Timeline of Future of Humanity Institute

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Bold textThis is a timeline of the Future of Humanity Institute (FHI).

Sample questions

This is an experimental section that provides some sample questions for readers, similar to reading questions that might come with a book. Some readers of this timeline might come to the page aimlessly and might not have a good idea of what they want to get out of the page. Having some "interesting" questions can help in reading the page with more purpose and in getting a sense of why the timeline is an important tool to have.

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

  • What was FHI up to for the first ten years of its existence (roughly up to the time when Superintelligence was published)? (Scan the years 2005–2014.)
  • What are the websites FHI has been associated with? (Sort by the "Event type" column and look at the rows labeled "Website".)
  • Who were some of the early research staff at FHI? (Sort by the "Event type" column and look at the first several rows labeled "Staff".)

Many questions are still difficult or impossible to answer just by reading the current version of this timeline. See Representativeness of events in timelines for more information.

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
Before 2005 Pre-FHI days This is the period leading up to FHI's existence. Nick Bostrom, who would become FHI's first (and so far only) director, is born and completes his education. Also happening in this period are the development of transhumanism, the creation of various transhumanism-related mailing lists, and Bostrom's development of his early ideas.
2005–2011 Early days of FHI FHI is established and begins its research. Compared to later periods, this period seems to have a greater focus on the ethics of human enhancement. (Bostrom mentions three "work streams" in his welcome event speech at the founding of FHI: human enhancement, global catastrophic risks, and improvement of methodological tools for studying big picture questions. Of these, the second and third "work streams" seem to dominate later periods.)[1] FHI publishes three Annual/Achievement Reports during this period.
2011–2015 More development and publication of Superintelligence FHI continues to publish, hold workshops, and advise policymakers. There is more focus on existential risks, in particular risks from advanced artificial intelligence, during this period. The most notable accomplishment of FHI during this period seems to be the publication of Bostrom's book Superintelligence. FHI did not seem to publish any Annual/Achievement Reports during this period, so it is somewhat difficult to tell what FHI considers its greatest accomplishments during this period (other than the publication of Superintelligence).
2021–2024 AI Governance, Pandemic Research, and Closure FHI contributes significantly to AI governance and publishes important research on existential risks and pandemic preparedness. In 2023, FHI faces internal challenges, including a controversy involving Nick Bostrom, which leads to its closure in April 2024. Despite this, FHI's legacy in AI safety, biosecurity, and global risk mitigation continues to influence ongoing research and the development of policy frameworks.

Full timeline

Here are the inclusion criteria for various event types:

