Timeline of asthma

From Timelines
Jump to navigation Jump to search

This is a timeline of asthma.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Country/location
Ancient Egypt Historical recognition Respiratory conditions consistent with asthma are described in ancient Egyptian sources and treated with inhaled herbal vapours. Asthma is recognized as early as this period.[1] Ancient Egypt
c. 1550 BC Medical documentation The Egyptian Ebers Papyrus describes asthma-like symptoms and recommends treatment using inhaled herbal mixtures such as kyphi.[1] Ancient Egypt
c. 450 BC Medical classification Hippocrates formally describes asthma as a respiratory condition, deriving the term from the Greek word for “panting,” and associates attacks with triggers such as cold air, exertion, and environmental factors, establishing asthma as a recognizable clinical pattern.[2] Ancient Greece
200 BC Medical theory Asthma is believed to be partially related to emotional or psychological factors in early medical thought.[3] Ancient world
c. 100–200 CE Mechanistic ideas (spasm, mucus) Greco-Roman physicians (e.g., Aretaeus of Cappadocia, Galen) describe episodic breathlessness and propose airway narrowing (“spasm”) and excess mucus as contributing mechanisms, anticipating later obstruction concepts. Roman Empire
12th century (c. 1190s) Medical treatise / preventive management Maimonides writes a dedicated "Treatise on Asthma," describing symptoms and treatments while emphasizing prevention through clean air, climate, diet, and avoidance of provoking conditions—an early systematic trigger-control framework.[4] Medieval Egypt
1341 Medical manuscript A Chinese medical text from the Yuan dynasty documents treatments for asthma within traditional Chinese medicine.[5] China
1698 Landmark monograph English physician John Floyer publishes A Treatise of the Asthma, providing a detailed clinical description of asthma attacks and early modern theories of causation and management.[6] England
1846 Lung function measurement British surgeon John Hutchinson introduces the spirometer and coins “vital capacity,” establishing the first widely used objective measurement of lung function, a foundation for later asthma diagnosis and monitoring.[7] United Kingdom
1858–1919 Notable case Theodore Roosevelt experiences severe asthma in childhood, illustrating the lack of effective treatments and the burden of the disease in the 19th century.[8] United States
1860 Symptom documentation (wheeze physiology) Henry Hyde Salter publishes On Asthma: Its Pathology and Treatment, a major 19th-century clinical work emphasizing asthma’s episodic nature, nervous system involvement, and the importance of triggers and environment.[9] United Kingdom
1872 (March) Medical treatment proposal A British Medical Journal article suggests that asthma could be treated by applying chloroform liniment to the chest.[10] United Kingdom
1873 (November) Scientific publication One of the earliest modern medical papers attempts to explain the pathophysiology of bronchial asthma.[11] United Kingdom
1880 (June) Medical treatment Intravenous administration of pilocarpine is reported as a treatment for asthma in clinical practice.[12] United Kingdom
1886 Medical theory F. H. Bosworth proposes a link between asthma and hay fever, contributing to early understanding of allergic mechanisms.[13] United States
Early 20th century Treatment paradigm Asthma management focuses on allergen avoidance and early pharmacological interventions including beta₂-adrenergic agonists.[14][15] Global
1901–1902 Allergy science precursor Early 20th-century work on hypersensitivity and “anaphylaxis” helps build the immunologic framework that later explains allergic asthma and sensitization mechanisms.[16] France / Europe
1905 (February) Therapeutic innovation Epinephrine (adrenaline) is first reported as an effective treatment for asthma, supporting the concept of bronchial vasodilation in disease mechanisms.[17] United States
1906 Concept development Austrian pediatrician Clemens von Pirquet introduces the term “allergy,” providing a conceptual framework that later becomes central to understanding allergic asthma and sensitization.[18] Austria
1907 Medical practice Commercial products such as asthma cigarettes containing belladonna and cannabis are marketed for symptom relief.[19] Global
1910 Mediator discovery (histamine) Histamine is identified and soon recognized as a key mediator of bronchoconstriction and allergic reactions, contributing to mechanistic models of asthma attacks and allergy-driven airway narrowing.[20] United Kingdom / Europe
1922 Hirsch first describes the anti-asthmatic effects of theophylline, a xanthine compound derived from earlier use of coffee and tea for bronchospasm relief. This marks the beginning of pharmacological bronchodilator therapy in asthma, later leading to widespread use despite limitations in efficacy and safety due to side effects.[21]
1922 Ephedrine enters mainstream asthma care Ephedrine (from Ephedra-derived pharmacology) becomes widely used as an oral bronchodilator, providing an outpatient alternative to injectable adrenaline and shaping early chronic symptom control. Global
1930 Asthma described as “hyperreactive” airways Physiologic studies increasingly describe asthma as abnormal bronchial responsiveness to stimuli (cold air, irritants, exercise), anticipating later “airway hyperresponsiveness” as a diagnostic hallmark. Global
1930s Clinical innovation Alvin Barach quantifies expiratory flow responses to nebulized epinephrine using spirometry, providing early objective evidence of bronchodilation effectiveness.[22][23] United States
1930s–1950s Medical paradigm Asthma is classified among the “holy seven” psychosomatic illnesses, with its causes attributed largely to psychological factors. Global
1930s–1950s Treatment paradigm Psychoanalysis and other “talking cures” are widely used to treat asthma, reflecting the belief that symptoms arise from unresolved emotional conflicts.[24] Global
1930s–1950s Medical theory Asthmatic wheezing is interpreted in psychoanalytic theory as a “suppressed cry for the mother,” reinforcing the psychological model of the disease.[24] Global
1940s Pharmacological development Isoprenaline (isoproterenol), the first synthetic β-agonist, is introduced as a more selective bronchodilator than epinephrine.[25] Global
1941 Aeroallergen triggers formalized Pollen, house dust, animal dander, and molds are increasingly formalized as asthma triggers in clinical allergy practice, linking asthma management to environmental control and immunologic testing. United States / Europe
1948 Early antihistamines in respiratory allergy First-generation antihistamines become available and are widely used for allergic symptoms; although limited for asthma control, they influence the broader allergic disease toolkit around asthma. United States / Global
1948–1950 Systemic corticosteroid era Cortisone and related systemic corticosteroids enter clinical use and demonstrate powerful anti-inflammatory effects, influencing later asthma management even though early use is limited by systemic side effects. United States
1950 Status asthmaticus as emergency concept Severe, persistent asthma attacks (often termed “status asthmaticus”) are increasingly recognized as a medical emergency requiring structured hospital treatment and escalation beyond home rescue remedies. Global
1952 (July) Clinical evidence The effectiveness of oral corticosteroids (OCS) in treating chronic asthma is reported, marking a major shift toward anti-inflammatory therapy.[26] Global
1950s (mid) Medical device innovation The pressurized metered-dose inhaler (pMDI) is developed, enabling efficient delivery of bronchodilators such as adrenaline and isoproterenol.[27] Global
1956 Inhaler innovation Pressurized metered-dose inhalers (MDIs) are introduced, enabling portable and rapid inhaled delivery of asthma medicines and transforming outpatient management. United States
1958 Clinical research A study demonstrates that oral corticosteroid therapy reduces eosinophil levels in sputum, supporting the inflammatory model of asthma.[28] Global
1959 Standardization of spirometry in practice Spirometry becomes more widely integrated into routine respiratory care, improving objective differentiation of asthma from other chronic lung diseases and enabling response-to-bronchodilator testing. Global
1960s Treatment paradigm Inhaled corticosteroids and selective short-acting β₂-agonists become widely adopted, transforming asthma management toward targeted airway therapy.[29] Global
1960s Epidemiological trend The prevalence of asthma begins increasing significantly in many parts of the world, prompting expanded epidemiological research.[30] Global
1960s Pharmacological innovation Discovery of β₂-adrenergic receptor predominance in the lungs leads to the development of selective β₂-agonists with improved safety and efficacy.[31] Global
1960 Air pollution and asthma epidemiology Modern environmental health research increasingly links air pollution episodes (smog, particulates) with asthma exacerbations and respiratory morbidity, strengthening policy relevance of asthma. Global
1961 Objective airflow measurement The Peak expiratory flow (PEF) concept and peak-flow meters become increasingly practical for routine use, enabling home monitoring and early detection of worsening asthma control. United Kingdom / Global
