Timeline of web search engines

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The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of web search engines". The original page still exists at Timeline of web search engines. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.

This page provides a full timeline of web search engines, starting from the Archie search engine in 1990. It is complementary to the history of web search engines page that provides more qualitative detail on the history.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

  • What are some significant events preluding the development of web search engines?
    • For research directly related to the development of search engines, sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Early research".
    • For early search engines, look for the group of rows with value "Pre-web search engine launch".
    • You will see some early milestones, such as the launch of Archie and Tim Berners-Lee's Virtual Library.
  • What are some historically significant search engines and when were they launched?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Search engine launch".
    • You will see the launch of search engines, notable for their historical importance like WebCrawler, or by their magnitude, like Google and Yahoo!.
  • What are some notable search engine shutdowns?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Shutdown".
  • What are some numbers illustrating the evolution of search engine?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Statistics".
    • For internet userbase evolution, sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Statistics (internet userbase)".
  • What are some notable search algorithm updates?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Search algorithm update".
    • You will see the launch of major Google updates, such as Google Panda.
  • Other events are described under the following types: "Acquisition", "Business model", "Change in backend providers", "Competition", "Early development", "Notable expansion", "Online advertising", "Opinion poll", "Organization", "Partnership", "Public offering", "Research", "Search evolution", "User experience", "Web directory launch", "Webmaster tools", and "Web search business consolidation".

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
17th-19th centuries Emergence of Library Catalogs Library catalogs are some of the earliest information retrieval systems, allowing users to search for books and other materials within a library. The development of library catalogs marked an important step in the history of information retrieval, as they provided a systematic way to access information and made it easier for users to find what they were looking for.[1]
1950s–1980s Rise of mainframe computer systems During this period, mainframe computer systems become more widely used and provide the first examples of large-scale information retrieval systems. These systems are used to search large databases of bibliographic information, such as scientific articles and patents, and they provide users with the ability to search for information using keywords and Boolean operators.
1990–1999 Early years of web search engines This period sees the development and launch of some of the earliest search engines, including Archie, Wandex, Yahoo!, and AltaVista. These early search engines are mainly directories of websites, organized by human editors, and use simple algorithms to match keywords with website content. The focus is on building a comprehensive index of the web and making it accessible to users. However, it is not until the launch of Yahoo! in 1994 and later Google in 1998, that search engines become widely used and essential tools for navigating the web. As the number of sites on the Web increases in the mid-to-late 90s, more search engines appear to help people find information quickly.[2]
1998–2010 Rise of Google This period is marked by the launch of Google, which quickly becomes the dominant search engine. Google's PageRank algorithm, which ranks pages based on the number and quality of links pointing to them, makes it the most accurate and relevant search engine at the time. During this period, search engines continue to evolve and add new features, such as personalized search results, local search, and image search.
2010–present Era of intelligent search This period is characterized by the rise of machine learning and artificial intelligence in search engines, which become more intelligent and sophisticated, providing users with relevant and personalized results. The introduction of voice search, the growth of mobile devices, and the increasing importance of social media also transform the way people search for information on the web. During this period, search engines also become an important source of revenue for companies, through advertising and marketing. Today, search engines are complex systems that use machine learning algorithms to provide relevant and useful results to users. Some of the most popular search engines in use today include Google, Bing, Yahoo!, and Baidu.

