Timeline of guerrilla warfare

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This is a timeline of guerrilla warfare.

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6th century BC Doctrine China Chinese general and strategist Sun Tzu, in The Art of War (traditionally dated to this period), becomes one of the earliest proponents of guerrilla tactics. Many of Sun Tzu's strategic ideas would later be adopted by practitioners of guerrilla warfare: communist leaders Mao Zedong and North Vietnam's Ho Chi Minh would implement guerrilla warfare in his style, which would in turn serve as a model for the Cuban foco theory and the anti-Soviet Afghan mujahideen.[1]: 728 [2]: 46 [3]: 204 
426 BC Campaign Greece In one of the few known instances of guerrilla warfare in ancient Greek warfare, the Aetolians use it against Athenian general Demosthenes and his heavy hoplite infantry during the Aetolian campaign.[4]: 7 
217 BC Campaign Italy During the Second Punic War, Roman general Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus, nicknamed Cunctator ("the delayer"), uses elements of guerrilla warfare against Hannibal's army in Italy: he evades pitched battle, tries to wear down the enemy, and ambushes small detachments. The approach would become known as the Fabian strategy, which the Roman Republic would use to great effect against Hannibal. Nearly two thousand years later, George Washington would weigh a similar "Fabian choice" during the American Revolutionary War.[4]: 7 [5]: 99–102 
218-201 BCE Campaign Italy During the Second Punic War, Roman dictator Quintus Fabius Maximus Verrucosus employs guerrilla tactics against Carthaginian forces. Roman forces conduct raids, harassment, and destruction of Carthaginian supply lines.[6] Maximus tactics would be known as the Fabian strategy.
147–139 BC Campaign Portugal; Spain Lusitanian chieftain Viriathus wages war against Rome, his knowledge of guerrilla tactics earning him eight years of victories over Roman armies. He is the first great exponent of the guerrilla warfare that would be a common strategy of the Celtic, Germanic, and African peoples Rome faced throughout its history. He would die by treachery without ever being decisively beaten on the battlefield.[4]: 7 
52 BC Campaign France Arverni chieftain Vercingetorix favors mobile warfare and cutting the enemy's supply lines in his revolt against the Roman Republic during the Gallic Wars.[4]: 7 
AD 9 Campaign Germany Arminius, of the Germanic Cherusci, exploits the terrain and the formations of the Roman imperial army to win the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest.[4]: 7 
AD 17–24 Campaign Algeria; Tunisia Tacfarinas, leader of Numidian rebels, wages a guerrilla war against the Roman Empire, which is forced to ally with neighboring native peoples in order to finally defeat him.[4]: 7 
8th–10th centuries Campaign Anatolia Along the Byzantine Empire's eastern frontier with the Umayyad Caliphate and later the Abbasid Caliphate, Byzantine forces frequently practice guerrilla warfare against invading raiders. Tactics place a heavy emphasis on reconnaissance and intelligence, shadowing the enemy, evacuating threatened population centers, and attacking when the enemy disperses to raid. This experience would be codified in the late tenth century in the military manual De velitatione bellica.[7]
Mid-10th century Doctrine Byzantine Empire A Byzantine military manual, known by the modern Latin translation of its Greek title as De velitatione bellica ("On Skirmishing") and ascribed to the emperor Nikephoros II Phokas, codifies the guerrilla tactics used in the Taurus Mountains, the border region between the empire and the Abbasid Caliphate. Defenders track invaders, limit the damage they can do through careful surveillance and counter-raids, and then attack them in mountain passes when they are laden with pillage and prisoners. Shadowing enemy forces and setting ambushes are the main themes of the text, which is written so that these methods would not be forgotten.[7][8]: 147 
Early 1300s Campaign Scotland Scottish rebels use guerrilla tactics against English forces during the Scottish War of Independence. Tactics involve surprise attacks, use of the Scottish landscape, and small war parties.[9][6]