1963 Pediatric asthma as a major public health issue Childhood asthma is increasingly documented as a common chronic disease with substantial school absence and family burden, shifting asthma toward a major public health priority. Global
1967 (May) Scientific discovery Adrenergic receptors are classified into β₁ and β₂ subtypes, enabling targeted development of selective β₂-agonists for asthma treatment.[32] Global
1967 Allergy mechanism milestone Discovery of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) provides a clear immunologic mechanism for allergic sensitization and helps formalize allergic (atopic) asthma as a major category. Sweden / Japan
1968 Selective beta-2 reliever Salbutamol (albuterol) is introduced and becomes a standard short-acting beta-2 agonist reliever for rapid symptom relief, shaping modern “rescue inhaler” practice. United Kingdom
1970–1985 Epidemiological trend Asthma mortality rises in multiple countries including the United States, United Kingdom, Japan, and Australia, with a notable epidemic in New Zealand.[33] Global
1970–1985 Public health crisis New Zealand experiences a major asthma mortality epidemic, attributed to inadequate long-term management and delayed emergency care.[33] New Zealand
1970s Public health recognition Asthma becomes widely recognized as a major global public health problem.[2] Global
1972 Inhaled corticosteroid era Beclomethasone dipropionate becomes the first widely used inhaled corticosteroid controller therapy, shifting asthma care toward long-term control by suppressing airway inflammation. United Kingdom / Europe
1974 Early asthma education programs Structured asthma education programs begin to spread, emphasizing inhaler technique, trigger avoidance, and early self-management concepts that later evolve into action plans. Global
1977 Airway inflammation evidence Bronchial biopsy and lavage studies increasingly document chronic airway inflammation in asthma (even between attacks), consolidating the “inflammatory disease” model that supports controller therapy. Global
1981 Modern ICS expansion Budesonide is introduced as an inhaled corticosteroid controller, expanding long-term anti-inflammatory options and helping standardize inhaled steroid maintenance therapy. Sweden / Europe
1986 First leukotriene pathway advances Leukotriene biology becomes increasingly linked to bronchoconstriction and inflammation, accelerating drug development that later yields leukotriene receptor antagonists for asthma control. Global
1989 Recognition of airway remodeling Research increasingly highlights structural airway changes (thickened basement membrane, smooth muscle changes) in persistent asthma, shaping long-term goals beyond symptom relief. Global
1990 Long-acting bronchodilator era (LABA) Salmeterol is introduced as a long-acting beta-2 agonist (LABA), improving symptom control and night-time asthma when combined appropriately with anti-inflammatory therapy.[34] United Kingdom / Europe
1991 Written action plans expand Personalized written asthma action plans become more common in clinical guidance, helping patients adjust reliever/controller therapy and seek timely care during worsening symptoms. Global
1992 HFA transition in inhalers begins Environmental phase-out of ozone-depleting CFC propellants accelerates development and adoption of HFA-based inhalers, modernizing inhaler technology and formulation science. Global
1993 Airway inflammation biomarker Measurement of exhaled nitric oxide (Fractional exhaled nitric oxide) emerges as a non-invasive marker of type-2 airway inflammation, supporting phenotype assessment and treatment adjustment in some settings. Global
1990s Guideline-based management International and national guidelines popularize stepwise therapy, objective monitoring (spirometry and peak flow), and written asthma action plans as routine standards of care. Global
1990s (mid) Epidemiological trend Asthma prevalence plateaus in developed countries while continuing to rise in developing regions.[35] Global
1995 Global strategy framework The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) publishes a major global strategy report that standardizes diagnosis, severity/control concepts, and stepwise long-term management worldwide. Global
1997 Combination inhaler strategy Fixed-dose inhaled corticosteroid plus LABA combinations expand, improving adherence and enabling integrated “controller + symptom control” regimens for persistent asthma. Global
1997 Eosinophilic inflammation emphasized Blood and sputum eosinophilia gain prominence as markers of “type 2” asthma biology and steroid responsiveness, strengthening biomarker-linked clinical reasoning. Global
1998 Awareness milestone The first World Asthma Day is held, expanding global public health attention to asthma education, prevention, and access to effective treatment. Global
1998 Leukotriene modifier era Montelukast is introduced as an oral leukotriene receptor antagonist, offering a non-steroid controller option for some patients (especially with allergic rhinitis or exercise-triggered symptoms). United States / Global
1999 Asthma control becomes a core endpoint “Control” (symptoms, activity limitation, rescue use, lung function, exacerbations) becomes a central clinical target rather than “severity” alone, reshaping treatment goals. Global
2000–2010 Economic analysis The average cost of asthma-related hospital stays in the United States remains stable for children (~$3,600) but increases for adults from ~$5,200 to ~$6,600.[36] United States
2001 Standardized severity classification National and international strategies increasingly formalize severity categories (intermittent to severe persistent), improving comparability in trials and clinical decision-making. Global
2002 Scientific publication A review describes airway remodelling in asthma and highlights its uncertain role, noting both potentially adaptive and harmful structural changes in the airways.[37] Global
2003 (February) Scientific publication A study reports that early treatment with corticosteroids may prevent or reduce long-term decline in lung function in asthma patients.[38] Global
2003 First biologic therapy (anti-IgE) Omalizumab (anti-IgE monoclonal antibody) is approved for allergic asthma, beginning the biologic era for severe asthma management. United States
2004 Epidemiological estimate The World Health Organization estimates that asthma causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people worldwide, with most cases in low- and middle-income countries.[39] Global
2004 Epidemiological estimate Asthma prevalence reaches approximately 14–15% in countries such as Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.[40] Canada; Australia; New Zealand
2004 Child wheeze phenotypes described Cohort studies increasingly distinguish early transient wheeze, persistent wheeze, and late-onset wheeze phenotypes, improving pediatric asthma risk modeling and research stratification. Global
2005 (April) Epidemiological study Research shows higher asthma prevalence in urbanized, “westernized” countries compared to less developed regions, though urbanization alone does not fully explain disparities.[41] Global
2006 Severe asthma standardization Severe/refractory asthma is increasingly formalized as a distinct clinical category in research and guidelines, focusing attention on exacerbation risk, corticosteroid burden, and specialized care pathways. Global
2006 (August) Scientific publication A study discusses the overlap between asthma, COPD, and bronchitis as components of airway disease, highlighting diagnostic challenges and shared mechanisms.[42] Global
2007 (January) Epidemiological study Long-term trends show asthma prevalence of approximately 5% in the United Kingdom between 1955 and 2004.[43] United Kingdom
2007 (April) Scientific publication A BMJ article outlines supportive diagnostic evidence for asthma, including variability in peak expiratory flow and response to bronchodilator or corticosteroid therapy.[44] Global
2007 Epidemiological estimate The World Health Organization reports that over 80% of asthma-related deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries.[45] Global
2007 Clinical guideline NHLBI guidelines highlight declining asthma mortality rates due to improved recognition and management strategies.[46] United States
2007 Clinical guideline Guidelines note that peak expiratory flow testing is less reliable than spirometry for diagnosis but may be useful for self-monitoring and managing acute exacerbations.[47] United States
2007 Clinical recommendation Guidelines recommend periodic spirometry testing every one to two years to assess asthma control and monitor disease progression.[48] United States
2007 Clinical guideline The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program publishes the Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma (EPR-3).[49] United States
2007 Clinical guideline The National Asthma Education and Prevention Program recommends spirometry as a key tool for diagnosing asthma and evaluating lung function.[49] United States
2007 Clinical guideline Guidelines emphasize the importance of differential diagnosis in asthma, including distinguishing it from conditions such as vocal cord dysfunction, COPD, and upper airway diseases.[50] United States
