Timeline of the National Institutes of Health
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This is a timeline of the National Institutes of Health, the primary medical research agency of the United States.
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| Year/period | Type of event | Event | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1730 | Antecedent | A federal role in public health begins when Pennsylvania starts collection of money to support medical treatment of sailors in hospitals.[1] | Pennsylvania |
| 1797 | Antecedent | In July, the first medical journal is published in the United States. The Medical Repository is the precursor of 249 private medical journals that would be printed in principal American cities between 1800 and 1850, informing the public on progress in the health field and giving physicians a chance to tell of their own and of European researches and observations.[1] | |
| 1798 | Antecedent | United States president John Adams signs the first Federal public health law, "An act for the relief of sick and disabled Seamen."[1] | |
| 1887 | Foundation | A one-room laboratory is created as an experiment within the Marine Hospital Service (MHS), which is charged with preventing people with cholera, yellow fever, and other diseases from entering the United States.[2][3] Joseph J. Kinyoun, M.D. becomes its director.[4] | Staten Island, New York City[2] |
| 1891 | Reform | The laboratory is renamed Hygienic Laboratory and moves to Washington, D.C.[5] | Washington, D.C. |
| 1899 (May) | Administration | Milton Joseph Rosenau, M.D. succeeds Joseph J. Kinyoun as director of the Hygienic Laboratory. In office until September 1909.[4] | |
| 1901 | Policy | The United States Congress authorizes a $35,000 budget for the laboratory.[2] | |
| 1901 | Reform | The Marine Hospital Service becomes the Public Health and Marine Hospital Service (in 1912 the Public Health Service becomes a separate agency).[5] | |
| 1902 | Reform | The laboratory formalizes its divisions. The Division of Pathology and Bacteriology is joined by the Divisions of Chemistry, Zoology and Pharmacology. In order to emphazise the importance of basic research, the professional staff is filled out with scientists with doctoral degrees rather than physicians.[2] | |
| 1906 | Scientific development | Hygienic Laboratory workers identify the milk supply as the cause in spreading typhoid fever in Washington D.C.[2] | |
| 1909 (October) | Administration | John F. Anderson, M.D. succeeds Milton J. Rosenau as director of the Hygienic Laboratory. In office until November 1915.[4] | |
| 1915 (November) | Administration | George Walter McCoy, M.D. becomes fourth director of the Hygienic Laboratory. In office until January 1937.[4] | |
| 1918 | Policy | The Chamberlain-Kahn Act, passes on July 9, providing for the study of venereal diseases. The Public Health Service would make grants to 25 institutions, establishing a precedent for the Federal Government to seek assistance of scientists through grants.[6] | |
| 1930 (April) | The Advisory Board for the Hygienic Laboratory becomes the National Advisory Health Council.[6] | ||
| 1930 (May) | Reform | The Randsell Act is enacted and redesignates the Laboratory of Hygiene as the National Institute (singular) of Health, with George W. McCoy retaining office.[4] The United States Congress authorizes the payout of fellowship money for basic research, authorizing $750,000 for construction of two buildings and creating a system of fellowships.[6][2][5][7] | |
| 1931 | Scientific development | Research begins at the NIH, discovering fluoride effective enough to prevent tooth decay. From then on, successful scientific investigations at NIH would lead to the discovery and eradication of a number of diseases, including undulant fever, pellagra and psittacosis. Researchers would often contract the diseases they study.[7] | |
| 1937 | Foundation | The National Institute of Health moves to Bethesda, Maryland. Also, the National Cancer Institute is founded (by 1944 it would become part of the National Institute of Health.[5][2] | Maryland (Bethesda) |
| 1937 (February) | Incorporation | The Rocky Mountain Laboratory becomes part of the National Institute of Health, and is administratively made part of the Division of Infectious Diseases.[6] | |
| 1937 (February) | Administration | Lewis Ryers Thompson, M.D. succeeds George W. McCoy as director of the National Institute of Health. In office until January 1942.[4] | |
| 1942 (February) | Administration | Rolla Dyer, M.D. succeeds Lewis R. Thompson as director of the National Institute of Health. In office until September 1950.[4] | |
| 1946 | Foundation | The Center for Scientific Review (CSR) is established as a center of the NIH.[8] | |
| 1948 | Foundation | The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), the National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research (NIDCR), and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) are established the same year as institutes of the NIH.[8] | |
| 1949 (April) | Foundation | The National Institute of Mental Health is established as an institute of the NIH, with the abolishment of the Division of Mental Hygiene.[6] | |
| 1950 | Foundation | The National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness and the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases are established.[6][8] | |
| 1950 (October) | Administration | William Henry Sebrell, Jr., M.D. succeeds Rolla Eugene Dyer as director of the National Institute of Health. In office until July 1955.[4] | |
| 1953 | Foundation | The NIH Clinical Center (CC) is established as a center of the NIH.[8] | |
| 1955 (August) | Administration | James Augustine Shannon, M.D. succeeds William Sebrell as director of the National Institute of Health. In office until August 1968.[4] | |