Full timeline

Year Month and date (if available) Event type Details Launch country
1945 Early research American engineer Vannevar Bush introduces the concept of “collection of data and observations, the extraction of parallel material from the existing record, and the final insertion of new material into the general body of the common record.”[3] Bush emphasizes the necessity for an expansive index for all knowledge, stating: "[Information] has been extended far beyond our present ability to make real use of the record. A record, if it is to be useful to science, must be continuously extended, it must be stored...Our ineptitude in getting at the record is largely caused by the artificiality of the systems of indexing. The human mind does not work this way. It operates by association."[4][5][6] United States
1952 Early development The IBM 701 isintroduced by IBM. It is the earliest mainframe computer.[7] Mainframe computers would be used for many years as powerful and reliable data processing systems in various industries, preluding the emergence of web search engines.
1955 Early research H.A. Simon introduces the concept of bounded rationality, which leads to a satisficing strategy that implies that users do not evaluate the information scent of all search results available, but sequentially evaluate the items on the search engine results page only until one is encountered that is "good enough."[8][9] United States
1964 Early research According to W. Goffman, users may have prior knowledge or acquire knowledge about their topic in the course of browsing that affects their behaviour, which can be incorporated into user models, as users have a variety of ways to interact with the engine. They may reformulate to another query.[9][10]
1968 Early research W.S. Cooper proposes his expected search length, a measure defined with an explicit model of user behaviour in mind. This measure would be widely used for the evaluation of retrieval systems, offering the components of a rudimentary user model on which most subsequent measures are based.[9][11]
1971 Early research Rocchio introduces the relevance feedback, which allows the user to gradually refine his query by evaluating the relevance of the particular results. This is a first approach to use human judgment for an increased precision of results.[12][13]
1977 Early research In a study on human–computer interaction, S.E. Robertson publishes a paper on the theory of information retrieval, in which users possess a desire for information, articulate that desire as a keyword query and scan results listed by probable relevance.[14]
1987 Pre-web search engine launch Search engine Archie begins as a project for students and staff at McGill University, with aims to connect the McGill University School of Computer Science to the internet.[15][16][17] Canada
1990 Pre-web search engine launch The Archie search engine, created by Alan Emtage, Bill Heelan and J. Peter Deutsch, computer science students at McGill University in Montreal, goes live as the very first tool used for searching on the Internet.[2] The program downloads the directory listings of all the files located on public anonymous FTP (File Transfer Protocol) sites, creates a searchable database of a lot of file names; however, Archie does not index the contents of these sites since the amount of data is so limited it can be readily searched manually.[18][19][20][21] Canada
1991 Pre-web search engine launch The rise of Gopher (created in 1991 by Mark McCahill at the University of Minnesota) leads to two new search programs, Veronica and Jughead. Like Archie, they search the file names and titles stored in Gopher index systems. Veronica (Very Easy Rodent-Oriented Net-wide Index to Computerized Archives) provides a keyword search of most Gopher menu titles in the entire Gopher listings. Jughead (Jonzy's Universal Gopher Hierarchy Excavation And Display) is a tool for obtaining menu information from specific Gopher servers. While the name of the search engine "Archie" was not a reference to the Archie comic book series, "Veronica" and "Jughead" are characters in the series, thus referencing their predecessor.[20] Gopher is considered to be the first search engine using a hypertext paradigm.[22] A step toward the World Wide Web hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP), it would become popular for several years, because it provides a way to share text files from all over the world.[23] United States
1991 Pre-web search engine launch English computer scientist Tim Berners-Lee in Geneva launches his WWW Virtual Library vlib.org. It is considered the oldest catalog on the Web.[24][25][26][27] The WWW Virtual Library is the direct descendant of the original Overview.html page on TBL's server in Geneva.[28] Switzerland
1993 February Pre-web search engine launch Six Stanford students create Architext, a project seeking to use statistical analysis of word relationships to improve relevancy of searches on the Internet. Architext would later become the search engine Excite.[22] Excite would revolutionize how information is categorized, making it easier to find information “by sorting results based on keywords found within content and backend optimization.”[29][30][31] United States
1993 April 22 Early development The graphical Mosaic web browser improves Gopher’s primarily text-based interface.[22] Mosaic is considered the first popular graphical web browser.[32]
1993 June Early development Matthew Gray produces the first known web robot, the Perl-based World Wide Web Wanderer, and uses it to generate an index of the web called the Wandex.[20][21][33] The World Wide Web Wanderer is considered the first web crawler to measure the size of the Web.[29][24][34] United States
1993 September 2 Search engine launch W3Catalog, written by Oscar Nierstrasz at the University of Geneva, is released to the world. It is the world's first web search engine. It does not rely on a crawler and indexer but rather on already existing high-quality lists of websites. One of its main drawbacks is that the bot accesses each page hundreds of times each day, causing performance degradation.[20][21][35][36][37] Switzerland
1993 September Search engine launch Oliver McBryan at the University of Colorado Boulder develops the World Wide Web Worm, an early search engine.[38] United States
1993 October/November Search engine launch Aliweb, a web search engine created by Martijn Koster, is announced. It does not use a web robot, but instead depends on being notified by website administrators of the existence at each site of an index file in a particular format. The absence of a bot means that less bandwidth is used; however, most website administrators are not aware of the need to submit their data.[20][21][39][40][41] United Kingdom
1993 December Search engine launch JumpStation, created by Jonathon Fletcher, is released. It is the first WWW resource-discovery tool to combine the three essential features of a web search engine (crawling, indexing, and searching).[20][21][42] This is the first web search engine to use a crawler and indexer. It is often considered to be the first "modern search engine".[43] United Kingdom
1993 Statistics At this time, there are approximately 600 websites online.[34][44]
1993 Statistics (internet userbase) The are about 10 million internet users at this time.[34]
1994 January Search engine launch Stanford University students Jerry Wang and David Filo create Yahoo! in a campus trailer. Yahoo starts originally as an Internet bookmark list and directory of interesting sites. Webmasters have to manually submit their page to the Yahoo directory for indexing so that it would be there for Yahoo to find when someone performed a search.[45][46][47][24] United States
1994 January Search engine launch Web search engine and navigation service Infoseek is launched.[20][21] Originally operated by the Infoseek Corporation, headquartered in Sunnyvale, California[48], it would be bought by The Walt Disney Company in 1999,[49] and the technology would merge with that of the Disney-acquired Starwave to form the Go.com network.[50] United States
1994 March Search engine launch The World-Wide Web Worm is released. It is claimed to have been created in September 1993, at which time there did not exist any crawler-based search engine, but it is not the earliest at the time of its actual release. It supports Perl-based regular expressions.[20][21]
1994 April 20 Search engine launch The WebCrawler search engine, created by Brian Pinkerton at the University of Washington, goes live on the Web with a database containing pages from just over 4000 different Web sites.[21] Unlike its predecessors, it allows users to search for any word in any webpage, which would become the standard for all major search engines since. At first a desktop application, WebCrawler would become a Web service as it is today. WebCrawler. It is the first Web search engine to provide full text search.[2]
