, the idea to use aluminum rose. Alumnium is a light metal, making it very useful for building bicycles."[18]
1891 Model The Tandem Velocipede is patented. It is the world’s first two-seater bike.[18]
1893 Manufacturer British manufacturer Campion Cycle Company is founded.[30] United Kingdom
1893 English engineer William Henry James Grout develops an early folding bike.[6][18] United Kingdom
1893 American engineer Michael B. Ryan files a patent for a folding bicycle.[31] United States
1895 Manufacturer German-born mechanical engineer Ignatz Schwinn and Adolph Arnold establish in Chicago the Arnold, Schwinn & Company to produce bikes.[32] United States
1895 Ogden Bolton Jr. is granted a patent for a battery-powered bicycle with "6-pole brush-and-commutator direct current (DC) hub motor mounted in the rear wheel. The device has no gears and the motor can draw up to 100 amperes from a 10-volt battery.[33] [18][32] United States
1895 Technology Julien Simon and Victor Dussault from France invent the folding tandem.[31] France
1895 Technology Ogden Bolton Jr. is granted a patent for a battery-powered bicycle with "6-pole brush-and-commutator direct current (DC) hub motor mounted in the rear wheel".[34] United States
1896 Application (sport) The 1896 Summer Olympics mark the first time that competitive cycling appears in the Olympic games.[18] Greece
1896 Notable comment American social reformer Susan B. Anthony writes: "Let me tell you what I think of bicycling. I think it has done more to emancipate women than anything else in the world. I stand and rejoice every time I see a woman ride by on a wheel. It gives woman a feeling of freedom and self-reliance."[32] United States
1897 An early electric bicycle is built by American engineer Hosea W. Libbey.[35] United States
1898 Technology Freewheeling brakes are introduced, allowing for bicycles to continue moving without being pedaled. Adding safety and convenience, freewhiling would change the design of almost every bicycle made after its invention.[18][36]
1899 Manufacturer The American Bicycle Company is founded.[37] United States
1899 Application (warfare) Bicycles are first used in conflict in the Second Anglo-Boer War in South Africa.[32] South Africa
1900 Organization The International Cycling Union (Union Cycliste Internationale) is founded in Paris. It is the worldwide governing body for cycling.[38] France
1900 The bicycle design becomes standardized, adopting a basic diamond shape made from metal, pneumatic rubber tires, roller chain, one gear, and coaster brakes. This standard would remain unchanged for more than 50 years.[8]
1901 Model Bike manufacturers create the first recumbent bikes.[4][18]
1903 Application (sport) The first Tour De France is organized as a cycling race.[18] France
1903 Technology Sturmey-Archer is England invents the internal hub gears.[39] United Kingdom
1904 Manufacturer Dutch bicycle manufacturer Batavus is founded.[40] Netherlands
1905 Technology French engineer Paul de Vivie develops the first derailleur successful bicycle sprocket system. It consists of two sprockets that offer two different speeds, an uphill gear and downhill gear.[1] France
1905 Technology Manufacturers develop the rear derailleur gear and integrate it on bikes.[4]
1909 Manufacturer Spanish bicycle manufacturer Beistegui Hermanos is founded.[41] Spain
1920 Model The Kids Bike is invented, weighing in at around 65 pounds, and mimicking aspects of the motor vehicle as automobiles become more desirable than bikes.[15] Manufacturers start to produce bicycles for kids.[4]
1921 Manufacturer Shimano is founded in Japan. Today, it controls 50% of the world’s bicycle component market, selling everything from brake parts to pedal components.[18] Japan
1923 Technology Bosch launches a dynamo (magneto) bicycle lighting system.[32]
1924 Model French manufacturer Charles Mochet starts producing Velocars, a series of human powered velomobiles in both single and two seat versions.[42][18] France
1928 Technology French industrialist Lucien Juy makes the the first Simplex derailleur.[43][44] France