13th century Campaign Croatia; North Caucasus Guerrilla warfare and stiff resistance help populations in Croatia and in Dzurdzuketia (the medieval Vainakh lands of present-day Chechnya and Ingushetia) prevent the Mongols from establishing a permanent hold over their territory, and eventually drive them off, during the Mongol campaigns that include the Mongol invasion of Europe.[10]: 24 [11]
1418–1427 Campaign Vietnam Vietnamese leader Lê Lợi launches a guerrilla war, the Lam Sơn uprising, against Chinese occupation under the Ming dynasty. Lê Lợi would go on to found the Later Lê dynasty.[12]
1462 Campaign Romania Unable to stop an invading Ottoman army from entering Wallachia, Wallachian prince Vlad III Dracula resorts to guerrilla war, constantly organizing small attacks and ambushes on the Turks, who are eventually driven back.[13]
1443–1468 Campaign Albania Albanian noble George Kastrioti Skanderbeg rallies Albanian forces and drives the Turks from his homeland in 1443. For the next 25 years he keeps the Ottoman Empire from retaking Albania, which, because of its proximity to Italy, could easily have served as a springboard for an Ottoman advance into the rest of Europe.[14]
1499–1504 Campaign Italy Spanish commander Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba, known as the Great Captain, applies the guerrilla warfare he had learned skirmishing against the Moors in the Granada War during the Italian War of 1499–1504, and trains his Italian troops in it. His successors in the Spanish armies, such as Prospero Colonna (nicknamed Cuntatore after Fabius Maximus), Fernando d'Ávalos, and Antonio de Leyva, would make wide use of it in the later Italian Wars. It would become a common fixture of the Spanish tercios, whose hit-and-run attacks, ambushes, and camisados (night attacks) would see wide use during the Eighty Years' War.[15]: 35, 109 [16]: 367–380 
1560s–1570s Campaign Netherlands During the Dutch Revolt, the Geuzen wage a guerrilla war against the Spanish Empire.[17]
1645–1674 Campaign India Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj pioneers Shiva sutra or Ganimi Kava (guerrilla tactics) against the Mughals and other powers, campaigns that lead to the establishment of the Maratha state in 1674. It would grow into the Maratha Empire, the last major Indian empire before the British Raj.[18]: 376 
1655–1660 Campaign Poland During the Deluge, the Swedish invasion of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, Polish forces apply guerrilla tactics against the invaders.[19]
1749–1760 Campaign Canada In Nova Scotia, French missionary Jean-Louis Le Loutre leads the Mi'kmaq and the Acadians in a petite guerre ("little war") behind Anglo-American lines in the lead-up to the last French and Indian War, a conflict known as Father Le Loutre's War. During the French and Indian War itself, French officer Charles Deschamps de Boishébert would lead the Mi'kmaq and Acadians in a guerrilla war while the British expel the Acadians from the region.[20]: 148, 177–206 
1755 (July) Campaign United States Ohio Valley Native American forces using petite guerre tactics defeat the British Braddock Expedition at the Battle of the Monongahela. In the following years, New Hampshire backwoodsman Robert Rogers would win attention in the British military establishment for his success with the tactics of the "little war", and British commanders such as Jeffery Amherst, John Forbes, and Henry Bouquet would conclude that they had to adopt these techniques or be consumed like Braddock. The British army would begin adopting some of them as light infantry.[21]: 21 
1790–1816 Campaign Australia The Hawkesbury and Nepean Wars, the first of the Australian frontier wars, are fought between the New South Wales Corps and the Indigenous Australians of the Hawkesbury and Nepean rivers near Sydney. The local Darug people raid farms in a conflict fought mostly with guerrilla tactics, though several conventional battles also take place, until Governor Lachlan Macquarie dispatches troops of the 46th Regiment of Foot in 1816. The wars would end with the defeat of the local Indigenous clans, who would be dispossessed of their lands.[22][23]
1795–1802 Campaign Australia Indigenous resistance leader Pemulwuy leads raids around Parramatta, west of Sydney. The attacks lead Governor Philip Gidley King to issue an order in 1801 authorizing settlers to shoot Indigenous Australians on sight in the Parramatta, Georges River, and Prospect areas.[23]