1994 April Web directory launch Yahoo! launches its web directory.[21] Yahoo! would not build its own web search engine until 2002, relying until then on outsourcing the search function to other companies.[51]
1994 Search engine launch Astalavista.com is launched as one of the first search engines for computer security information. At first hosting software exploits, it would quickly degenerate into a forum for sharing software cracks, spyware, and virii.[52]
1994 Search engine launch Isearch is launched.[53]
1994 July Search engine launch Lycos, a web search engine, is released.[21] It began as a research project by Michael Loren Mauldin of Carnegie Mellon University's main Pittsburgh campus.
1994 Statistics The number of websites grows to 10,000, up from 600 websites in 1993.[44]
1995 Web directory launch LookSmart is released. It competes with Yahoo! as a web directory, and the competition makes both directories more inclusive.
1995 July 7 Search engine launch MetaCrawler is launched at the University of Washington. It is one of the earliest meta search services. In 1997, it would be purchased by InfoSpace, an online content provider.[54]
1995 September Search engine launch SAPO is created at the Computer Science Center of the University of Aveiro.[55]
1995 December Search engine launch AltaVista goes live.[43] It would quickly become one of the most popular search engines in the 1990s. This is a first among web search engines in many ways: it has unlimited bandwidth, allows natural language queries, has search tips, and allows people to add or delete their domains in 24 hours.[20][21] This web search engine supports natural language queries.
1995 Late year Search engine launch Excite is commercially released as a crawling search engine.[22][56][57] It is one of the first search engines that provide more than just search, also offering portals for news and weather, an email service, an instant messaging service, stock quotes, and a fully customizable homepage. In 1996, Excite would purchase WebCrawler and sign exclusive agreements with many of the largest tech companies, including Microsoft and Apple.[43] United States
1995 Search engine launch Job search engine CareerBuilder is launched.[58] United States
1995 Search engine launch Search.ch is launched. It is a search engine and web portal for Switzerland.[59] Switzerland
1995 Web portal launch Walla! is launched. It provides news, search (powered by Google Search) and e-mail, among other things.[60] Israel
1995 Statistics The number of websites grows to 100,000, up from 10,000 websites in 1994.[44]
1996 Early year Search engine launch Job search engine Yahoo! HotJobs is launched.[61] United States
1996 January 11 Search engine launch Yahoo! Japan is launched.[62] The company would be the second largest search engine used in Japan as of July 2021, with a market share of 19% behind Google's 77%.[63] Since 6 April 2022, Yahoo Japan's services are not available in the European Economic Area and the United Kingdom, due to "excessive regulatory burden".[64][65] Japan
1996 February 6 Search engine launch (web mapping) American free online web mapping service MapQuest is launched.[66] It is a search engine that allows users to find information about places in the world.[67] United States
1996 February 19 Search engine launch Indian news, information, entertainment and shopping web portal Rediff.com is launched.[68] It is a popular Indian portal and its search engine is widely used. India
1996 January–March Search engine launch Stanford University students Larry Page and Sergey Brin build and test Backrub, a new search engine that ranks sites based on inbound link relevancy and popularity. The crawler begins activity in March.[21] Backrub would ultimately become Google.[69][70][47][34]
1996 April 1 Search engine launch Alexa Internet is launched as a web traffic data, global rankings, and other information on over 30 million websites.[71] United States
1996 Search engine launch Fireball is launched. It is the first ever German search engine.[72] Germany
1996 Business model Search engine Open Text starts offering pay per click programs, as a means to finance its service.[2]
1996 Search engine launch MetaGer is launched.[73] It is a German meta search engine that prioritizes user privacy and neutral results.[74] Germany
1996 Search engine launch Seznam.cz is launched.[75] It is a web portal and search engine in the Czech Republic.[76] Czechia
1996 May Search engine launch Inktomi software is incorporated in the widely-used HotBot search engine, which would displace AltaVista as the leading web-crawler-based search engine, and which would in turn be displaced by Google.[2][21][15] "HotBot is one of the early Internet search engines and was launched in May 1996. It updated its searchdatabase more often than its competitors. HotBot was one of the first search engines to offer the ability to searchwithin search results. HotBot also offered free webpage hosting, but only for a short time, and it was taken downwithout any notice to its users. HotBot proved itself to be one of the most powerful search engines of its day, with aspider capable of indexing 10 million pages a day. This meant HotBot not only had the most up to date list ofavailable new sites and pages, but was capable of re-indexing all previously indexed pages to ensure they were allup to date as well."[2]
1996 June 14 Search engine launch WebMD is launched.[77] It offers medical news, features, reference material, and online community programs.[78]
1996 July 31 Search engine launch Mamma.com launches. It is one of the oldest meta search engines on the web.[54]
1996 August Search engine launch News website Yahoo! News is launched.[79] United States
1996 Statistics The number of websites grows to 650,000, up from 100,000 websites in 1995.[34][44]
1996 Statistics (internet userbase) The are about 74 million internet users at this time.[34]
1996 Search engine launch A search engine called "RankDex" from IDD Information Services, designed by Robin Li, launches, providing a strategy for site-scoring and page-ranking.[80]
1996 Organization Northern Light Group is founded. It is an American technology company specializing in enterprise search technology, text analytics solutions and research engines that combine traditional search engine functions with access to non-web based publications.[81] United States
1996 Search engine launch GlobalSpec is founded.[82] It is a technology services company which provides a search engine of engineering and industrial products.[83] United States
1996 November Search engine launch Meta-search engine Dogpile launches,[84] pulling queries from Yahoo, Lycos, Excite, WebCrawler, Infoseek, AltaVista, HotBot, WhatUseek, and World Wide Web Worm. Developed by Aaron Flin, it also has the ability to search Usenet, making it one of the most comprehensive search tools on the web at the time.[43][2]
1997 March Search engine launch AOL launches NetFind, its own branded search engine based on Excite. NetFind would be renamed to AOL Search in 1999. United States
1997 April Search engine launch Ask Jeeves is released as a natural language web search engine that aims to rank links by popularity. It would later become Ask.com.[21][85][86] AskJeeves later becomes ask.com.[34][15][41]
1997 May Search engine launch South Korean web portal Daum is launched.[87] It offers Internet services to web users, including a free web-based e-mail, messaging service, forums, shopping, news and webtoon service.[88] South Korea
1997 Search engine launch Kompass (kompass.com) is launched.[89] France
1997 June Search engine launch NetEase is established and launches a full Chinese search engine service.[90] China
1997 Search engine launch Lexis.com is launched as an internet research service.[91] It is a subscription based legal database that expands on the content offered in LexisNexis Academic.[92] United States
1997 September 15 Search engine launch The domain Google.com is registered.[85] United States
1997 September 23 New web search engine (non-English) Arkady Volozh and Ilya Segalovich launch their Russian web search engine yandex.ru and publicly present it at the Softool exhibition in Moscow. The initial development is by Comptek; Yandex would become a separate company in 2000.[93][94][95] It is Russia’s largest search engine.[34]
1997 Statistics The number of websites surpasses 1,000,000, up from 650,000 websites in 1996.[44][34]
1998 January 9 Search engine launch The Walt Disney Company registers Go.com, a portal for Disney content.
1998 February Search engine launch Sohu is established in China and publishes search engine.[90] China
1997 April Search engine launch MySimon.com is founded by Michael Yang and Yeogirl Yun. It is launched as a comparison shopping engine.[96]
1998 Search engine launch Dutch search engine Startpage.com [1] launches. It highlights privacy as its distinguishing feature.[97][98] Netherlands