  • For "Publication", the intention is to include the most notable publications. This usually means that if a publication has been featured by FHI itself or has been discussed by some outside sources, it is included. There are too many publications to include all of them.
  • For "Website", the intention is to include all websites associated with FHI. There are not that many such websites, so this is doable.
  • For "Staff", the intention is to include all Research Fellows and leadership positions (so far, Nick Bostrom has been the only director so not much to record here).
  • For "Workshop" and "Conference", the intention is to include all events organized or hosted by FHI, but not events where FHI staff only attended or only helped with organizing.
  • For "Internal review", the intention is to include all annual review documents.
  • For "External review", the intention is to include all reviews that seem substantive (judged by intuition). For mainstream media articles, only ones that treat FHI/Bostrom at length are included.
  • For "Financial", the intention is to include all substantial (say, over $10,000) donations, including aggregated donations and donations of unknown amounts.
  • For "Nick Bostrom", the intention is to include events sufficient to give a rough overview of Bostrom's development prior to the founding of FHI.
  • For "Social media", the intention is to include all social media account creations (where the date is known) and Reddit AMAs.
  • Events about FHI staff giving policy advice (to e.g. government bodies) are not included, as there are many such events and it is difficult to tell which ones are more important.
  • For "Project Announcement" or "Intiatives", the intention is to include announcements of major initiatives and research programs launched by FHI, especially those aimed at training researchers or advancing existential risk mitigation.
  • For "Collaboration", the intention is to include significant collaborations with other institutions where FHI co-authored reports, conducted joint research, or played a major role in advising.
Year Month and date Event type Details
1973 March 10 Nick Bostrom Nick Bostrom is born.
1992–1994 Nick Bostrom Nick Bostrom completes his undergraduate degree in philosophy, mathematics, mathematical logic, and artificial intelligence at the University of Gothenburg.[2]
1994–1996 Nick Bostrom Nick Bostrom completes his masters degree in philosophy and physics at Stockholm University.[2]
1996 Nick Bostrom Nick Bostrom completes his masters degree (?) in astrophysics and general relativity and computational neuroscience at King's College London.[2]
1996–2000 Nick Bostrom Nick Bostrom completes his PhD in philosophy at the London School of Economics.[2]
1998 August 30 Website The domain name for the Anthropic Principle website, anthropic-principle.com, is registered.[3] The first Internet Archive snapshot of the website is from January 25, 1999.[4]
1998 August 30 Website The domain name for Nick Bostrom's Future Studies website, future-studies.com, is registered.[5] The first Internet Archive snapshot of the website is from October 12, 1999.[6]
1998 December 14 Website The domain name for Nick Bostrom's analytic philosophy website, analytic.org, is registered.[7] The first Internet Archive snapshot of the website is from November 28, 1999.[8] As of March 2018, the website is not maintained and points to Bostrom's main website, nickbostrom.com.[9]
2000–2002 Nick Bostrom Nick Bostrom is a lecturer at Yale University during this period.[2]
2001 October 31 Website The Simulation Argument website's domain name, simulation-argument.com, is registered.[10] The first Internet Archive snapshot of the website would be on December 5, 2001.[11] The website hosts information about the simulation hypothesis, especially as articulated by Bostrom. In the FHI Achievements Report for 2008–2010, the Simulation Argument website is listed under websites maintained by FHI members.[12]
2003 Publication Nick Bostrom's "Astronomical Waste: The Opportunity Cost of Delayed Technological Development" is published in the journal Utilitas.[13] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2003–2005 Nick Bostrom Nick Bostrom is a British Academy Postdoctoral Fellow in the Faculty of Philosophy at Oxford University during this period.[2]
2005 June 1 or October 4 or November 29 The Future of Humanity Institute is established.[15][16][17][1]
2005 Financial At its founding, FHI receives funding from James Martin, the Bright Horizons Foundation, and one anonymous philanthropist.[17]
2005 December 18 Publication "How Unlikely is a Doomsday Catastrophe?" by Max Tegmark and Nick Bostrom is published.[18] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2006 Publication "What is a Singleton?" by Nick Bostrom is published in the journal Linguistic and Philosophical Investigations. The paper introduces the idea of a singleton, a hypothetical "world order in which there is a single decision-making agency at the highest level".[19]
2006 Staff Rebecca Roache joins FHI as a Research Fellow. Her topic of research is ethical issues regrading human enhancement and new technology.[20][21]
2006 January Staff Anders Sandberg joins FHI. As of March 2018 he is a Senior Research Fellow at FHI.[22]
2006 March 2 Website The ENHANCE project website is created[23] by Anders Sandberg.[20]
2006 March 13 Workshop FHI hosts the International Methodology Workshop.[17]:3[20]:59
2006 April Internal review Issue 1 of FHI's Bimonthly Progress Report is published.[24]
2006 and 2007 May 4 (2006) and March 27–28 (2007) Workshop Anders Sandberg of FHI helps to organize the ENHANCE Workshops on cognition enhancement.[20]:62
2006 July Publication "The Reversal Test: Eliminating Status Quo Bias in Applied Ethics" by Nick Bostrom and Toby Ord is published.[25] The paper introduces the reversal test in the context of bioethics of human enhancement. This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2006 July Internal review Issue 2 of FHI's Bimonthly Progress Report is published.[26]
2006 July 19 Website The domain name for the existential risk website, existential-risk.org, is registered on this day.[27]
2006 October Workshop FHI and the Program on the Ethics of the New Biosciences host a workshop "to initiate new collaborations and to celebrate their first few months".[26]
2006 October Internal review Issue 3 of FHI's Bimonthly Progress Report is published.[1]
2006 November 20 Website Robin Hanson starts Overcoming Bias.[28] The first post on the blog seems to be from November 20.[29] On one of the earliest snapshots of the blog, the listed contributors are: Nick Bostrom, Eliezer Yudkowsky, Robin Hanson, Eric Schliesser, Hal Finney, Nicholas Shackel, Mike Huemer, Guy Kahane, Rebecca Roache, Eric Zitzewitz, Peter McCluskey, Justin Wolfers, Erik Angner, David Pennock, Paul Gowder, Chris Hibbert, David Balan, Patri Friedman, Lee Corbin, Anders Sandberg, and Carl Shulman.[30] The blog seems to have received support from FHI in the beginning.[31][20]
2006 December Staff Rafaela Hillerbrand joins FHI as a Research Fellow for "work on epistemological and ethical problems for decisions under risk and uncertainty". She would remain at FHI until October 2008.[32][1]
2006 December Staff Nicholas Shackel joins FHI as a Research Fellow in Theoretical Ethics.[33][1]
2006 December 17 External review The initial version of the Wikipedia page for FHI is created.[34]
2005–2007 Project Lighthill Risk Network is created by Peter Taylor of FHI.[20]
2007 April Internal review Issue 4 of the FHI Progress Report (apparently renamed from "Bimonthly Progress Report") is published.[35]
2007 May 26–27 Workshop The Whole Brain Emulation Workshop is hosted by FHI.[20]:62[35]:2 The workshop would eventually lead to the publication of "Whole Brain Emulation: A Technical Roadmap" in 2008.[36]
2007 June 4 Conference Nick Shackel of FHI organizes the Bayesian Approaches to Agreement Conference.[20]:63
2007 July 18 Internal review The first FHI Achievements Report, covering November 2005 to July 2007, is published.[20]
2007 August 24 Publication Wittgenstein and His Interpreters: Essays in Memory of Gordon Baker is published.[37][38]