1808–1814 Campaign Spain; Portugal During the Peninsular War, Spanish and Portuguese guerrillas tie down large numbers of French Imperial troops, while British and Portuguese forces use Portugal as a secure base for campaigns against the French army. According to historian David Gates, in 1810, when Marshal André Masséna invades Portugal, only about a quarter of the 325,000 Imperial troops in the peninsula can be spared for the offensive, the rest being needed to contain Spanish insurgents and regulars; without this contribution, Gates argues, Wellington could not have maintained himself on the continent for long. A Prussian officer fighting with the French against the Spanish guerrillas would recall: "Wherever we arrived, they disappeared, whenever we left, they arrived — they were everywhere and nowhere, they had no tangible center which could be attacked."[24]: 33–34 [25]
1809 Concept Spain; Portugal British commander Arthur Wellesley, the future Duke of Wellington, adopts the word "guerrilla" into English from Spanish usage, writing for example "I have recommended to set the Guerrillas to work." He uses it both for individual fighters and for bands of them. The Spanish guerrilla is the diminutive of guerra ("war"), hence "little war", and becomes popular during the Peninsular War, when, after the defeat of their regular armies, Spanish and Portuguese people rise against the Napoleonic troops. The diminutive evokes the difference in numbers, scale, and scope between irregular fighters and a professional state army. Although the tactics are far older, the term itself is born here.[26][27]
1809 Commentary United Kingdom English poet William Wordsworth publishes a pamphlet on the Convention of Cintra that shows an early insight into guerrilla methods. He argues that while a great army can easily defeat another army, it is far less able to subdue "a determined people", particularly a numerous one inhabiting "a territory extensive and strong by nature". To occupy such a country, the army must split into many weak detachments, losing much of its advantage in skill and command, so that "the experienced soldier is thus brought down nearer to the plain ground of the inexperienced, man to the level of man".[28][29]: 177–178 
1812–1815 Campaign United States; Canada Although most engagements of the War of 1812 are conventional, the Americans use forms of unconventional warfare against the British Empire, such as raiding, hit-and-run incursions, surprise attacks, and occasional ambushes. At the Battle of Plattsburgh (11 September 1814), General Alexander Macomb has American militia fire on the British from behind trees, rocks, and bushes while retreating or maneuvering through the woods, a contribution credited with helping secure the American victory.[30]: 8–10 [31][32]
1861–1865 Campaign United States During the American Civil War, irregular warfare emerges as a critical, though often uncontrollable, strategy for the Confederacy, reflecting both local resistance and the South's hopes of delaying defeat. Historians disagree on its value: historian Daniel E. Sutherland would describe the Confederacy's guerrilla war as "disastrous" for the Confederate cause.[33][34][35]
1863–1865 Campaign Dominican Republic During the Dominican Restoration War against Spain, Dominican insurgents deprive Spanish soldiers of supplies and weapons by intercepting mule supply trains, capturing arms depots containing rifles, cannons, and ammunition, and burning towns they cannot hold to deny the Spanish supplies and shelter.[36]: 27, 29 
1860s Campaign Italy After Italian unification, many bands composed mainly of peasants emerge in Southern Italy. The best-known brigand, Carmine Crocco, a former soldier in the service of Giuseppe Garibaldi, forms an army of two thousand men renowned for guerrilla tactics, including cutting water supplies, destroying flour mills, cutting telegraph wires, and ambushing stragglers.[37]: 83 
19th century Doctrine Dominican Republic Dominican founding father Matías Ramón Mella writes the Manual de Guerra de Guerrillas, one of the earliest theoretical works on guerrilla warfare. It advises that "our troops should... fight while protected by the terrain... using small, mobile guerrilla units to exhaust the enemy... denying them rest so that they only control the terrain under their feet."[38]