1930 Technology Ignaz Schwinn introduces the spring fork and fat tire to handle the abuse of teenage boys. This would later become the preliminary design for the mountain bike.[32][15] United States
1930 Technology Italian racing cyclist and inventor Tullio Campagnolo patents the quick release hub, which allows for the wheels of a bicycle to be easily removed and re-installed.[32][18] Italy
1933 Model Schwinn introduceas the first balloon tired bicycle.[45]
1933 "1933 – The cruiser bike Also known as the beach cruiser, these bikes weren’t made for sport or speed. They weren’t made for doing jumps or cool tricks. They were made for one thing and one thing only; going on a leisurely bike ride"[18]
1934 "1934 – Recumbent bike banRecumbent bicycles, as mentioned before, were surprisingly fast. So fast, in fact, that in 1934 the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) banned them from being used in cycling races under their name."[18]
1934 Model Schwinn releases the Aero Cycle, which includes a battery-powered headlight.[46]
1936 Chinese state-owned bicycle company Flying Pigeon is founded.[47] China
1937 "1937 – Derailleur gears allowed in Tour de FrancePrior to 1937, derailleur gears were not used in the Tour De France, meaning that in order to change gears, riders would have to dismount, remove the wheel from their bicycle, change its gear, put it back on, and continue riding."[18]
1938 Technology A cable operated system appears, allowing riders to change gears without dismounting.[1]
1938 Technology "Thomas M McDonald filed for a patent for a hub motor. This is the basic technology used in most electric bike motors to this day."[32]
1955 "1955 – The Huffy Radio BicycleSometime in the 1950’s, cycling companies looked at their various lines of bicycles and thought to themselves, “you know what this needs? A radio!” And thus the radio bikes were born."[18]
1956 Application (sport) The first official BMX race is held.[18]
1958 Application (sport) Women compete in the first-ever World Championships on the road and track. Balina Ermolaeva becomes the first women's World Sprint Champion, with Elsy Jacobs taking the road race.[32]
1962 Model The Moulton bicycle is introduced. While not a folding bike per se, this model with its small wheels, serves as an inspiration for many folding bicycle designs that would follow.[18][6]
1964 Model The Italian Graziella is introduced. This model would excercise a large influence on future folding bikes.[6]
1968 Model The Raleigh Bicycle Company releases the Raleigh Chopper, aimed at children.[48][18] United Kingdom
1970 "1970 – MoMountain bikesWith cycling for sport becoming more and more popular, it was obvious that mountain biking would become a thing sooner or later. In 1970, Charlie Kelly and Gary Fisher came up with a bike built for hard-core terrain. It had heavy-duty wheels and a suspension system, allowing it to climb steep inclines, ride over logs, rocks, dirt roads and anything else you’ll find on a mountain."[18]
1970 Application (sport) Cycling sport becomes popular leading to the making of mountain bikes.[4]
1974 Technology Cycling companies start to use titanium for their bikes due to its many key traits.[18]
1976 Application (sport) Repack Downhill, the world’s first major organized mountain biking race is held in California.[18][49][50] United States
1979 "1979 – Speed recordIn 1979 Freddie Markham, also known as Fast Freddie, set the world speed record of 81.8 Kilometres Per Hour, riding a Human Powered Vehicle." [18]
1981 "1981 – Specialized StumpjumperWith the increase in mountain biking’s popularity, it became clear that more and more people were interested in trying it out. To that end, Specialized Bicycle Components released the Specialized Stumpjumper; the first mass produced mountain bike."[18]
1983 "1983 – Bike ComputerThese neat devices, sometimes called cyclocomputers, are small digital displays attached to your bicycle that displays information like speed, distance travelled and the current time. The devices first appeared in 1983, and today they continue to be a popular cycling accessory."[18]
1987 "1987 – An upgrade for mountain bikesFrom their inception, mountain bikes were designed for a more heavy duty style of cycling.