2007 Autumn Workshop Nick Bostrom and Rafaela Hillerbrand of FHI organize an Existential Risk Workshop that takes place around this time.[20]:74[2]:17
2007 November Website The Practical Ethics blog, a blog about ethics by FHI's Program on Ethics of the New Biosciences and the Uehiro Centre for Practical Ethics, launches. This blog takes many names throughout its life, including practicalethics: Ethical analysis of science in the news, Practical Ethics, Practical Ethics: Ethical Perspectives on the News, and Practical Ethics: Ethics in the News, and has also been called Practical Ethics in the News. Its URL also begins at ethicsinthenews.typepad.com/practicalethics, was also available at www.practicalethicsnews.com, and is now at blog.practicalethics.ox.ac.uk.[36][39] Interestingly, as of March 2018, although the blog continues at the new Oxford URL, the page at www.practicalethicsnews.com only says "This page is temporarily offline for maintenance", and has said so for several years.
2008 Publication "Whole Brain Emulation: A Technical Roadmap" by Anders Sandberg and Nick Bostrom is published.[36] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2008–2009 Financial FHI reports donations from three unnamed philanthropists and the Bright Horizons Foundation.[36]:23
2008–2010 Workshop FHI hosts a Cognitive Enhancement Workshop sometime during this period.[12]
2008–2010 Workshop FHI hosts a symposium on "cognitive enhancement and related ethical and policy issues" sometime during this period.[12]
2008–2010 Workshop FHI co-hosts an event entitled "Uncertainty, Lags and Nonlinearity: Challenges to governance in a turbulent world" sometime during this period.[12]
2008–2010 Financial FHI reports that it has received "about 10" philanthropic donations from private individuals during this period.[12]
2008 January 22 Website The domain name for the Global Catastrophic Risks website, global-catastrophic-risks.com, is registered.[40] The first snapshot on the Internet Archive would be on May 5, 2008.[41]
2008 September 15 Publication Global Catastrophic Risks is published.[42][38]
2009 Publication "Probing the Improbable: Methodological Challenges for Risks with Low Probabilities and High Stakes" by Rafaela Hillerbrand, Toby Ord, and Anders Sandberg is published.[36] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2009 January 1 Publication On the group blog (at the time) Overcoming Bias Nick Bostrom publishes a blog post proposing the Parliamentary Model of dealing with moral uncertainty. The blog post mentions that he is writing a paper on the topic with Toby Ord, but as of March 2018 the paper seems to never have been published. The paper title might be "Fundamental Moral Uncertainty".[12][43] Despite the idea not being published in full, it is often referenced in discussions.[44][45][46]
2009 January 22 Publication Human Enhancement is published.[47][38][36]
2009 February Website LessWrong, a group blog about rationality, launches.[48] The blog is sponsored and endorsed by FHI, although its written contributions seem to be minimal.[36][49]
2009 March 6 Social media The FHI YouTube account, FHIOxford, is created.[50]
2009 June 19 Publication "Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges" by Nick Bostrom and Anders Sandberg is published in the journal Science and Engineering Ethics.[51][14] By 2011, this would be the "overwhelmingly most cited article" from FHI.[49]
2009 September Internal review The FHI Annual Report, covering the period October 1, 2008 to September 30, 2009, is probably published during this month. (The report does not have a date.)[36]
2010 Internal review The FHI Achievements Report, covering the years 2008 to 2010, is probably published during this year. (The report does not have a date so it is unclear when it was published.)[12]
2010 June 21 Publication Anthropic Bias by Nick Bostrom is published. The book covers the topic of reasoning under observation selection effects.[52][38]
2010 June Staff Eric Mandelbaum joins FHI as a Postdoctoral Research Fellow. He would remain at FHI until July 2011.[53]
2011 January 14–17 Conference The Winter Intelligence Conference, organized by FHI, takes place. The conference brings together experts and students in philosophy, cognitive science, and artificial intelligence for discussions about intelligence.[54][55][56][57]
2011 March 18 Publication Enhancing Human Capacities is published.[58][59]
2011 June 9 External review On a comment thread on LessWrong, a discussion takes place regarding FHI's funding needs, productivity of marginal hires, dispersion of research topics (i.e. lack of focus on existential risks), and other topics related to funding FHI.[60]
2011 September Project The Oxford Martin Programme on the Impacts of Future Technology (FutureTech) launches.[61] The Programme is directed by Nick Bostrom and works closely with FHI, among other organizations.
2011 September Staff Stuart Armstrong joins FHI as a Research Fellow.[62]
2011 September 25 External review Kaj Sotala posts "SIAI vs. FHI achievements, 2008–2010" on LessWrong, comparing the outputs of FHI and the Machine Intelligence Research Institute (which used to be called the Singularity Institute for Artificial Intelligence, abbreviated SIAI).[49]
2012 Staff Daniel Dewey joins FHI as a Research Fellow.[63]
2012 June 6 Publication The technical report "Indefinite survival through backup copies" by Anders Sandberg and Stuart Armstrong is published. The paper shows that if an individual entity copies itself so that the number of copies grows logarithmically with time, it will have a nonzero probability of ultimate survival.[64] This report used to be a featured FHI publication.[65]
2012 August 15 Website The first Internet Archive snapshot of the Winter Intelligence Conference website is from this day.[66]
2012 September 5 Social media The FHI Twitter account, @FHIOxford, is registered.[67]
2012 November 16 External review John Maxwell IV posts "Room for more funding at the Future of Humanity Institute" on LessWrong.[68]
2012 December 10–11 Conference FHI hosts the 2012 conference on Impacts and Risks of Artificial General Intelligence. This conference is one of the two conferences that are part of the Winter Intelligence Multi-Conference 2012, which is hosted by FHI.[69][70]
2013 Staff Carl Frey and Vincent Müller join FHI as Research Fellows sometime around this year.[71]
2013 February Publication "Existential Risk Prevention as Global Priority" by Nick Bostrom is published in Global Policy.[72] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2013 February 25 External review "Omens: When we peer into the fog of the deep future what do we see – human extinction or a future among the stars?" is published on the digital magazine Aeon. The piece covers FHI, existential risk, Nick Bostrom, and some of his ideas.[73][74][75]
2013 March 12 Publication "Eternity in six hours: intergalactic spreading of intelligent life and sharpening the Fermi paradox" by Stuart Armstrong and Anders Sandberg is published.[76] This paper is a featured FHI publication in 2014.[77]
2013 May 30 Collaboration A collaboration between FHI and the insurance company Amlin is announced. The collaboration is for research into systemic risks.[78][79][80]
2013 June Staff Nick Beckstead joins FHI as a Research Fellow. He would remain at FHI until November 2014.[81]
2013 September 17 Publication "The Future of Employment: How Susceptible are Jobs to Computerisation?" by Carl Benedikt Frey and Michael A. Osborne is published.[82] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2013 November Workshop FHI hosts a week-long math workshop led by the Machine Intelligence Research Institute.[83]
2013 December 27 External review Chris Hallquist posts "Donating to MIRI vs. FHI vs. CEA vs. CFAR" on LessWrong about the relative merits of donating to the listed organizations. The discussion thread includes a comment from Seán Ó hÉigeartaigh of FHI about the funding needs of FHI.[84]
2014 Project The Global Priorities Project (GPP) runs as a pilot project within the Centre for Effective Altruism. Team members of GPP include Owen Cotton-Barratt and Toby Ord of the Future of Humanity Institute.[85] GPP would also eventually become a collaboration between Centre for Effective Altruism and FHI.[86]