2008 Severe asthma referral pathways expand Specialist severe-asthma clinics and referral pathways grow, emphasizing exacerbation prevention, steroid-sparing, adherence review, and comorbidity management. Global
2009 Medical textbook publication A clinical pharmacology textbook discusses chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and its overlap with asthma in diagnosis and treatment contexts.[51] Global
2009 (March) Epidemiological estimate Asthma prevalence is estimated at approximately 7% of the population in the United States.[52] United States
2009 (September) Medical reference Clinical literature reports that prognosis is generally favorable, particularly in children with mild asthma.[53] Global
2010 (January) Scientific publication A Cochrane review examines the bronchodilator effects of caffeine in people with asthma and finds that caffeine intake before lung function testing may affect spirometry results.[54] Global
2010 Epidemiological data Asthma leads to over 900,000 emergency department visits among children in the United States.[55] United States
2010 Health economics Medicaid is identified as the primary payer for asthma-related hospitalizations among children and adults aged 18–44 in the United States.[36] United States
2010 Socioeconomic disparity Higher asthma hospitalization rates are observed in low-income communities compared to high-income communities in the United States.[36] United States
2010 Endotype-driven management “Phenotypes” and “endotypes” (especially type-2/eosinophilic asthma) become mainstream in specialist practice, setting the stage for biomarker-guided escalation using eosinophils, IgE profiles, and FeNO. Global
2010 Epidemiological data Global asthma mortality rates are reported at approximately 170 per million for males and 90 per million for females, with wide variation across countries.[56] Global
2010 Clinical observation Longitudinal data indicate that approximately half of childhood asthma cases remit within ten years of diagnosis.[57] Global
2010 Scientific publication A review article describes the clinical expression and molecular mechanisms of asthma and outlines diagnostic approaches such as spirometry.[58] United States
2010 (September) Scientific publication A Lancet review examines asthma in older adults and highlights coexistence with COPD and challenges in differentiating obstructive airway diseases.[59] Global
2010 (November) Scientific publication A study questions the appropriateness of labeling preschool wheezing as asthma due to limited evidence of airway inflammation in young children.[60] Global
2011 (March) Scientific publication A Cochrane review evaluates dietary sodium restriction and finds insufficient evidence that dietary sodium manipulation improves asthma outcomes.[61] Global
2011 Healthcare utilization Asthma becomes the leading cause of hospital admission following emergency department visits among children in the United States.[62] United States
2011 “Treatable traits” concept emerges Airway disease management increasingly adopts “treatable traits” logic (eosinophilia, allergy, adherence, rhinitis, obesity, smoking exposure), supporting individualized escalation strategies. Global
2011 (December) Epidemiological study A population-based study finds that respiratory infections can precede adult-onset asthma, suggesting a causal relationship.[63] Global
2011–2015 Epidemiological trend Asthma mortality rates in the United Kingdom are approximately 50% higher than the European Union average and increase by about 5% during this period.[64] United Kingdom
2012 (June) Scientific publication A Cochrane review examines monosodium glutamate avoidance and finds no strong evidence supporting its effectiveness in managing chronic asthma.[65] Global
2012 Clinical recommendation The American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology recommends the use of spirometry in the diagnosis and management of asthma as part of the Choosing Wisely initiative.[66] United States
2013 Scientific publication A study discusses the therapeutic role of antileukotriene agents for lung diseases including asthma.[67] United States
2013 Medical textbook publication A pediatric emergency medicine textbook describes alternative causes of wheezing in children, including bronchiolitis and viral infections, contributing to differential diagnosis of asthma.[68] Global
2013 WHO publication The World Health Organization publishes an asthma fact sheet describing causes, symptoms, and treatment strategies.[69] Global
2013 (October) Scientific publication A Cochrane review evaluates vitamin C supplementation and finds insufficient evidence for its effectiveness in treating asthma or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction.[70] Global
2014 (June) Scientific publication A Cochrane review assesses vitamins C and E supplementation and finds limited evidence supporting their benefit in asthma management.[71] Global
2014 Biologic class diversification Biologic therapies broaden beyond anti-IgE toward targeted cytokine pathways, accelerating precision medicine for severe asthma and reducing exacerbation rates in selected patients. Global
2015 Type-2 targeted biologics Anti-IL-5 biologic therapies (e.g., mepolizumab) are approved for severe eosinophilic asthma, accelerating phenotype-guided treatment for difficult-to-control disease. United States
2015 (June) Scientific publication A meta-analysis reports that pediatric asthma significantly affects the quality of life of both patients and their parents.[72] Global
2015 (September) Longitudinal study Research identifies asthma–COPD overlap syndrome (ACOS) as a severe asthma phenotype associated with increased hospitalizations and long-term airflow limitation.[73] Europe
2016 (April) Scientific publication A Cochrane review examines breathing exercises in children with asthma and finds they may help symptom control but do not improve lung function or reduce exacerbations.[74] Global
2016 (April) Cohort study A nationwide cohort study links Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection to increased risk of developing asthma.[75] Global
2016 Anti-IL-5 biologic expansion Anti-IL-5 pathway biologics expand beyond early approvals, broadening options for severe eosinophilic asthma and reducing exacerbations in selected patients. United States / Global
2016 Epidemiological disparity Asthma prevalence is highest among non-Hispanic Black and Puerto Rican children in the United States, with rates significantly higher in low-income populations.[76] United States
2017 Anti-IL-5 receptor strategy Anti-IL-5 receptor biologic therapy (e.g., benralizumab class) strengthens targeted control of eosinophilic inflammation and enables steroid-sparing approaches in severe asthma. United States / Global
2018 IL-4/IL-13 pathway targeting Biologics targeting IL-4/IL-13 signaling expand treatment for type-2 asthma with comorbid atopic disease, reinforcing personalized therapy based on inflammatory pathways. United States / Global
2019 (April) Scientific publication A systematic review evaluates non-drug therapies for asthma and finds limited evidence supporting their effectiveness in improving asthma control.[77] Global
2019 Epidemiological estimate Approximately 262 million people worldwide are affected by asthma, with around 461,000 deaths annually.[78] Global
2019 SABA-only strategies discouraged Major guideline trends increasingly discourage short-acting bronchodilator-only treatment for most adolescents/adults, emphasizing inflammation control and exacerbation prevention as first principles. Global
2019 (July) Public health observation Reports indicate that asthma exacerbations in children increase significantly during the back-to-school period in September.[79] United Kingdom
2019–present Exacerbation prevention focus Modern practice increasingly discourages “reliever-only” treatment for most patients and emphasizes anti-inflammatory strategies, individualized risk reduction, adherence checks, and comorbidity management to prevent severe attacks. Global
2019 Epidemiology Asthma affects approximately 262 million people worldwide and causes about 461,000 deaths.[78] Global
2020 (April) Scientific publication A genome-wide analysis identifies immune system pathways contributing to the genetic architecture of asthma, supporting the polygenic nature of the disease.[80] Global
2020 Medical publication Goldman-Cecil Medicine describes asthma as a disease caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.[81] Global
2020 Telemedicine for asthma management expands Remote visits and digital monitoring accelerate in routine asthma care, supporting medication review, adherence checks, and patient education outside clinic settings. Global
2020 (December) Clinical guideline update Updated asthma management guidelines emphasize the role of spirometry for diagnosis and monitoring and provide focused updates for asthma treatment.[82] United States
2021 Non-type-2 targeting (TSLP) Anti-TSLP biologic therapy broadens severe asthma treatment beyond classic allergic/eosinophilic categories, supporting the concept of upstream “alarmin” pathway modulation. United States / Global
2021 Scientific publication A publication discusses pediatric asthma classification and the evolution of asthma subtypes from phenotypes to endotypes, contributing to understanding asthma heterogeneity.[83] Global
