289
edits
Changes
integrated Issa feedback (expended acronyms, clarified some confusions, reordered some events, removed some duplicate events, removed quotes, enclosed URLs in the papers table)
== Trends ==
The following graph shows an history of the number of bodies preserved (complete or neuro-only). Given that the quality of preservations varies a lot, and it can often take many hours or even days before someone gets preserved from the time of their clinical death,<ref name="AlcorCase"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryonics.org/case-reports/|title=Case Reports {{!}} Cryonics Institute|website=www.cryonics.org|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref> the graph below represents an upper bound of the number of people that are preserved: some have probably been irreversibly lost, and some might only have been partially preserved. Given that we don't currently know how effective current preservation methods are, the lower bound for the number of people that have been preserved remains 0.
|-
| 1883-04-15 || technological development || cold || || Nitrogen is liquefied by {{W|Zygmunt Wróblewski}} and {{W|Karol Olszewski}} at the {{W|Jagiellonian University}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8SKrWdFLEd4C&pg=PA249|page=249|title=A Short History of the Progress of Scientific Chemistry in Our Own Times|author=Tilden, William Augustus |publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2009|isbn=1-103-35842-1}}</ref>
|-
| 1931-07 || writing || fiction || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} reads Neil R. Jones' newly published story, "The Jameson Satellite",<ref name="regis87">{{cite book |title= Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly Over The Edge|last= Regis|first= Ed|authorlink=Ed Regis (author) |coauthors= |year= 1991|publisher= Westview Press|location= |isbn= 0-201-56751-2|page= |pages= 87–88|url= }}</ref> in which a professor has his corpse sent into earth orbit where it would remain preserved indefinitely at near absolute zero (note: this is not scientifically accurate), until millions of years later, when, with humanity extinct, a race of mechanical beings discovers, revives, and repairs him by transferring his brain in a mechanical body.<ref name="RCWE">{{cite web | title = {{W|Robert Ettinger}} | publisher = Cryonics Institute | url = http://www.cryonics.org/bio.html#Robert_Ettinger | accessdate = May 24, 2009 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6ASYHJ6M9?url=http://www.cryonics.org/bio.html#Robert_Ettinger | archivedate = September 5, 2012 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>
| 1962 || social || meeting || || About 20 people attend the first informal cryonics meeting.<ref name="cryonics9208"/>
|-
| 1962 || social || || Evan Cooper || After the first cryonics meeting, Cooper and a few other individuals form the Immortality Communication Exchange (ICE), an informal, "special-interest group" for the "freeze and wait" idea that would later be known as cryonics.<ref name="cryonics9208"/>
|-
| 1963 || organisation || founding || {{W|Life Extension Society}} || During the conference, the {{W|Life Extension Society}}, the first cryonics organization, is founded by Evan Cooper. It would be situated in Washington, D.C.<ref name="EvCooperClassic"/>
| 1965-05-20 || || || {{W|Life Extension Society}} || Wilma Jean McLaughlin of Springfield, Ohio dies from heart and circulatory problems. Ev Cooper would fill a report the following day "The woman who almost became the first person frozen for a possible reanimation in the future died yesterday." The attempt to freeze her is abandoned. While reports on this event would vary, many would mention the lack of preparation, cooperation from various people, and explicit consent as obstacles to the freezing.<ref name="BedfordSuspension">{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/BedfordSuspension.html|title=The First Cryonic Suspension|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| 1965-06 || organisation || || {{W|Life Extension Society}} || The {{W|Life Extension Society}} offers to freeze the first person for free: "The {{W|Life Extension Society}} now has primitive facilities for emergency short term freezing and storing our friend the large homeotherm (man). LES offers to freeze free of charge the first person desirous and in need of cryogenic suspension." Despite the generous No one would take them on their offer, however, LES would never freeze anybody.<ref name="BedfordSuspension"/>
|-
| 1965-10-30 || || || Dandridge M. Cole || Dandridge M. Cole suffers a fatal heart attack. Cole had read ''The Prospect of Immortality'' in 1963. In his more recent book, ''Beyond Tomorrow'', he had devoted several pages to the subject. He had expressed a wish to be frozen after death. After some delay a call was placed to Ettinger, who later would write, "I was consulted by long-distance telephone several hours after he died, but in the end the family did what was to be expected{{snd}}nothing."<ref name="BedfordSuspension"/>
6 days later, relatives would move Bedford to the Cryo-Care facility in Phoenix. Later, his son would store him, and finally on September 22, 1987, Bedford would be moved to Alcor.<ref name="BedfordSuspension"/><ref name="AlcorCase">{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/cases.html|title=Alcor Cases|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| 1968 || || || Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation || Ed Hope closes Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation after seeing it wouldn't turn a profit. The remaining patients are turn over to other organizations or to relatives.<ref name="SuspensionFailures">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/suspensionfailures.html|title=Suspension Failures - Lessons from the Early Days|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>