2014 Publication "Managing existential risk from emerging technologies" by Nick Beckstead and Toby Ord is published in the report "Innovation: Managing Risk, Not Avoiding It. Evidence and Case Studies."[87] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2014 Staff Toby Ord joins FHI as a Research Fellow.[88]
2014 Staff John Cusbert joins FHI as a Research Fellow, for work on the Population Ethics: Theory and Practice project.[89]
2014–2017 Staff Hilary Greaves joins as principal investigator for Population Ethics: Theory and Practice (organized by FHI).[90]
2014 February 4 Workshop FHI hosts a workshop on agent based modelling.[91]
2014 February 11–12 Conference FHI announces the FHI–Amlin conference on systemic risk.[92][93]
2014 May 12 Social media FHI researchers Anders Sandberg and Andrew Snyder-Beattie do an AMA ("ask me anything") on Reddit.[94][95]
2014 July Workshop FHI hosts a MIRIx Workshop in collaboration with the Machine Intelligence Research Institute "to develop the technical agenda for AI safety".[96]
2014 July–September Publication Nick Bostrom's book Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies is published.[97] In March 2017, the Open Philanthropy Project would consider this book FHI's "most significant output so far and the best strategic analysis of potential risks from advanced AI to date."[98]
2014 September Publication The policy brief "Unprecedented Technological Risks" by Nick Beckstead et al. is published.[99] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2014 September 24 Social media Nick Bostrom does an AMA ("ask me anything") on Reddit.[100]
2014 September 26 External review Daniel Dewey (who is a Research Fellow for FHI at the time)[101] posts "The Future of Humanity Institute could make use of your money" on LessWrong. The post results in some discussion about donating to FHI in the comments section.
2014 October 1 Financial FHI posts a note of thanks to the Investling Group for a "recent financial contribution". The amount and date of donation are not listed.[102]
2014 October 28 Website The domain name for the Population Ethics: Theory and Practice website, populationethics.org, is registered.[103] The first Internet Archive snapshot of the website would be on December 23, 2014. The "project is organised by the Future of Humanity Institute and supported by the Leverhulme Trust."[104]
2015 Publication "Learning the Preferences of Bounded Agents" is published. One of the paper's authors is Owain Evans at FHI.[105][106] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2015 Publication "Corrigibility" by Soares et al. is published. One of the authors, Stuart Armstrong, is affiliated with FHI. This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2015 Staff Owain Evans joins FHI as a postdoctoral research scientist.[107]
2015 Staff Ben Levinstein joins FHI as a Research Fellow. He would stay at FHI until 2016.[108]
2015 Staff Feng Zhou joins FHI as a Research Fellow, for work on the FHI–Amlin collaboration on systemic risk.[109]
2015 Staff Simon Beard joins FHI as a Research Fellow in philosophy, for work on Population Ethics: Theory and Practice. He would remain at FHI until 2016.[110]
2015 Project The Strategic Artificial Intelligence Research Centre is established.[111][112][113]
2015 January 2–5 Conference The Future of AI: Opportunities and Challenges, an AI safety conference, takes place in Puerto Rico. The conference is organized by the Future of Life Institute, but speakers include Nick Bostrom, the director of FHI.[114] Nate Soares (executive director of Machine Intelligence Research Institute) would later call this the "turning point" of when top academics begin to focus on AI risk.[115]
2015 January 8 Internal review FHI publishes a one-paragraph review of its work in 2014.[116]
2015 July 1 Financial The Future of Life Institute's Grant Recommendations for its first round of AI safety grants are publicly announced. The grants would be disbursed on September 1.[117][118][119] One of the grantees is Nick Bostrom, the director of FHI, who receives a grant of $1,500,000 for the creation of a new research center focused on AI safety (probably the Strategic Artificial Intelligence Research Centre).[120] Another grantee is Owain Evans of FHI, who receives a grant of $227,212 for his project on inferring human values.[121]
2015 July 30 External review A post critiquing the lack of intuitive explanation of existential risks on the FHI website (among other places) is posted on LessWrong.[122]
2015 September 1 Financial FHI announces that Nick Bostrom has been awarded a €2 million (about $2,247,200 at the time)[123] European Research Council Advanced Grant.[124]
2015 September 15 Social media Anders Sandberg does an AMA ("ask me anything") on Reddit.[125]
2015 October Publication "Moral Trade" by Toby Ord is published in the journal Ethics.[126] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2015 November 23 External review A The New Yorker piece featuring Nick Bostrom and FHI is published.[127]
2016 Publication Stuart Armstrong's paper "Off-policy Monte Carlo agents with variable behaviour policies" is published.[128][106] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2016 Publication "Learning the Preferences of Ignorant, Inconsistent Agents" is published. One of the paper's authors is Owain Evans at FHI.[129][106] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2016 Project The Global Politics of AI Research Group is established by Carrick Flynn and Allan Dafoe (both of whom are affiliated with FHI). The group "consists of eleven research members [and] more than thirty volunteers" and "has the mission of helping researchers and political actors to adopt the best possible strategy around the development of AI."[130] (It's not clear where the group is based or if it even meets physically.)
2016 Publication "Thompson Sampling is Asymptotically Optimal in General Environments" by Leike et al. is published.[131] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2016 Staff Owen Cotton-Barratt joins FHI as a Research Fellow.[132]
2016 Staff Eric Drexler becomes an Oxford Martin Senior Fellow at FHI, and later a Senior Research Fellow. Previously, he was an Academic Visitor and then an Academic Advisor at FHI.[132][133]
2016 Staff Jan Leike joins FHI as a Research Fellow.[133]
2016 Staff Miles Brundage joins FHI as a Research Fellow.[133]
2016 January 26 Publication "The Unilateralist's Curse and the Case for a Principle of Conformity" by Nick Bostrom, Thomas Douglas, and Anders Sandberg is published in the journal Social Epistemology.[134] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2016 February 8–9 Workshop The Global Priorities Project (a collaboration between FHI and the Centre for Effective Altruism) hosts a policy workshop on existential risk. Attendees include "twenty leading academics and policy-makers from the UK, USA, Germany, Finland, and Sweden".[135][130]
2016 May Publication The Global Priorities Project (associated with FHI) releases the Global Catastrophic Report 2016.[136]
2016 May Workshop FHI hosts a week-long workshop in Oxford called "The Control Problem in AI", attended by ten members of Machine Intelligence Research Institute.[130]
2016 May 27 – June 17 Workshop The Colloquium Series on Robust and Beneficial AI (CSRBAI), co-hosted by the Machine Intelligence Research Institute and FHI, takes place. The program brings "together a variety of academics and professionals to address the technical challenges associated with AI robustness and reliability, with a goal of facilitating conversations between people interested in a number of different approaches." At the program, Jan Leike and Stuart Armstrong of FHI each give a talk.[137][138]
2016 June (approximate) Staff FHI recruits William MacAskill and Hilary Greaves to start a new "Programme on the Philosophical Foundations of Effective Altruism" as a collaboration between FHI and the Centre for Effective Altruism.[136] (It seems like this became the Global Priorities Institute, which is not to be confused with the Global Priorities Project.)
