Changes

The events in the timeline are sometimes classified in the following categories , types and sub-categories:* science: paper, observation* R&D* technological adoption: cold, cryonics, vitrification, field cryoprotection, fixation, intermediate storage temperature* writing: letter, fiction, communication, non-fiction, newsletter* social: meeting, conference* political* organization: pref-founding, founding, first* legal: right-to-dietypes.

'''Categories:'''* Brain preservation* {{W|Cryonics}}* {{W|Cryobiology}}* {{W|Cryogenics}}* {{W|Suspended animation}}* Reanimation '''Types:'''* General Progress:** Futurism, fiction** Science** Technological development (ie. engineering, research and development)** Technological adoption (ie. commercialization)** Quality assessment* Societal context:** Social** Legal** Risk management* Organization Progress '''Sub-Types:'''* Science, technological development, technological assessment: nature, theory, cold, cryonics, cryoprotection, vitrification, toxicity, vitrifixation, field cryoprotection, fixation, intermediate storage temperature, fracturing* Social:** Event: festival, meeting, conference** Writing: newsletter, communication, textbook, journal, paper, open letter, email list, fiction, blog** Other: groups, bylaws* Legal: cryopreservation, life insurance, right-to-die, classification* Organization: founding, milestone, status* Risk management: natural catastrophes, economic stability You can click on the header to sort the events by type categories, types or subtypesubtypes.

| 1931-07 || cryonics || writing social || fiction || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} reads Neil R. Jones' newly published story, "The Jameson Satellite",<ref name="regis87">{{cite book |title= Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly Over The Edge|last= Regis|first= Ed|authorlink=wikipedia:Ed Regis (author) |coauthors= |year= 1991|publisher= Westview Press|location= |isbn= 0-201-56751-2|page= |pages= 87–88|url= }}</ref>, in which a professor has his corpse sent into earth orbit where it would remain preserved indefinitely at near absolute zero (note: this is not scientifically accurate), until millions of years later, when, with humanity extinct, a race of mechanical beings discovers, revives, and repairs him by transferring his brain in a mechanical body.<ref name="RCWE">{{cite web | title = Robert Ettinger | publisher = Cryonics Institute | url = http://www.cryonics.org/bio.html#Robert_Ettinger | accessdate = May 24, 2009 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6ASYHJ6M9?url=http://www.cryonics.org/bio.html#Robert_Ettinger | archivedate = September 5, 2012 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>

| 1936 || reanimatology || organisation organization || founding || Negovsky || Negovsky founds the first resuscitation research laboratory in the world. In 1986 his laboratory would be renamed Institute of Reanimatology of the USSR (since 1991 of the Russian) Academy of Medical Sciences. This marks the inception of both reanimatology (resuscitation medicine) and critical care medicine both of which would be crucial to the credibility of cryonics paradigm.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safar|first=P.|date=June 2001|title=Vladimir A. Negovsky the father of 'reanimatology'|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11723996|journal=Resuscitation|volume=49|issue=3|pages=223–229|issn=0300-9572|pmid=11723996}}</ref>

| 1938 || cryobiology || science || vitrification || Goetz, Goetz || Alexander Goetz and S. Scott Goetz publish a paper discussing vitrification and crystallization of organic cells at low temperatures.

| 1940 || cryobiology || writing science || book || Basil Luyet, Marie Pierre Gehino || Basil Luyet and Marie Pierre Gehino publish "[https://books.google.ca/books/about/Life_and_Death_at_Low_Temperatures.html?id=a3YMtAEACAAJ Life and Death at Low Temperatures]", the book which marks the beginning of cryobiology as a formal area of study. In this landmark work , they document the survival of a wide variety of cells and some tissues after ultra-rapid cooling to -194.5°C providing that ice formation in the tissue is inhibited by vitrification due to the ultra-rapid cooling.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/716713726|title=Life and death at low temperatures|last=J.|first=Luyet, B.|date=1940|publisher=Biodynamica|oclc=716713726}}</ref>

| 1947 || cryogenics || social || || Polge, Smith, Parkes || {{W|Robert Ettinger}}, while in the hospital for his battle wounds, discovers {{W|Jean Rostand}} research in {{W|cryogenics}}.<ref name="CITimeline">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryonics.org/ci-landing/history-timeline/|title=History/Timeline {{!}} Cryonics Institute|website=www.cryonics.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>

| 1948 || cryobiology || technological development || vitrification || || Polge, Smith , and Parkes discover the cryoprotective effects of glycerol and publish a paper documenting the successful hatching of chicks from fowl sperm cryopreserved with glycerol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=POLGE|first=C.|date=June 1951|title=Functional Survival of Fowl Spermatozoa after Freezing at −79° C.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/167949b0|journal=Nature|volume=167|issue=4258|pages=949–950|doi=10.1038/167949b0|issn=0028-0836}}</ref>

| 1948-03 || cryonics || writing social || fiction || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} publishes the story [httpshttp://archivetranslatedby.iscom/20120801065253/http:you/the-penultimate-trump/www.cryonics.orgoriginal/Trump.html The Penultimate Trump], in which the explicit idea of cryopreservation of legally dead people for future repair is promulgated. This story was written in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?80014|title=Title: The Penultimate Trump|website=www.isfdb.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>

| 1954-06 || suspended animation || science || nature || Smith et al. || Smith et al., demonstrate the ability of golden hamsters to recover and survive long term following the freezing of ~60% of the water in their brains and the survival a full recovery of hamsters cooled to -5°C.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parkes|first=A. S.|last2=Lovelock|first2=J. E.|last3=Smith|first3=A. U.|date=June 1954|title=Resuscitation of Hamsters after Supercooling or Partial Crystallization at Body Temperatures Below 0° C.|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/1731136a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=173|issue=4415|pages=1136–1137|doi=10.1038/1731136a0|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>

| 1960 || cryonics || writing social || communication || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} expected other scientists to advocate for cryonics. Given that this still hasn't happened, Ettinger finally makes the scientific case for cryonics. He sends this to approximately 200 people whom he selected from ''Who's Who in America'', but got little response.<ref name="regis87"/>

| 1960s || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation || Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation in Phoenix, Arizona is founded by Ed Hope (<ref group=note>not the same as the California organization with similar name)</ref> in [[wikipedia:Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix, Arizona]] is founded by Ed Hope. Unlike These freezings would be advertised as being for cosmetic purposes rather than eventual reanimation, though the others, it cryonics issue would build its own capsules, horizontal units on wheels for easy transportnaturally arise. <ref group=note>Cryo-Care would not use cryoprotectants or perfusion with its patients but would only do straight freezes to liquid nitrogen temperature. These freezings would be advertised as being for cosmetic purposes rather than eventual reanimation, though the cryonics issue would naturally arise. </ref><ref name="SuspensionFailures"/>

| 1962 || reanimatology || writing science || book || Vladimir A. Negovsky || Vladimir A. Negovsky publishes his landmark book, "Resuscitation and Artificial Hypothermia".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Resuscitation and Artificial Hypothermia (USSR)|last=Negovsky|first=Vladimir|publisher=Consultants Bureau|year=1962|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safar|first=Peter|date=2001-06|title=Vladimir A. Negovsky the father of ‘reanimatology’|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9572(01)00356-2|journal=Resuscitation|volume=49|issue=3|pages=223–229|doi=10.1016/s0300-9572(01)00356-2|issn=0300-9572}}</ref>

| 1962 || cryonics || writing social || non-fiction book || Evan Cooper || Evan Cooper publishes "Immortality: Physically, Scientifically, Now" under the pseudonym Nathan Duhring.<ref name="cryonics9208">{{Cite journal|last=Perry|first=Michael|date=August 1992|title=Unity and Disunity in Cryonics|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics9208.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=13|issue=145|pages=5|via=}}</ref> He coins the immortal "freeze, wait, reanimate" slogan.<ref name="cryonet23124">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=23124|title=Ev Cooper|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref name="EvCooperClassic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.biostasis.com/ev-coopers-cryonics-classic-published-online/|title=Ev Cooper's cryonics classic published online – Biostasis|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>

| 1962 || cryonics || social || group || Evan Cooper || After the first cryonics meeting, Cooper and a few other individuals form the Immortality Communication Exchange (ICE), an informal, "special-interest group" for the "freeze and wait" idea that would later be known as cryonics.<ref name="cryonics9208"/>

| 1963 1964 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || {{W|Life Extension Society}} || During the conference, the {{W|Life Extension Society}}, the first cryonics organization, is founded by Evan Cooper. It would be situated in Washington, D.C.<ref name="EvCooperClassic"/>

| 1964 || cryonics || futurism || || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || {{W|Robert Ettinger}}'s ''The Prospect of Immortality'' finally attracts the attention of a major publisher, Doubleday, which sends a copy to [[wikipedia:Isaac Asimov|Isaac Asimov]]; Asimov says that the science behind cryonics is sound, so the book is published. The book becomes a selection of the Book of the Month Club and is published in nine languages. Ettinger becomes a media celebrity, discussed in many periodicals, television shows, and radio programs.<ref name="regis87"/>

| 1964-01 || cryonics || writing social || newsletter || Life Extension Society || The first issue of the {{W|Life Extension Society}} Newsletter is published.<ref name="cryonics9208"/><ref name="firstNewsletter"/>

| 1965 || cryonics || social || || Karl Werner || Karl Werner coins the word "{{W|cryonics}}".<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory">{{Cite web|url=http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/history.html|title=A HISTORY OF CRYONICS|website=www.benbest.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1965 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Cryonics Society of New York || The Cryonics Society of New York (CSNY) is founded by {{W|Saul Kent}}, {{W|Curtis Henderson}} and Karl Werner. CSNY is a non-profit organisation organization contracting with the for-profit organisation organization Cryospan for cryonics freezing and storage.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/nov/07/cryonics-british-dads-army|title=The Dad's Army of British cryonics|last=Hattenstone|first=Simon|date=2009-11-07|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-01-22|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