However in 1987, Paul Turner, founder of the now defunct cycling company RockShox, made a big improvement on the existing models with his full-suspension mountain bike"[18] ||

1989 Safety The Australian government passes the world’s first helmet laws, ordering all cyclists to wear a helmet, in order to curb serious injuries and deaths associated with bicycle accidents.[18] Australia
1990 Technology Shimano introduces integrated brake/gear levers.[32] Japan
1992 Model Vector Services Limited releases e-bike dubbed Zike, which includes NiCd batteries that are built into a frame member and include an 850 g permanent-magnet motor.[35]
1993 "1993 – Electric DerailleursAnother improvement on the gear-shifting mechanisms, the electric derailleur works by having a small battery on the bike attached to a motor that controls the derailleur, and is triggered via a wired or wireless control switch."[18]
1994 "1994 – Disc brakesDisc brakes are primarily intended for off-road bikes, however they have made appearances on other models. A disc brake is a metal disc that is attached to the wheel. When the brakes are trigger, the disc slows down, thus forcing the wheel to also slow."[18]
1994 Technology Sachs introduces the first mass-produced hydraulic disc brake system.[9]
1998 Model Ebikes, which include integrated electric motors that can be used for propulsion, begin a period of rapid adoption in Asia (China and India, in particular) and Europe.[9] Asia, Europe
2000 Model Miroslav Miljevic a bike which includes solar powered battery. It is intended for commuters so when they leave their bike outside all day, they won't have to pedal home.[15]
2000 Technology German manufacturer Rohloff introduces the speed derailleur system.[39] Germany
2002 Technology Italian manufacturer Campagnolo introduces 10 Co-gear clusters that allow 30 speed bicycles.[39] Italy
2007 Statistics Electric bicycles are thought to make up 10 to 20 percent of all two-wheeled vehicles on the streets of many major Chinese cities by the time.[35] China
2007 Manufacturer British bicycle manufacturer Boardman Bikes is founded.[51] United Kingdom
2009 Technology Shimano introduces the first commercially successful electronic gear shift system for road bicycles.[9][52] Japan
2009 Application (sport) Canadian cyclist Sam Whittingham sets human powered speed record of 132 km/h on level ground in a faired recumbent streamliner.[39]
2010 Statistics Worldwide production of bicycles is in the range of 125 to 130 billion units.[5]
2012 Technology Adaptrac develops a system that allows the rider to individually adjust tire pressure while riding. Through a system of carbon dioxide cartridges, this allows riders to maintain optimum traction when riding conditions change.[29]

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Wonning, Paul R. A History of the Transportation Revolution. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 "Pedal Your Way Through the Bicycle's Bumpy History". history.com. Retrieved 22 August 2019. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 DK. Bicycle: The Definitive Visual History. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 "When was the bicycle invented? Complete Bikes History". bikeshaven.com. Retrieved 22 August 2019. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 "History of the Bicycle". bicyclehistory.net. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "The History of the Folding Bike". foldingcyclist.com. Retrieved 22 August 2019. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 "The Long and Fascinating History of the Bicycle". interestingengineering.com. Retrieved 21 June 2019. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 "Timeline of the Bicycle History". bicyclehistory.net. Retrieved 20 June 2019. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 "A Review on Design Developments in Bicycle". academia.edu. Retrieved 25 September 2019. 
  10. ↑ Walford, Edward; Latimer Apperson, George. The Antiquary, Volume 32. 
  11. ↑ "Nuremberg Carriage 1649 Nmade By Johann Hautsch Line Engraving 19Th Century Poster Print by (18 x 24)". newegg.com. Retrieved 25 September 2019. 
  12. ↑ Publishing, Arcturus. Questions and Answers about: Science. 
  13. ↑ Sierra, Elena Jorge. Del Hogar Digital a la Casa Red. 
  14. ↑ The New Illustrated Library of Science and Invention, Volume 7. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 15.8 "History of the Bicycle: A timeline". brown.edu. Retrieved 20 June 2019. 
  16. ↑ "The dandy horse is a human-powered vehicle that, being the first means of transport to make use of the two-wheeler principle". thevintagenews.com. Retrieved 22 August 2019. 
  17. ↑ "The Complete Guide to Bicycle by Outdoor Lab with J". everythingsouthcity.com. Retrieved 25 September 2019. 
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 18.14 18.15 18.16 18.17 18.18 18.19 18.20 18.21 18.22 18.23 18.24 18.25 18.26 18.27 18.28 18.29 18.30 18.31 18.32 18.33 18.34 18.35 18.36 18.37 18.38 18.39 Hiles, Dillon. "58 Milestones from Bicycle History You Must Know". icebike.org. Retrieved 20 June 2019. 
  19. ↑ "Developed in the late 1880s, "The Safety Bicycle" was the most important change in the history of the bicycle". thevintagenews.com. Retrieved 26 September 2019. 
  20. ↑ Tony Hadland and Hans-Erhard Lessing (2014). Bicycle Design, an Illustrated History. MIT Press. p. 92. Eugene Meyer ... gets the credit for making the high-wheeler feasible and making it known. 
  21. ↑ David V. Herlihy (2004). Bicycle: the History. Yale University Press. pp. 216–217. ISBN 0-300-10418-9. In 1876, the British engineer Henry J. Lawson proposed a new rear-drive machine he called the Safety Bicycle. 