2016 June Publication The Age of Em: Work, Love and Life When Robots Rule the Earth, a book about the implications of whole brain emulation by FHI research associate Robin Hanson, is published.[139] In October, FHI and Hanson would organize a workshop about the book.[130][140]
2016 June 1 Publication The paper "Safely interruptible agents" is announced on the Machine Intelligence Research Institute blog. The paper is a collaboration between Google DeepMind and FHI, and one of the paper's authors is Stuart Armstrong of FHI.[141][106] The paper is also presented at the Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (UAI).[136][142] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2016 August Staff Piers Millett joins FHI as Senior Research Fellow.[143][144]
2016 September Financial The Open Philanthropy Project recommends (to the Open Philanthropy Project fund, Good Ventures, or some other entity)[145][146] a grant of $115,652 to FHI to support the hiring of Piers Millett, who will work on biosecurity and pandemic preparedness.[147]
2016 September (approximate) Financial FHI receives a funding offer from Luke Ding to fund Hilary Greaves for four years starting mid-2017 (in case a proposed new institute is unable to raise academic funds for her) and William MacAskill's full salary for five years.[148]
2016 September 16 Publication Jan Leike's paper "Exploration Potential" is first uploaded to the arXiv.[149][106][130][150]
2016 September 22 Collaboration FHI's page on its collaboration with Google DeepMind is published. However it is unclear when the actual collaboration began.[151]
2016 November Workshop The biotech horizon scanning workshop, co-hosted by the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk and FHI, takes place. The workshop and the overall "biological engineering horizon scanning" process is intended to lead up to "a peer-reviewed publication highlighting 15–20 developments of greatest likely impact."[130][152]
2016 December Workshop FHI hosts a workshop on "AI Safety and Blockchain". Attendees include Nick Bostrom, Vitalik Buterin, Jaan Tallinn, Wei Dai, Gwern Branwen, and Allan Dafoe. "The workshop explored the potential technical overlap between AI Safety and blockchain technologies and the possibilities for using blockchain, crypto-economics, and cryptocurrencies to facilitate greater global coordination."[153][130] It is unclear whether any output resulted from this workshop.
2017 Publication Slides for an upcoming paper by FHI researchers Anders Sandberg, Eric Drexler, and Toby Ord, "Dissolving the Fermi Paradox", are posted.[154][155]
2017 Publication The report "Existential Risk: Diplomacy and Governance" is published. "This work began at the Global Priorities Project, whose policy work has now joined FHI."[156] The report gives an overview of existential risks and presents three recommendations for ways to reduce existential risks (chosen out of more then 100 proposals): (1) developing governance of geoengineering research; (2) establishing scenario plans and exercises for severe engineered pandemics at the international level; and (3) building international attention and support for existential risk reduction.[157]
2017 January 15 Publication "Agent-Agnostic Human-in-the-Loop Reinforcement Learning" is uploaded to the arXiv.[158][156]
2017 January 25 Publication The FHI Annual Review 2016 is published.[130]
2017 February 9 Publication Nick Bostrom's paper "Strategic Implications of Openness in AI Development" is published in the journal Global Policy.[159][106][156] The paper "covers a breadth of areas including long-term AI development, singleton versus multipolar scenarios, race dynamics, responsible AI development, and identification of possible failure modes."[130] This is a featured FHI publication.[14]
2017 February 10 Workshop FHI hosts a workshop on normative uncertainty (i.e. uncertainty regarding moral frameworks).[160]
2017 February 19–20 Workshop FHI hosts a workshop on potential risks from malicious use of artificial intelligence. The workshop is organized by FHI, the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, and the Centre for the Future of Intelligence.[161]
2017 March Financial The Open Philanthropy Project recommends (to the Open Philanthropy Project fund, Good Ventures, or some other entity)[145][146] a grant of $1,995,425 to FHI for general support.[98]
2017 April 26 Publication The online book Modeling Agents with Probabilistic Programs by Owain Evans (FHI Research Fellow), Andreas Stuhlmüller, John Salvatier (FHI intern), and Daniel Filan (FHI intern) is published. The book is available at https://agentmodels.org/.[162][163] Work on the book began in spring of 2016. The main motivations for writing the book are: (1) to popularize inverse reinforcement learning (IRL) to a broader audience than machine learning researchers; and (2) "to give a detailed explanation of the authors' approach to IRL to the existing AI Safety and AI/ML communities."[121]
2017 April 27 Publication "That is not dead which can eternal lie: the aestivation hypothesis for resolving Fermi's paradox" is uploaded to the arXiv.[164][165][166]
2017 May FHI announces that it will be joining the Partnership on AI.[167]
2017 May 24 Publication "When Will AI Exceed Human Performance? Evidence from AI Experts" is published on the arXiv. Three of the authors of this paper are affiliated with FHI: Katja Grace, Allan Dafoe, and Owain Evans.[168]
2017 July Financial The Open Philanthropy Project recommends (to the Open Philanthropy Project fund, Good Ventures, or some other entity)[145][146] a grant of $299,320 to Yale University "to support research on the global politics of advanced artificial intelligence". The work will be led by Allan Dafoe, who will conduct part of the work at FHI.[169]
2017 July 17 Publication "Trial without Error: Towards Safe Reinforcement Learning via Human Intervention" is uploaded to the arXiv.[170][165]
2017 August 25 Publication FHI announces three new forthcoming papers in the latest issue of Health Security.[171][172]
2017 September 27 Carrick Flynn, a research project manager at FHI,[173] posts his thoughts on AI policy and strategy on the Effective Altruism Forum. Although he only writes in a personal capacity in the post, it is informed by his experience at FHI.[174]
2017 September 29 Financial Effective Altruism Grants fall 2017 recipients are announced. One of the recipients is Gregory Lewis, who will use the grant for "Research into biological risk mitigation with the Future of Humanity Institute." The grant amount for Lewis is £15,000 (about $20,000).[175]
2017 October–December Project FHI launches its Governance of AI Program, co-directed by Nick Bostrom and Allan Dafoe.[176]
2018 February 20 Publication The report "The Malicious Use of Artificial Intelligence: Forecasting, Prevention, and Mitigation" is published. The report forecasts the malicious use of artificial intelligence in the short term and makes recommendations on how to mitigate these risks from AI. The report is authored by individuals at FHI, Centre for the Study of Existential Risk, OpenAI, Electronic Frontier Foundation, Center for a New American Security, and other institutions.[177][178][179]
2018 February Initiative The Future of Humanity Institute (FHI) launches the Governance of Artificial Intelligence Program (GovAI). GovAI is designed to address the growing challenges of AI development, focusing on the political, economic, and societal impacts of advanced AI technologies. The initiative brings together experts from diverse fields, including technology, policy, ethics, and law, to explore ways to ensure that AI development is conducted safely and responsibly. GovAI's collaborative research extends beyond academia, engaging with policymakers and industry leaders to develop actionable strategies and policy frameworks that prioritize transparency, accountability, and global governance. [180]