1998 June 5 New web directory Gnuhoo is launched as a web directory project by Rich Skrenta and Bob Truel, both employees of Sun Microsystems.[21][99] It would later be renamed the Open Directory Project (DMOZ), and become the default way of finding information on the web for many, with a search function for faster directory navigation.[100] It would close on March 17, 2017.[101][102] United States
1998 July–September New web search portal MSN launches a search portal called MSN Search, using search results from Inktomi. After many changes to the backend search engine, MSN would start developing in-house search technology in 2005, and later change its name to Bing in June 2009.
1998 September 4 Search engine launch Google is launched by Larry Page and Sergey Brin, both PhD students at Stanford University. Its success woud be attributed to PageRank, a patented algorithm that ranks webpages based on their relevance to a search string. Unlike other search engines that use keyword-based methods to rank results, PageRank analyzes links between webpages to determine their importance. Pages that are linked from many important pages are considered to be important themselves. This approach is different from traditional methods that ranked pages based on keyword frequency or association.[2] In addition to its search engine, over time, Google would expand its services to include email (Gmail), online document storage (Google Drive), online maps (Google Maps), and more.[103] By 2019, with a market share of 92%, Google would become the uncontested leader in internet search, which would also lead it to become the most frequently visited website globally.[104] United States
1998 Third quarter Search engine launch MSN Search is launched, using search results from Inktomi. A search engine by Microsoft, it comprises a search engine, index, and web crawler.[2] United States
1998 Search engine launch Maktoob.com is founded in Amman (Jordan) as an online service. Known for being the first Arabic/English email service provider,[105] It would be acquired in 2009 by Yahoo! and renamed Yahoo! Maktoob, turning Maktoob Yahoo!'s official arm in the MENA region.[106][107] United Arab Emirates
1998 Search engine launch Goto.com launches with sponsored links and paid search. Advertisers bid on Goto.com to rank above organic search results, which are powered by Inktomi. Goto.com would change its name to Overture in 2001[2], and would be purchased by Yahoo! in 2003.[47][3]
1998 Web portal launch Empas launches in South Korea.[108] It would become one of the popular total internet search tools and web portal sites in South Korea[109], before merging with Nate.com.[110] South Korea
1999 January Search engine launch Job search engine Monster.com is launched.[111] By search volume, it is one of the largest job listing sites in the world.[112]
1999 February Search engine launch Chinese technology company Sina Corporation launches SinaSearch.[90] China
1999 February 18 Search engine launch Leit.is is launched.[113] Iceland
1999 May Search engine launch AlltheWeb is launched by Egge's company Fast Search & Transfer. It is based on the Ph.D. thesis of Tor Egge at the Norwegian University of Science and Technology, titled FTP Search.[21][114]
1999 June 28 Search engine launch Alibaba.com is founded.[89] China
1999 Research Korgaonkar and Wolin describe a seven-factor structure of web use where social escapism, transactional privacy, informational needs, interactive control, socialisation, non-transactional privacy and economic motivation are the motivators. Information retrieval and escapism (their analogue to entertainment) are found to be the most prominent motives for web use.[115][9] United States
1999 Research T.D. Wilson models the search process as an integral part of information (use) behavior.[116]
1999 November Search engine launch GenieKnows is launched.[117] Based in Halifax, Nova Scotia, it is a privately owned vertical search engine company.[118] Canada
1999 Search engine launch Business.com is launched, aiming to be the Internet's leading search engine for small business and corporate information.[119] United States
1999 Statistics The number of websites online reaches 2.2 million.[34]
1999 Statistics (internet userbase) The number of internet users reaches 279 million.[34]
1999 Search engine launch South Korean portal website Naver (naver.com) launches.[120] As of 2022, it is the most used website/app in South Korea.[121] South Korea
1999 September Notable expansion The Yahoo China website is launched.[90] China
1999 November 30 Search engine launch Kelkoo Group is launched, and begins offering his services to the English online market. It is one of the oldest shopping engines in Europe. In 2017, Kelkoo would become Google's first premium Comparison Shopping Services partner. At present, it enables online stores to advertise their products in over 40 countries.[122] United Kingdom
2000 January 1 Search engine launch Baidu (baidu.com) launches. It is a Chinese company that would grow to provide many search-related services.[123]
2000 Search engine launch Grub is launched.[124] It is an open source distributed search crawler platform.[125] It uses a distributed computing model to index web pages.[126]
2000 Search engine launch Newslookup is launched.[127] It is a news search engine and news aggregator.[128]
2000 Search engine launch Exalead is launched in France by Francois Bourdoncle. It features search within results, proximity search using the NEAR operator, regular expressions, wildcard and phonetic search.[129] France
2000 Search engine launch Swedish-based image search engine Picsearch is launched.[130] It can be used to search images on a variety of topics.[131] Sweden
2000 June 21 Search engine launch Vivisimo is founded as a privately held enterprise search software company in Pittsburgh that develops and sellssoftware products to improve search on the web and in enterprises.[2] United States
2000 Search engine launch Koders is launched. A search engine for open source code, it would merge in 2012 with Ohloh Code.[132]
2000 October Online advertising Google AdWords is launched as a search engine advertising service[133] developed by Google, where advertisers bid to display brief advertisements, service offerings, product listings, or videos to web users.[134] Initially released on a CPM (cost per thousand impressions) basis, it would transition to PPC (pay per click) in 2002. Later that year, Overture would file a lawsuit, claiming that Google had stolen their proprietary technology, as Google AdWords PPC model is remarkably similar to Overture’s patented advertising platform. After Yahoo! acquires Overture, in 2004, Google would settle the lawsuit, offering Yahoo 2.7 million GOOG shares as compensation.[100] United States
2001 April Search engine launch Teoma is launched by Professor Apostolos Gerasoulis and his colleagues at Rutgers University in New Jersey. Featuring a link popularity algorithm, unlike PageRank algorithm by Google, technology of Teoma analyzes links in context to rank a web page's importance within its specific subject. For instance, a web page about ―baseball‖ would rank higher if other web pages about―baseball link to it.[2] On February 26, 2006, the Teoma search engine would be rebranded and redirected to search.ask.com.[135] United States
2001 Concept development The term "Search Engine Marketing" is proposed by Danny Sullivan to cover the spectrum of activities involved in performing search engine optimization, managing paid listings at the search engines, submitting sites to directories, and developing online marketing strategies for businesses, organizations, and individuals.[2]
2001 July 28 Search engine launch Google Image Search (later Google Images) is launched.[136] It is the most comprehensive and known search engine of its kind.[137] United States
2001 Search engine launch Kartoo is launched[138] as a meta search engine. It would cease operations in early 2010.[9] France
2002 March 7 Web mapping Yahoo! Maps is launched.[139] A free online mapping portal provided by Yahoo!, it would be shut down on June 30, 2015.[140] United States
2002 April Research Sellen, Murphy, and Shaw publish a paper exploring the web goals of 24 knowledge workers, and find that these individuals engaged in 6 main activities: information gathering (35%), browsing (27%), finding (24%), transacting (5%), communicating (4%) and housekeeping (5%). The researchers asked focus group participants to categorize different information seeking activities on the web, and produced a similar typology consisting of fact-finding, information gathering, browsing and transactions.[141][9] United States
2002 July 21 Search engine launch Gigablast (gigablast.com) launches in beta.[142] It is a small independent web search engine based in New Mexico.[143] United States
2002 September News aggregator Google News is launched.[144] It is a personalized news aggregator.[145] United States