| 1965-03 || cryobiology || technological development || cryoprotection || James Farrant || James Farrant shows that viable ice -free cryopreservation of a highly organized tissue is possible and that eliminating ice formation, even at -79 °C, eliminates virtually all of the extensive mechanical (histological) and ultrastructural disruption observed with conventional cryoprotection and freezing of complex tissues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=FARRANT|first=J.|date=March 1965|title=Mechanism of Cell Damage During Freezing and Thawing and its Prevention|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2051284a0|journal=Nature|volume=205|issue=4978|pages=1284–1287|doi=10.1038/2051284a0|issn=0028-0836}}</ref>

| 1965-06 || cryonics || organisation organization || milestone || {{W|Life Extension Society}} || The {{W|Life Extension Society}} offers to freeze the first person for free: "The {{W|Life Extension Society}} now has primitive facilities for emergency short term freezing and storing our friend the large homeotherm (man). LES offers to freeze free of charge the first person desirous and in need of cryogenic suspension." No one would take them on their offer.<ref name="BedfordSuspension"/>

| 1965-10-30 1966 || cryonics || organization || founding || Dandridge M. Cole Immortalist Soceity || Dandridge M. Cole suffers a fatal heart attack. Cole had read ''The Prospect Cryonics Society of Immortality'' in 1963. In his more recent book, ''Beyond Tomorrow'', he had devoted several pages to Michigan (later renamed the subject. He had expressed a wish to be frozen after death. After some delay a call was placed to Ettinger, who later would writeCryonics Association, "I was consulted by long-distance telephone several hours after he diedand then, but in 1985, the end the family did what was to be expected {{sndW|Immortalist Society}} nothing) is founded with Ettinger elected as its president."<ref name="BedfordSuspensionCorpSummary">{{Cite web|url=https://cofs.lara.state.mi.us/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/CorpSummary.aspx?ID=800832595&SEARCH_TYPE=1|title=Search Summary State of Michigan Corporations Division|website=cofs.lara.state.mi.us|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1966 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Immortalist Soceity Cryonics Society of California || The Cryonics Society of Michigan California (later renamed the Cryonics Association, and then, in 1985, the {{W|Immortalist Society}}CSC) is founded by Robert Nelson. CSC is a non-profit organization contracting with Ettinger elected as its presidentthe for-profit organization Cryonic Interment for cryonics freezing and storage. Cryonics Interment would later be renamed General Fluidics by Robert Nelson and Marshal Neel.<ref name="CorpSummarySuspensionFailures"/>{{Cite web|url<ref name=https://cofs.lara.state.mi.us/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/"CorpSummary.aspx?ID=800832595&SEARCH_TYPE=1|title=Search Summary State of Michigan Corporations Division|website=cofs.lara.state.mi.us|access-date=2019-01-22}}<"/ref>

| 1966 || cryonics cryobiology || organisation science || founding fracturing || Cryonics Society of California Kroener and Luyet || The Cryonics Society of California (CSC) is founded by Robert Nelson. CSC is a non-profit organisation contracting with the for-profit organisation Cryonic Interment for cryonics freezing and storage. Cryonics Interment would later be renamed General Fluidics by Robert Nelson Kroener and Marshal NeelLuyet observe fracturing in vitrified glycerol solutions.<ref name="SuspensionFailuresIntermediateTemperatureStorage">{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/IntermediateTemperatureStorage.html|title=Systems for Intermediate Temperature Storage for Fracture Reduction and Avoidance|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref name>{{Cite journal|last=Kroener|first=C.|last2=Luyet|first2=B.|date=1966|title=Formation of cracks during the vitrification of glycerol solutions and disappearance of the cracks during rewarming|url=|journal=Biodynamica|volume=10|pages=47-52|via="CorpSummary"}}</ref>

| 1966 -04-22 || cryobiology cryonics || science || paper milestone || Kroener and Luyet Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation || Kroener An elderly woman (probably from Los Angeles{{snd}}never identified) who has been embalmed for two months and Luyet observe fracturing in vitrified glycerol solutionsmaintained slightly above-freezing temperature is straight-frozen.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorageBedfordSuspension"/> There is some thought of the cryonics premise of eventual reanimation, but within a year she would be thawed and buried by relatives.<ref>{{Cite webbook|urltitle=We Froze the First Man|last=https://alcorF.org/Library/html/IntermediateTemperatureStorage.htmlNelson|first=Robert|last2=Stanley|first2=Sandra|publisher=Dell|year=1968|titleisbn=Systems for Intermediate Temperature Storage for Fracture Reduction and Avoidance|websitelocation=alcor.orgNew York|access-datepages=201917-01-2220}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=KroenerKraver|first=C.|last2=Luyet|first2=B.Ted|date=1966March 1989|title=Formation of cracks during the vitrification of glycerol solutions and disappearance of Notes on the cracks during rewarmingFirst Human Freezing|url=|journal=BiodynamicaCryonics|volume=10|pages=4711-5221|via=}}</ref>

| 1966-04-22 || cryonics || || || Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation || An elderly woman (probably from Los Angeles{{snd}}never identified) who has been embalmed for two months and maintained slightly above-freezing temperature is straight-frozen.<ref name="BedfordSuspension"/> There is some thought of the cryonics premise of eventual reanimation, but within a year she would be thawed and buried by relatives.<ref>{{Cite book|title=We Froze the First Man|last=F. Nelson|first=Robert|last2=Stanley|first2=Sandra|publisher=Dell|year=1968|isbn=|location=New York|pages=17-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kraver|first=Ted|date=March 1989|title=Notes on the First Human Freezing|url=|journal=Cryonics|volume=|pages=11-21|via=}}</ref>|-| 1966-10-15 || cryonics || science || paper || Adachi, et al. || The first paper showing recovery Recovery of brain electrical activity after freezing to −20 °C is publisheddemonstrated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adachi|first=C.|last2=Kito|first2=K.|last3=Suda|first3=I.|date=1966-10-15|title=Viability of Long Term Frozen Cat Brain In Vitro|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/212268a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=212|issue=5059|pages=268–270|doi=10.1038/212268a0|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>

6 days later, relatives would move Bedford to the Cryo-Care facility in Phoenix. Later, his son would store him, and finally , on September 22, 1987, Bedford would be moved to Alcor.<ref name="BedfordSuspension"/><ref name="AlcorCase">{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/cases.html|title=Alcor Cases|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1968 || cryonics || organisation organization || status || Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation || Ed Hope closes Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation after seeing it wouldn't turn a profit. The remaining patients are turn turned over to other organizations or to relatives.<ref name="SuspensionFailures">{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/suspensionfailures.html|title=Suspension Failures - Lessons from the Early Days|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>

| 1968 -02 || cryonics reanimatology || writing science || non-fiction || Robert Nelson Ames, et al. || Robert Nelson publishes Ames, et al., discover the book ''We Froze cerebral no-re-flow phenomenon which prevents adequate reperfusion of the First Man'' telling brain after ~10 minutes of global cerebral ischemia and identifies this as the story likely cause of Bedford's cryopreservation. However, his description is largely inaccurate. A more accurate description would be written later on [https://alcor.org/Library/html/BedfordLetter.htm DEAR DR. BEDFORD (and those who will care for you failure to achieve brain resuscitation after I do)]6-10 minutes of normothermic ischemia rather than the acute death of brain cells as the supposed cause.<ref>{{Cite bookjournal|last=Ames|first=A.|last2=Wright|first2=R. L.|last3=Kowada|first3=M.|last4=Thurston|first4=J. M.|last5=Majno|first5=G.|date=Feb 1968|title=Cerebral ischemia. II. The no-reflow phenomenon.|url=httphttps://worldcatwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.orggov/pmc/oclcarticles/434744PMC2013326/|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|titlevolume=We froze the first man52|lastissue=Nelson2|firstpages=Robert F.,437–453|dateissn=19680002-9440|publisherpmc=[Dell Pub. Co.]2013326|oclcpmid=4347445635861}}</ref>

| 1968-02 1969 || cryonics || science organization ||founding | resuscitation |{{W| Ames, et al. American Cryonics Society}} || AmesThe Bay Area Cryonics Society is founded by two physicians, et al., discover the cerebral no-re-flow phenomenon which prevents adequate reperfusion prominent allergist and editor of [[wikipedia:Annals of the brain after ~10 minutes Allergy, Asthma & Immunology|Annals of global cerebral ischemia Allergy]], Dr. M. Coleman Harris, and identifies this as the likely cause of failure Dr. Grace Talbot. It would be renamed to achieve brain resuscitation after 6-10 minutes of normothermic ischemia rather than the acute death of brain cells as the supposed cause{{W|American Cryonics Society}} in 1985.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite journalweb|lasturl=Ames|first=Ahttps://businesssearch.|last2=Wright|first2=Rsos. Lca.|last3gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=Kowada|first3NUMBER&SearchCriteria=M.C0587199|last4title=ThurstonBusiness Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|first4website=Jbusinesssearch. Msos.|last5=Majno|first5=Gca.gov|access-date=Feb 1968|title=Cerebral ischemia. II. The no2019-01-reflow phenomenon.22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=httpshttp://www.ncbiamericancryonics.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2013326org/|journaltitle=The American Journal of PathologyCryonics Society - Human Cryopreservation Services for the 21st Century|volumewebsite=52www.americancryonics.org|issueaccess-date=2|pages=437–453|issn=00022019-01-9440|pmc=2013326|pmid=563586122}}</ref>

| 1969 || cryonics || organisation || founding || {{W|American Cryonics Society}} || The Bay Area Cryonics Society is founded by two physicians, prominent allergist and editor of [[wikipedia:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology|Annals of Allergy]], Dr. M. Coleman Harris, and Dr. Grace Talbot. It would be renamed to the {{W|American Cryonics Society}} in 1985.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0587199|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.americancryonics.org/|title=American Cryonics Society - Human Cryopreservation Services for the 21st Century|website=www.americancryonics.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>|-| 1969 || cryonics || social || || Evan Cooper || Cooper ends his involvement in cryonics. He feels overloaded and burned-out, and thinks cryonics is not going to be a viable option for himself for practical (political, social, economic) reasons and that he is not going to spend the time he had left trying to obtain the impossible. He is also concerned with the commercial and political aspects within cryonics.<ref name="cryonet23124"/>

| 1970 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Cryonics Society of America || The Cryonics Society of America (CSA) is incorporated.