2018 March 1 Publication "Deciphering China's AI Dream", written by FHI researcher Jeffrey Ding is published on the FHI website. It provides one of the first comprehensive examinations of China’s AI ambitions. The paper meticulously analyzes China's AI strategies, combining insights from government policy documents, speeches, and investment data to paint a picture of the country’s AI-driven future. Ding breaks down the key drivers of China’s AI development, such as national security concerns, economic growth, and political influence, and shows how AI is central to China’s global strategy. The analysis also explores how AI shapes China's international posture and what this means for the future of global AI governance, especially in terms of competition with other world powers like the United States. [181]
2018 March Event Nick Bostrom delivers a keynote address at the South by Southwest (SXSW) Conference, one of the world’s premier tech and cultural events. His presentation focuses on the transformative potential of artificial intelligence, particularly the rise of superintelligence. Bostrom discusses the dangers of AI systems that might surpass human intelligence without proper safety measures, framing the conversation around the existential risks these systems pose. He emphasizes the urgency of AI safety research and international cooperation, arguing that the unchecked rise of AI could lead to disastrous outcomes for humanity. Bostrom's speech captures widespread attention and drives home the need for robust AI regulation, influencing thought leaders and policymakers alike. [182]
2018 April 1 Publication "Opportunities for Individual Donors in AI Safety" is published on LessWrong, encouraging individuals to fund AI safety initiatives. The publication highlights the crucial role that even small donations can play in advancing critical research on AI alignment, particularly at a time when funding for such research is limited compared to the enormous financial resources behind AI development. The piece details how individual donors can fund research groups, scholarships, and independent researchers working on AI alignment, emphasizing the need for distributed and strategic funding to support global efforts in ensuring AI safety. It serves as a rallying call for the broader public to engage with and support the AI safety movement. [183]
2018 June 1 Publication A paper titled "When Will AI Exceed Human Performance? Evidence from AI Experts" compiles responses from hundreds of AI researchers on the timeline for AI to surpass human capabilities in a range of fields. The survey reveals a broad consensus that AI will outperform humans in tasks such as language translation, driving, and complex decision-making within the next few decades. The paper also highlights areas where AI might struggle, such as human creativity and emotional intelligence. This publication plays a key role in driving discussions about the ethical and practical implications of AI surpassing human performance, contributing to debates about how society can prepare for this unprecedented shift in technological power. [184]
2018 June 29 Project Announcement FHI launches the "Research Scholars Programme", a project designed to train emerging researchers in areas critical to the long-term survival of humanity, such as AI safety, biosecurity, and existential risk mitigation. The program offers participants the opportunity to work directly with FHI’s senior researchers, contributing to major projects that focus on addressing global challenges. Participants engage in cross-disciplinary research, ranging from the technical aspects of AI alignment to the societal implications of biotechnology and pandemic risks. This initiative is seen as a step in building a talent pipeline dedicated to existential risk reduction, as it cultivates a new generation of thought leaders in these areas. [185]
2018 June 30 Publication "Dissolving the Fermi Paradox", is published by Anders Sandberg, Eric Drexler, and Toby Ord, provides an interesting reinterpretation of the famed Fermi Paradox—the question of why we haven’t observed evidence of extraterrestrial civilizations despite the high probability of their existence. The authors use updated probabilistic models to suggest that the absence of evidence for intelligent life may be less paradoxical than previously thought, due to a range of astrobiological and technological uncertainties. [186]
2018 November 7 Publication Nick Bostrom publishes "The Vulnerable World Hypothesis", a provocative exploration of the dangers posed by future technological advancements. Bostrom argues that the increasing power of emerging technologies may soon enable the creation of catastrophic tools or weapons that could endanger civilization. He calls for the development of new global governance structures and surveillance systems to prevent the misuse of these technologies. [187]
2018 December 18 Publication The "2018 AI Alignment Literature Review and Charity Comparison" is published, offering a detailed assessment of the state of AI alignment research. The report reviews the progress made by various organizations working on AI safety and provides guidance for donors on where to allocate resources to maximize their impact. By outlining the challenges and potential breakthroughs in AI safety research, the publication serves as an essential resource for both researchers and philanthropists looking to contribute to the field. It also underscores the importance of strategic funding to maintain the momentum of AI alignment research and ensure the safe development of AI systems. [188]
2019 January 1 Publication The publication "Long-Term Trajectories of Human Civilization" is posted on the FHI website, authored by Seth Baum and Stuart Armstrong, investigates possible futures for human civilization over the next millennia, focusing on both the opportunities and risks posed by technological advancements. The paper explores scenarios ranging from the achievement of utopia to potential existential threats that could lead to human extinction. It emphasizes the importance of strategic foresight in shaping policy decisions that will influence humanity's long-term survival, and how current technological and societal developments could impact these trajectories. This paper provides policymakers and scholars with a comprehensive framework for thinking about humanity's future in the context of existential risk and technological evolution. [189]
2019 February 1 Publication The publication "An Upper Bound for the Background Rate of Human Extinction" is posted on the FHI website,estimates the natural rate of human extinction in the absence of anthropogenic (human-made) risks, using historical data and probabilistic models. The paper finds that without human-induced risks such as nuclear war or environmental destruction, the background rate of human extinction is exceedingly low, which highlights the importance of addressing man-made existential threats. The research provides a foundation for future studies in existential risk and emphasizes the need for proactive strategies to mitigate risks that could arise from human activities. [190]
2019 March 9 Collaboration FHI collaborates with the Centre for the Study of Existential Risk (CSER) to provide advice to the United Nations High-Level Panel on Digital Cooperation. Their joint report addresses key global digital risks, such as cybersecurity threats and the ethical development of AI technologies. The report emphasizes the importance of establishing international standards for the governance of AI, as well as ensuring that digital technologies benefit all of humanity rather than creating new forms of inequality or insecurity. The collaboration between FHI and CSER reflects the increasing recognition of AI as a global issue that requires coordinated, cross-border solutions. [191]
2019 May 9 Publication The article "Claims & Assumptions Made in Eternity in Six Hours" critiques the overly optimistic hypothesis that humanity could rapidly expand across the universe. The paper examines the technological, physical, and energy constraints that would make such expansion far more difficult than anticipated. By challenging the assumptions underlying rapid human expansion, the authors promote a more cautious and realistic approach to space exploration and long-term human survival. [192]