2002 November Search engine launch Technorati is launched[146] as a search engine and a publisher advertising platform that serves as an advertising solution for the thousands of websites in its network.[147] United States
2002 December 12 Search engine launch Google Shopping is launched as a search engine specialising in paid product ads.[148][149] ItT is is a service that hosts products from a wide variety of online vendors in a searchable format.[150] United States
2002-3 Web search business consolidation Yahoo! buys Inktomi (2002) and then Overture Services Inc. (2003) which has already bought AlltheWeb and Altavista. Starting 2003, Yahoo! starts using its own Yahoo Slurp web crawler to power Yahoo! Search. Yahoo! Search combines the technologies of all Yahoo!'s acquisitions (until 2002, Yahoo! had been using Google to power its search).
2003 Search engine launch isoHunt is launched.[151] Once the third most popular search engine for Bittorrent files[152], it would be taken down in October 2013 as a result of a legal action from the MPAA.[153] Canada[89]
2003 Statistics (internet userbase) The number of websites online reaches 38 million.[34]
2003 Search engine launch Torrentz.eu is launched. It would become one of the most popular torrent meta-search engines, before shutting down in 2016.[89]
2003 October 8 Acquisition Yahoo! acquires online-advertising company Overture Services Inc. for about $1.83 billion, aiming to better compete with Google.[2][154][155] United States
2003 June 8 Opinion poll The “China Computer Education News” holds a public beta campaign called “Baidu VS Google” to let users vote for their own minds. In the end, 55% would choose “Baidu is better than Google”.[90] China
2003 Search engine launch Skyscanner is launched.[156] It is a metasearch engine and travel agency based in Edinburgh, Scotland.[157] The site is available in over 30 languages.[157][158] United Kingdom
2003 August 1 Search engine launch Social networking site Myspace is launched.[159] It includes search engine.[160]
2003 Statistics (internet userbase) The number of internet users reaches 782 million.[34]
2003 September 15 Search engine launch The Pirate Bay is launched.[161] It is a search engine, which has an index of torrent files.[162] Sweden[89]
2003 December Search engine launch Wazap! is launched. It is a vertical search engine, video game database and social networking site to distribute gaming news, rankings, cheats, downloads and reviews owned and operated by East Beam Co. Ltd. of Japan. Japan
2004 January 14 Search engine launch Travel search engine Kayak.com is launched.[163]
2004 SEO tool launch Majestic is launched.[89] It is a Search Engine Optimization software tool that specializes in link analysis.[164]
2004 June 16 Search engine launch ht-//Dig is launched. A free software indexing and searching system created by Andrew Scherpbier at San Diego State University,[165][166] it provides a search engine for a single website.
2004 June 24 Search engine launch BASE (base-search.net) is launched. Created by Bielefeld University Library in Bielefeld, Germany,it is a multi-disciplinary search engine to scholarly internet resources. It is based on free and open-source software such as Apache Solr and VuFind.[167] Germany
2004 July Video search engine launch Blinkx is launched[168] as a video search engine allowing search of movie clips, news shows, music videos, full repeat telecasts of television soaps, audio clips and podcasts by retrieving results from popular video sharing sites like YouTube, Dailymotion, Google Video, Meta Café and MySpace.[169] In June 2016, Blinkx plc would change its name to RhythmOne plc and begin trading as RhythmOne plc on the London Stock Exchange.[170] United Kingdom
2004 Search engine launch Mobissimo is launched.[171] It is a travel metasearch engine website based in San Francisco, California.[172] United States
2004 Search engine launch IceRocket is launched as an internet search engine specializing in real-time search.[173] United States
2004 Search engine launch Redfin is launched.[174] It is a search engine that allows prospetive home buyers to search on every single attribute of a home.[175] United States
2004 August 3 Search engine launch Sogou search engine (sogou.com) is launched by Chinese technology company Sogou, Inc. China
2004 August 8 Web mapping OpenStreetMap ([www.openstreetmap.org openstreetmap.org]) is launched.[176] It is a provider of geodata for any private search engine.[177]
2004 August Public offering Google is listed on the NASDAQ.[90] United States
2004 August 27 Search engine launch Yandex Maps is launched.[178] It is a Russian web mapping service and map search engine developed by Yandex.[179][89] Russia
2004 September Search engine launch Amazon subsidiary A9.com, Inc. launches search engine A9.com.[180] In 2019, Amazon would take down the A9.com site and point the domain name to Amazon's home page.[181] United States
2004 September Search engine launch Clusty is launched by Pittsburgh-based technology company Vivisimo. It would be later renamed Yippy, after being acquired by Yippy Inc.[182]
2004 October 14 Desktop search Google Desktop is launched.[183] It is a desktop search software allowing text searches of a user's e-mails, computer files, music, photos, chats, Web pages viewed, and other "Google Gadgets".[184] United States
2004 October 18 Search engine launch Info.com [2] is launched.[185] It is a metasearch engine which provides results from leading search engines and pay-per-click directories.[186] United States
2004 Search engine launch Mojeek is launched.[187] It is a crawler-based search engine that provides internet search services to the general public.[188] United Kingdom
2004 November Search engine launch CiteULike (citeulike.org)is launched.[189] It is a free web search engine which helps users search, share, and organize scholarly papers over the Internet.[190] United Kingdom
2004 November Search engine launch Indeed is launched as a search engine for jobs in the United Kingdom.[191] United Kingdom
2004 November 20 Search engine launch Google Scholar is released.[192] It is a search engine specializing in searching scholarly literature and academic resources.[193] United States
2004-5 November (2004) - February (2005) Change in backend providers Microsoft starts using its own indexer and crawler for MSN Search rather than using blended results from LookSmart and Inktomi.
2004 December 6 Search engine launch Accoona launches[194] as a search engine with interactive tools that provides web, business and news results, powered by proprietary AI technology.[195] It would be shut down in 2008.[196]
2004 December User experience Google Suggest is introduced as a Google Labs feature.[197][198] This feature completes automatically a search with those most searched by Internet users or propose similar queries.[199] United States
2005 January Webmaster tools To combat link spam, Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft collectively introduce the nofollow attribute.[200][201]
2005 January Search engine launch The first public version of Mininova is launched.[202] It would become one of the largest torrent search engines and directories on the net.[203] The site would shut down on April 4th, 2017.[89]
2005 January 25 Video search engine launch Google Video is launched.[204] In 2009, the site would stop accepting new video uploads since Google acquisition of YouTube,[205] and users would have the opportunity to publish their videos directly onto YouTube. On August 20, 2012, Google Videos would be ultimately shut down.[206] United States
2005 February 8 Search engine launch Google launches Google Maps[207] as a search engine with location data.[208] In August 2013, it would be found to be the world's most popular smartphone app, with over 54% of global smartphone owners using it.[209] By default the navigation tool for Android users[210], Google Maps is the best known navigation tool[211], and the most comprehensive navigation service.[212] United States
2005 March 17 Search engine launch Pronto.com is founded.[213] It is a shopping search engine aimed at facilitating consumers to find products and compare prices.[214]
2005 March Search engine launch SearchMe is founded by Randy Adams and John Holland.[2]
2005 April 8 Search engine launch KidzSearch is launched.[215] It is a family-friendly search engine for kids.[216] United States
2005 April 13 Search engine launch Podscope is launched.[217] It is the first search engine allowing the user to search for spoken words within any audio or video file.[218]
2005 Search engine launch Swedish company Munax releases its first version all-content search engine, powering with video search.[219] Sweden
2005 August Search engine launch Rollyo is launched. It is a search engine allowing users to register accounts and create search engines to retrieve results from preferred websites.[220] United States