| 1970-05-15 || cryonics || organization || status || Cryonics Society of California || Nelson moves the 4 patients from the Cryonics Society of California into an underground vault he recently had designed and built under the aegis of Cryonics Interment. The vault is located in Oakwood Cemetery in {{W|Chatsworth, Los Angeles}}.<ref name="SuspensionFailures"/>

| 1970-05-22 || cryobiology || science || theory || Peter Mazur || Peter Mazur publishes his “two-factor theory” elucidating the basic mechanisms of freezing damage to living cells: solution effects injury and/or intracellular freezing. This insight facilitates a more rational design of freezing and thawing protocols allowing the development of freezing techniques for animal embryos.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mazur|first=P.|date=1970-05-22|title=Cryobiology: the freezing of biological systems|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5462399|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|volume=168|issue=3934|pages=939–949|issn=0036-8075|pmid=5462399}}</ref>

| 1971 || resuscitation || science || || Hossmann || Hossmann demonstrates the possible recovery of the cat brain after complete ischemia for 1 hour. The field of cerebral resuscitation is born.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hossmann|first=K.-A.|last2=Lechtape-Grüter|first2=H.|date=1971|title=Blood Flow and Recovery of the Cat Brain after Complete Ischemia for 1 Hour|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000114515|journal=European Neurology|volume=6|issue=1-6|pages=318–322|doi=10.1159/000114515|issn=0014-3022}}</ref>

| 1971-08 || cryonics || writing social || journal || Manrise Technical Review || Fred and Linda Chamberlain begin publishing a bi-monthly technical journal, Manrise Technical Review and in 1972 they publish the first comprehensive technical manual of human cryopreservation procedures. This marks the beginning of a biomedically informed and rigorously scientific approach to cryonics. In this manual , the Chamberlains suggest apoplication application of the Farrant technique to cryonics patients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chamberlain|first=FR|last2=Chamberlain|first2=LL|date=1972|title=Instructions for the Induction of Solid State Hypothermia|url=|journal=Manrise Corporation|location=La Canada, CA|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>

| 1971 (end of) - 1979-04 || cryonics || organisation organization || status || Cryonics Society of California || 9 patients are thawed by the Cryonics Society of California. This would become known as the Chatsworth Scandal, because the patients were stored in an underground vault at a cemetery in Chatsworth.<ref name="SuspensionFailures"/>

| 1972 || cryonics || technological adoption || || Trans Time || A collaborative working group led by Trans Time President Art Quaife and consisting of Gregory Fahy, Peter Gouras, M.D., Fred , and Linda Chamberlain and Mike Darwin begin working on a standardized protocol for the cryoprotection of cryonics patients. Quaife publishes the first results of this effort, a modification of Collins’ organ preservation solution for use as the carrier solution for Me2SO during cryoprotective perfusion. This marks the first attempt at creating a standardized, science-based human cryopreservation protocol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Quaife|first=A.|date=1972|title=Recommended modification to Collins’ solution for use as the base perfusate for inducing SSH|url=|journal=Manrise Technical Review|volume=2|pages=3-9|via=}}</ref>

| 1972 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Trans Time || Trans Time, Inc., (TT) a cryonics service provider, is founded by Art Quaife, along with John Day, Paul Segall and other cryonicists. It is a for-profit organisationorganization. It's initially a perfusion service-provider for the Bay Area Cryonics Society. They buy the perfusion equipment from Manrise Corporation.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> They would be the first to undertake the effort of clarifying legal issues around cryonics, and to actively market cryonics.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> The name "Trans Time" is inspired by Trans World Airlines, a prominent airline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hpluspedia.org/wiki/History_of_cryonics#Chatsworth_Scandal|title=History of cryonics - H+Pedia|website=hpluspedia.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0647293|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1972-01-12 || suspended animation || technological adoption || || Klebanoff || Klebanoff reports survival of the first human after blood washout and induction of profound hypothermia with full recovery of heath health and normal mentation, Air Force Seargent Tor Olsen who, as of 2018, would still be alive and well.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Klebanoff|first=G.|last2=Hollander|first2=D.|last3=Cosimi|first3=A. B.|last4=Stanford|first4=W.|last5=Kemmerer|first5=W. T.|date=January 1972|title=Asanguineous hypothermic total body perfusion (TBW) in the treatment of stage IV hepatic coma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5058015|journal=The Journal of Surgical Research|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–7|issn=0022-4804|pmid=5058015}}</ref>

| 1972-02-23 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || The {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}}, a cryonics service provider, is founded by {{W|Fred and Linda Chamberlain}} in the State of California. The organisation organization is named after a star in the Big Dipper used in ancient times as a test of visual acuity. It would serve as a response team for the Cryonics Society of California. Alcor is initially incorporated as the Alcor Society for Solid State Hypothermia, but would change its name to the "{{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}}" in 1977.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0645886|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1973-03 || cryonics || science || || Cryonics Society of New York || Fahy and Darwin publish the first technical case report documenting the procedures, problems , and responses of a human patient (Clara Dostal) to cryoprotective perfusion and freezing. The report is severely critical of the way cryonics patients are being treated and suggests many reform and inprovementsimprovements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MD|date=1973|title=Perfusion and freezing of a 60-year-old woman|url=http://www.lifepact.com/images/MTRV3N1.pdf|journal=Manrise Technical Review|volume=3(1)|pages=9-32|access-date=2010-08-31|via=}}</ref>

| 1974 || cryonics || organisation organization || status || Trans Time || Due to the closure of the storage facility in New York, the Bay Area Cryonics Society and the {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} change their plan to preserve their patients to the Trans Time facility instead of the New York one, and would do so until the 1980s.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 1974 || cryonics || science || || Suda, et al. || The first paper showing partial Partial recovery of brain electrical activity after 7 years of frozen storage is publisheddemonstrated.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Suda|first=Isamu|last2=Kito|first2=Kyoko|last3=Adachi|first3=Chizuko|date=1974-04-26|title=Bioelectric discharges of isolated cat brain after revival from years of frozen storage|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899374902637|journal=Brain Research|volume=70|issue=3|pages=527–531|doi=10.1016/0006-8993(74)90263-7|issn=0006-8993}}</ref>

| 1974 || cryonics || organisation organization || status || Cryonics Society of New York || {{W|Curtis Henderson}}, who has been maintaining three cryonics patients for the Cryonics Society of New York, is told by the New York Department of Public Health that he must close down his cryonics facility. The three cryonics patients are returned to their families, and would later be thawed.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 1975-07 || suspended animation || technological development || || Gerald Klebanoff || Gerald Klebanoff demonstrates the recovery of dogs from total blood washout and profound hypothermia with no neurological deficit using a defined asanguineous solution. Klebanoff documents the critical importance of adequate amounts of colloid in the perfusate to prevent death from pulmonary edema.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haff|first=R. C.|last2=Klebanoff|first2=G.|last3=Brown|first3=B. G.|last4=Koreski|first4=W. R.|date=July 1975|title=Asanguineous hypothermic perfusion as a means of total organism preservation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1142760|journal=The Journal of Surgical Research|volume=19|issue=1|pages=13–19|issn=0022-4804|pmid=1142760}}</ref>

| 1976 || cryonics || R&D Technological development || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Manrise Corporation provides initial funding to Alcor for cryonics research.

| 1976-04-28 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || {{W| Cryonics Institute }} || Cryonics Institute is founded, and starts offering cryonics services: preparation, cooling, and long term storage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cofs.lara.state.mi.us/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/CorpSummary.aspx?ID=800830993&SEARCH_TYPE=1|title=Search Summary State of Michigan Corporations Division|website=cofs.lara.state.mi.us|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1976-07-16 || cryonics || technological adoption || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor carries out the first human cryopreservation where cardiopulmonary support is initiated immediately post pronouncement and is continued until the patient is cooled to 15°C (~400 minutes) and where a scientifically designed custom perfusion machine with heat exchanger was used to carry out cryoprotective perfusion (as opposed to an embalming pump) with control over flow, pressure and temperature and incorporating a bubble trap was used. This is also the first neurocryopreservation (head only) patient. The patient was the father of Fred Chamberlain, the co-founder of the organisationorganization.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chamberlain|first=FRC|last2=Chamberlain|first2=LLC|date=July 16-17, 1976|title=Alcor patient A-1001 Case Notes|url=|journal=Alcor Foundation|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist"/>

| 1977 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Institute for Advanced Biological Studies || The Institute for Advanced Biological Studies (IABS) is incorporated by Steve Bridge. IABS is a nonprofit research startup.<ref name="IABS">{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=1981-03-08|title=The Newsletter of The Institute For Advanced Biological Studies, Inc.|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8103.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>

| 1977 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Soma, Inc. || Soma, Inc. is incorporated. Soma is intended as a for-profit organization to provide cryopreservation and human storage services. Its president is {{W|Mike Darwin}}.

| 1977 || cryonics || organisation organization || milestone || {{W| Cryonics Institute }} || The Cryonics Institute preserves its first patient, Rhea Ettinger. She would be preserved in dry ice for 10 years, and then switch to liquid nitrogen.

| 1977(?) - 1986 || cryonics || social || festival || Life Extension Festival || The Life Extension Festival is run by {{W|Fred and Linda Chamberlain}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=July 1983|title=Report on the Lake Tahoe Life Extension Festival|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8307.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|issue=36|pages=7-13|via=}}</ref>

| 1977-07 || cryonics || futurism || || {{W|Mike Darwin }} || Darwin is the first to conceive of the idea of an autonomous, bioengineered cell repair and replacement device to reverse cryo-injury and aging, which he called the “anabolocyte”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Darwin|first=MG|date=July 1977|title=The anabolocyte: a biological approach to repairing cryoinjury|url=http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/1.3.2.1.htm|journal=Life Extension Magazine: A Journal of the Life Extension Sciences|volume=1|pages=|via=}}</ref>

| 1978 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Cryovita Laboratories || Cryovita Laboratories is founded by {{W|Jerry Leaf}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0849138|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>, who had been teaching surgery at the {{W|University of California, Los Angeles}}. Cryovita is a for-profit organization which would provide cryopreservation services for Alcor and Trans Time in the 1980s.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 1978-07 || cryonics || technological adoption || || Cryovita Laboratories || Jerry Leaf of Cryovita Laboratories introduces the principles and equipment of extracorporeal medicine into cryonics with the cryopreservation of Samuel Berkowitz. This included the use of the heart-lung machine, closed -circuit perfusion, 40µ arterial filtration , and sterile technique and Universal Precautions to protect the staff caring for the patient:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leaf|first=JD|date=March-April 1979|title=Cryonic Suspension of Sam Berkowitz,|url=|journal=Long Life Magazine|volume=|pages=30-35|via=}}</ref>

| 1979 || cryonics || || milestone || Institute for Advanced Biological Studies || The Institute for Advanced Biological Studies (IABS) puts Mitzi into cryopreservation, the first companion animal to receive the procedure. Alcor would later store the animal starting in 1982.