  22. ↑ Wiebe E. Bijker (1997), Of bicycles, bakelites, and bulbs, MIT Press, p. 35, ISBN 978-0-262-52227-4 
  23. ↑ Tony Hadland and Hans-Erhard Lessing (2014). Bicycle Design, An Illustrated History. MIT Press. pp. 160–161. ISBN 978-0-262-02675-8. The most famous of the rear-drive safeties introduced in 1885 was the Rover, produced in Coventry by John Kemp Starley. 
  24. ↑ Herlihy, David V. (2004). Bicycle: History. Yale University Press. p. 225. ISBN 0-300-10418-9. The Rover pattern rapidly improved, and it not only prevailed as the universal bicycle style, it also triggered an unprecedented world-wide demand that culminated in the great boom. 
  25. ↑ Berto, Frank J.; Ron Shepherd; et al. (2008) [2000]. The Dancing Chain: History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA, USA: Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-892495-59-4. Retrieved 25 September 2019. There is also general agreement that J.K. Starley's Rover was the first true safety bicycle. 
  26. ↑ Berto, Frank J.; et al. (2016) [2000]. The Dancing Chain: History and Development of the Derailleur Bicycle (5th ed.). San Francisco, CA, USA: Cycle Publishing/Van der Plas Publications. ISBN 978-1-892495-77-8. Retrieved 25 September 2019. 
  27. ↑ "Bianchi". bianchiusa.com. Retrieved 2 September 2019. 
  28. ↑ "Raleigh powers up UK assembly lines after 13-year wait". bikeradar.com. Retrieved 19 September 2019. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "The History & Evolution of the Bicycle". evelo.com. Retrieved 26 September 2019. 
  30. ↑ "Campion Cycle Co.". nottstalgia.com. Retrieved 19 September 2019. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Clemitson, Suze. A History of Cycling in 100 Objects. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 32.6 32.7 32.8 32.9 "Chronology of the Growth of Bicycling and the Development of Bicycle Technology". ibike.org. Retrieved 25 September 2019. 
  33. ↑ "Patent US552271 – Electrical bicycle". 
  34. ↑ "Patent US552271 – Electrical bicycle". 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 "Electric bicycle History". nbpowers.com. Retrieved 22 August 2019. 
  36. ↑ Oliver, Smith Hempstone; Berkebile, Donald H. Wheels and Wheeling: The Smithsonian Cycle Collection. 
  37. ↑ Kyle, James Henderson; Clarke, Albert (1901). Volume 13 of Reports of the Industrial Commission. United States Industrial Commission. p. cxxvi. 
  38. ↑ "Inside UCI". uci.org. Retrieved 25 September 2019. 
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 "A Review on Design Developments in Bicycle" (PDF). pdfs.semanticscholar.org. Retrieved 25 September 2019. 
  40. ↑ "Batavus". steel-vintage.com. Retrieved 19 September 2019. 
  41. ↑ "100 YEARS OF BH". bhbikes.com. Retrieved 19 September 2019. 
  42. ↑ Cycling and Society (Dave Horton, Paul Rosen, Peter Cox ed.). 
  43. ↑ "Simplex plunger/push-rod derailleurs". classiclightweights.co.uk. Retrieved 25 September 2019. 
  44. ↑ "Dérailleur". tandem.noir.pagesperso-orange.fr. Retrieved 25 September 2019. 
  45. ↑ "1933 Schwinn B10E Motorbike – Unrestored". nostalgic.net. Retrieved 26 September 2019. 
  46. ↑ "THE EVOLUTION THE BEACH CRUISER: A BRIEF HISTORY". sixthreezero.com. Retrieved 26 September 2019. 
  47. ↑ "FLYING PIGEON". amazon.com. Retrieved 19 September 2019. 
  48. ↑ "50 YEARS OF THE RALEIGH CHOPPER". litelok.com. Retrieved 26 September 2019. 
  49. ↑ "REPACK HISTORY". mmbhof.org. Retrieved 26 September 2019. 
  50. ↑ "Repack Downhill: 40 Years Gone By". dirtragmag.com. Retrieved 26 September 2019. 
  51. ↑ "Halfords acquires Boardman Bikes". cyclingweekly.com. Retrieved 19 September 2019. 
  52. ↑ Ian Austen (February 13, 2009). "Cycling Enters the Electronic Age With a New Gear-Shifting System". The New York Times. Retrieved 26 September 2019. 
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