|-
| 1968 || writing || non-fiction || Robert Nelson || Robert Nelson publishes the book ''We Froze the First Man'' telling the story of Bedford's cryopreservation.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/434744|title=We froze the first man|last=Nelson|first=Robert F.,|date=1968|publisher=[Dell Pub. Co.]|oclc=434744}}</ref>
| 1973 || science || paper || || The first paper showing recovery of a mammalian organ after cooling to −196°C (liquid nitrogen temperature) and subsequent transplantation is published.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Farticle%2F0022-4804%2873%2990033-4%2Fpdf|title=Journal of Surgical Research|website=www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com|doi=10.1016/0022-4804(73)90033-4|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| 1974 || organisation || || Trans Time || Due to the closure of the storage facility in New York, Trans Time creates its own. ConsentiallyConsequently, BACS the Bay Area Cryonics Society and Alcor change their plan to preserve their patients to the Trans Time facility instead of the New York one, and would do so until the 1980s.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>
|-
| 1974 || science || paper || || The first paper showing partial recovery of brain electrical activity after 7 years of frozen storage is published.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Suda|first=Isamu|last2=Kito|first2=Kyoko|last3=Adachi|first3=Chizuko|date=1974-04-26|title=Bioelectric discharges of isolated cat brain after revival from years of frozen storage|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899374902637|journal=Brain Research|volume=70|issue=3|pages=527–531|doi=10.1016/0006-8993(74)90263-7|issn=0006-8993}}</ref>
| 1977(?) - 1986 || social || || Life Extension Festival || The Life Extension Festival is run by {{W|Fred and Linda Chamberlain}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=July 1983|title=Report on the Lake Tahoe Life Extension Festival|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8307.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|issue=36|pages=7-13|via=}}</ref>
|-
| 1978 || organisation || founding || Cryovita Laboratories || Cryovita Laboratories is founded by {{W|Jerry Leaf}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0849138|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>, who had been teaching surgery at {{W|University of California, Los Angeles}}. Cryovita is a for-profit organization which would provide cryopreservation services for Alcor and Trans Time in the 1980s.
During this time Leaf also collaborates with {{W|Mike Darwin}} in a series of hypothermia experiments in which dogs are resuscitated with no measurable neurological deficit after hours in deep hypothermia, just a few degrees above zero Celsius. The blood substitute which was developed for these experiments became the basis for the washout solution used at Alcor. Together, Leaf and Darwin developed a standby-transport model for human cryonics cases with the goal of intervening immediately after cardiac arrest and minimizing ischemic injury.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>
|-
| 1980 || organisation || founding || Life Extension Foundation || The Life Extension Foundation (LEF) is founded. It would later helped fund various cryonics organisations, notably Alcor, {{W|21st Century Medicine}}, Critical Care Research, and {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}}.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>
| 1982-09-15 || social || || Society for Cryobiology || The Society for Cryobiology adopts new bylaws denying membership to organizations or individuals supporting cryonics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.ciphergoth.org/blog/2010/02/12/society-for-cryobiology-statements-on-cryonic/|title=Paul Crowley's Blog - Society for Cryobiology statements on cryonics|website=blog.ciphergoth.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/coldwar.html|title=Cold War: The Conflict Between Cryonicists and Cryobiologists|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| 1983 || || || Institute for Cryobiological Extension || Leaf changes hats to President of the Institute for Cryobiological Extension (ICE) with the intention to report on the beginnings of devise a new project to test for survival with the goal of memory in frozen brains. Leaf is devising a system to freeze individual having animal headsfrozen, thawed, and then reattached to thaw and support them by blood flow from a second animal. Eventually the project will work up to freezing and reviving whole animals. ICE is soliciting contributions for this researchnew body.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=July 1983|title=Report on the Lake Tahoe Life Extension Festival|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8307.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|issue=36|pages=7-13|via=}}</ref>
|-