1906 Doctrine Russia In the aftermath of the 1905 Russian Revolution, Russian revolutionary Vladimir Lenin publishes the article "Guerrilla Warfare", discussing armed actions by small groups as a form of revolutionary struggle. The text predates the October Revolution by eleven years, and would later be read alongside the guerrilla writings of Mao Zedong and Che Guevara.[39]
1919–1921 Campaign Ireland During the guerrilla phase of the Irish War of Independence, Irish Republican Army (IRA) director of intelligence Michael Collins develops urban guerrilla tactics in Dublin: small IRA units of three to six fighters quickly attack a target and then disappear into civilian crowds. These methods culminate on Bloody Sunday (21 November 1920), when Collins's men kill more than a dozen men in Dublin, most of them suspected British intelligence agents. According to historian Diarmaid Ferriter, the day changes British attitudes to Ireland.[40][41]
1920 Campaign Morocco Riffian Berber military leader Abd el-Krim unifies the Berber tribes under his control and takes up arms against the Spanish and French occupiers in the Rif War. According to military historian Max Boot, tunnel warfare is used alongside modern guerrilla tactics for the first time, causing considerable damage to both colonial armies in Morocco.[42]: 10–11, 55 
1937 Doctrine China Chinese communist leader Mao Zedong writes On Guerrilla Warfare, shortly after the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War. Mao argues that guerrilla insurgency, a "war of revolutionary nature", forms part of a continuum: at the low end are small raids and ambushes, at the high end a fully integrated political-military strategy combining guerrilla bands with large mobile formations. The Maoist theory of people's war divides such a war into three phases: winning popular support through propaganda and attacks on organs of government, escalating attacks on government forces and institutions, and finally conventional warfare to seize cities and overthrow the government. The work would be widely distributed, and applied most successfully in Vietnam by military leader Võ Nguyên Giáp, whose People's War, People's Army closely follows the three-phase approach.[43][44]
1939–1948 Campaign Mandatory Palestine After the British restrict Jewish immigration to Palestine with the White Paper of 1939, Jewish groups such as Lehi and the Irgun carry out a campaign of terror and sabotage against British rule, aiming both to bring in more Jewish refugees from German-occupied Europe and to turn British opinion at home. Among these attacks is the Irgun's 1946 King David Hotel bombing, which kills 91 people.[45][46]
1940 (March) Campaign Poland Major Henryk Dobrzański "Hubal", leader of one of the first guerrilla units of the Second World War in Europe, destroys a German infantry battalion in a skirmish near the village of Huciska.[47]
1942–1945 Campaign Philippines After the fall of Bataan and Corregidor, the last organized resistance to the Japanese invasion, American colonel Wendell Fertig organizes a large guerrilla force on Mindanao that would harass the Japanese occupation forces until the liberation of the Philippines in 1945. Colonel Russell Volckmann commands guerrillas in the Cordillera of northern Luzon and remains in radio contact with US forces before the invasion of Lingayen Gulf. Filipino guerrillas would become an important force during the liberation of the Philippines.[48][49]: 157 
1942–1945 Campaign Myanmar Office of Strategic Services Detachment 101, commanded by future general William R. Peers, operates behind Japanese lines in Burma. Never larger than a few hundred Americans, it relies on support from Burmese tribal groups, particularly the anti-Japanese Kachin, who are vital to its success. Peers's 1963 account would call the unit "America's most successful guerrilla force".[50][51]
1943 (September) Campaign Soviet Union Soviet partisans begin Operation Concert, a large sabotage campaign against German logistics planned and coordinated by the Stavka with regular Red Army operations, including the insertion of officers and delivery of equipment. A similar massive sabotage of German logistics would precede Operation Bagration in the summer of 1944.[52]