2021 (June) Scientific publication A study prioritizes candidate causal genes for asthma susceptibility loci using UK Biobank data, identifying regulatory mechanisms involving genes such as ORMDL3 and GSDMB.[84] Global
2021 (September) Epidemiological analysis A review highlights persistent racial and socioeconomic disparities in asthma burden, including higher prevalence and worse outcomes in minority populations.[85] United States
2021 (November) Scientific publication Researchers develop a polygenic risk score (PRS) for asthma using a large racially diverse population to estimate individual genetic risk for developing asthma.[86] Global
2021 (November) Clinical guideline The Canadian Thoracic Society guideline update recommends inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) as first-line therapy and emphasizes individualized dosing at the lowest effective level.[87] Canada
2021 (November) Clinical guideline The Canadian Thoracic Society publishes updated guidelines recommending avoidance of tobacco smoke exposure as part of asthma management and control strategies.[87] Canada
2021 Mortality disparity Asthma mortality rates among Black Americans are approximately twice as high as those among white Americans.[85] United States
2022 Scientific publication A review discusses the “missing heritability” problem in asthma genetics and highlights the need for multiomics approaches to better understand disease risk.[88] Global
2022 (June) Systematic review A Cochrane review evaluates digital interventions to improve adherence to asthma medications and finds that such tools can support adherence, though effectiveness varies.[89] Global
2022 Scientific publication A study reviews advances in understanding comorbidities associated with asthma, including allergic diseases, COPD, obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and mental health conditions.[90] Global
2022 Scientific publication A review article analyzes the genetic architecture of asthma and identifies more than 200 genome-wide significant susceptibility loci linked to immune and epithelial pathways.[91] Global
2022 Focus on equity and access Global health efforts increasingly frame asthma outcomes around access to inhaled corticosteroids, quality-assured inhalers, and clean-air interventions, highlighting inequities across countries and regions. Global
2022 Clinical research Studies describe asthma–COPD overlap (ACOS) as a condition associated with worse prognosis and more severe disease progression.[92] Global
2022 Medical textbook publication A medical textbook describes asthma as a disease caused by a combination of genetic susceptibility and environmental exposures, emphasizing the interaction between heredity and external triggers.[93] Global
2022 (November) Scientific publication A multi-ancestry polygenic risk score model is developed for pediatric asthma, enabling improved genetic risk prediction across diverse populations.[94] Global
2023 (February) Scientific publication A Cochrane review evaluates vitamin D supplementation for asthma management and finds mixed evidence regarding its effectiveness in reducing exacerbations.[95] Global
2023 (March) Scientific publication A meta-analysis evaluates the strength of association between asthma and various comorbid conditions, helping quantify links between asthma and diseases such as obesity, sleep apnea, and cardiovascular disorders.[96] Global
2023 (March) Scientific publication A review article summarizes the biological mechanisms underlying asthma, including bronchial muscle spasms, airway inflammation, mucus overproduction, and airway hyperresponsiveness.[97] Global
2023 (March) Scientific publication A review article summarizes the clinical presentation of asthma, describing characteristic symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing.[97] Global
2023 (June) Scientific publication An American Thoracic Society research statement evaluates unresolved questions in mild asthma and reviews evidence on non-pharmacological interventions and disease management.[98] Global
2023 (April) Scientific publication A review analyzes the genetic and epigenetic mechanisms underlying asthma susceptibility and highlights gene–environment interactions influencing disease development.[99] Global
2023 (November) Scientific publication A review article reassesses the concept of brittle asthma, noting that it is now considered a historical disease descriptor rather than a distinct diagnostic category in contemporary clinical practice.[100] Global
2023 (December) Scientific publication Researchers demonstrate that polygenic risk scores can identify genetic heterogeneity across asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndromes.[101] Global
2023 Medical reference publication A clinical reference chapter describes inflammatory processes in asthma involving immune cells such as eosinophils, neutrophils, mast cells, macrophages, and CD4 T lymphocytes.[102] Global
2023 Medical reference publication A clinical reference chapter reviews environmental triggers and diagnostic considerations in asthma, including the role of environmental exposures in provoking asthma symptoms.[102] Global
2024 (January) Scientific publication A review highlights the chromosome region 17q12–21 as the most consistently replicated genetic locus associated with childhood-onset asthma.[103] Global
2024 Personalized escalation becomes mainstream Clinical practice increasingly integrates biomarkers, exacerbation history, and comorbidity assessment into tailored step-up/step-down plans, reinforcing asthma as a heterogeneous syndrome rather than a single disease. Global
2024 (September) Scientific publication A review discusses advances in genomic research aimed at improving asthma risk prediction and understanding gene–environment interactions in asthma susceptibility.[104] Global
2024 (October) Scientific review A systematic review examines epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation that mediate gene–environment interactions influencing asthma susceptibility.[105] Global
2024 (November) Clinical guideline The British Thoracic Society, NICE, and the Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network publish the guideline Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management outlining symptom patterns, triggers, and management strategies.[106] United Kingdom
2024 (November) Clinical guideline NICE guidelines recommend combined ICS–LABA inhalers for adolescents and adults and outline stepwise escalation strategies based on symptom control.[106] United Kingdom
2025 (February) Scientific publication A review summarizes asthma pharmacotherapy into three categories: controller medications, relievers, and add-on therapies for severe disease.[107] Global
2025 Scientific publication A review article discusses asthma as a heterogeneous syndrome rather than a single disease and explores classification systems based on phenotypes, endotypes, and disease mechanisms.[108] Global
2025 Clinical guideline Clinical guidelines recommend preventive strategies for asthma including avoiding early-life exposure to tobacco smoke, limiting use of broad-spectrum antibiotics in infancy, managing vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy, and promoting vaginal birth when possible.[109] Global
2025 (June) Scientific publication A review summarizes recent discoveries in the genetics of allergic diseases and highlights shared genetic pathways between asthma, eczema, and allergic rhinitis.[110] Global
2025 Clinical guideline Guidelines emphasize structured asthma management including patient education, trigger avoidance, self-monitoring, and individualized asthma action plans.[109] Global
2025 Public health intervention School-based asthma education programs are associated with reduced hospitalization rates among children with asthma.[109] Global
2025 Clinical guideline The Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) recommends ICS-based therapy as first-line treatment and discourages reliance on short-acting beta agonists (SABA) alone due to insufficient prevention of exacerbations.[109] Global
2025 Clinical guideline Guidelines recommend that all individuals diagnosed with asthma have access to reliever inhalers for symptom flare-ups alongside controller therapy.[109] Global
2025 Clinical guideline GINA outlines the use of different inhalation devices—including pMDIs, DPIs, mist inhalers, and nebulizers—based on patient age, ability, and medication type.[109] Global
2025 Clinical recommendation Clinical guidance recommends reassessing treatment response after 2–3 months of inhaled corticosteroid therapy and adjusting dosage accordingly.[109] Global
2025 Clinical guideline Stepwise treatment strategies are recommended, including escalation to additional therapies such as leukotriene receptor antagonists, tiotropium, and azithromycin when ICS-based therapy is insufficient.[109][106][107] Global
2025 Therapeutic approach Allergen-specific immunotherapy is recommended for sensitized individuals to increase tolerance to aeroallergens through subcutaneous or sublingual administration.[109][107] Global
2025 Therapeutic approach Biologic therapies are used in severe asthma to target inflammatory pathways and reduce exacerbations.[107] Global
2025 Clinical guideline For severe asthma unresponsive to standard therapies, oral corticosteroids or bronchial thermoplasty are considered last-resort treatment options.[109] Global