| 1984 || science || paper || || The first paper showing that large organs can be cryopreserved without structural damage from ice is published.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=G. M.|last2=MacFarlane|first2=D. R.|last3=Angell|first3=C. A.|last4=Meryman|first4=H. T.|date=1984-08-01|title=Vitrification as an approach to cryopreservation|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224084900798|journal=Cryobiology|volume=21|issue=4|pages=407–426|doi=10.1016/0011-2240(84)90079-8|issn=0011-2240}}</ref>
| 1988 || legal || || Dick Clair || Alcor member Dick Clair (who is dying of AIDS) sues for, and ultimately wins for everyone, the right to be cryopreserved in the State of California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/CaliforniaAppellateCourtDecison.html|title=California Appellate Court Decision on Legality of Cryonics|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| 1990 || legal || right-to-die || {{W|Thomas K. Donaldson}} || {{W|Thomas K. Donaldson}}, after being diagnosed with terminal brain cancer, petitions the California courts, seeking a declaration that he has a constitutional right to achieve cryonic suspension before his natural death. Donaldson and his doctors build their argument in light of the recent right-to-die legislation where patients could have life-sustaining medical treatment withdrawn. The trial court would dismiss the complaint for failure to state a cause of action, and Donaldson would then appeal. The court holds that he does not have a constitutional right to assisted death because the cryonic process would necessarily involve physician-assisted death, or the aiding, advising, or encouraging of another to commit suicide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/Donaldson-VanDeKampAbstract.html|title=Donaldson v. Van de Kamp (Abstract)|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| 1990 || science || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Greg Fahy}} || Fahy publishes a detailed study of fracturing in large volumes of {{W|vitrification}} solution.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|last2=Saur|first2=Joseph|last3=Williams|first3=Robert J.|date=1990-10|title=Physical problems with the vitrification of large biological systems|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(90)90038-6|journal=Cryobiology|volume=27|issue=5|pages=492–510|doi=10.1016/0011-2240(90)90038-6|issn=0011-2240}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || organisation || procedure || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || New staff members join the organization and There is continued work continues to create a new patient care bay, operating room, and laboratory area. A truck is purchased for conversion as an ambulance that would be large enough to permit surgical procedures. Alcor makes radical changes to its medications to conform with results of resuscitation research, and purchases the prototype of an intermediate temperature storage device that promises to reduce or eliminate the risk of fracturing in cryopatients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/AboutAlcor/|title=Alcor: About Alcor|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2003 || organisation || founding || {{W|KrioRus}} || {{W|KrioRus}}, an organisation based a cryonics provider in Russia that offers cryopreservation services, is fundedstarted by {{W|Danila Medvedev}} and Valerya Pride, but would officially start its operations only in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kriorus.ru/en|title=KrioRus {{!}} the first cryonics company in Eurasia|website=kriorus.ru|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/interviews/201810111068799075-kriorus-immortality-project/|title=‘Your Blood Will Freeze’: How Foreigners Seek Immortality in Russia|last=Sputnik|website=sputniknews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>|-| 2003 || organisation || procedure || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || There is continued work to create a new patient care bay, operating room, and laboratory area. A truck is purchased for conversion as an ambulance that would be large enough to permit surgical procedures. Alcor makes radical changes to its medications to conform with results of resuscitation research.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcorwww.rferl.org/AboutAlcora/russia-cryonics-dead-people-vats-immortality-medvedev/28314196.html|title=Alcor: About AlcorFrom The Cradle To The Vat, Russia's 'Temporarily Dead' Await Immortality|website=alcor.orgRadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2003-05-12 || organisation || first || {{W|KrioRus}} || {{W|KrioRus}} cryopreserves its first human patient.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kriorus.ru/en/cryopreserved%20people|title=List of people cryopreserved at KrioRus {{!}} KrioRus|website=kriorus.ru|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
| 2004 || legal || || Cryonics Institute || As a result of media coverage of {{W|Ted Williams}}'s cryopreservation, even though the Cryonics Institute was not involved in that case, the State of Michigan places the organization under a "Cease and Desist" order for six months, ultimately classifying and regulating the Cryonics Institute as a cemetery in 2004. In the spirit of de-regulation, the new Republican Michigan government would remove the cemetery designation for CI in 2012.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>
|-
| 2004-08 || technological adoption || vitrification || Cryonics Institute || CI The Cryonics Institute uses a cryoprotectant, named CI-VM-1, for the first time. The dog of a CI member is the patient of the experimental perfusion. The mixture was developed by CI Staff Cryobiologist staff cryobiologist Yuri Pichugin.