1953 Doctrine Indonesia Indonesian general Abdul Haris Nasution publishes Fundamentals of Guerrilla Warfare, the fullest expression of the Indonesian army's founding doctrines. The work mixes strategic directives from 1947–1948, issued during the Indonesian National Revolution, with Nasution's own theories of guerrilla warfare and reflections on the period after the Japanese occupation. It shares principles with Michael Collins, T. E. Lawrence, and Mao, and refers to some guerrilla activities as "Wingate" actions, after British general Orde Wingate. Unusually, Nasution has led both a guerrilla and a counter-guerrilla war; according to analyst Emmet McElhatton, this dual perspective leaves the work free of much of the ideological hyperbole of comparable revolutionary texts.[53][54]
1954–1962 Campaign Algeria The Algerian War begins with a handful of primitively armed Algerian guerrillas, who would fight the French for over eight years. Historian Alistair Horne would treat the war as a prototype for modern insurgency and counterinsurgency, terrorism, torture, and asymmetric warfare. Its influence would travel far: members of South Africa's African National Congress would study it, and Palestinian fighters would seek to emulate it.[55][56][57]
1960 Doctrine Cuba Argentine-born Marxist revolutionary Che Guevara publishes Guerrilla Warfare, drawing on his experience in the Cuban Revolution, which had triumphed in 1959. The book characterizes guerrilla warfare as a method "used by the side which is supported by a majority but which possesses a much smaller number of arms for use in defense against oppression", and develops the foco theory: small, fast-moving cadres can provide a focus for popular discontent against a sitting regime and thereby trigger a general insurrection. French writer Régis Debray would later formalize the theory. Although it originally envisaged rural bases, many of its ideas would be adapted by urban guerrilla movements.[58]: 13, 16 
1961–1975 Campaign Laos The Central Intelligence Agency raises a guerrilla army, consisting principally of Hmong hill tribesmen under General Vang Pao, to oppose North Vietnamese forces in the Kingdom of Laos. Known as L'Armée Clandestine, it is the only guerrilla army ever to enjoy air supremacy. It would fight Vietnamese regulars until 1975, when reduced numbers and dwindling American support lead to its defeat.[59]
1966 Counterinsurgency Malaysia; Vietnam British counterinsurgency expert Robert Thompson, a veteran of the Malayan Emergency, publishes Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam. The widely distributed and influential book sets out counterinsurgency guidelines premised on a government minimally committed to the rule of law and better governance, in contrast to regimes whose counterinsurgency campaigns rely on mass killing, starvation, torture, and terror.[60]
Late 1960s Campaign India The Naxalite–Maoist insurgency begins in West Bengal, launching a Maoist "people's war" that starts among radical students in Calcutta. The movement would later shift its bases to rural India while keeping a presence in leading universities, and Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh would call it the biggest threat to India's security.[61]
1971 Campaign Bangladesh The Mukti Bahini, formed mostly by Bengali regulars and civilians after the proclamation of Bangladeshi independence on 26 March 1971, fights the Pakistan Army during the Bangladesh Liberation War, often operating as an effective guerrilla force that keeps its enemy on the run. A 1999 article in Pakistan's Defence Journal would compare it to the French Maquis, the Viet Cong, and the guerrillas of Josip Broz Tito.[62]
1977 (June) Law Switzerland The First Additional Protocol to the Geneva Conventions is adopted. Article 44 recognizes as lawful combatants fighters who, because of the nature of the conflict, cannot distinguish themselves from civilians by wearing uniforms, provided they carry their arms openly during each military engagement and while visible to the adversary during deployment before an attack. This gives non-uniformed guerrillas combatant status against states that ratify the protocol. At the same time, Article 37 classifies the feigning of civilian, non-combatant status as perfidy, which remains prohibited.[63]
1979 (August 27) Campaign Northern Ireland The Provisional Irish Republican Army kills 18 British soldiers in the Warrenpoint ambush during The Troubles. While both loyalist and republican paramilitaries carry out atrocities against civilians during the conflict, attacks such as Warrenpoint can be seen as well-planned guerrilla ambushes.[64]