2005 Statistics Around this year, search engines are utilized by 80–90% of Internet users.[9]
2005 November Search engine launch Lexxe is launched. In search, it applies natural language processing as key technology.[221]
2005 July 24 Search engine launch Bing Maps is originally launched as MSN Virtual Earth, which is released for beta testing.[222] United States
2005 November Search engine launch HotPads is launched.[223] It is a map-based, rentals search engine, listing homes, apartments, and condos for rent, and for-sale homes all across the United States.[224][225] United States
2005 Search engine launch Vertical search engine Trulia is launched.[226] It is an American online real estate marketplace which is a subsidiary of Zillow.[227]
2005 Concept development K. Keenoy and M. Levene describe social search engines that enable personalized results as "systems that consider the behavior of other users of the system when generating search results and recommendations", which means they not only consider the user’s profile but also other users’ profiles, who are in the actual searcher’s social graph.[9][228]
2005 July Search engine launch Chegg is launched.[89] as an American education technology company. It provides a search engine (chegg.com)[229], among other services.[230] United States
2005 October Search engine launch Overture owner Bill Gross launches the Snap search engine, with many features such as display of search volumes and other information, as well as sophisticated auto-completion and related terms display. It is unable to get traction and soon goes out of business.[21][231]
2005 October Search engine launch American search engine Healthline is launched. It is aimed to consumer healthcare.[232] United States
2005 November 1 Search engine launch Scandinavian internet search engine Sesam is launched.[233] On 30 March 2009 the Norwegian site would be closed, followed by the closure of the Swedish version on 17 June 2009.[234][235] Norway, Sweden
2005 November Search engine launch HotPads is launched. It is a map-based rental housing search engine.[236] United States
2005 November Search engine launch AskMeNow is launched,[237] providing mobile search and advertising solutions. As of 2023, it is shut down.[238]
2006 January Video search engine launch CastTV is founded as an Internet video search and aggregation company.[239][240] United States
2006 February 8 Search engine launch Zillow is founded.[241] It operates as a real estate search engine that lists more than 100 million houses across the United States.[242] United States
2006 March 8 Search engine launch The first public beta of Windows Live Search is unveiled, with the final release on September 11 of the same year, replacing MSN Search.[2]
2006 March Search engine launch Tencent releases search engine Soso.[90] As of 1 October 2012, Soso would be ranked as the 33rd most visited website in the world, the 11th most visited website in China, and the number eight most visited website in South Korea, according to Alexa Internet.[243] China
2006 Search engine launch Thomasnet (thomasnet.com) is launched.[89] It is a search engine used to find manufacturers, distributors and service providers.[244]
2006 April Notable expansion Google officially establishes a Chinese subsidiary and launches Google China.[90] China
2006 April Search engine launch PeekYou is launched.[245] It is a people search engine site that places people at the center of the internet.[246] United States
2006 June Search engine launch The first version of Searchmedica is launched.[247] A series of free medical search engines built by doctors for doctors and other medical professionals in several languages, no version appears to be operational as of 2022.[248][249]
2006 June 14 Search engine launch Krugle is launched.[250] It is a code search engine for developers.[251]
2006 June 23 Web mapping Géoportail is launched by the French government. It is a comprehensive web mapping service that publishes maps and geophysical aerial photographs from more than 90 sources for France and its territories. France
2006 July 3 Search engine launch Biglobe is launched.[252] It is a Japanese search engine and portal from NEC Corporation using google results.[253] Japan
2006 September 1 Search engine launch ChaCha Search is launched.[254] An American human-guided search engine providing free, real-time answers to any question, through its website, or by using one of the company's mobile apps, it would be shut down in December 2016.[255] United States
2006 September Search engine launch Healia becomes available to the public.[256] It is a health vertical search engine that uses algorithms to assess quality and to categorize documents.[257] United States
2006 October 2 Search engine launch IFACnet is released as an enterprise search engine for professional accountants.[258]
2006 October 5 Search engine launch Google Code Search is launched as a free beta product from Google, allowing web users to search for open-source code on the Internet.[259] In October 2011, Google would announce Code Search to be shut down along with the Code Search API.[260] The service would remaine online until March 2013.[261] United States
2006 November Search engine launch Microsoft launches web search engine Ms. Dewey.[262] It would become inactive in January 2009.[263]
2006 Search engine launch ChemRefer is launched.[264] It is a search engine for open access chemistry papers.[265]
2006 Search engine launch Image search engine Pixsta is launched.[266] It is a visual search engine that analyzes the image pixel level to identify contextual displays of similar product images for e-commerce.[267]
2006 November 30 Search engine launch Content index desktop search platform Windows Search is introduced in Windows Vista.[268] United States
2006 December Search engine launch Omgili is launched.[269] It is a vertical search engine that specializes in indexing discussions in user forums.[270]
2006-2009 Search engine launch Wikia launches Wikia Search, a search engine based on human curation, but then shuts it down. Relevant dates: publicly proposed December 23, 2006[271] and January 31, 2007,[272] private pre-alpha December 24, 2007,[273][274] toolbar release August 2008, shutdown March–May 2009.[275]
2007 January 17 Search engine launch Wikiseek is officially launched as a search engine that indexes Wikipedia pages and pages that are linked to form Wikipedia articles.[2]
2007 February 28 Search engine launch Uclue is launched as an online fee-based research service.[276] It would cease operations in December 2017.[277]
2007 March Search engine launch Amatomu is launched as a blog search engine and article aggregator, focusing on blogs published in South Africa.[278] South Africa
2007 May 4 Search engine launch Ripple launches[279] as a non-profit click-to-donate internet site and search engine passing 100% of its revenue to other charities.[280] It would be shut down.
2007 Research Melanie Kellar, Carolyn Watters, and Michael Shepherd publish a study asking focus group participants to categorize different information seeking activities on the web, and produce a typology consisting of fact-finding, information gathering, browsing and transactions. The researchers find that many web uses such as browsing and information gathering fall outside the classical model of information retrieval.[9] Canada (Dalhousie University)
2007 May Search engine launch Mahalo.com is launched.[281] It is a human powered search engine whose results are generated non-algorithmically by a team of profile builders who create pages for search terms.[282]
2007 Research According to Massimo Marchiori, personalized social search engines like Rollyo and Eurekster may be labeled programmable search engines.[283][9]
2007 Research Purves et al. define Geographic Information Retrieval (GIR) as a specialization of Information Retrieval that aims to add the semantic dimension of location and describes the identification, augmentation, and processing of geospatial references from documents and the means to provide access to them.[284][9]
2007 Search engine launch Travel metasearch platform Aviasales is launched. Originally a private blog, the service would extend its operations in 14 countries across Eastern Europe, the CIS, Asia, and the USA.[285][286] Rusia
2007 Search evolution Search starts to evolve in new ways. Updates are aimed at improving the user experience.[47]
2007 Research According to M. Marchiori, personalized social search engines like Rollyo and Eurekster may be labeled programmable search engines[9][287], which enable users to create a search engine for their website, blog, or collection of websites.[288]
2007 Research According to Bar-Yossef and Gurevich, search engine quality metrics commonly used include corpus size, index freshness, and density of duplicates in the corpus.[289][9]
2007 August Search engine launch Sproose is launched[2], featuring user-driven search result relevancy.[290] United States