|-
| 2004-10-23 || technological adoption || field cryoprotection || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}} || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}} performs a field cryoprotection with glycerol for the {{W|American Cryonics Society}} before transporting the patient on dry ice to the Cryonics Institute for long-term care.<ref name="fieldcryoprotection">{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/fieldcryoprotection.html|title=Field Cryoprotection|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2005 (mid) || organisation || founding || Neural Archives Foundation || The Neural Archives Foundation is conceived. The organisation offers brain preservation services. In 2008 it would be incorporated.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://neuralarchivesfoundation.org/|title=NAF|website=neuralarchivesfoundation.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2005 || science || paper || || Cryonics is discussed in a major medical journal for the first time. It addresses the definition of death in the intensive care unit context.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whetstine|first=Leslie|last2=Streat|first2=Stephen|last3=Darwin|first3=Mike|last4=Crippen|first4=David|date=2005-10-31|title=Pro/con ethics debate: When is dead really dead?|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/cc3894|journal=Critical Care|volume=9|issue=6|pages=538|doi=10.1186/cc3894|issn=1364-8535}}</ref>
| 2005 || organisation || founding || OregonCryo || Oregon Cryonics is established as a Non Profit Mutual Benefit corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oregoncryo.com/aboutOC.html|title=Oregon Cryonics - About OC|website=www.oregoncryo.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
|-
| 2005-02 || organisation || pre-founding || Sociedad Crionica || The website crionica.org is created.<ref name="CI2017-4">{{Cite journal|last=Tripplett|first=Donald|date=2017|title=Sociedad Crionica|url=https://www.cryonics.org/images/uploads/magazines/CI-NEWS-04-2017.pdf|journal=Cryonics Institute Newsletter|volume=|issue=4|pages=27|via=}}</ref>
|-
| 2005-02 || technological adoption || vitrification || Cryonics Institute || The use of {{W|vitrification}} mixture is published for the first time; the subject being the dog Thor.
|-
| 2005-08 || technological adoption || vitrification || Cryonics Institute || The Cryonics Institute's 69th patient is CI starts using 's first human patient to receive a {{W|vitrification}} solution for the first time, named CI-VM-1.<ref name="CITimeline"/>|-| 2005-08 || technological adoption || vitrification || Cryonics Institute || CI's 69th patient is CI's first patient to be vitrified.
|-
| 2005-10 || technological adoption || vitrification || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor starts using a {{W|vitrification}} solution called M22, a cryoprotectant licensed from {{W|21st Century Medicine}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/newtechnology.html|title=New Cryopreservation Technology|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=M22 Implementation|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/alcornews044.html|journal=Alcor News Bulletin|volume=|issue=44|pages=|via=}}</ref>
== Papers ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Year !! Taxon !! tissue, organ or whole body? !! Approx. mass, kg !! Lowest temperature (°C) after which a successful reanimation was achieved !! Healthy brain activity / behavior after reanimation? !! Reference !! Useful link
|-
| 1876 || Guinea pig (C. porcellus) || whole || 1 || 18 || Unknown || Bernard, 1876 || [https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49209.xBernard, 1876]
|-
| 1881 || Marmots (Marmota) || whole || 3 || 0 || Likely yes (adapted to hibernation) || Horvath, 1881 || [https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49209.xHorvath, 1881]
|-
| 1912 || Schreibers' bat (M. schreibersii) || whole || 0.02 || -4 || Unknown || Bachmetiev, 1912 || [http://priroda.ras.ru/ (Bachmetiev, 1912 05)]
|-
| 1933 || Bats (Chiroptera) || whole || 0.004 || 0 || Unknown || Eisentraut, 1933 || [https://www.jstor.org/stable/1376212?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contentsEisentraut, 1933]
|-
| 1949 || Human: unnamed donors || red blood cells || 9E-14 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Smith et al, 1949 || [https://www.nature.com/articles/164666a0Smith et al, 1949]
|-
| 1949 || Human: unnamed donors || spermatozoa || 3E-15 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Polge et al, 1949 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18143360?dopt=AbstractPolge et al, 1949]
|-
| 1950 || Tardigrades (Tardigrada) || whole || 2E-11 || -272 || Unknown || Becquerel, 1950 || [https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12808Becquerel, 1950]