| 1980 || cryonics || technological development || || Leaf , et al. || Leaf et al., carry out the first closed circuit perfusions with stepped increase increases in cryoprotectant concentration under well -controlled conditions with physiological and biochemical monitoring of the patients in real-time. This is also the first case where remote standby and stabilization using continuous heart-lung resuscitator support is carried out.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leaf|first=JD|last2=Federowicz|first2=Hixon|last3=H.|first3=|date=1985|title=Case report: two consecutive suspensions, a comparative study in experimental human suspended animation|url=http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/casereport8511.html|journal=Cryonics|volume=6(11)|pages=13-38|via=}}</ref>

| 1980 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Life Extension Foundation || The Life Extension Foundation (LEF) is founded. It would later helped help fund various cryonics organisationsorganizations, notably Alcor, {{W|21st Century Medicine}}, Critical Care Research, and {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}}.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 1980 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Institute for Cryobiological Extension || The Institute for Cryobiological Extension is founded, and would soon published publish its first volume of ICE Proceedings.

| 1981 || cryonics || futurism || || {{W|K. Eric Drexler}} || The first paper suggesting that nanotechnology could reverse freezing injury is published.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Drexler|first=K. Eric|date=1981-09-01|title=Molecular engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/78/9/5275|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=78|issue=9|pages=5275–5278|doi=10.1073/pnas.78.9.5275|issn=0027-8424|pmid=16593078}}</ref>

| 1981 || cryonics || organisation organization || status || Cryovita Laboratories || Soma, Inc. merges with Cryovita Laboratories.

| 1981-03 || cryonics || writing social || journal || Darwin, Bridge || Michael Darwin and Stephen Bridge begin publication of the monthly magazine Cryonics which, for the next 10 years, would be the principle principal vehicle for publication of technical and scientific papers in cryonics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/CryonicsMagazine/archive.html|title=Cryonics Magazine|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>

| 1982 || cryobiology || science || toxicity || [[wikipedia:Greg Fahy|Fahy]], et al. || Fahy, et al., publish papers which extensively documents the role of cryoprotectant toxicity as a barrier to tissue and organ cryopreservation suggest possible molecular mechanisms.<ref>{{Citation|last=Fahy|first=G. M.|title=Prospects for organ preservation by vitrification|date=1982|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6267-8_60|work=Organ Preservation|pages=399–404|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=9789401162692|access-date=2019-02-01|last2=Hirsch|first2=A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|last2=Lilley|first2=Terence H.|last3=Linsdell|first3=Helen|last4=Douglas|first4=Mary St.John|last5=Meryman|first5=Harold T.|date=June 1990|title=Cryoprotectant toxicity and cryoprotectant toxicity reduction: In search of molecular mechanisms|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(90)90025-y|journal=Cryobiology|volume=27|issue=3|pages=247–268|doi=10.1016/0011-2240(90)90025-y|issn=0011-2240}}</ref>

| 1982 || cryonics || organisation organization || milestone || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor begins storing its own patients. It was previously storing its patients with Trans Time, Inc.

| 1982 || cryonics || organisation organization || status || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || The Institute for Advanced Biological Studies merges with Alcor.

| 1982-09-15 || cryonics || social || bylaws || {{W|Society for Cryobiology}} || The {{W|Society for Cryobiology}} adopts new bylaws denying membership to organizations or individuals supporting cryonics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.ciphergoth.org/blog/2010/02/12/society-for-cryobiology-statements-on-cryonic/|title=Paul Crowley's Blog - Society for Cryobiology statements on cryonics|website=blog.ciphergoth.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/coldwar.html|title=Cold War: The Conflict Between Cryonicists and Cryobiologists|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1983-01 || cryonics || technological development || || [[wikipedia:Mike Darwin|Darwin]], et al. || Darwin, et al. carry out an extensive study to evaluate the efficacy of a human cryopreservation protocol on whole mammals (rabbits). This research discloses extensive ultrastructural disruption of the brain even when freezing in the presence of 3 M glycerol is employed. This work also documentes documents the extremely adverse effects of prolonged cold ischemia on cryoprotective perfusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1389|title=Cryoprotective perfusion and freezing of the ischemic and nonischemic cat|last=Darwin|first=M|last2=Leaf|first2=JD|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1390|title=CRYONICS: Freezing Damage (Darwin) Part 2|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1391|title=CRYONICS: Freezing Damage (Darwin) Part 3|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1392|title=CRYONICS: Freezing Damage (Darwin) Part 4|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MG|last2=Leaf|first2=JD|date=January 1983|title=Tahoe Research Proposals|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8301.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|issue=30|pages=14|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chronopause.com/index.php/2012/02/13/the-effects-of-cryopreservation-on-the-cat-part-1/|title=THE EFFECTS OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE CAT, Part 1|last=chronopause|website=CHRONOSPHERE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chronopause.com/index.php/2012/02/14/the-effects-of-cryopreservation-on-the-cat-part-2/|title=THE EFFECTS OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE CAT, Part 2|last=chronopause|website=CHRONOSPHERE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chronopause.com/index.php/2012/02/21/the-effects-of-cryopreservation-on-the-cat-part-3/|title=THE EFFECTS OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE CAT, Part 3|last=chronopause|website=CHRONOSPHERE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>

| 1983 || cryonics || organisation organization || status || Institute for Cryobiological Extension || Leaf changes hats to President of the Institute for Cryobiological Extension (ICE) with the intention to devise a new project with the goal of having animal heads frozen, thawed, and reattached to a new body in such a way that would allow for neurocognitive evaluation. The project would later be deemed impractical. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=July 1983|title=Report on the Lake Tahoe Life Extension Festival|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8307.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|issue=36|pages=7-13|via=}}</ref>

| 1984 || cryonics || science || || [[wikipedia:Mike Darwin |Darwin]], et al. || Darwin et al., publish the first paper documenting the effects of cryopreservation protocols on human patients. This paper documents the presence of extensive macro-tissue fracturing in all three patients examined and shows relatively good histological preservation in the patient treated with 3 M glycerol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=M.|last2=Hixon|first2=H.|last3=Leaf|first3=J.|date=1984|title=Post-mortem examination of three cryonic suspension patients|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8409.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=5|issue=9|pages=16-28|access-date=2010-08-31|via=}}</ref>

| 1984 || suspended animation || technological development || || Leaf, Darwin, Hixon || Leaf, Darwin and Hixon complete 3-years of research demonstrating successful 4-hour asanguineous perfusion of dogs at 5°C with full recovery of health, mentation , and long term memory. The paper documenting this work is rejected by the Society for Cryobiology because the work was conducted by cryonicists. The perfusate developed during this research, MHP-2 continues to be used for total body washout through the present.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/tbwcanine.html|title=A mannitol-based perfusate for reversible 5-hour asanguineous ultraprofound hypothermia in canines (Report on work performed from 1984-87)|last=Leaf|first=JD|last2=Darwin|first2=M.|date=|website=1986|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2010-08-31|last3=Hixon|first3=H.}}</ref>

| 1984 || cryobiology || science || paper cryoprotection || [[wikipedia:Greg Fahy|Fahy]], et al. || The first paper showing that large organs can be cryopreserved without structural damage from ice is published.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=G. M.|last2=MacFarlane|first2=D. R.|last3=Angell|first3=C. A.|last4=Meryman|first4=H. T.|date=1984-08-01|title=Vitrification as an approach to cryopreservation|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224084900798|journal=Cryobiology|volume=21|issue=4|pages=407–426|doi=10.1016/0011-2240(84)90079-8|issn=0011-2240}}</ref>

| 1984 || cryonics || science || observation fracturing || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor observes fractures in human cryopreservation patients. <ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=M.|last2=Hixon|first2=H.|last3=Leaf|first3=J.|date=1984|title=Postmortem Examination of Three Cryonic Suspension Patients|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/postmortemexamination.html|journal=Cryonics|volume=|pages=16-28|via=}}</ref>

| 1985 || cryonics || technological adoption || remote stabilization || Federowicz, et al. || For the first time, a cryonics patient is given remote standby with in-field total body washout. Cardiopulmonary support (CPS) is initiated within 2 minutes following monitored cardiac arrest. This is also the first case where anesthesia is used to inhibit consciousness during cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and external cooling.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MG|last2=Leaf|first2=JD|last3=Hixon|first3=H.|date=1986|title=Case report: neuropreservation of Alcor patient A-1068 (1 of 2)|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8602.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=7|issue=2|pages=17-32|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MG|last2=Leaf|first2=JD|last3=Hixon|first3=H.|date=1986|title=Case report: neuropreservation of Alcor patient A-1068 (2 of 2)|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8603.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=7|issue=3|pages=15-29|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryocare.org/index.cgi?subdir=bpi&url=tech21.txt|title=Securing anesthesia in the human cryopreservation patient|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=18 January 1997|website=CryoNet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 1985 || cryobiology || vitrification technological development || vitrification || [[wikipedia:Greg Fahy| Fahy]], Rall || Fahy and Rall successfully apply vitrification to embryo preservation introducing the technique to mainstream medicine and highlighting its potential utility in solid organ cryopreservation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rall|first=W. F.|last2=Fahy|first2=G. M.|date=14 Feb 1985|title=Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at -196 degrees C by vitrification|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3969158|journal=Nature|volume=313|issue=6003|pages=573–575|issn=0028-0836|pmid=3969158}}</ref>