| 1956 | Foundation | The National Library of Medicine (NLM) is established as an institute of the NIH.[8] | |
| 1961 (December) | Foundation | The NIH European Office is established in Paris.[6] | France |
| 1962 | Foundation | The Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIGMS) are established as institutes of the NIH.[8] | |
| 1962 (July) | Foundation | The NIH Latin American Office is established in Rio de Janeiro.[6] | Brazil |
| 1963 (January) | Foundation | The NIH Pacific Office is established in Tokyo.[6] | Japan |
| 1963 (January) | Foundation | The National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences are established.[6] | |
| 1964 (January) | Foundation | The Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System (MEDLARS) becomes operational at the National Library of Medicine.[6] | |
| 1964 (April) | Foundation | The Division of Computer Research and Technology (DCRT) is established (actual Center for Information Technology).[6][8] | |
| 1966 | Policy | The National Institute of Health budget surpasses one billion dolars.[2] | |
| 1968 (September) | Administration | Robert Q. Marston, M.D. succeeds James Shannon as director of the National Institute of Health. In office until January 1973.[4] | |
| 1968 (October) | Dr. Marshall Warren Nirenberg, chief of NIH's Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics, is awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, for discovering the key to deciphering the genetic code.[9][6] | Sweden | |
| 1968 | Foundation | The Fogarty International Center (FIC) is established as an institute of the NIH.[8] Starting with a budget of $500,000 the first year, today the center's research, training and capacity-building enterprise extends to over 100 countries and involves some 5,000 scientists in the U.S. and abroad.[10] | |
| 1968 (August) | Foundation | The National Eye Institute (NEI) is established. It is incorporated as one of the Federal government's National Institutes of Health (NIH).[8][11] The same month, legislation changes the National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Blindness (NINDB) name to National Institute of Neurological Diseases (NIND).[6] | |
| 1969 | Foundation | The National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) is established as an institute of the NIH.[8] | |
| 1970 | Foundation | The National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) is established as an institute of the NIH. It conducts research focused on improving the treatment and prevention of alcoholism and alcohol-related problems.[8] | |
| 1972 (May) | The National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases (NIAMD) is renamed the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases (NIAMDD).[6] | ||
| 1972 | Dr. Christian B. Anfinsen, researcher at the National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolism, and Digestive Diseases (NIAMDD), is awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation".[12] | Sweden | |
| 1973 (May) | Administration | Robert S. Stone, M.D. succeeds Robert Marston as director of the National Institute of Health. In office until January 1975.[4] | |
| 1973 (July) | Incorporation | The National Institute of Mental Health rejoins NIH. On September 25, NIMH becomes part of the new Alcoholism, Drug Abuse and Mental Health Administration.[6] | |
| 1974 | Foundation | The National Institute on Aging (NIA) and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) are established as institutes of the NIH. [8] | |
| 1975 (July) | Administration | Donald S. Fredrickson, M.D. succeeds Robert Stone as director of the National Institute of Health. In office until June 1981.[4] | |
| 1976 (June) | The National Heart and Lung Institute is renamed National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI).[6] | ||
| 1981 (June) | The National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolic, and Digestive Diseases is renamed the National Institute of Arthritis, Diabetes, and Digestive and Kidney diseases (NIADDK).[6] | ||
| 1982 (April) | Administration | James B. Wyngaarden, M.D. becomes the 12th director of the National Institute of Health, appointed by President Ronald Reagan. In office until July 1989.[4] | |
| 1986 | Foundation | The National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) and the National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) are established institutes of the NIH.[8] | |
| 1988 (November) | Foundation | The National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD) is established as an institute of the NIH.[8] The same month, the National Institute of Neurological Diseases (NIND) is renamed National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).[6] | |
| 1989 | Foundation | The National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) is established as an institute of the NIH. From its inception, the NHGRI would carry the role of the NIH in the Human Genome Project, having a strong participation. The same year, the NIH-DOE Ethical, Legal and Social Implications (ELSI) working group is created to examine and put forward options for the development of the ELSI component of the Human Genome Project. [8][13] | |
| 1990 | Program launch | The Human Genome Project officially launches.[14] The National Center for Human Genome Research is established in January.[6] | |
| 1990 | Foundation | The Foundation for the National Institutes of Health (FNIH) is established by the United States Congress as a not-for-profit charitable organization, with aims at facilitating research at the NIH and worldwide.[15] | |
| 1991 | Scientific development | Scientists at NIH treate the first cancer patients with human gene therapy.[6] | |
| 1991 (April) | Administration | Bernadine Healy, M.D. becomes the 13th director of the NIH. Shortly after her appointment, Healy would launch the NIH Women's Health Initiative, a $500 million effort to study the causes, prevention, and cures of diseases that affect women. In office until June 1993.[16] | |