|-
| 1950 || Mammals (Mammalia) || skin || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Kreyberg, Hanssen, 1950 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Kreyberg, Hanssen, 1950 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1951 || Human: unnamed 23yo woman || whole || 60 || 16 || Yes (no abnormalities observed) || Laufmann, 1951 || [https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/312807Laufmann, 1951]
|-
| 1951 || Brown rat (R. norvegicus) || whole || 0.2 || 0 || Unknown || Andjus, 1951 || [https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49209.xAndjus, 1951]
|-
| 1952 || European rabbit (O. cuniculus) || skin || <0,1 || -150 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Billingham, Medawar, 1952 || [http://jeb.biologists.org/content/29/3/454.shortBillingham, Medawar, 1952]
|-
| 1953 || Primate: lemur C. major || whole || 0.4 || 19 || Unknown || Bourliere et al, 1953 || [https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49209.xBourliere et al, 1953]
|-
| 1955 || House mouse (M. musculus) || spleen || 0.0001 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Barnes,Loutit, 1955 || [https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article-abstract/15/4/901/915080Barnes,Loutit, 1955]
|-
| 1955 || Brown rat (R. norvegicus) || whole || 0.2 || -3 || Unknown || Andjus, 1955 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1365903/Andjus, 1955]
|-
| 1956 || Brown rat (R. norvegicus) || whole || 0.2 || 0 || Yes (no abnormalities observed) || Andjus, 1956 || [https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49209.xAndjus, 1956]
|-
| 1956 || Golden hamster (M. auratus) || whole || 0.1 || -1 || Yes (no abnormalities observed) || Lovelock, Smith, 1956 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13359396Lovelock, Smith, 1956]
|-
| 1957 || Mammals (Mammalia) || ovarian tissue || 0.0000000005 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Parkes, 1957 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Parkes, 1957 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1957 || Primate: some Simiiformes || whole || 4 || 11 || Yes (habits preserved, no abnormalities) || Niazi and Lewis, 1957 || [https://journals.lww.com/surveyanesthesiology/citation/1957/12000/profound_hypothermia_in_the_monkey_with_recovery.1.aspxNiazi and Lewis, 1957]
|-
| 1957 || Brown rat (R. norvegicus) || sup. сervic. ganglion || 0.0000005 || -79 || full recovery of synaptic function || Pascoe, Parkes, 1957 || [https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/abs/10.1098/rspb.1957.0071Pascoe, Parkes, 1957]
|-
| 1958 || Mammals (Mammalia) || renal tissue || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Vieuchange, 1958 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/00112240809004491958 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1958 || Leisler's bat (N. leisleri) || whole || 0.01 || -7 || Unknown || Kalabukhov, 1958 || [https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49209.xKalabukhov, 1958]
|-
| 1959 || Mammals (Mammalia) || thyroid tissue || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Parkes, 1959 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Parkes, 1959 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1959 || Golden hamster (M. auratus) || whole || 0.1 || -5 || Unknown || Andjus, 1959 || [https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49209.xAndjus, 1959]
|-
| 1959 || European rabbit (O. cuniculus) || whole || 2 || 14 || Unknown || Andjus, 1959 || [https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1749-6632.1959.tb49209.xAndjus, 1959]
|-
| 1959 || Human: brain surgery patients || whole || 60 || 28 || Likely yes (a standard praxis in 2018) || Soleimanpour et al, 2014 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4166101/Soleimanpour et al, 2014]
|-
| 1961 || Mammals (Mammalia) || adrenal cortex || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1961 || Mammals (Mammalia) || epididymis || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1961 || Mammals (Mammalia) || fallopian tube || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1961 || Mammals (Mammalia) || hypophysis || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1961 || Mammals (Mammalia) || parathyroid glands || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Russell et al, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Russell et al, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1961 || Mammals (Mammalia) || prostate gland (ps.) || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1961 || Mammals (Mammalia) || seminal vesicles || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1961 || Mammals (Mammalia) || testicular tissue || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Smith, 1961 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1961 || Golden hamster (M. auratus) || heart || 0.001 || -20 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Smith, 1961 || [https://www.cabdirect.org/cabdirect/abstract/19620102256Smith, 1961]