2007 October 1 Search engine launch Taptu is launched,[291] providing a mobile search engine.[292] In September 2012, Taptu would be acquired by Mediafed Ltd., and the Taptu service would shut down on March 31, 2015,[293] a year before Mediafed went into administration.[294] United Kingdom
2007 November 7 Search engine launch Evi is launched.[295] an internet answer engine that provides internet, mobile, and those utilizing the service through an app with an natural language based search engine.[296]
2007 November Search engine launch Music search engine and online music player Songza is launched.[297] United States
2007 December Search engine launch Youdao is launched by Chinese internet company NetEase.[298][89] A search engine and an online education platform, it operates as China's most popular dictionary and translation app with over 700 million users in early 2021.[299] China
2008 January 28 Search engine launch Cuil, a web search engine created by ex-Googlers that uses picture thumbnails to display search results, launches.[300] It would later shut down on September 17, 2010.[301][302][303][304]
2008 January Search engine launch Search engine Zoopla is launched.[305][306] It is a property portal website and app providing estate agents with advertising through the website and affiliated partner websites.[307] United Kingdom
2008 February 26 Search engine launch Gigablast launches new search engine with "freshness dating" and privacy-conscious search.[308]
2008 April 14 Search engine launch Ecocho (ecocho.com.au) is launched as a search engine with the promise to buy carbon offset credits that will result in two trees being planted for every 1000 searches made through the site.[309] It would be shut down. Australia
2008 April Search engine launch Viewzi is launched in beta.[310] It is a customizable and multi-faceted visual search engine.[311]
2008 May 6 Search engine launch Reverse image search engine TinEye is launched.[312] Developed by Toronto-based Idée, Inc., it is the first image search engine on the web to use image identification technology rather than keywords, metadata or watermarks.[313] Canada
2008 Search engine launch Lookeen is launched by Axonic Informationssysteme GmbH as an enterprise search and desktop search product.[314]
2008 August Search engine launch Regator is launched as an editorially curated blog search and discovery engine with the purpose to facilitate finding quality blog content.[315]
2008 August Search engine launch Forestle is launched. An ecologically inspired search engine created in Germany, it would be discontinued in 2011.[316] Germany
2008 September 25 Search engine launch DuckDuckGo is launched.[317] It is an internet search engine that emphasizes protecting searchers' privacy and avoiding the filter bubble of personalized search results.[318] United States
2008 October 5 Shutdown Accoona is shut down.[196] United States
2008 December Search engine launch StuRents.com is launched.[319] It is a dedicated student property search engine and tenancy management platform, operating across the United Kingdom.[320] United Kingdom
2008 December Search engine launch KidRex is launched.[321] It is a visual child-safe search engine utilizing Google SafeSearch and maintaining its own database of inappropriate websites and keywords. Social media websites are blocked by KidRex.[322][323]
2009 January Shutdown Ms. Dewey becomes inactive.[324]
2009 February Search engine launch Otalo.com is launched.[325] It is a fare aggregator and metasearch engine for vacation rentals, enabling its users to search across different vacation rental advertising sites using a single search.[326]
2009 March 26 Search engine launch ApexKB is launched[327] as a collaborative search engine powered by social bookmarking.[328]
2009 May 18 Search engine launch Semantic search engine WolframAlpha is launched.[329] Invented by Stephen Wolfram, its goal is not a list of hyperlinks in which user find answers to their requests, but a compilation of facts as specific results.[330] United States
2009 June 3 Search engine launch Bing launches, with Microsoft aggressively marketing it as the search engine that would produce noticeably better results than Google.[29][34] United States
2009 Search engine launch Delver is launched as a web search engine that displays results prioritized based upon the searcher's social network and community.[331] In March 2009, it would be purchased by Sears Holdings Corporation.[332] Israel
2009 July 21 Search engine launch Yebol (yebol.com) is launched as a semantic search engine.[333] As of 2022, its status is down.
2009 July 29 Partnership Microsoft and Yahoo! announce that they have made a ten-year deal in which the Yahoo! search engine would be replaced by Bing. Yahoo! would get to keep 88% of the revenue from all search ad sales on its site for the first five years of the deal, and have the right to sell adverts on some Microsoft sites. Yahoo! Search will still maintain its own user interface, but will eventually feature "Powered by Bing™" branding.[334][335] All Yahoo! Search global customers and partners are expected to be transitioned by early 2012.[336]
2009 August 10 (announced), rollout completed and made live June 8, 2010 Search algorithm update Named Caffeine is announced as a Google Search update, promising faster crawling, expansion of the index, and a near-real-time integration of indexing and ranking.[200][337][338][339][340] The rollout is made live on June 8, 2010.[341][342][343]
2009 September Search engine launch Deep web search engine Goby is launched. The site searches selected databases and other sources of information on the web focused on 400 categories of things to do while traveling.[2]
2009 Search engine launch Search engine launch Shodan is launched.[344] It is a search engine that lets the user find specific types of computers (webcams, routers, servers, etc.) connected to the internet using a variety of filters.[345]
2009 December 7 Search engine launch Berlin-based Ecosia is launched.[346] It donates 80% of its profits to nonprofit organizations that focus on reforestation. As of December 2021, the company claims to have planted more than 140 million trees since its inception.[347] Germany
2009 December Competition In order to compete with Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft announce the intention to forge an alliance. The Yahoo! & Microsoft Search Alliance would eventually receive approval from regulators in the United States and Europe in February 2010.[2][348] United States
2010 January Shutdown Kartoo closes down.[9]
2010 January 12 Search engine launch Bing Health is launched as part of Microsoft's Bing search engine.[349] It is aimed to provide health-related information through a variety of trusted and credible sources, including Medstory, Mayo Clinic, National Institutes of Health's MedlinePlus, as well as from Wikipedia.[350] United States
2010 March Shutdown Google Search exits the Chinese mainland market.[90] China
2010 April Search engine launch Macroglossa Visual Search is released.[351] A search engine based on the comparison of images[352], it would be shut down in February 2016.
2010 Search engine launch Noodle Education is launched[89] (noodle.com) as an education search engine. It offers extensive data on schools and education providers at no cost.[353] United States
2010 September 8 User experience Google launches Google Instant, described as a search-before-you-type feature: as users are typing, Google predicts the user's whole search query (using the same technology as in Google Suggest, later called the autocomplete feature) and instantaneously shows results for the top prediction.[354][355][356] Google claims that this is estimated to save 2–5 seconds per search query.[357] SEO commentators initially believe that this will have a major effect on search engine optimization, but soon revise downward their estimate of the impact.[200][358]
2010 November 1 Search engine launch Blekko launches as a search engine that uses slashtags to allow people to search in more targeted categories.[359]
2011 January Search engine launch BTDigg is launched.[360] It is the first Mainline DHT search engine.[361][362] Unknown[89]
2011 February Search engine launch Xinhua News Agency and China Mobile launch Pangu Search.[90] China
2011 February 23–24 Search algorithm update Google launches Google Panda, a major update affecting 12% of search queries. The update continues with the earlier work of cracking down on spam, content farms, scrapers, and websites with a high ad-to-content ratio.[200][363][364][365] The rollout is gradual over several months, and Panda will see many further updates.
2011 April 4 Shutdown AlltheWeb is shut down by Yahoo!.[366]
2011 April Video search engine launch Tencent Video is launched.[367] By 2021, it would be the biggest online video platform by far in China.[368] China
2011 April Web mapping Nokia releases a beta version of 3D maps covering 20 cities in the world.[369]