| 1992 | The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), and the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) become part of the National Institutes of Health.[6] | ||
| 1993 (November) | Administration | Harold E. Varmus, M.D. succeeds Bernadine Healy as director of the National Institute of Health. In office until December 1999.[4] | |
| 1997 | The Division of Research Grants (DRG) is renamed the Center for Scientific Review and the Division of Computer Research and Technology becomes the Center for Information Technology.[6] | ||
| 1999 | Foundation | The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH) is established as a center of the NIH.[8] Its funding ranges from $50 million in 1999 to $128.8 million in 2010.[17] | |
| 2000 | Foundation | The National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) is established as an institute of the NIH.[8] | |
| 2002 (May) | Administration | Algerian born Elias Zerhouni, M.D., becomes the 15th NIH Director by President George W. Bush in May, leading the nation’s medical research agency until October 2008.[8] | |
| 2003 | Program launch | The NIH Roadmap for Medical Research initiative is launched as a new research vision with aims at accelerating medical discovery, implementing initiatives such as: building blocks, biological pathways and networks, molecular libraries & molecular Imaging, structural biology, bioinformatics and computational biology, and nanomedicine.[18][19] | |
| 2005 | Foundation | The Division of Program Coordination, Planning, and Strategic Initiatives (DPCPSI) is founded as a new office within the Office of the NIH Director with the purpose of transforming the way NIH finds and funds cutting-edge research, improving the ability to identify public health challenges, and increasing trans-NIH dialogue, decision-making and priority-setting.[18] | |
| 2008 | Policy | The NIH Public Access policy is enacted. It would require all NIH-funded researchers to deposit electronic copies of their peer-reviewed manuscripts into the National Library of Medicine’s online archive, PubMed Central (PMC). Full texts of the articles would be made publicly available and searchable online in PMC no later than 12 months after publication in a journal.[20] | |
| 2009 (August) | Administration | Francis Collins, M.D., Ph.D. is appointed the 16th Director of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) by President Barack Obama. Collins had previously led the international Human Genome Project, which culminated in April 2003 with the completion of a finished sequence of the human DNA instruction book.[21] Still in office.[8] | |
| 2010 | NINDS partners with the University of Virginia to establish a neurosurgical residency program set to last seven years. The program is intended to serve as a model for training neurosurgeon clinician-investigators who are capable of performing translational research.[6] | ||
| 2011 | Foundation | The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) is established as a center of the NIH.[8] | |
| 2015 | Program launch | United States President Barack Obama launches his Precision Medicine Initiative (PMI) at NIH, with aims at extending precision medicine to all diseases.[6] | |
| 2015 | Policy | The United States National Institutes of Health issues a statement indicating that it will not fund any research that uses genome editing tools such as CRISPR in human embryos.[22] |
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "A federal role begins". nih.gov. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Encyclopedia of Epidemiology (Sarah Boslaugh ed.). Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ↑ "History". nih.gov. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 "NIH Directors". nih.gov. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 History of Ophthalmology: Sub auspiciis Academiae Ophthalmologicae Internationalis (Daniel M. Albert ed.). Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 "Chronology of Events". nih.gov. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "Origin of the National Institutes of Health". nih.gov. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 "List of NIH Institutes, Centers, and Offices". nih.gov. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ↑ "History of the Fogarty International Center". nih.gov. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ "National Institutes of Health: National Eye Institute - AFB Directory Profile". American Foundation for the Blind. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1972". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ↑ "The Human Genome Project Completion: Frequently Asked Questions". genome.gov. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ "National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)". nih.gov. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ "FNIH". fnih.org. Retrieved 3 April 2017.
- ↑ "Bernadine Healy, M.D.". nih.gov. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ↑ "NCCIH Funding: Appropriations History". nih.gov. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Elias A. Zerhouni, M.D.". nih.gov. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ↑ "NIH Roadmap for Medical Research: Physical Sciences Research". american Institutes of Physics. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ↑ "The US National Institutes of Health Public Access Policy". sparcopen.org. The Scholarly Publishing and Academic Resources Coalition. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
- ↑ "Biographical Sketch of Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.". nih.gov. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
- ↑ "CRISPR". whatisbiotechnology.org. Retrieved 7 June 2017.