| 1980s (mid) || cryonics || legal || life insurance || Jackson National || Jackson National is the first life insurance company to definitively state that it acknowledges that cryonics arrangements constitute a legitimate insurable interest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://groups.yahoo.com/|title=Yahoo! Groups|website=groups.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1986 || cryonics || writing social || textbook || {{W|Mike Darwin }} || M. Darwin publishes the first textbook on acute stabilization of human cryopreservation patients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/1990manual.html|title=Transport Protocol for Cryonic suspension of Humans|last=Darwin|first=MG|date=1986|website=Alcor Life Extension Foundation|location=Fullerton, CA|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 1986 || cryobiology || science || vitrification || {{W|Greg Fahy }} || Greg Fahy proposes vitrification as a mean of achieving viable parenchymatous organ preservation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=G. M.|date=1986|title=Vitrification: a new approach to organ cryopreservation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3540994|journal=Progress in Clinical and Biological Research|volume=224|pages=305–335|issn=0361-7742|pmid=3540994}}</ref>

| 1986 || suspended animation || science || paper || Haneda, et al. || The first paper showing that large mammals can be recovered after three hours of total circulatory arrest (“clinical death”) at +3°C (37°F) is published. This supports the reversibility of the hypothermic phase of cryonics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haneda|first=Kiyoshi|last2=Thomas|first2=Robert|last3=Sands|first3=Murray P.|last4=Breazeale|first4=Donald G.|last5=Dillard|first5=David H.|date=1986-12-01|title=Whole body protection during three hours of total circulatory arrest: An experimental study|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001122408690057X|journal=Cryobiology|volume=23|issue=6|pages=483–494|doi=10.1016/0011-2240(86)90057-X|issn=0011-2240}}</ref>

| 1986 || cryonics || organisation organization || organisation's first milestone || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor cryopreserves a member's companion animal for the first time.

| 1986 || cryonics || futurism || || {{W|K. Eric Drexler }} || Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation is proposed under the name of "fixation and vitrification".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology|last=Drexler|first=K. Eric|publisher=|year=1986|isbn=|location=|pages=|chapter=9|url=http://e-drexler.com/d/06/00/EOC/EOC_Chapter_9.html}}</ref>

| 1987 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Cryonics Society of Canada || Douglas Quinn launches the Cryonics Society of Canada and Canadian Cryonics News.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryocdn.org/cdnhist.html|title=Cryonics Society of Canada -- The Story of the Organization and Its People|website=www.cryocdn.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1987 || cryonics || technological adoption || cold || {{W| Cryonics Institute }} || The Cryonics Institute starts using liquid nitrogen instead of dry ice.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 1987-06 || cryonics || technological development || [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] || Leaf, Darwin, Hixon || Leaf, Darwin , and Hixon develop a mobile [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] (ECMO) cart which is capable of providing acute, in-field extracorporeal life support and cooling providing the first truly adequate method of maintaining viability and achieving rapid induction of hypothermia in cryonics patients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leaf|first=Jerry D|last2=Hixon|first2=Hugh|last3=Hugh|first3=Mike|date=1987|title=Development of a mobile advanced life support system for human biostasis operations|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8703.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=8|issue=3|pages=23-40|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/AlcorCaseA1133.pdf|title=Cryonic suspension case report: A-1133|last=Darwin|first=Michael G.|last2=Leaf|first2=Jerry D.|date=|website=Alcor Life Extension Foundation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|last3=Hixon|first3=Hugh L.}}</ref>

| 1987-06-08 || cryonics || technological adoption || [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] || {{W|Mike Darwin}} | First | The first use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support on a cryonics patient.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/AlcorCaseA1133.pdf|title=Cryonic suspension case report: A-1133|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 1987-12 || cryonics || legal || cryopreservation || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || {{W|Saul Kent}} brings his terminally ill mother ({{W|Dora Kent}}) into the Alcor facility where she deanimates. Her head would be cryopreserved.

| 1988 || cryonics || social || email list || Cryonet || The Cryonet email list starts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1|title=administrivia|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1988 || cryonics || legal || cryopreservation || Dick Clair || Alcor member Dick Clair ({{snd}}who is dying of AIDS) {{snd}}sues for, and ultimately wins for everyone, the right to be cryopreserved in the State of California.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/CaliforniaAppellateCourtDecison.html|title=California Appellate Court Decision on Legality of Cryonics|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1989 || cryonics || technological development || cooling rate || {{W|Mike Darwin }} || M. Darwin creates the portable ice bath (PIB) to substantially increase the efficacy of external cooling with Fred Chamberlain subsequently developing a surface convective cooling device to further improve heat exchange doubling the rate of cooling during external cooling for induction of hypothermia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pizer|first=David|date=1989|title=Alcor outstanding support award nominee|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8907.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=17|issue=7|pages=10|via=}}</ref>

| 1989 || cryonics || technological adoption || || {{W|Mike Darwin }} || M. Darwin introduces high impulse [[wikipedia:cardiopulmonary resuscitation|cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] (CPR) improving cardiac output during cardiopulmonary support (CPS).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=1989|title=A major advance in suspension patient support|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8908.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=10|issue=8|pages=7-14|access-date=2010-09-29|via=}}</ref>

| 1989-02 || cryonics || writing social || textbook || Wowk, [[wikipedia:Mike Darwin |Darwin]] || Wowk and Darwin author the first comprehensive textbook on cryonics, "Cryonics: Reaching for Tomorrow", designed for use in recruiting new members to Alcor. It would be published in 1991.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cryoeuro.eu:8080/download/attachments/425990/AlcorReachingForTomorrow1989.pdf|title=Cryonics: Reaching for Tomorrow,|last=Wowk|first=B.|last2=Darwin|first2=M.|date=1990|website=Alcor Life Extension Foundation|location=Riverside, CA|isbn=1880209004|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2010-10-09}}</ref>

| 1980s (late) 1990 || cryonics || legal technological development || pre-medication || {{W|Alcor Life Extension FoundationMike Darwin}} || Alcor Member Dick Clair{{snd}}who was dying of AIDS{{snd}}fights in court for M. Darwin publishes the legal right first pre-medication protocol to practice minimize ischemia-reperfusion injury in cryonics in California, a battle that would ultimately be wonpatients.<ref name>{{Cite journal|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=1991|title="BenBestCryonicsHistory"Reducing ischemic damage in cryonic suspension patients by premedication|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics9104.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=12|pages=13-15|access-date=2010-09-29|via=}}</ref>

| 1990 || cryonics || technological development |quality assessment | pre-medication || Darwin || M. Darwin publishes the first pre-medication protocol to minimize ischemia reperfusion injury in cryonics patients.<ref>{{Cite journalW|last=Mike Darwin|first=M.|date=1991|title=Reducing ischemic damage in cryonic suspension patients by premedication|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics9104.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=12|pages=13-15|access-date=2010-09-29|via=}}</ref>|-| 1990 || cryonics || quality assessment || || Darwin || M. Darwin introduces end-tidal CO2 monitoring to cryonics and sets out a comprehensive set of guidelines for determining the efficacy of in-field cardiopulmonary support.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=1990|title=Cardiopulmonary support: Evaluation and intervention|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics9004.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=11|issue=4|pages=26-31|access-date=2010-09-29|via=}}</ref>

| 1990 || cryonics || organization || status || Trygve Bauge || Trygve Bauge, a member of the {{W|American Cryonics Society}}, brings his deceased grandfather from Norvegia to the United States.

| 1990-10 || cryobiology || technological development || re-warming || Ruggera, Fahy || Ruggera and Fahy demonstrate uniform radio frequency re-warming of a vitrified solution in volumes compsarable comparable to those of the rabbit kidney without thermal runaway and at rates of re-warming sufficient to inhibit devitrification in their model system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ruggera|first=P. S.|last2=Fahy|first2=G. M.|date=October 1990|title=Rapid and uniform electromagnetic heating of aqueous cryoprotectant solutions from cryogenic temperatures|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2249450|journal=Cryobiology|volume=27|issue=5|pages=465–478|issn=0011-2240|pmid=2249450}}</ref>

| 1990-10 || cryobiology || science || vitrification || [[wikipedia:Greg Fahy|Fahy]], et al. || Fahy, et al., publish the first paper documenting the behavior of large volumes of vitrification solution with respect to fracture temperature, thermal gradient, cooling rate, ice nucleation and crystal growth as a preliminary step to avoid fracturing in vitrified organs and tissues and to prevent devitrification during re-warming.<ref name="Fahy1990"/>

| 1992 || cryonics || futurism || paper || R. C. Merkle || The application of nanotechnology to reverse human cryopreservation is discussed in a paper for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Merkle|first=R. C.|date=1992-09-01|title=The technical feasibility of cryonics|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030698779290133W|journal=Medical Hypotheses|volume=39|issue=1|pages=6–16|doi=10.1016/0306-9877(92)90133-W|issn=0306-9877}}</ref>

| 1982 || cryonics || organisation organization || milestone || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor starts providing its own cryopreservation as well as patient-storage services.