2011 June 2 Webmaster tools Google, Yahoo!, and Microsoft announce Schema.org, a joint initiative that supports a richer range of tags that websites can use to convey better information.[200][370][371][372]
2011 June Search engine launch People’s Search Network in China launches an instant search.[90] China
2011 July Search engine launch SearchTeam is launched.[373] It is a digital curation and collaborative search engine.[374], allowing collaborators to search together as a team for web pages, videos, pictures, reference materials, books and articles, and scholarly articles.[375]
2011 December 1 Search engine launch German search company YaCy releases a peer-to-peer search that uses networked systems to index the web and deliver search results.[376] Germany
2012 January 10 Search algorithm update, user experience Google launches Search Plus Your World, a deep integration of one's social data into search.[377][378] SEO commentators are critical of how the search results favor Google+ and push it to users, compared to more widely used social networks such as Facebook and Twitter.[379][380][381][382]
2012 January Search engine launch Swiftype is launched.[383] Swiftype's site search can be used for faceted search, full text search, real-time search, and concept search queries. The company's plans offer on-demand and live recrawls and indexing of websites. Other features include drag and drop result customization, real-time analytics and adjustable weights.[384] United States
2012 February 6 Search engine launch Volunia is launched.[385] Created by Italian mathematician Massimo Marchiori, it would cease to operate in February 2014.[386] Italy
2012 April 3 Search engine launch Seeks is launched. It is a collaborative search engine.[387]
2012 April 24 Search algorithm update Google launches its "Webspam update" which would soon become known as Google Penguin.[200][388][389][390][391]
2012 May 10 User experience Microsoft announces a redesign of its Bing search engine that includes "Sidebar", a social feature that searches users' social networks for information relevant to the search query.[392] United States
2012 May 16 Search algorithm update Google starts rolling out Knowledge Graph, used by Google internally to store semantic relationships between objects. Google now begins displaying supplemental information about objects related to search queries on the side.[200][393][394][395]
2012 August Search engine launch 360 Search launches in China.[90] It is a federated-search tool that enables library patrons to search multiple databases simultaneously and bring up a single list of results.[396] China
2012 September Shutdown Rollyo is closed.[397][398]
2012 October 10 Search engine launch Algolia is launched.[399] It is a proprietary search engine offering, usable through the Software as a Service (SaaS) model.[400]
2013 August 21–22 (approximate date for rollout), September 26 (announcement) Search algorithm update Google releases Google Hummingbird, a core algorithm update that may enable more semantic search and more effective use of the Knowledge Graph in the future.[200][401][402]
2013 April 13 Search engine launch Pipilika is launched.[403] It is the first search engine to work in both Bengali and English.[404] Bangladesh
2013 July Search engine launch French search engine Qwant is launched.[405] It claims that it does not employ user tracking or personalize search results in order to avoid trapping users in a filter bubble.[406] Qwant is available in 26 languages.[407] France
2013 December 30 Search engine launch Egerin is launched as the world’s first search engine in the Kurdish language. It provides an alternative to the big search engines that do not have their language.[408]
2014 January 22 Search engine launch Free metasearch engine Searx launches.[409] It is available under the GNU Affero General Public License version 3, with the aim of protecting the privacy of its users.[410][411]
2014 April Search engine launch Alibaba Group and UCWeb launch mobile search engine Shenma, a "mobile-first" search engine.[90] It comes with UC Browser, a mobile browser with an estimated 20% share of China's browser market and over 30% of China's mobile browser marketshare as oif January 2018.[412] China
2014 April Search engine launch Grams is launched[413] as a search engine for Tor based darknet markets. It would close in December 2017.[414]
2014 June 26 Search engine launch Swisscows launches.[415] It uses semantic data recognition that give faster "answers" to queries and claims to not store users' data.[416] Switzerland
2014 Search engine launch Child-friendly search engine Kiddle (kiddle.co) launches.[417] It is designed to be a safe search engine for kids and is supposed to be free from controversial or mature subjects. It employs SafeSearch with additional filters. Kiddle is powered by Google Custom Search but is not affiliated with Google LLC.[418]
2015 March 27 Search engine shutdown Blekko is shut down.[419]
2015 May Search engine shutdown TickX is launched.[420] It is a Manchester-based search engine and discovery platform for events and attractions.[421] United Kingdom
2015 Search engine launch Iranian web search engine Yooz launches.[422] Upon its release, Iran's Ministry of Communication and IT claims the search engine is capable of supporting up to one billion Persian websites, having already indexed over 1 billion web pages.[423][424] Iran
2015 Search engine launch Iranian search engine Parsijoo is launched.[422] As of 2016, it had 600,000 hits and 120,000 searches per day[425], being the second most visited search engine after Google.[425] Iran
2015 Search engine launch Privacy-oriented web browser and search engine Cliqz launches.[426]
2016 August 5 Shutdown Torrentz is shut down.[427]
2016 August Search engine launch Yongzin is launched.[428] It is the first search engine of Tibetan language in the world.[429] China
2016 December Shutdown ChaCha is shut down[430] due to declining advertising revenue, which leaves it unable to service its debt.[431]
2017 February Search engine launch Creative Commons announces CC Search, an open source search engine for open content, and releases a beta version.[432][433]
2017 March 8 Shutdown IceRocket is shut down.[434]
2017 December 15 Shutdown Uclue is shut down.[277]
2017 December Shutdown Grams is shut down.[414]
2019 October 2 Search engine launch (web crawler) Apache Nutch launches its stable release.[435] It is an open source web-search software project written in Java.[436]
2020 July 29 Search engine launch TeraText is launched.[437] It is a combination high-performance text database and search engine that provides functionality for storing, indexing, retrieving and delivering documents or XML-based records across an organization.[438]
2020 October 26 Search engine launch (web mapping) Petal Maps is launched.[439] It is a Huawei-developed map engine covering over 200 countries and regions and supports more than 70 languages.[440] China
2021 January 14 Search engine launch Xapian is launched.[441] It is an open source search engine library.[442]
2021 April 12 Search engine launch Recoll is launched.[443] It is an easy-to-setup, free and open source software, cross-platform search engine with broad file type support.[444]
2021 May 10 Search engine launch DocFetcher is launched.[445] It is a document search engine best suited for indexing and managing document formats only.[446]
2021 December 16 Search engine launch Apache Solr is released.[447] Standing for Searching On Lucene w/ Replication, it is a free, open-source search engine based on the Apache Lucene library.[448]
2021 December 17 Desktop search Everything is launched.[449] It is a search engine for Microsoft Windows that replaces ordinary Windows search with a considerably faster one.[450]
2022 January 12 Search engine launch Huawei launches the Petal Search engine in the Chinese market.[451]
2022 March 22 Search engine launch Apache Lucene is launched.[452] It is a full-text search engine software library that provides a Java-based search and indexing platform.[453]

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of December 12, 2021.

Year "search engine"
1900 34
1910 84
1920 78
1930 191
1940 269
1950 286
1960 615
1970 952
1980 1,700
1990 4,590
2000 13,800
2010 39,500
2020 31,400
Web search engines gscho.png

Google Trends

The chart below shows Google Trends data for Search engine (Computing), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[454]

Search engine gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Web search engines, from 1990 to 2019.[455]

Web search engine ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Search engine, from July 2015 to March 2021.[456]

Web search engine wv.png

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by Issa.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

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