2025 Pediatric guideline NICE guidelines recommend an 8–12 week trial of low-dose ICS in children under five with intermittent symptoms, followed by reassessment and stepwise escalation if needed.[106] United Kingdom
2025 Pediatric treatment strategy Guidelines recommend low-dose ICS maintenance therapy with SABA as needed in children aged 6–11, with escalation to combination therapies if symptoms persist.[106][109] Global
2025 Acute care protocol Management of asthma exacerbations includes repeated bronchodilator administration, oral corticosteroids, and oxygen therapy to maintain adequate oxygen saturation.[109] Global
2025 Acute care guideline Ipratropium bromide is recommended as an adjunct treatment in moderate to severe exacerbations, while magnesium sulfate and heliox are reserved for refractory cases.[109] Global
2025 Clinical definition The Global Initiative for Asthma defines asthma as a heterogeneous disease characterized by chronic airway inflammation and variable respiratory symptoms with fluctuating expiratory airflow limitation.[109] Global
2025 Medical textbook chapter A chapter on asthma pathophysiology describes airway remodeling in asthma, including thickening of airway smooth muscle, increased extracellular matrix, enlarged mucus glands, and increased vascularization.[111] Global
2020s Digital adherence and smart inhalers Smart inhalers, connected peak-flow devices, and remote monitoring expand real-world asthma management by tracking adherence, technique, and rescue use patterns, supporting earlier intervention and individualized care. Global
2025 Medical textbook chapter A medical reference work discusses modern approaches to asthma classification, including severity, symptom control, phenotypes, and endotypes.[112] Global
2025 Clinical guideline The Global Initiative for Asthma publishes an updated Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention guideline.[109] Global
2025 Medical textbook chapter A medical reference chapter explains asthma phenotypes and endotypes, defining phenotypes as observable disease presentations and endotypes as underlying biological mechanisms.[113] Global
2025 Scientific publication A review article in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine examines genetic and environmental risk factors for asthma and discusses prevention strategies.[114] Global
2025 Scientific publication A review discusses asthma epidemiology, risk factors, and opportunities for prevention and treatment, including the role of tobacco smoke, respiratory infections, and environmental exposures.[115] Global
2025 Epidemiological finding Research identifies prenatal and early-life risk factors associated with asthma development, including maternal obesity, smoking during pregnancy, and caesarean section.[114] Global
2025 Epigenetic research finding Studies link prenatal exposure to cigarette smoke and nicotine with epigenetic changes that increase asthma risk in children and even grandchildren.[115] Global
2025 Epidemiological finding Research identifies chronic exposure to outdoor and indoor air pollution—including traffic emissions, biomass fuels, pesticides, and building materials—as important risk factors for asthma development.[115][102] Global
2025 Epidemiological observation Studies find asthma prevalence to be higher in urban environments than in rural settings, potentially due to air pollution, social inequality, industrialization, and reduced green space.[114] Global
2025 Clinical research finding Occupational exposures to more than 400 substances, including allergens and irritants known as asthmagens, are linked to the development of occupational asthma.[115] Global
2025 Medical classification framework Contemporary asthma research commonly divides asthma into two major endotypes: type-2-high (T2-high) and type-2-low (non-T2), distinguished by inflammatory mechanisms and immune responses.[113][108] Global
2025 Clinical research framework The type-2-high asthma endotype is characterized by type-2 immune responses and biomarkers such as increased eosinophils and elevated fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO).[113] Global
2025 Clinical research framework Type-2-low asthma is defined by the absence of typical type-2 inflammatory markers and remains less well understood in terms of underlying mechanisms.[113] Global
2025 Disease subtype characterization Clinical literature identifies phenotypes associated with type-2-high asthma, including early-onset allergic asthma, late-onset eosinophilic asthma, and aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.[113] Global
2025 Disease subtype characterization Type-2-low asthma phenotypes include obesity-associated asthma, neutrophilic asthma, cigarette-smoke-associated asthma, and paucigranulocytic asthma.[113] Global
2025 Occupational health classification Occupational asthma is subdivided into irritant-induced asthma and sensitizer-induced occupational asthma, reflecting different pathogenic mechanisms and inflammatory profiles.[108][113] Global
2025 Clinical concept Asthma-COPD overlap (ACO) is recognized as a clinical condition combining features of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, though a consistent definition remains lacking.[108] Global
2025 Clinical guideline concept Asthma exacerbations (asthma attacks) are defined as episodes of worsening symptoms and reduced lung function measured by peak expiratory flow (PEF) or forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1).[109] Global

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Manniche L (1999). Sacred luxuries: fragrance, aromatherapy, and cosmetics in ancient Egypt. Cornell University Press. pp. 49. ISBN 978-0-8014-3720-5.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named M38
  3. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Andrew2010
  4. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Ferrario_2021
  5. ↑ C14 Chinese medication chart; Asthma etc. Wellcome L0039608
  6. ↑ Floyer, John Sir (1698). A treatise of the asthma. London: Richard Wilkin.
  7. ↑ "Lung Function Testing: The Basics of Spirometry (Part 1 of 2)". spirometry.com. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  8. ↑ McCullough D (1981). Mornings on Horseback: The Story of an Extraordinary Family, a Vanished Way of Life and the Unique Child Who Became Theodore Roosevelt. Simon and Schuster. pp. 93–108. ISBN 978-0-7432-1830-6.
  9. ↑ "Wellcome Collection item". Wellcome Collection. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  10. ↑ Gaskoin G (March 1872). "On the Treatment of Asthma". British Medical Journal. 1 (587): 339. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.587.339. PMC 2297349. PMID 20746575.
  11. ↑ Thorowgood JC (November 1873). "On Bronchial Asthma". British Medical Journal. 2 (673): 600. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.673.600. PMC 2294647. PMID 20747287.
  12. ↑ Berkart JB (June 1880). "The Treatment of Asthma". British Medical Journal. 1 (1016): 917–8. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1016.917. PMC 2240555. PMID 20749537.
  13. ↑ Bosworth FH (1886). "Hay Fever, Asthma, and Allied Affections". Transactions of the Annual Meeting of the American Climatological Association. 2: 151–70. PMC 2526599. PMID 21407325.
  14. ↑ Sanders MJ (2017). "Guiding Inspiratory Flow: Development of the In-Check DIAL G16". Pulmonary Medicine. 2017 1495867.
  15. ↑ Kapri A, Pant S, Gupta N, Paliwal S, Nain S (November 2022). "Asthma History, Current Situation, and Management". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, India Section B. 93 (3): 539–551.
  16. ↑ de Weck, Alain L. (18 November 2011). "History of the World Allergy Organization: The First 50 Years of IAA/IAACI/WAO". World Allergy Organization Journal. 4 (11): 193–230. doi:10.1097/WOX.0b013e31823a635a. PMC 3488901. PMID 23268439.
  17. ↑ Doig RL (February 1905). "Epinephrin; Especially in Asthma". California State Journal of Medicine. 3 (2): 54–5. PMC 1650334. PMID 18733372.
  18. ↑ Huber, Benedikt (October 2006). "100 years of allergy: Clemens von Pirquet - his idea of allergy and its immanent concept of disease". Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift. 118 (19–20): 573–579. doi:10.1007/s00508-006-0701-3. PMID 17136331.
  19. ↑ Grimault's Indian Cigarettes advertisement, 1907
  20. ↑ "A timeline of histamine and its receptors". Nature Medicine. 16: 1064. October 2010. doi:10.1038/nm1010-1064.
  21. ↑ "Article on ScienceDirect". ScienceDirect. Elsevier. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  22. ↑ Cowl CT (March 7, 2024). "Use of "Race Neutral" Equations in Occupational Spirometry". p. 15. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
  23. ↑ Kouri A, Dandurand RJ, Usmani OS, Chow CW (December 2021). "Exploring the 175-year history of spirometry and the vital lessons it can teach us today". European Respiratory Review. 30 (162): 210081. doi:10.1183/16000617.0081-2021. PMC 9488829. PMID 34615699.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Opolski M, Wilson I (September 2005). "Asthma and depression: a pragmatic review of the literature and recommendations for future research". Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health. 1: 18. doi:10.1186/1745-0179-1-18. PMC 1253523. PMID 16185365.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  25. ↑ "Past, present and future—b2-adrenoceptor agonists in asthma management". Respiratory Medicine.