2019 July Event FHI researchers participate in the 2019 Beneficial AI Conference organized by the Future of Life Institute, where experts from across the AI field discuss aligning AI development with human values. Topics include preventing the misuse of AI, mitigating bias, and ensuring fairness in AI systems. The conference serves as a platform for exchanging ideas about how to create global safety standards for AI development and sets the stage for future international collaborations on AI safety. [193]
2019 October 1 Publication The paper "Artificial Intelligence: American Attitudes and Trends", authored by Baobao Zhang and Allan Dafoe, provides an in-depth analysis of public opinion on AI in the United States. The study reveals a range of views, with the public expressing both optimism about AI’s potential and concerns about issues such as job displacement, privacy, and security. The findings offer valuable insights for policymakers, helping them understand public sentiment toward AI and how it may affect future regulatory frameworks. The research contributes to the broader discourse on AI governance by providing data on how the American public views the risks and benefits of AI technologies. [194]
2019 December 19 Publication The 2019 AI Alignment Literature Review and Charity Comparison is published, providing a detailed evaluation of the progress made in AI alignment research. It reviews the efforts of organizations involved in AI safety, offering recommendations for donors to maximize their impact in this critical area. The report underscores the importance of sustained funding for AI safety research and highlights both challenges and potential breakthroughs. [195]
2020 December 17 Publication A paper titled "Ranking the Effectiveness of Worldwide COVID-19 Government Interventions" is published in Nature Human Behaviour. This research, co-authored by Nancy Haug, Oliver Gatalo, Alisa J. Kozik, and Courtney Kuhlman, provides a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of various non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) during the pandemic. The study rigorously analyzes data from different countries to rank interventions such as social distancing, mask mandates, and lockdowns based on their impact on transmission rates. The findings offer governments critical, evidence-based insights for managing the spread of COVID-19 by highlighting the most effective strategies under varying circumstances. [196]
2021 August 27 Publication The Future of Humanity Institute (FHI) publishes the paper "Quantitative National Risk Reports (QNRs)". This paper introduces methodologies for assessing national-level risks related to existential threats, such as pandemics, AI misalignment, and biosecurity risks. The report offers comprehensive guidelines for improving global coordination and preparedness by providing a quantifiable model for assessing these risks. It aims to foster better understanding and management of potential global threats. [197]
2022 June Conference Participation FHI actively participates in the International Conference on Machine Learning (ICML), presenting work on AI safety, fairness, and robustness. FHI researchers contribute to workshops emphasizing the integration of safety mechanisms into AI systems, particularly highlighting risks associated with unregulated advancements in fields like autonomous decision-making and algorithmic biases. Their contributions reinforce the need for AI to be both transparent and socially beneficial. [198]
2022 September Program Expansion FHI expands its Research Scholars Programme, adding specialized tracks in AI governance, biosecurity, and macrostrategy. This program aims to train the next generation of scholars to tackle critical global challenges, fostering interdisciplinary research on existential risks and long-term human survival. The expansion reflects FHI’s dedication to building a robust research community equipped to address AI safety, biosecurity, and global governance issues. [199]
2023 January Public Statement FHI Director Nick Bostrom issues a public apology following the resurfacing of a controversial email from the 1990s. In the email, Bostrom made offensive remarks that sparked backlash within academic and tech communities. His apology addresses the harm caused by the comments and reaffirms his commitment to diversity and inclusion. However, the incident leads to broader discussions about accountability in leadership roles at institutions like FHI. [200] [201]
2023 August 15 Publication Anders Sandberg releases a chapter titled "The Lifespan of Civilizations: Do Societies 'Age,' or Is Collapse Just Bad Luck?" in the book "Existential Risk Studies." In this work, Sandberg investigates whether the collapse of civilizations is driven by internal factors like societal aging or external, unpredictable events such as natural disasters or wars. The chapter provides an analysis of historical civilizations and the reasons behind their collapse, offering a detailed exploration of potential parallels for modern societies facing existential risks. It adds to the broader discourse on the vulnerabilities of civilizations and the importance of resilience in global governance. This publication continues Sandberg's research into existential risks, a central focus of the Future of Humanity Institute. [202]
2023 August 28 Publication A collaboration of researchers from FHI, including Anders Sandberg, publishes "Consciousness in Artificial Intelligence: Insights from the Science of Consciousness" on ArXiv. The paper tackles the problem of consciousness in AI systems, proposing methodologies for assessing whether AI systems could possess or simulate conscious experience. The study draws on the latest theories in the science of consciousness, comparing human cognitive processes with machine learning models. It aims to address key ethical and practical questions in AI development, particularly around the moral status of AI systems and the potential risks associated with conscious or quasi-conscious AI agents. [203]
2023 September 5 Publication Another significant paper titled "Truthful AI: Towards Developing and Governing AI that Does Not Lie" is published by the team including Anders Sandberg. This research focuses on the creation of AI systems designed to uphold truthfulness and transparency. The paper outlines governance frameworks and technical measures to ensure that AI systems do not propagate misinformation, even unintentionally. This work is positioned within the broader context of AI safety research, a primary focus of the Future of Humanity Institute, addressing concerns about the integrity and trustworthiness of AI systems in fields such as journalism, governance, and public decision-making. [204]
2024 January Report Anders Sandberg publishes "Future of Humanity Institute 2005-2024: Final Report", which offers a retrospective on FHI's 19 years of operation. The report documents the institute’s contributions to existential risk research, highlighting its key projects in AI safety, biosecurity, and the study of long-term human futures. Sandberg provides reflections on FHI’s collaborations with global institutions and its evolving focus over the years, as well as the internal and external challenges it faced leading up to its closure. [205]
2024 January Publication Anders Sandberg publishes "Thoughts at the End of an Era" on his blog, reflecting on the closure of the Future of Humanity Institute. In the post, Sandberg shares his personal thoughts on FHI’s legacy, the global impact of its research, and the reasons for its closure. He also discusses the future of existential risk research, expressing optimism for continued work in the field despite the challenges faced by FHI. [206]
2024 April 16 Closure After nearly two decades of pioneering research, the Future of Humanity Institute is officially closed by Oxford University due to administrative disagreements and controversies surrounding its research direction and affiliations. The closure marks the end of a highly influential institution, but FHI's legacy endures through its contributions to global existential risk research, particularly in areas like AI safety, biosecurity, and global governance. [207]