|-
| 1961 || European rabbit (O. cuniculus) || heart || 0.04 || -21 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Connaughton, Lewis, 1961 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27072955Connaughton, Lewis, 1961]
|-
| 1961 || Guinea pig (C. porcellus) || uteri || 0.002 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Smith, 1961 || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Smith, 1961]
|-
| 1963 || Domestic dog (C. lupus f.) || ureters || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Barner et al, 1963 || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Barner et al, 1963]
|-
| 1964 || House mouse (M. musculus) || thymus glands || 0.00005 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Playfair et al, 1964 || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Playfair et al, 1964]
|-
| 1966 || Cat (Felis catus) || brain (in vitro) || 0.03 || -20 || EEG similar to the control || I. Suda et al, 1966 || [https://www.nature.com/articles/212268a0I. Suda et al, 1966]
|-
| 1967 || Domestic dog (C. lupus f.) || small intestine || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Hailmton, Lehr, 1967 || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Hailmton, Lehr, 1967]
|-
| 1972 || Mammals (Mammalia) || heart (fetal) || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || David, 1972 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449David, 1972 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1973 || Domestic dog (C. lupus f.) || kidney || 0.02 || -22 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Dietzman et al, 1973 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27072955Dietzman et al, 1973]
|-
| 1974 || Mammals (Mammalia) || bone marrow || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Karow et al, 1974 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Karow et al, 1974 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1974 || Cat (Felis catus) || brain (in vitro) || 0.03 || -20 || activity, but some EEG abnormalities || I. Suda et al, 1974 || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899374902637I. Suda et al, 1974]
|-
| 1974 || Mammals (Mammalia) || cornea || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Karow et al, 1974 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Karow et al, 1974 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1977 || Mammals (Mammalia) || embryos || 0.0000000005 || -79 || Unknown || Elliot, Whelan, 1977 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Elliot, Whelan, 1977 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1977 || Brown rat (R. norvegicus) || pancreases (fetal) || <0,1 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Kemp et al, 1977 (via Fahy, 1980) || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224080900449Kemp et al, 1977 (via Fahy, 1980)]
|-
| 1980 || Brown rat (R. norvegicus) || fetal brain tissue || <0,1 || -90 || Successful transplantation into a rat brain || Houle, Das, 1980 || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899380909099Houle, Das, 1980]
|-
| 1983 || Human: unnamed donors || brain tissue || <0,1 || -70 || Metabolically, functionally active synapses || Hardy et al, 1983 || [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1471-4159.1983.tb08024.xHardy et al, 1983]
|-
| 1984 || Salamander S. keyserlingii || whole || 0.01 || -32 || Unknown || Berman et al, 1984 || [https://eurekamag.com/research/006/919/006919627.phpBerman et al, 1984]
|-
| 1984 || Human: unnamed donors || astrocytes (culture) || <0,1 || -70 || Astrocytes were growing in culture || Kim et al, 1984 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6475502Kim et al, 1984]
|-
| 1986 || Brown rat (R. norvegicus) || fetal brain cells || <0,1 || -90 || cultures indistinguishable from controls || Kawamoto, Barrett, 1986 || [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899386912229Kawamoto, Barrett, 1986]
|-
| 1986 || Human: unnamed donors || oocytes || 0.0000000005 || -196 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Chen, 1986 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2870356Chen, 1986]
|-
| 1986 || Human: a 9-14 week abortus || fetal brain tissue || <0,1 || -80 || Brain cells were growing in culture || Groscurth et al., 1986 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3518539Groscurth et al., 1986]
|-
| 1986 || House mouse (M. musculus) || brain cells (culture) || <0,1 || -15 || Normal electrical activity, regeneration || Scott, Lew, 1986 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3943556Scott, Lew, 1986]
|-