  26. ↑ McCombs RP (July 1952). "Serial courses of corticotrophin or cortisone in chronic bronchial asthma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 247 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1056/nejm195207032470101. PMID 14941270.
  27. ↑ von Mutius E, Drazen JM (March 2012). "A patient with asthma seeks medical advice in 1828, 1928, and 2012". The New England Journal of Medicine. 366 (9): 827–834. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1102783. PMID 22375974.
  28. ↑ Ramsahai JM, Wark PA (July 2018). "Appropriate use of oral corticosteroids for severe asthma". The Medical Journal of Australia. 209 (S2): S18 – S21. doi:10.5694/mja18.00134. PMID 30453868.
  29. ↑ Crompton G (December 2006). "A brief history of inhaled asthma therapy over the last fifty years". Primary Care Respiratory Journal. 15 (6): 326–331. doi:10.1016/j.pcrj.2006.09.002. PMC 6730840. PMID 17092772.
  30. ↑ Anandan C, Nurmatov U, van Schayck OC, Sheikh A (February 2010). "Is the prevalence of asthma declining? Systematic review of epidemiological studies". Allergy. 65 (2): 152–67. Bibcode:2010Aller..65..152A. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2009.02244.x. PMID 19912154. S2CID 19525219.
  31. ↑ Tattersfield AE (2006). "Current issues with beta2-adrenoceptor agonists: historical background". Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology. 31 (2–3): 107–118. doi:10.1385/CRIAI:31:2:107. PMID 17085787.
  32. ↑ Lands AM, Arnold A, McAuliff JP, Luduena FP, Brown TG (May 1967). "Differentiation of receptor systems activated by sympathomimetic amines". Nature. 214 (5088): 597–598. doi:10.1038/214597a0. PMID 6036174.
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Jackson R, Sears MR, Beaglehole R, Rea HH (November 1988). "International trends in asthma mortality: 1970 to 1985". Chest. 94 (5): 914–8. doi:10.1378/chest.94.5.914. PMID 3180894.
  34. ↑ "Salmeterol". Taylor & Francis Knowledge. Retrieved 17 March 2026.
  35. ↑ Bousquet J, Bousquet PJ, Godard P, Daures JP (July 2005). "The public health implications of asthma". Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 83 (7): 548–54. PMC 2626301. PMID 16175830.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Barrett ML, Wier LM, Washington R (January 2014). "Trends in Pediatric and Adult Hospital Stays for Asthma, 2000–2010". HCUP Statistical Brief (169). Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. PMID 24624462.
  37. ↑ Maddox L, Schwartz DA (2002). "The pathophysiology of asthma". Annual Review of Medicine. 53: 477–98. doi:10.1146/annurev.med.53.082901.103921. PMID 11818486.
  38. ↑ Beckett PA, Howarth PH (February 2003). "Pharmacotherapy and airway remodelling in asthma?". Thorax. 58 (2): 163–74. doi:10.1136/thorax.58.2.163. PMC 1746582. PMID 12554904.
  39. ↑ The global burden of disease: 2004 update. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2008. p. 35. ISBN 978-92-4-156371-0.
  40. ↑ Masoli M (2004). Global Burden of Asthma (PDF). p. 9.
  41. ↑ Gold DR, Wright R (April 2005). "Population Disparities in Asthma". Annual Review of Public Health. 26 (1): 89–113. doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144528. PMID 15760282.
  42. ↑ Hargreave FE, Parameswaran K (August 2006). "Asthma, COPD and bronchitis are just components of airway disease". The European Respiratory Journal. 28 (2): 264–7. doi:10.1183/09031936.06.00056106. PMID 16880365.
  43. ↑ Anderson HR, Gupta R, Strachan DP, Limb ES (January 2007). "50 years of asthma: UK trends from 1955 to 2004". Thorax. 62 (1): 85–90. doi:10.1136/thx.2006.066407. PMC 2111282. PMID 17189533.
  44. ↑ Pinnock H, Shah R (April 2007). "Asthma". BMJ. 334 (7598): 847–50. doi:10.1136/bmj.39140.634896.BE. PMC 1853223. PMID 17446617.
  45. ↑ World Health Organization. "WHO: Asthma". Retrieved December 29, 2007.
  46. ↑ NHLBI Guideline 2007, p. 1
  47. ↑ NHLBI Guideline 2007, p. 59
  48. ↑ NHLBI Guideline 2007, p. 58
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 Expert Panel (2007). Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma. National Asthma Education and Prevention Program (Report). National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Report 3 (EPR-3).
  50. ↑ NHLBI Guideline 2007, p. 46
  51. ↑ Diaz PK (2009). "23. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". Applied therapeutics: the clinical use of drugs (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
  52. ↑ Fanta CH (March 2009). "Asthma". The New England Journal of Medicine. 360 (10): 1002–14. doi:10.1056/NEJMra0804579. PMID 19264689.
  53. ↑ Sergel MJ, Cydulka RK (September 2009). "Ch. 75: Asthma". In Wolfson AB, Harwood-Nuss A (eds.). Harwood-Nuss' Clinical Practice of Emergency Medicine (5th ed.). Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 432–. ISBN 978-0-7817-8943-1.
  54. ↑ Welsh EJ, Bara A, Barley E, Cates CJ (January 2010). Welsh EJ (ed.). "Caffeine for asthma" (PDF). The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010 (1) CD001112. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD001112.pub2. PMC 7053252. PMID 20091514.
  55. ↑ Weiss AJ, Wier LM, Stocks C, Blanchard J (June 2014). "Overview of Emergency Department Visits in the United States, 2011". HCUP Statistical Brief (174). PMID 25144109.
  56. ↑ "The Global Asthma Report 2014". Archived from the original on April 27, 2016. Retrieved May 10, 2016.
  57. ↑ Elward G, Douglas KS (2010). Asthma. London: Manson Pub. pp. 27–29. ISBN 978-1-84076-513-7.
  58. ↑ Lemanske RF, Busse WW (February 2010). "Asthma: clinical expression and molecular mechanisms". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 125 (2 Suppl 2): S95-102. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.10.047. PMC 2853245. PMID 20176271.
  59. ↑ Gibson PG, McDonald VM, Marks GB (September 2010). "Asthma in older adults". Lancet. 376 (9743): 803–13. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61087-2. PMID 20816547. S2CID 12275555.
  60. ↑ Van Bever HP, Han E, Shek L, Yi Chng S, Goh D (November 2010). "An approach to preschool wheezing: to label as asthma?". The World Allergy Organization Journal. 3 (11): 253–257. doi:10.1097/WOX.0b013e3181fc7fa1. PMC 3651058. PMID 23282943.
  61. ↑ Pogson Z, McKeever T (March 2011). "Dietary sodium manipulation and asthma". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011 (3) CD000436. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD000436.pub3. PMC 7032646. PMID 21412865.
  62. ↑ Martin MA, Press VG, Nyenhuis SM, Krishnan JA, Erwin K, Mosnaim G, Margellos-Anast H, Paik SM, Ignoffo S, McDermott M (December 2016). "Care transition interventions for children with asthma in the emergency department". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 138 (6): 1518–1525. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.012. PMC 5327498. PMID 27931533.
  63. ↑ Rantala A, Jaakkola JJ, Jaakkola MS (2011). "Respiratory infections precede adult-onset asthma". PLOS ONE. 6 (12) e27912. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0027912. PMC 3244385. PMID 22205932.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  64. ↑ "Asthma-related death rate in UK among highest in Europe, charity analysis finds". May 3, 2018.
  65. ↑ Zhou Y, Yang M, Dong BR (June 2012). "Monosodium glutamate avoidance for chronic asthma in adults and children". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (6) CD004357. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD004357.pub4. PMC 8823518. PMID 22696342.