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of December 14, 2021.

Year "Future of Humanity Institute"
2006 16
2007 29
2008 53
2009 48
2010 50
2011 88
2012 75
2013 95
2014 113
2015 139
2016 177
2017 230
2018 315
2019 355
2020 496
Future of Humanity Institute gscho.png

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Future of Humanity Institute (Research institute), from January 2005 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[208]

Future of Humanity Institute gt.jpg


Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Future of Humanity Institute, from 2005 to 2019.[209]

Future of humanity ngram.jpeg

Wikipedia pageviews for FHI page

The following plots pageviews for the Future of Humanity Institute Wikipedia page. The image generated on Wikipedia Views.

Future of Humanity Institute Wikipedia pageviews.png

Wikipedia pageviews for Nick Bostrom page

The following plots pageviews for the Nick Bostrom Wikipedia page. The image is generated on Wikipedia Views.

Nick Bostrom Wikipedia pageviews.png


Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by Issa Rice.

See the commit history on GitHub for a more detailed revision history.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

  • Official website
  • Future of Humanity Institute (Wikipedia)
  • LessWrong Wiki page on FHI. The LessWrong Wiki is the wiki associated with the group blog LessWrong. The pages on the wiki have a rationalist/effective altruist audience in mind, and is often more useful than the corresponding Wikipedia page on a topic.
  • Donations List Website (donee). The Donations List Website is a website by Vipul Naik that collects donations data regarding many effective altruist and rationality sphere donations. This is the donee page for FHI, which collects donations made to FHI.
  • AI Watch. AI Watch is a website by Issa Rice that tracks people and organizations in AI safety. This is the organization page for FHI, showing some basic information as well as a list of AI safety-related positions at FHI.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Bimonthly Progress Report - Issue 3" (PDF). Future of Humanity Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2018. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 "Microsoft Word - CV Nick Bostrom (19AugNBrevised).docx - cv.pdf" (PDF). Retrieved March 16, 2018. 
  3. ↑ "Showing results for: anthropic-principle.com". ICANN WHOIS. Retrieved March 11, 2018. Creation Date: 1998-08-30T04:00:00Z 
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  5. ↑ "Showing results for: future-studies.com". ICANN WHOIS. Retrieved March 15, 2018. Creation Date: 1998-08-30T04:00:00Z 
  6. ↑ "Future Studies". Archived from the original on October 12, 1999. Retrieved March 15, 2018. 
  7. ↑ "Showing results for: ANALYTIC.ORG". ICANN WHOIS. Retrieved March 15, 2018. Creation Date: 1998-12-14T05:00:00Z 
  8. ↑ "Nick Bostrom's thinking in analytic philosophy". Archived from the original on November 28, 1999. Retrieved March 15, 2018. 
  9. ↑ "Nick Bostrom's thinking in analytic philosophy". Retrieved March 15, 2018. 
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  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 Future of Humanity Institute - FHI. "Selected Publications Archive - Future of Humanity Institute". Future of Humanity Institute. Retrieved March 14, 2018. 
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  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 "Bimonthly Progress Report - Issue 2" (PDF). Future of Humanity Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 17, 2009. Retrieved March 18, 2018. 
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  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 "Progress Report - Issue 4" (PDF). Future of Humanity Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 21, 2008. Retrieved March 18, 2018. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 36.4 36.5 36.6 36.7 "Wayback Machine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on April 13, 2012. Retrieved March 11, 2018. 
  37. ↑ "Wittgenstein and His Interpreters: Essays in Memory of Gordon Baker: Amazon.co.uk: Guy Kahane, Edward Kanterian, Oskari Kuusela: 9781405129220: Books". Retrieved February 8, 2018. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 "Future of Humanity Institute - Books". Archived from the original on November 3, 2010. Retrieved February 8, 2018. 
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  40. ↑ "Showing results for: global-catastrophic-risks.com". ICANN WHOIS. Retrieved March 11, 2018. Creation Date: 2008-01-22T20:47:11Z 
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  43. ↑ "Overcoming Bias : Moral uncertainty – towards a solution?". Retrieved March 10, 2018. 
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  45. ↑ Bostrom, Nick (September 24, 2014). "Science AMA Series: I'm Nick Bostrom, Director of the Future of Humanity Institute, and author of "Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies", AMA • r/science". reddit. Retrieved March 15, 2018. 
  46. ↑ Shulman, Carl (August 21, 2014). "Population ethics and inaccessible populations". Reflective Disequilibrium. Retrieved March 16, 2018. Some approaches, such as Nick Bostrom and Toby Ord's Parliamentary Model, consider what would happen if each normative option had resources to deploy on its own (related to its plausibility or appeal), and look for Pareto-improvements. 
  47. ↑ "Human Enhancement: Amazon.co.uk: Julian Savulescu, Nick Bostrom: 9780199299720: Books". Retrieved February 8, 2018. 
  48. ↑ "FAQ - Lesswrongwiki". LessWrong. Retrieved June 1, 2017. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 "SIAI vs. FHI achievements, 2008-2010 - Less Wrong". LessWrong. Retrieved March 14, 2018. 
  50. ↑ "FHIOxford - YouTube". YouTube. Retrieved March 15, 2018. 
  51. ↑ Bostrom, Nick; Sandberg, Anders (2009). "Cognitive Enhancement: Methods, Ethics, Regulatory Challenges" (PDF). Retrieved March 15, 2018. 
  52. ↑ "Anthropic Bias (Studies in Philosophy): Amazon.co.uk: Nick Bostrom: 9780415883948: Books". Retrieved February 8, 2018. 
  53. ↑ "Eric Mandelbaum". Archived from the original on March 16, 2018. Retrieved March 16, 2018. 
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  73. ↑ Ross Andersen (February 25, 2013). "Omens When we peer into the fog of the deep future what do we see – human extinction or a future among the stars?". Aeon. Retrieved March 15, 2018. 
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