2003–2011 Campaign Iraq The Iraqi insurgency uses guerrilla tactics against the US-led Multi-National Force – Iraq, including bombing and ambushing convoys, hit-and-run raids on bases, and public executions of civilians allied with the coalition. Over the war, 4,418 US troops die and 31,994 are wounded in action. According to a 2012 Naval Postgraduate School thesis, 37% of hostile US Army casualties in Iraq are among combat service support or non-combat specialties, showing how far the guerrilla war reaches beyond front-line units.[65][66]
2006 Counterinsurgency Global Australian counterinsurgency theorist David Kilcullen publishes "Counterinsurgency Redux", arguing that many contemporary insurgencies do not follow the Maoist template. Some jihadist attacks may be driven by a generalized desire to restore a reputed golden age, and some ethnic violence by revenge for perceived slights, rather than by a plan to escalate toward conventional war.[67]
2006 (September) Campaign Iraq The Washington Post reports that a US Marine Corps intelligence assessment describes the situation in Al Anbar Governorate as dire, with Sunni insurgents having established de facto control over much of the province despite a series of coalition campaigns.[68]
2024 Campaign Myanmar During the Myanmar civil war, resistance groups such as the National Unity Government and the Karen National Union run their own systems of education, law enforcement, and civil service in areas under their control. This is a present-day instance of guerrillas building parallel institutions to legitimize themselves as a government in waiting.[69][70][71]

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References

  1. ↑ Leonard, Thomas M. (2006). Encyclopedia of the Developing World. New York City: Routledge.
  2. ↑ Snyder, Craig A. (1999). Contemporary Security and Strategy. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
  3. ↑ McNeilly, Mark (2003). Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare (Expanded ed.). New York City: Oxford University Press.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Laqueur, Walter (1977). Guerrilla: A Historical and Critical Study. Weidenfeld and Nicolson. ISBN 9780297771845.
  5. ↑ Ellis, Joseph J. (2005). His Excellency: George Washington. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 9781400032532.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "The Art of War: Guerrilla Warfare". youtube.com. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 McMahon, Lucas (2016). "De Velitatione Bellica and Byzantine Guerrilla Warfare" (PDF). The Annual of Medieval Studies at CEU. 22: 22–33. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 August 2021.
  8. ↑ Dennis, George T. (1985). Three Byzantine Military Treatises. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.
  9. ↑ "The Art of War: Guerrilla Warfare". youtube.com. Retrieved 18 October 2023.
  10. ↑ Anchabadze, George (2009). The Vainakhs: The Chechen and Ingush. Tbilisi: Caucasian House.
  11. ↑ Klaić, Vjekoslav (1982). Povijest Hrvata: Knjiga Prva, Druga, Treća, Četvrta i Peta [History of the Croats: Volumes One to Five] (in hrvatski). Zagreb: Matica hrvatska.
  12. ↑ "Le Loi and the Le Dynasty". University of Richmond. Archived from the original on 21 February 2015.
  13. ↑ Miller, Elizabeth. "Vlad The Impaler: Brief History". Archived from the original on 15 February 2015.
  14. ↑ "Scanderbeg". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 287.
  15. ↑ Purcell, Mary (1962). The Great Captain: Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba. Doubleday.
  16. ↑ Baquer, M. A. (2006). "La escuela Hispano-Italiana de Estrategia". Guerra y sociedad en la monarquía hispánica (in español). Vol. 1. ISBN 84-8483-235-X.
  17. ↑ "Geuzen". Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 5 June 2008.
  18. ↑ Duff, James Grant (2014). The History of the Mahrattas. Pickle Partners Publishing. ISBN 9781782892335.
  19. ↑ "Introduction and the events of the Swedish Deluge: 1655–1660". InfoPoland, University at Buffalo. Archived from the original on 9 December 2008.
  20. ↑ Grenier, John (2008). The Far Reaches of Empire: War in Nova Scotia, 1710–1760. University of Oklahoma Press.
  21. ↑ Horn, Bernd (2006). The Canadian Way of War: Serving the National Interest. Dundurn Press.