  66. ↑ American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology. "Five things physicians and patients should question" (PDF). Choosing Wisely. ABIM Foundation. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 3, 2012. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
  67. ↑ Scott JP, Peters-Golden M (September 2013). "Antileukotriene agents for the treatment of lung disease". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 188 (5): 538–44. doi:10.1164/rccm.201301-0023PP. PMID 23822826.
  68. ↑ Lichtenstein R (2013). Pediatric emergencies. Philadelphia: Elsevier. p. 1022. ISBN 978-0-323-22733-9. Archived from the original on September 8, 2017.
  69. ↑ "Asthma Fact sheet №307". WHO. November 2013. Archived from the original on June 29, 2011. Retrieved March 3, 2016.
  70. ↑ Milan SJ, Hart A, Wilkinson M (October 2013). "Vitamin C for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (10) CD010391. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010391.pub2. PMC 6513466. PMID 24154977.
  71. ↑ Wilkinson M, Hart A, Milan SJ, Sugumar K (June 2014). "Vitamins C and E for asthma and exercise-induced bronchoconstriction". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (6) CD010749. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010749.pub2. PMC 6513032. PMID 24936673.
  72. ↑ Silva N, Carona C, Crespo C, Canavarro MC (June 2015). "Quality of life in pediatric asthma patients and their parents: a meta-analysis on 20 years of research". Expert Review of Pharmacoeconomics & Outcomes Research. 15 (3): 499–519. doi:10.1586/14737167.2015.1008459. hdl:10316/45410. PMID 25651982.
  73. ↑ de Marco R, Marcon A, Rossi A, Antó JM, Cerveri I, Gislason T, Heinrich J, Janson C, Jarvis D, Kuenzli N, Leynaert B, Probst-Hensch N, Svanes C, Wjst M, Burney P (September 2015). "Asthma, COPD and overlap syndrome: a longitudinal study in young European adults". The European Respiratory Journal. 46 (3): 671–679. doi:10.1183/09031936.00008615. PMID 26113674.
  74. ↑ Macêdo TM, Freitas DA, Chaves GS, Holloway EA, Mendonça KM (April 2016). "Breathing exercises for children with asthma". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (4) CD011017. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011017.pub2. PMC 7104663. PMID 27070225.
  75. ↑ Yeh JJ, Wang YC, Hsu WH, Kao CH (April 2016). "Incident asthma and Mycoplasma pneumoniae: A nationwide cohort study". The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 137 (4): 1017–1023.e6. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2015.09.032. PMID 26586037.
  76. ↑ Mahdavinia M (2020). Health Disparities in Allergic Diseases. Springer Cham. pp. 145–179. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-31222-0.
  77. ↑ Schuers M, Chapron A, Guihard H, Bouchez T, Darmon D (April 2019). "Impact of non-drug therapies on asthma control: A systematic review of the literature". The European Journal of General Practice. 25 (2): 65–76. doi:10.1080/13814788.2019.1574742. PMC 6493294. PMID 30849253.
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 "Asthma–Level 3 cause" (PDF). The Lancet. 396: S108 – S109. October 2020.
  79. ↑ "Asthma attacks triple when children return to school in September". July 3, 2019.
  80. ↑ Han Y, Jia Q, Jahani PS, Hurrell BP, Pan C, Huang P, Gukasyan J, Woodward NC, Eskin E, Gilliland FD, Akbari O, Hartiala JA, Allayee H (April 2020). "Genome-wide analysis highlights contribution of immune system pathways to the genetic architecture of asthma". meta-analysis. Nature Communications. 11 (1) 1776. Bibcode:2020NatCo..11.1776H. doi:10.1038/s41467-020-15649-3. PMC 7160128. PMID 32296059.
  81. ↑ Drazen GM, Bel EH (2020). "81. Asthma". In Goldman L, Schafer AI (eds.). Goldman-Cecil Medicine. Vol. 1 (26th ed.). Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 527–535. ISBN 978-0-323-55087-1.
  82. ↑ National Asthma Education and Prevention Program Coordinating Committee (December 3, 2020). "Asthma management guidelines: Focused updates 2020". National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.
  83. ↑ Conrad, Laura A.; Cabana, Michael D.; Rastogi, Deepa (2021). "Defining pediatric asthma: phenotypes to endotypes and beyond". Pediatric Research. 90 (1): 45–51. doi:10.1038/s41390-020-01231-6. ISSN 0031-3998. PMC 8107196. PMID 33173175.
  84. ↑ Valette K, Li Z, Bon-Baret V, Chignon A, Bérubé JC, Eslami A, Lamothe J, Gaudreault N, Joubert P, Obeidat M, van den Berge M, Timens W, Sin DD, Nickle DC, Hao K, Labbé C, Godbout K, Côté A, Laviolette M, Boulet LP, Mathieu P, Thériault S, Bossé Y (June 2021). "Prioritization of candidate causal genes for asthma in susceptibility loci derived from UK Biobank". primary. Communications Biology. 4 (1) 700. doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02227-6. PMC 8187656. PMID 34103634.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Perez MF, Coutinho MT (September 2021). "An Overview of Health Disparities in Asthma". The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 94 (3): 497–507. PMC 8461584. PMID 34602887.
  86. ↑ Sordillo JE, Lutz SM, Jorgenson E, Iribarren C, McGeachie M, Dahlin A, Tantisira K, Kelly R, Lasky-Su J, Sakornsakolpat P, Moll M, Cho MH, Wu AC (November 2021). "A polygenic risk score for asthma in a large racially diverse population". primary. Clinical and Experimental Allergy : Journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 51 (11): 1410–1420. doi:10.1111/cea.14007. PMC 8551047. PMID 34459047.
  87. ↑ 87.0 87.1 Yang, Connie L.; Hicks, Elizabeth Anne; Mitchell, Patrick; Reisman, Joe; Podgers, Delanya; Hayward, Kathleen M.; Waite, Mark; Ramsey, Clare D. (2021-11-02). "Canadian Thoracic Society 2021 Guideline update: Diagnosis and management of asthma in preschoolers, children and adults". Canadian Journal of Respiratory, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine. 5 (6): 348–361. doi:10.1080/24745332.2021.1945887. ISSN 2474-5332. Retrieved 2025-12-25.
  88. ↑ Augustine T, Al-Aghbar MA, Al-Kowari M, Espino-Guarch M, van Panhuys N (2022). "Asthma and the Missing Heritability Problem: Necessity for Multiomics Approaches in Determining Accurate Risk Profiles". review. Frontiers in Immunology. 13 822324. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.822324. PMC 9174795. PMID 35693821.
  89. ↑ Chan A, De Simoni A, Wileman V, Holliday L, Newby CJ, Chisari C, Ali S, Zhu N, Padakanti P, Pinprachanan V, Ting V, Griffiths CJ (June 2022). "Digital interventions to improve adherence to maintenance medication in asthma". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2022 (6) CD013030. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD013030.pub2. PMC 9188849. PMID 35691614.
  90. ↑ Cazzola, Mario; Rogliani, Paola; Ora, Josuel; Calzetta, Luigino; Matera, Maria Gabriella (2022-04-28). "Asthma and comorbidities: recent advances". Polish Archives of Internal Medicine. 132 (4). doi:10.20452/pamw.16250. ISSN 1897-9483. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
  91. ↑ Hernandez-Pacheco N, Melén E (December 2022). "Unraveling the genetic architecture of asthma". editorial. Annals of Translational Medicine. 10 (23): 1257. doi:10.21037/atm-22-5375. PMC 9816849. PMID 36618807.
  92. ↑ Hahn DL (2022). "Does the asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease overlap syndrome (ACOS) exist? A narrative review from epidemiology and practice". Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 50 (6): 100–106. doi:10.15586/aei.v50i6.678. PMID 36335452.