| 1992-02 || cryonics || technological adoption || [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] || HK Henson || First The first application of [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] ECMO in the patient’s home followed by ~8 hours of continuous ECMO support prior to perfusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/casereport9202.html|title=The Transport of Patient A-1312S|last=Henson|first=HK|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 1993 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || {{W|21st Century Medicine}}, a cryogenics and cryonics research organisationorganization, is founded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.21cm.com/|title=21st Century Medicine --Expanding the Boundaries of Preservation Science|website=www.21cm.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1993 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || CryoCare || The CryoCare Foundation is founded. It would provide human cryopreservation with assistance from two separate businesses: BioPreservation, which would provide remote standby, stabilization, and transport, and CryoSpan, which would provide the long-term storage of patients in liquid-nitrogen. About 50 former Alcor members join in the founding of the organisationorganization.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist"/><ref name="CryoCare>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryocare.org/index.cgi|title=CryoCare Foundation - Cryonics Services|website=www.cryocare.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1993-03 || cryonics || R&D Technological development || intermediate storage temperature || CryoNet || Through the CryoNet email list, collaborative effort is put into designing a room to preserve up to 100 people at −130 ºC.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>

| 1994 || cryonics || R&D Technological development || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor observes fractures in the brain of a patient following removal from cryopreservation. Alcor thinks of intermediate temperature storage systems, and the development of a new acoustic fracturing monitoring device, the "crackphone."<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hixon|first=H.|date=1995|title=Exploring Cracking Phenomena|url=https://alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics1995-1.pdf|journal=Cryonics|volume=|pages=27-32|via=}}</ref>

| 1994 || cryonics || R&D Technological development || intermediate storage temperature || Timeship || Architect Stephen Valentine begins studying Cold Room intermediate temperature storage design concepts as part of a large cryonics facility design that would eventually be called Timeship.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>

| 1995 || cryonics || technological adoption || pre-medication || {{W|Mike Darwin }} || Darwin et al., document the first use of a premedication protocol to mitigate ischemia-reperfusion injury in a cryonics patient.<ref name="CryoCareFirst">{{Cite web|url=http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/casereportC2150.htm|title=Cryopreservation of James Gallagher, CryoCare patient #C-2150|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 1995-05-31 || cryobiology || science || cryoprotection || {{W|Mike Darwin }} || Darwin, et al., demonstrate much improved ultrastructural preservation in the dog brain and preservation of vascular integrity after perfusion with 7.5 M glycerol and freezing to -100 °C.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Darwin|first=M.|last2=Russell|first2=S.|last3=Wakfer|first3=P.|last4=Wood|first4=L.|last5=Wood|first5=C.|date=1995-05-31|title=Effect of Human Cryopreservation Protocol on the Ultrastucture of the Canine Brain|url=|journal=BioPreservation, Inc|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Platt|first=C.|date=July 1995|title=New Brain Study Shows Reduced Tissue Damage|url=http://www.cryocare.org/index.cgi?subdir=&url=ccrpt4.html#BRAIN|journal=CryoCare Report|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>

| 1997 || cryonics || technological adoption || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor brings the crackphone (an acoustic fracturing monitoring device) into clinical use.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/> The Alcor crackphone has never been tested or validated in any animal or human model, nor in bulk [[wikipedia:cryoprotectant|cryoprotective agents]] solutions cooled to deep subzero temperatures.

| 1997 || cryonics || risk management || economic stability || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || After a substantial effort led by then-president Steve Bridge, Alcor forms the Patient Care Trust as an entirely separate entity to manage and protect the funding for cryopatientscryonics patients.

| 1998 || cryonics || technological development || cooling rate || [[wikipedia:Mike Darwin|Darwin]], Harris, Russell || Darwin, Harris, and Russell invent liquid assisted pulmonary cooling allowing for rapid, non-invasive cooling of dogs at a rate of 0.5 °C per minute.<ref>{{cite patent | country = | number = EP1117455A1 | status = | title = Mixed-mode liquid ventilation gas and heat exchange | pubdate = | gdate = | fdate = | pridate = 1998-10-01 | inventor = | invent1 = Michael Gregory Darwin | invent2 = Steven Bradley Harris | invent3 = Sandra Renee Russell | assign1 = Critical Care Research Inc | assign2 = | class = | url = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=S. B.|last2=Darwin|first2=M. G.|last3=Russell|first3=S. R.|last4=O'Farrell|first4=J. M.|last5=Fletcher|first5=M.|last6=Wowk|first6=B.|date=August 2001|title=Rapid (0.5 degrees C/min) minimally invasive induction of hypothermia using cold perfluorochemical lung lavage in dogs|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11719148|journal=Resuscitation|volume=50|issue=2|pages=189–204|issn=0300-9572|pmid=11719148}}</ref>

| 1999 || cryonics || organisation organization || closing status || CryoCare || BioPreservation doesn't renew its contract with CryoCare, and stops offering cryonics services altogether.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> CryoCare doesn't find a new provider.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> They would transfer their 10 patients from the {{W|American Cryonics Society}} to the Cryonics Institute on 2004-04-06, and their 2 other patients to Alcor on 2001-01-24.<ref name="AlcorCase"/><ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist"/><ref name="CryoCare/>

| 2000 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Critical Care Research || Critical Care Research, a research organisation organization on critical care medicine, is founded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Steven_Harris12|title=Steven B. Harris {{!}} Canine respiratory and hypothermia physiology lab|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2001 || cryonics || technological adoption || vitrification || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor switches from glycerol (which was reducing ice formation, but not vitrifying the brain) to a proprietary mixture of cryoprotectants called B2C developed by {{W|21st Century Medicine}} designed to eliminate ice formation completely, ideally achieving {{W|vitrification}} of the entire brain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/sciencefaq.htm|title=Scientists’ Cryonics FAQ|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/newtechnology.html|title=New Cryopreservation technology.|last=|first=|date=October 2005|website=Alcor News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 2001 2002 || cryonics || technological adoption science || vitrification || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor begins {{W|vitrification}} perfusion For the first time, a paper shows a rigorous demonstration of cryonics patients with memory retention after cooling to +10°C (59°F): "Learning and memory is preserved after induced asanguineous hyperkalemic hypothermic arrest in a cryoprotectant mixture called B2C, which is developed by 21st Century Medicineswine model of traumatic exsanguination".<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcorsurgjournal.orgcom/Libraryaction/html/newtechnology.htmlcaptchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Farticle%2FS0039-6060%2802%2900085-5%2Ffulltext|title=New Cryopreservation technology.|last=|first=|date=October 2005Surgery|website=Alcor Newswww.surgjournal.com|archive-url=|archiveaccess-date=|dead2019-url=|access01-date=22}}</ref>

| 2002 || cryonics || science Technological development || paper intermediate storage temperature || Timeship Project || For the first time, a paper shows rigorous demonstration of memory retention after cooling Physicist {{W|Brian Wowk}} and Brookhaven National Laboratory cryogenic engineer Mike Iarocci start collaborating with architect Stephen Valentine to +10°C (59°F): "Learning and memory is preserved after induced asanguineous hyperkalemic hypothermic arrest design intermediate temperature storage systems suitable for cryonics in a swine model of traumatic exsanguination"connection with the Timeship Project.<ref>{{Cite web|urlname=https:/"IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/www.surgjournal.com/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Farticle%2FS0039-6060%2802%2900085-5%2Ffulltext|title=Surgery|website=www.surgjournal.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2002 || cryonics || R&D organization || intermediate storage temperature founding || Timeship Project {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}} || Physicist {{W|Brian WowkSuspended Animation, Inc}} and Brookhaven National Laboratory cryogenic engineer Mike Iarocci start collaborating with architect Stephen Valentine to design intermediate temperature storage systems suitable , a for -profit organization that provides cryonics in connection with the Timeship Projectstandby, stabilization, and transport services, is founded.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorageAlcor2018-2"/>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C2276225|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2002 || cryonics || organisation || founding || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}} || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}}, a for profit organisation that provides cryonics standby, stabilization, and transport services, is founded.<ref name="Alcor2018-2"/>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C2276225|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>|-| 2002 || cryonics || political legal || classification || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor cryopreserves baseball legend {{W|Ted Williams}}. Following this case, journalists at ''{{W|Sports Illustrated}}'' would write a sensationalistic exposé of Alcor based on information that would be supplied to them by Alcor employee Larry Johnson, who had surreptitiously recorded several conversations.

Following more media turmoil<ref group=note>Following this case, journalists at ''{{W|Sports Illustrated}}'' would write a sensationalistic exposé of Alcor based on information that would be supplied to them by Alcor employee Larry Johnson, who had surreptitiously recorded several conversations.</ref>, Arizona state representative Bob Stump would attempt to put Alcor under the control of the Funeral Board. The Arizona Funeral Board Director would tell the ''{{W|New York Times}}'' "These companies need to be regulated or deregulated out of business". After a hard fight by Alcor, the legislation would finally be withdrawn in 2004. Alcor would hire a full-time lobbyist to watch after their interests in the Arizona legislature.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 2002 || cryonics || social || event || {{W|Frozen Dead Guy Days}} festival || After media turmoil from Trygve Bauge having brought his cryopreserved grandfather to the town of {{W|Nederland, Colorado}}, some people take this opportunity to create an annual {{W|Frozen Dead Guy Days}} festival which would feature coffin races, snow sculptures, and many other activities.

| 2003-08 || cryobiology || R&D Technological development || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Carnegie Mellon University}} || {{W|Carnegie Mellon University}} receives a $1.3 million grant from the U.S. government to study fracturing during {{W|vitrification}} of tissue for medical applications, which would considerably advance the field.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>

| 2003-10 || cryonics || R&D Technological development || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || {{W|21st Century Medicine}}, Inc., constructs a prototype dewar for storage at intermediate temperature in which most of the volume of the dewar is converted into a uniform-temperature storage space kept cold by liquid nitrogen.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>

| 2004 || cryobiology || science || vitrification || [[wikipedia:Greg Fahy|Fahy]], et al. || Fahy, et al., make a major advance in understanding the nature of vitrification cryoprotectant toxicity, and significant advances in moderating it. Fahy, et al., develop several highly stable vitrification solutions using synthetic ice blockers which also have extremely low toxicity. It is possible to perfuse kidneys with 9+ molar vitrification solution (~60%) without loss of viability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=GM|last2=Wowk|first2=B|last3=Wu|first3=J|last4=Paynter|first4=S|date=2004|title=Improved vitrification solutions based on the predictability of vitrification solution toxicity|url=|journal=Cryobiology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=22-35|via=}}</ref>

| 2004 || cryonics || legal || classification || {{W| Cryonics Institute }} || As a result of media coverage of {{W|Ted Williams}}'s cryopreservation, even though the Cryonics Institute was not involved in that case, the State of Michigan places the organization under a "{{W|Cease and Desist}}" order for six months, ultimately classifying and regulating the Cryonics Institute as a cemetery in 2004. In the spirit of de-regulation, the new Republican Michigan government would remove the cemetery designation for CI in 2012.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 2004-08 || cryonics || technological adoption || vitrification || {{W| Cryonics Institute }} || The Cryonics Institute uses a cryoprotectant, CI-VM-1, for the first time. The dog of a CI member is the patient of the experimental perfusion. The mixture was developed by CI staff cryobiologist Yuri Pichugin.<ref name="CITimeline"/>

| 2005 || cryonics || science || paper theory || Whetstine, et al. || Cryonics is discussed in a major medical journal for the first time. It addresses the definition of death in the intensive care unit context.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Whetstine|first=Leslie|last2=Streat|first2=Stephen|last3=Darwin|first3=Mike|last4=Crippen|first4=David|date=2005-10-31|title=Pro/con ethics debate: When is dead really dead?|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/cc3894|journal=Critical Care|volume=9|issue=6|pages=538|doi=10.1186/cc3894|issn=1364-8535}}</ref>

| 2005 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || OregonCryo Oregon Cryonics || Oregon Cryonics is established as a Non -Profit Mutual Benefit corporationCorporation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oregoncryo.com/aboutOC.html|title=Oregon Cryonics - About OC|website=www.oregoncryo.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2005-06 || cryonics || organization || founding || KrioRus || KrioRus is founded by 8 Russian cryonicists, and 4 of them serve as Directors{{snd}}{{W|Danila Medvedev}}, Valerija Pride, Igor Artyuhov, and Alexey Potapov.