| 1986 || Human: unnamed || whole (embryo) || 0.0000000005 || -196 || Likely yes (a standard praxis in 2018) || Graham, 2005 || [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-do-embryos-survive-th/Graham, 2005]
|-
| 1986 || Human: Michelle Funk || whole || 10 || 19 || Yes (no abnormalities observed) || Clawson, 2013 || [https://survivor-story.com/miracle-2-year-old-recovers-hour-underwater/Clawson, 2013]
|-
| 1989 || Squirrel S. parryii || whole || 0.9 || -3 || Unknown || Barnes, 1989 || [https://web.archive.org/web/20081216233837/http://users.iab.uaf.edu/~brian_barnes/publications/1989barnes.pdfBarnes, 1989]
|-
| 1989 || Brown rat (R. norvegicus) || Pancreas (islets) || 0.00000003 || -196 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Warnock, Rajotte, 1989 || [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(89)90701-0/fulltextWarnock, Rajotte, 1989]
|-
| 1994 || Domestic dog (C. lupus f.) || whole || 10 || 7 || Yes (no abnormalities observed) || Taylor et al, 1994 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8555538?dopt=AbstractTaylor et al, 1994]
|-
| 1999 || Human: Anna Bågenholm || whole || 70 || 14 || Yes (no abnormalities observed) || Gilbert et al, 2000 || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anna_B%C3%A5genholmGilbert et al, 2000]
|-
| 2000 || European rabbit (O. cuniculus) || kidney || 0.000008 || -3 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Kheirabadi, Fahy, 2000 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10919575Kheirabadi, Fahy, 2000]
|-
| 2001 || Human: Erika Nordby || whole || 9 || 16 || Yes (no abnormalities observed) || Greaves et al, 2002 || [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erika_NordbyGreaves et al, 2002]
|-
| 2002 || Brown rat (R. norvegicus) || ovaries || 0.00001 || -79 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Wang et al, 2002 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27072955Wang et al, 2002]
|-
| 2003 || Domestic dog (C. lupus f.) || whole || 20 || 10 || Yes (no abnormalities observed) || Behringer et al, 2003 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12771628Behringer et al, 2003]
|-
| 2003 || Domestic sheep (Ovis aries) || ovaries || 0.0001 || -140 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Bedaiwy et al, 2003 || [https://www.fertstert.org/article/S0015-0282(02)04842-2/fulltextBedaiwy et al, 2003]
|-
| 2004 || European rabbit (O. cuniculus) || kidney || 0.000008 || -45 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Fahy, 2004 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15094092Fahy, 2004]
|-
| 2006 || Domestic pig (S. domesticus) || whole || 50 || 10 || Yes (no abnormalities observed) || Alam et al, 2006, 2008 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16456447Alam et al, 2006, 2008]
|-
| 2007 || Human: aortic surgery patients || whole || 70 || 17 || Yes (no abnormalities observed) || Hayashida et al, 2007 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17289482Hayashida et al, 2007]
|-
| 2008 || Domestic pig (S. domesticus) || liver || 2 || -40 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Gavish, 2008 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18729808Gavish, 2008]
|-
| 2009 || Beetle Upis ceramboides || whole || 0.0002 || -60 || Unknown || Walters, 2009 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19403530Walters, 2009]
|-
| 2012 || Nematodes frozen for 26 years || whole || 0.0000003 || -20 || Unknown || Kagoshima et al, 2012 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22987239Kagoshima et al, 2012]
|-
| 2015 || Nematode C. elegans || whole || 0.0000003 || -79 || Yes (long-term memory preserved) || Vita-More, Barranco, 2015 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4620520/Vita-More, Barranco, 2015]
|-
| 2016 || Human: trauma patients || whole || 80 || 10 || Likely yes (ongoing clinical trial) || Kutcher et al, 2016 || [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26497780Kutcher et al, 2016]
|-
| 2017 || Human: Tayyab Jafar || whole || 80 || 21 || Yes (no abnormalities observed) || Ormsby, 2017 || [https://www.thestar.com/news/insight/2017/02/19/this-queens-student-froze-to-death-on-a-kingston-pier-heres-how-he-came-back-to-life.htmlOrmsby, 2017]
|-
| 2018 || Nematodes frozen for 30+ tsd yrs || whole || 0.0000003 || -10 || Unknown || Shatilovich et al, 2018 || [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0012496618030079Shatilovich et al, 2018]
|-
| 2018 || Human: unnamed donors || liver || 2 || 5 || Irrelevant - no brain tissue || Buchholz et al, 2018 || [https://journals.lww.com/transplantjournal/Abstract/2018/07001/Extending_the_Human_Liver_Preservation_Time_for.637.aspxBuchholz et al, 2018]
|}
The graphs from the [[#Trends|Trends section]] can be updated whenever the relevant external lists are.
== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