  93. ↑ Burns, Graham P.; Bourke, Stephen J.; Macfarlane, James G. (2022). "Asthma". Respiratory medicine: lecture notes (10 ed.). Hoboken, NJ Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 127–144. ISBN 978-1-119-77420-4.
  94. ↑ Namjou B, Lape M, Malolepsza E, DeVore SB, Weirauch MT, Dikilitas O, Jarvik GP, Kiryluk K, Kullo IJ, Liu C, Luo Y, Satterfield BA, Smoller JW, Walunas TL, Connolly J, Sleiman P, Mersha TB, Mentch FD, Hakonarson H, Prows CA, Biagini JM, Khurana Hershey GK, Martin LJ, Kottyan L (November 2022). "Multiancestral polygenic risk score for pediatric asthma". primary. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 150 (5): 1086–1096. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2022.03.035. PMC 9643615. PMID 35595084.
  95. ↑ Williamson A, Martineau AR, Sheikh A, Jolliffe D, Griffiths CJ (February 2023). "Vitamin D for the management of asthma". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2023 (2) CD011511. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD011511.pub3. PMC 9899558. PMID 36744416.
  96. ↑ Rogliani, Paola; Laitano, Rossella; Ora, Josuel; Beasley, Richard; Calzetta, Luigino (2023-03-31). "Strength of association between comorbidities and asthma: a meta-analysis". European Respiratory Review. 32 (167): 220202. doi:10.1183/16000617.0202-2022. ISSN 0905-9180. PMC 10032614. PMID 36889783. Retrieved 2026-01-31.
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 Porsbjerg C, Melén E, Lehtimäki L, Shaw D (March 2023). "Asthma". Lancet. 401 (10379): 858–873. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02125-0. PMID 36682372.
  98. ↑ Mohan A, Lugogo NL, Hanania NA, Reddel HK, Akuthota P, O'Byrne PM, Guilbert T, Papi A, Price D, Jenkins CR, Kraft M, Bacharier LB, Boulet LP, Yawn BP, Pleasants R, Lazarus SC, Beasley R, Gauvreau G, Israel E, Schneider-Futschik EK, Yorgancioglu A, Martinez F, Moore W, Sumino K (June 2023). "Questions in Mild Asthma: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement". American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 207 (11): e77 – e96. doi:10.1164/rccm.202304-0642ST. PMC 10263130. PMID 37260227.
  99. ↑ Stikker BS, Hendriks RW, Stadhouders R (April 2023). "Decoding the genetic and epigenetic basis of asthma". review. Allergy. 78 (4): 940–956. doi:10.1111/all.15666. PMID 36727912.
  100. ↑ Visca D, Ardesi F, Centis R, Pignatti P, Spanevello A (November 2023). "Brittle Asthma: Still on Board?". Biomedicines. 11 (11): 3086. doi:10.3390/biomedicines11113086. PMC 10669403. PMID 38002086.
  101. ↑ Moll M, Sordillo JE, Ghosh AJ, Hayden LP, McDermott G, McGeachie MJ, Dahlin A, Tiwari A, Manmadkar MG, Abston ED, Pavuluri C, Saferali A, Begum S, Ziniti JP, Gulsvik A, Bakke PS, Aschard H, Iribarren C, Hersh CP, Sparks JA, Hobbs BD, Lasky-Su JA, Silverman EK, Weiss ST, Wu AC, Cho MH (December 2023). "Polygenic risk scores identify heterogeneity in asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease". primary. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 152 (6): 1423–1432. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2023.08.002. PMC 10841234. PMID 37595761.
  102. ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 Havlucu, Yavuz; Kızılırmak, Deniz; Yorgancıoğlu, Arzu; Bousquet, Jean (2023). "Asthma: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment". Airway Diseases. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1567–1582. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-22483-6_83-1. ISBN 978-3-031-22482-9. Retrieved 2026-01-04.
  103. ↑ Wolters AA, Kersten ET, Koppelman GH (January 2024). "Genetics of preschool wheeze and its progression to childhood asthma". review. Pediatric Allergy and Immunology. 35 (1) e14067. doi:10.1111/pai.14067. hdl:11370/3205890d-ca41-4693-a86a-b42fd66c7f76. PMID 38284918.
  104. ↑ Herrera-Luis E, Martin-Almeida M, Pino-Yanes M (September 2024). "Asthma-Genomic Advances Toward Risk Prediction". review. Clinics in Chest Medicine. 45 (3): 599–610. doi:10.1016/j.ccm.2024.03.002. PMC 11284279. PMID 39069324.
  105. ↑ Aslam MD, Ageed A (October 2024). "Epigenetics and Asthma: A Systematic Review". review. Cureus. 16 (10) e71052. doi:10.7759/cureus.71052. PMC 11541161. PMID 39512954.
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 106.2 106.3 106.4 British Thoracic Society; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence; Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (November 2024). "Asthma: diagnosis, monitoring and chronic asthma management". NICE guideline NG245. NICE.
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 O'Keefe, Andrew; Connors, Lori; Ling, Ling; Kim, Harold (2025-02-10). "Asthma". Allergy, Asthma & Clinical Immunology. 20 (S3) 81. doi:10.1186/s13223-025-00949-4. ISSN 1710-1492. PMC 11808942. PMID 39930536.
  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 108.3 Fuhlbrigge, Anne L.; Sharma, Sunita (2025). "Unraveling the heterogeneity of asthma: Decoding subtypes of asthma". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 156 (1): 41–50. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2025.03.008. PMID 40118392. Retrieved December 18, 2025.
  109. ↑ 109.00 109.01 109.02 109.03 109.04 109.05 109.06 109.07 109.08 109.09 109.10 109.11 109.12 109.13 109.14 109.15 "Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention" (PDF). Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). 2025.
  110. ↑ Lawson LP, Parameswaran S, Panganiban RA, Constantine GM, Weirauch MT, Kottyan LC (June 2025). "Update on the genetics of allergic diseases". review. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 155 (6): 1738–1752. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2025.03.012. PMC 12145254. PMID 40139464. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmc= value (help)
  111. ↑ Kamil, Rebecca J.; Sidhaye, Venkataramana K.; Ramanathan, Murugappan (2025). "Pathology, Pathogenesis and Pathophysiology of Asthma". Allergy in Otolaryngology Practice. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. p. 209–217. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93455-1_23. ISBN 978-3-031-93454-4. Retrieved 2026-01-24.
  112. ↑ Ige, Kelsey; Joshi, Shyam (2025). "Classification of Asthma". Allergy in Otolaryngology Practice. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 219–226. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93455-1_24. ISBN 978-3-031-93454-4. Retrieved December 18, 2025.
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 113.2 113.3 113.4 113.5 113.6 Khurana, Sandhya; Abbas, Farrukh (2025). "Asthma Phenotypes". Allergy in Otolaryngology Practice. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. pp. 239–252. doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93455-1_26. ISBN 978-3-031-93454-4. Retrieved December 18, 2025.
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 Koppelman, Gerard H; Pino-Yanes, Maria; Melén, Erik; Powell, Pippa; Bracke, Ken R; Celedón, Juan C; Brusselle, Guy G (2025). "Genetic and environmental risk factors for asthma: towards prevention". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 13 (11): 1011–1025. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(25)00256-5. PMID 41038211. Retrieved 2026-01-08. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help)
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 115.2 115.3 Jayasooriya, Shamanthi M; Devereux, Graham; Soriano, Joan B; Singh, Nishtha; Masekela, Refiloe; Mortimer, Kevin; Burney, Peter (2025). "Asthma: epidemiology, risk factors, and opportunities for prevention and treatment". The Lancet Respiratory Medicine. 13 (8): 725–738. doi:10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00383-7. PMID 40684789. Retrieved 2026-01-08. {{cite journal}}: Check |pmid= value (help)
Retrieved from "https://timelines.issarice.com/index.php?title=Timeline_of_asthma&oldid=89722"