| 2005 (mid) || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Neural Archives Foundation || The Neural Archives Foundation is conceived. The organisation organization offers brain preservation services, but only do straight freezes (ie. without perfusion). In 2008 it would be incorporated.<ref name="neuralarchivesfoundation">{{Cite web|url=http://neuralarchivesfoundation.org/|title=NAF|website=neuralarchivesfoundation.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2005-08 || cryonics || technological adoptoin adoption || vitrification || {{W| Cryonics Institute }} || CI's 69th patient is CI's first patient to be vitrified. It receives a {{W|vitrification}} solution named CI-VM-1.<ref name="CITimeline"/>

| 2008 || cryonics || writing social || paper || {{W|Ben Best}} || A review of scientific justifications of cryonics is published.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Best|first=Benjamin P.|date=2008-04-28|title=Scientific Justification of Cryonics Practice|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2008.0661|journal=Rejuvenation Research|volume=11|issue=2|pages=493–503|doi=10.1089/rej.2008.0661|issn=1549-1684|pmc=4733321|pmid=18321197}}</ref>

| 2008 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Advanced Neural Biosciences || Advanced Neural Biosciences, Inc., is founded by Aschwin de Wolf. The organisation organization mainly aims to improve brain preservations. The laboratory would receive funding from the {{W|Immortalist Society}}, the Life Extension Foundation, the Cryonics Institute, the {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}}, as well as various individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advancedneuralbio.com/|title=Advanced Neural Biosciences|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://immortalistsociety.org/anb_research.htm|title=Human Cryopreservation Research at Advanced Neural Biosciences|last=de Wol|first=Aschwin|last2=Phaedra|first2=Chana|date=|website=Immortalist Society|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2008 || cryonics || organisation organization || first milestone || Neural Archives Foundation || Neural Archives Foundation preserves its first human patient.<ref name="neuralarchivesfoundation"/>

| 2008-12-12 || cryonics || popularisation social || blog || LessWrong || Robin Hanson, talking about Eliezer Yudkowsky and himself, writes [http://www.overcomingbias.com/2008/12/we-agree-get-froze.html We Agree: Get Froze]. Eliezer Yudkowsky would go on writing [https://wiki.lesswrong.com/wiki/Cryonics#Blog_posts various articles about cryonics], which would spawn a lot of interest in the topic by people in the LessWrong community{{snd}}in 2013, 13% of "experienced" respondents to a LessWrong survey (that were part of the community for over two years and had over 1000 karma) reported being signed up for cryonics.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Scott|title=Rationalists Are Less Credulous But Better At Taking Ideas Seriously|url=https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Gh2qQHrCg3teQen3c/rationalists-are-less-credulous-but-better-at-taking-ideas|website=www.lesswrong.com|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref>

| 2009 || cryonics || science || vitrification || [[wikipedia:Greg Fahy|Fahy]], et al. || A vital mammalian organ is successfully vitrified, transplanted, and reused for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|last2=Wowk|first2=Brian|last3=Pagotan|first3=Roberto|last4=Chang|first4=Alice|last5=Phan|first5=John|last6=Thomson|first6=Bruce|last7=Phan|first7=Laura|date=July 2009|title=Physical and biological aspects of renal vitrification|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/org.5.3.9974|journal=Organogenesis|volume=5|issue=3|pages=167–175|doi=10.4161/org.5.3.9974|issn=1547-6278}}</ref>

| 2009-05 || brain preservation || organisation organization || founding || {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} || The {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} is founded by Kenneth Hayworth and John Smart with the goal of furthering research in whole brain preservation.<ref name="SmallMammalBrainPrize">{{Cite web|url=http://www.brainpreservation.org/small-mammal-announcement/|title=Small Mammal BPF Prize Winning Announcement – The Brain Preservation Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2010 || cryonics || organisation organization || standby || {{W| Cryonics Institute }} || The Cryonics Institute starts offering, through {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}}, standby and transport options.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryonics.org/resources/suspended-animation-inc-standby-stabilization-and-transport-for-ci-members|title=Resources {{!}} Cryonics Institute|website=www.cryonics.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2010-05 || brain preservation || organisation organization || milestone || {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} || Saar Wilf donates $100,000 to the {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}}, which then launches its large and small mammal brain preservation prizes, which would be given to the first groups that could reliably preserve the synaptic structure of the brain.<ref name="SmallMammalBrainPrize"/>

| 2010-07 || cryobiology || technological development || toxicity || [[wikipedia:Greg Fahy|Fahy]], et al. || Fahy, et al., make significant advances in neutralizing cryoprotectant toxicity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|date=July 2010|title=Cryoprotectant toxicity neutralization|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501081|journal=Cryobiology|volume=60|issue=3 Suppl|pages=S45–53|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.05.005|issn=1090-2392|pmid=19501081}}</ref>

| 2011 || cryonics || technological development || intermediate storage temperature || Wowk || Brian Wowk develops a passive, non-mechanical, “fail -safe” system for intermediate temperature storage in order to reduce or eliminate fracturing in vitrified tissues, organs , and patients.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>

| 2011 || cryonics || organization || milestone || {{W| Cryonics Institute }} || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} is cryopreserved at the age of 92.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/from-phyics-teacher-to-founder-of-the-cryonics-movement/2011/07/24/gIQAupuIXI_story.html|title=Robert Ettinger, founder of the cryonics movement, dies at 92|last=Brown|first=Emma|date=2011-06-24|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2011-01 || cryonics || technological adoption || remote stabilization || {{W| Cryonics Institute }} || The Cryonics Institute ships its {{W|vitrification}} solution (CI-VM-1) to the United Kingdom so that European cryonics patients could be vitrified before shipping in dry ice to the United States.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 2012 || brain preservation || organisation organization || milestone || {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} || Shawn Mikula at the Winfred Denk lab in Germany uses uses plastic embedding to preserve mouse brains, and submits his results for the Small Mammal Brain Preservation Prize. But the preservation quality is not complete.<ref name="SmallMammalBrainPrize"/>

| 2012 || brain preservation || organisation organization || milestone || {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} || {{W|Greg Fahy}} at {{W|21st Century Medicine}} (21CM) uses cryobiological techniques to preserve mouse brains, and submits his results for the Small Mammal Brain Preservation Prize. The Brain Preservation Foundation deems the submitted micrographs as inadequate to win the prize because the extensive dehydration produced by M22 perfusions makes an examination of brain ultrastructure and of the connectome at the ultrastructural level impossible using existing FIB-SEM techniques.<ref name="SmallMammalBrainPrize"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brainpreservation.org/21cm-cryopreservation-eval-page/|title=21CM Cryopreservation Eval Page – The Brain Preservation Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref>

| 2012 || cryonics || technological research development || remote stabilization || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Advanced Neural Biosciences collaborates with Alcor to validate Alcor’s proposed field cryoprotection protocol in the rat model. No ice formation is found after up to 48 hours of storing the brains at dry ice temperature prior to further cooling.<ref name="fieldcryoprotection"/>

| 2012-03-22 || cryonics || organization || milestone || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Fred Chamberlain III, a co-founder of Alcor, becomes the first patient to be demonstrably preserved free of ice formation as would observe from CT scans in 2018.

| 2013 || cryobiology || science || vitrification || [[wikipedia:Greg Fahy|Fahy]], et al. || Fahy, et al., demonstrate recovery of LTP memory electrophysiology for half millimeter thick hippocampal brain slices that had previously been vitrified and stored for weeks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|last2=Guan|first2=Na|last3=de Graaf|first3=Inge A. M.|last4=Tan|first4=Yuansheng|last5=Griffin|first5=Lenetta|last6=Groothuis|first6=Geny M. M.|date=2012-10-30|title=Cryopreservation of precision-cut tissue slices|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00498254.2012.728300|journal=Xenobiotica|volume=43|issue=1|pages=113–132|doi=10.3109/00498254.2012.728300|issn=0049-8254}}</ref>

| 2013-05 || cryonics || technological adoption || remote stabilization || {{W| Cryonics Institute }} || The wife of UK cryonicist Alan Sinclair receives a field cryoprotection before being shipped to the Cryonics Institute.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 2014 || cryonics || writing social || open letter || Biostasis || 68 scientists from relevant disciplines sign an open letter to legitimize cryonics and support the right to be cryopreserved.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biostasis.com/scientists-open-letter-on-cryonics/|title=Scientists’ Open Letter on Cryonics – Biostasis|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2014 || brain preservation || science || vitrifixation || {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || Robert McIntyre from {{W|21st Century Medicine}} wins the Small Mammal Prize from the {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} with a technique called vitrifixation, an Aldehyde Stabilized Cryopreservation (ASC). He combines research done by {{W|Greg Fahy}} and Shawn Mikula.<ref name="SmallMammalBrainPrize"/>