  22. ↑ Lewis, Wendy; Balderstone, Simon; Bowan, John (2006). Events That Shaped Australia. New Holland. ISBN 978-1-74110-492-9.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Kohen, J. L. (2005). "Pemulwuy (c. 1750–1802)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Archived from the original on 8 April 2011.
  24. ↑ Gates, David (2002). The Spanish Ulcer: A History of the Peninsular War. Pimlico. ISBN 0-7126-9730-6.
  25. ↑ Talbott, John (1978). "Guerrilla Warfare (review of Guerrilla: A Historical and Critical Study, by Walter Laqueur)". Virginia Quarterly Review. 54 (2). Archived from the original on 18 February 2009.
  26. ↑ "guerrilla". Oxford English Dictionary.
  27. ↑ "guerrilla". Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved 20 October 2026.
  28. ↑ Duggett, Tom (April 2007). "Wordsworth's Gothic Politics and "The Convention of Cintra"". The Review of English Studies. 58 (234): 186–211. doi:10.1093/res/hgl145.
  29. ↑ Wordsworth, William (1988). Selected Prose. Penguin Classics.
  30. ↑ Cohen, Raphael S. (2015). "The Militia Era (1775–1830)". Demystifying the Citizen Soldier. RAND Corporation. ISBN 978-0-8330-9163-5.
  31. ↑ Lobdell, Jared (2013). "Review: "The Battles at Plattsburgh: September 11, 1814" by Keith A. Herkalo". New York History. 94 (3–4): 339–341.
  32. ↑ "Battle of Plattsburgh". Encyclopædia Britannica.
  33. ↑ Neely, Mark E. (2016). "Guerrilla Warfare, Slavery, and the Hopes of the Confederacy". Journal of the Civil War Era. 6 (3): 376–412.
  34. ↑ Sutherland, Daniel E. (2002). "Guerrilla Warfare, Democracy, and the Fate of the Confederacy". The Journal of Southern History. 68 (2): 259–292. doi:10.2307/3069933.
  35. ↑ Sutherland, Daniel E. (12 May 2015). "The Confederacy's disastrous guerrilla war". The Conversation.
  36. ↑ "Victory, Stalemate and Defeat During the Spanish Caribbean Insurgencies of 1868–1878" (PDF). Defense Technical Information Center.
  37. ↑ Ellis, John (1965). A Short History of Guerrilla Warfare. Ian Allan.
  38. ↑ Kruijt, Dirk; Tristán, Eduardo Rey; Álvarez, Alberto Martín (2019). Latin American Guerrilla Movements: Origins, Evolution, Outcomes. Routledge. ISBN 9780429534270.
  39. ↑ Lenin, V. I. (1906). "Guerrilla Warfare". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 11 May 2023.
  40. ↑ Ferriter, Diarmaid (2020). "Diarmaid Ferriter: Bloody Sunday 1920 changed British attitudes to Ireland". The Irish Times.
  41. ↑ "Bloody Sunday 1920: New Evidence". History Ireland. 2003.
  42. ↑ Boot, Max (2013). Invisible Armies: An Epic History of Guerrilla Warfare from Ancient Times to the Present. Liveright. ISBN 978-0-87140-424-4.
  43. ↑ Mao, Zedong (1937). "On Guerrilla Warfare". Marxists Internet Archive. Archived from the original on 16 July 2018.
  44. ↑ Mao, Zedong (1989). On Guerrilla Warfare. Washington: U.S. Marine Corps.
  45. ↑ Zvada, Ľubomír; Lach, Jiří (13 September 2022). "Bloody years of the Jewish Insurgency in British Mandatory Palestine 1939–1948: From the White Paper to the State of Israel". Vojenské rozhledy. 31 (3): 121–136. doi:10.3849/2336-2995.31.2022.03.121-136.
  46. ↑ Shpiro, Shlomo (September 2013). "The Intellectual Foundations of Jewish National Terrorism: Avraham Stern and the Lehi". Terrorism and Political Violence. 25 (4): 606–620. doi:10.1080/09546553.2013.814502.