| 2014-05-06 || cryonics || organisation organization || milestone || OregonCryo Oregon Cryonics || OregonCryo preserves its first patient, a dog named Cupcake.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oregoncryo.com/caseReportsPets.html|title=Oregon Cryonics - Pet Case Reports|website=www.oregoncryo.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2015 || cryonics || science || || Vita-More, et al. || Memory retention in a cryopreserved and revived animal is demonstrated for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vita-More|first=Natasha|last2=Barranco|first2=Daniel|date=October 2015|title=Persistence of Long-Term Memory in Vitrified and Revived Caenorhabditis elegans|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2014.1636|journal=Rejuvenation Research|volume=18|issue=5|pages=458–463|doi=10.1089/rej.2014.1636|issn=1549-1684|pmc=4620520|pmid=25867710}}</ref>

| 2015-12 || brain preservation || technological development || vitrifixation || {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || Perfect histological and ultrastructural preservation of an entire porcine brain in a nonviable state using aldehyde fixation combined with vitrification.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=Robert L.|last2=Fahy|first2=Gregory M.|date=1 December 2015|title=Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001122401500245X|journal=Cryobiology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=448–458|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.09.003|issn=0011-2240}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=Robert L.|last2=Fahy|first2=Gregory M.|date=December 2015|title=Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26408851|journal=Cryobiology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=448–458|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.09.003|issn=1090-2392|pmid=26408851}}</ref>

| 2015-03-13 || brain preservation || technological adoption || fixation || OregonCryo Oregon Cryonics || For the first time, a brain is preserved using fixation technology, by having her brain immersed in a fixative solution. The patient was Deborah Cheek, and she was preserved by OregonCryo.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oregoncryo.com/caseReports.html|title=Oregon Cryonics - Cases|website=www.oregoncryo.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2016 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || Osiris || Osiris Back to Life is founded by Dvir Derhy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osiriscryonics.com/|title=Cryogenics Human & Pet Freezing for Preservation and Revival|website=Osiris {{!}} Back to Life|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>|-| 2016 || brain preservation || organization || founding || Nectome || Nectome is started by Robert McIntyre after having won the {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}}'s Large Mammal Prize. Nectome is a research organization developing biological preservation techniques to better preserve the physical traces of memory.<ref name="Nectome">{{Cite web|url=https://nectome.com/|title=Nectome|website=nectome.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2016 -03-24 || brain preservation cryonics || organisation social || founding blog || Nectome Wait But Why || Nectome is started by Robert McIntyre after having won Tim Urban publishes "[https://waitbutwhy.com/2016/03/cryonics.html Why Cryonics Makes Sense]" on his blog "[https://waitbutwhy.com Wait But Why]". At the moment the {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}}'s Large Mammal Prize. Nectome is a research organization developing biological preservation techniques article was published, 331,824 people were subscribed to better preserve the physical traces of memoryreceive new posts by email.<ref name="Nectome">{{Cite web|url=https://nectomeweb.archive.org/web/20160325000246/https://waitbutwhy.com/2016/03/cryonics.html|title=NectomeWhy Cryonics Makes Sense - Wait But Why|date=2016-03-25|website=nectomeweb.archive.comorg|access-date=2019-0102-2204}}</ref>Cryonicists almost unanimously acclaimed this post as the best introduction to cryonics.

| 2016-0305-24 06 || cryonics || popularisation organization || milestone || Wait But Why Oregon Cryonics || Tim Urban publishes "[https://waitbutwhy.com/2016/03/cryonics.html Why Cryonics Makes Sense]" on his blog "[https://waitbutwhy.com Wait But Why]". At the moment the artcile as published, 331,824 people were subscribed to receive new posts by emailOregonCryo starts training its medical team with body donors.<ref>{{Cite web|urlname=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325000246/https://waitbutwhy.com/2016/03"OregonCryoCaseReports"/cryonics.html|title=Why Cryonics Makes Sense - Wait But Why|date=2016-03-25|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref> Cryonicists almost unanimously aclaimed this post as the best introduction to cryonics.

| 2016-0506-06 || cryonics || organisation risk management ||economic stability | training |{{W| OregonCryo Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || OregonCryo starts training its medical team with body donorsThe Alcor Care Trust Supporting Organization (ACT) is created. The Patient Care Trust (PCT) continues in existence to receive initial funding from new cryopreservations and to pay for ongoing costs for maintaining patients' cryopreservation. The ACT will make long term investments, continue maintaining the PCT, and possibly eventually fund resuscitation research. Both trusts have a different board of directors that can check on each other.<ref name>{{Cite web|url="OregonCryoCaseReports"https://alcor.org/Library/html/alcorcaretrust.htm|title=Alcor Care Trust Supporting Organization|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2016-0611-06 12 || cryonics || risk management social || economic stability event || {{WCryoSuisse |Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || The Alcor Care Trust Supporting Organization (ACT) is created. The Patient Care Trust (PCT) continues in existence to receive initial funding from new cryopreservations, and to pay for ongoing costs for maintaining patients' cryopreservation. The ACT will make long term investments, continue maintaining CryoSuisse organizes the PCT, and possibly eventually fund resuscitation research. Both trusts have different board of directors that can check on each other.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/alcorcaretrust.htm|title=Alcor Care Trust Supporting Organization|website=alcor1st International Cryonics Conference.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2016-12-24 || brain preservation || technological adoption || fixation || OregonCryo Oregon Cryonics || For the first time, someone is preserved by being perfused with a fixation solution instead of simply being immersed in it.

| 2017-01 to 2017-08 || cryonics || R&D Technological development || || OregonCryo Oregon Cryonics || OregonCryo trains and does R&D research and development with 38 {{W|body donations}}.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports"/>

| 42795 2017-03-01 || cryobiology || technological development || re-warming || Bischoff, et al. || Bischoff, et al., develop a novel technique of inductive heat re-warming using magnetic nanoparticles in the vasculature allowing for uniform re-warming of organs the size of rabbit kidneys at rates high enough to prevent devitrification of M-22 vitrification solution at a concentration compatible with kidney viability. The system is potentially applicable to larger organs, such as the human brain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manuchehrabadi|first=Navid|last2=Gao|first2=Zhe|last3=Zhang|first3=Jinjin|last4=Ring|first4=Hattie L.|last5=Shao|first5=Qi|last6=Liu|first6=Feng|last7=McDermott|first7=Michael|last8=Fok|first8=Alex|last9=Rabin|first9=Yoed|date=1 March 2017|title=Improved tissue cryopreservation using inductive heating of magnetic nanoparticles|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28251904|journal=Science Translational Medicine|volume=9|issue=379|doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4586|issn=1946-6242|pmc=5470364|pmid=28251904}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/organ-cryopreservation-becoming-reality-bringing-whole-bodies-back-still-100-years-away-1609149|title=Organ cryopreservation is becoming a reality – but bringing whole bodies back still 100 years away|date=2017-03-01|website=International Business Times UK|language=en|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref>

| 2018 || cryonics || quality assessment || scan || {{W|Mike Darwin }} || M. Darwin publishes “Preliminary Evaluation of Alcor Patient Cryogenic CT Scans” analyzing three of the four available Alcor neuropatient CT scans. Darwin concludes that it is highly likely that Alcor patient A-1002 was possibly the first human cryonics patient to achieve essentially ice -free brain cryopreservation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaces.hightail.com/receive/qqSYgDnnI1|title=Preliminary Evaluation of Alcor Patient Cryogenic CT Scans|last=Darwin|first=Michael|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 2018 winter || brain preservation || organisation organization || milestone || Nectome || Nectome participates in the startup accelerator {{W|Y Combinator}}.<ref name="Nectome"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.ycombinator.com/10-companies-from-yc-winter-2018/|title=10 Companies From YC Winter 2018|last=Combinator|first=Y.|website=Y Combinator|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2018-04-06 || cryonics || organisation organization || founding || International Cryomedicine Experts || Alcor signs an agreement with the newly funded International Cryomedicine Experts, a for-profit organisation organization providing international cryonics standby, stabilization, and transport services.

| 2018-05-16 || cryonics || risk management || economic stability || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor announces the creation of a sibling organisation organization called the Alcor Endowment Trust Supporting Organization. Its goal is to maintain funds that are invested, and which support Alcor's general operation and research through giving a fraction of the interests made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/blog/the-alcor-endowment-trust-supporting-organization/|title=The Alcor Endowment Trust Supporting Organization|last=admin|date=2018-05-16|website=Alcor News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2018-06-17 || cryonics || organisation organization || milestone || Yinfeng Life Science Research Institute || The Yinfeng Life Science Research Institute in Jinan, Shandong, China cryopreserves their first patient.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201806/26/WS5b319590a3103349141dec01.html|title=Chinese woman's body frozen in advanced procedure - Chinadaily.com.cn|last=李松|website=www.chinadaily.com.cn|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref> A documentary documents the procedure: [https://vimeo.com/243966672 China Whole Body Cryopreservation].

| 2018-10-30 || cryonics || legal || right-to-die || Norman Hardy || For the first time, a cryonics patient uses the Death With Dignity legislation. The patient's name is Norman Hardy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/casesummary1990.html|title=Alcor Case Summary: A-1990|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2018-11 || cryonics || social || bylaws || {{W|Society for Cryobiology}} || The {{W|Society for Cryobiology}} releases a position statement clarifying their stance in regards to cryonics, saying they respect people's freedom in chosing choosing this option, but that the procedure is speculative, and that the scientific knowledge necessary to sucessfully successfully cryopreserve someone doesn't currently exist.<ref group=note>"The Society recognizes and respects the freedom of individuals to hold and express their own opinions and to act, within lawful limits, according to their beliefs. Preferences regarding disposition of postmortem human bodies or brains are clearly a matter of personal choice and, therefore, inappropriate subjects of Society policy. The Society does, however, take the position that the knowledge necessary for the revival of live or dead whole mammals following cryopreservation does not currently exist and can come only from conscientious and patient research in cryobiology and medicine. In short, the act of preserving a body, head or brain after clinical death and storing it indefinitely on the chance that some future generation may restore it to life is an act of speculation or hope, not science, and as such is outside the purview of the Society for Cryobiology."</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.societyforcryobiology.org/assets/documents/Position_Statement_Cryonics_Nov_18.pdf|title=Society for Cryobiology Position Statement - Cryonics|last=|first=|date=November 2018|website=Society for Cryobiology|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>