  47. ↑ Szymański, Marek (1999). Oddział majora Hubala (in polski). Warszawa. ISBN 83-912237-0-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  48. ↑ Keats, John (1965). They Fought Alone. Pocket Books.
  49. ↑ Volckmann, Russell W. (1954). We Remained: Three Years Behind the Enemy Lines in the Philippines. W. W. Norton & Company.
  50. ↑ Peers, William R.; Brelis, Dean (1963). Behind the Burma Road: The Story of America's Most Successful Guerrilla Force. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
  51. ↑ Sacquety, Troy J., ed. (2001). "Behind Japanese Lines in Burma: The Stuff of Intelligence Legend". Studies in Intelligence. Central Intelligence Agency: 49–60. Archived from the original on 27 September 2012.
  52. ↑ "19 сентября в военной истории России" [19 September in the military history of Russia]. Ministry of Defence of the Russian Federation (in русский). Archived from the original on 11 October 2008.
  53. ↑ Nasution, Abdul Haris (1953). "Fundamentals of Guerrilla Warfare". Internet Archive.
  54. ↑ McElhatton, Emmet. "Guerrilla Warfare and the Indonesian Strategic Psyche" (PDF). Small Wars Journal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2008.
  55. ↑ Horne, Alistair. A Savage War of Peace: Algeria 1954–1962.
  56. ↑ Drew, Allison (2015). "Visions of liberation: the Algerian war of independence and its South African reverberations". Review of African Political Economy. 42 (143): 22–43. doi:10.1080/03056244.2014.1000288.
  57. ↑ Chamberlin, Paul Thomas (2015). The Global Offensive: The United States, the Palestine Liberation Organization, and the Making of the Post-Cold War Order. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-021782-2.
  58. ↑ Guevara, Ernesto Che (2006). Guerrilla Warfare.
  59. ↑ Conboy, Kenneth; Morrison, James (1995). Shadow War: The CIA's Secret War in Laos. Paladin Press. ISBN 0-87364-825-0.
  60. ↑ Thompson, Robert (1966). Defeating Communist Insurgency: The Lessons of Malaya and Vietnam. Chatto & Windus. ISBN 0-7011-1133-X.
  61. ↑ Kaura, Vinay (3 May 2019). "India's Unsolved Maoist Terrorism Problem". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 16 May 2021.
  62. ↑ Iqbal, Mumtaz (April 1999). "Why The Movement For Bangladesh Succeeded: A Military Appreciation". Defence Journal. Archived from the original on 19 March 2009.
  63. ↑ "Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I), 8 June 1977". International Committee of the Red Cross.
  64. ↑ "On This Day: 27 August 1979: Soldiers die in Warrenpoint massacre". BBC News. 27 August 1979. Archived from the original on 7 March 2008.
  65. ↑ "Casualty Status as of April 9, 2024" (PDF). United States Department of Defense.
  66. ↑ Ozcan, Sezgin (June 2012). "Casualty Profile of the United States Army in Afghanistan and Iraq" (PDF) (MA thesis). Naval Postgraduate School. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 October 2019.
  67. ↑ Kilcullen, David (2006). "Counterinsurgency Redux" (PDF). Small Wars Journal. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 September 2019.
  68. ↑ Ricks, Thomas E. (11 September 2006). "Situation Called Dire in West Iraq". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 9 November 2017.
  69. ↑ Li, Helen (16 September 2024). "Normalizing Abnormalities: Life in Myanmar's Resistance Zone". The Diplomat. Archived from the original on 24 July 2025.
  70. ↑ Aung Thura Ko Ko (27 November 2024). "From war to governance in resistance-liberated areas of Myanmar". Asia Times. Archived from the original on 24 July 2025.
  71. ↑ Duncan, Kiana (26 June 2024). "War, lack of resources complicate judicial plans in Myanmar rebel zones". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 12 April 2026.
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