User:Chantal/Timeline of xylazine

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This is a timeline of xylazine. Whatever is a ... .

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Time period Development summary More details
Before X Pre-synthetic animal sedatives bla
X - Y First synthetic animal sedatives bla
Y - Z Xylazine synthesis bla
Z - A Introduction of xylazine to humans bla
A onwards Xylazine epidemic bla

Full timeline

Year Month and date Event type Details
1962 Xylazine is discovered as an antihypertensive agent by Farbenfabriken Bayer in Leverkusen, West Germany.[1]
1968 Xylazine is marketed for cattle but also secondarily dogs, cats, horses and wild animals under the name Rompun® suggested as a muscular relaxant and sedative without true anesthetic effects.[2]
1972 Xylazine approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use as a sedative in veterinary medicine.[3]
1979 First case of xylazine toxicity is reported in a 34-year-old male who self-medicated for insomnia with 1g of xylazine.[1]
1981 Xylazine's mechanism of action is discovered as an a2a receptor agonist.[1]
1981 Xylazine overdose is reported in a 20 year old horse trainer. Effects in the patient (central nervous depression, transient hyperglycemia, and low heart rate) are similar to one of the few existing case reports on xylazine exposure to humans.[4]
2001 First overdose is reported from xylazine inhalation. Overdose was reported in a pediatric patient, who notably did not recover via naloxone. Patient survived the overdose however, through other supportive means.[5]
Early 2000s Emerged as a substance of misuse in Puerto Rico, starting in cattle-farming towns like Arecibo, Yauco, and Guanica. Notably, higher incidence of skin ulcers in users of syringes with xylazine was traced to the substance rather than factors realted to socioeconomic status or hygiene.[6]
2007 Xylazine reported as an infrequent adulterant of heroin, relative to the much higher prevalence of fentanyl as an adulterant, implicated in overdose deaths by the Philadelphia County Medical Examiner's office.[7]
2012 Drug users from the San Juan, Mayaguez and Aguadilla communities in Puerto Rico are assessed for xylazine usage. 80.7% of the users sampled in the study reported xylazine use, and were aware of xylazine (termed "anestesia de caballo" aka horse anesthesia) as both an adulterant and a substance they intentionally sought out. Users were also aware of and reported skin lesions (35.2% of the users) from xylazine.[8]
2014 A self-administered survey of majority-homeless Puerto Rican heroin users showed significantly higher odds of users engaging in HIV risk behaviors if they were also co-users of xylazine. [9]
2014 Study on in vitro human umbilical vein endothelial cells show lowest viability for cells exposed to xylazine, compared to an equivalent concentration of cocaine as well as an equivalent concentration of 6-monoacetylmorphine (the immediate bioactive metabolite of heroin in the human body). Cells were the least viable when exposed to a mixture of all three substances. The study indicated evidence towards the vascular complications observed in xylazine use.[10]
2016 Third fatal case of xylazine intoxication with intent of suicide is reported in the literature. Subject was a Turkish 24 year old veterinarian physician who injected 500 mg of xylazine, and experienced cardiopulmonary arrest. [11]
2016 First ever report is published detailing the persistent cognitive and imaging based deficits induced by chronic xylazine use and detoxification. Subject is a 35 year old male veterinarian with 2 years of continuous xylazine abuse, who retained severe cognitive deficits and frontotemporal atrophy post-detoxification.[12]
2018 Florida schedules xylazine as a Schedule 1 drug. [13]
2021 Philadelphia Department of Public Health reports increase in xylazine detection in fentanyl and/or heroin overdoses from 2% between 2010-2015 to 31% in 2019.[14]
2022 A survey administered to Reddit users who interacted with posts created January 2018 to August 2021 which mentioned xylazine, shows that half of users report locations in the Northeastern United States, with over half reporting intranasal use and majority reporting adverse effects from xylazine usage in general.[15]
2022 Patient with recent carfentanil daily usage presents to University of California Davis, with only worsening abdominal pain relating to chronic constipation. Toxic xylazine levels are detected in the patient using GC-MS, suggesting that the xylazine toxicity may not always present with typical symptoms.[16]
2022 Xylazine reported to be present in 25.8% of all drug overdose deaths in 2020 in Philadelphia, followed by Maryland (19.3% in 2021), and Connecticut (10.2% in 2020), with highest concentration in the Northeast United States. Notably, in overdose deaths in which xylazine was detected, illicitly manufactured fentanyls, cocaine, benzodiazepines, heroin and alcohol were also present in 98.4% , 45.4%, 28.4%, 23.3% and 19.7% of the deaths. This suggests a polydrug pharmacological link worsening risk of overdose from xylazine. [17]
2023 Urine Drug Surveillance report from Philadelphia reports that 90% of recreational opioid samples also contain xylazine. Samples were obtained from individuals who encountered law enforcement for non-violent low-level offenses. [18]
2023 White House Office of National Drug Control Policy declares xylazine, notably when adulterated with fentanyl and its derivatives, as a national threat to public health.[3]
2023 First reported death outside of North America and Puerto Rico following xylazine use in a 43-year-old male in Soilhull, England. Postmorterm toxicology detected heroin, cocaine, fentanyl and xylazine.[19]
2023 Report using CDC’s State Unintentional Drug Overdose Reporting System (SUDORS) data describes increase in number of deaths related to illicitly manufactured fentanyl (IMF) deaths with xylazine presence, from a monthly rate of 12 in January 2019 to 188 in June 2022. Interestingtly, compared with IMF-involved deaths without xylazine, a lower percentage of those with xylazine detected had evidence of no pulse when first responders arrived (53.3% versus 62.2%). The Northeast United States presented with 49.9% (2,423 deaths) of the nation's IMF related deaths with xylazine also present tallied between January 2021-June 2022. This is in contrast to only 1.1% (54) of such deaths taking place in the West. [20]
2024 Xylazine is detected in the urine of most of the overwhelmingly majority male sample of illicit drug users who had sought care in the Prevencasa harm reduction clinic in Tijuana, Mexico. [21]
2024 Fentanyl was detected in 100% of xylazine-present overdoses (165 deaths) occurring in Jefferson County, Alabama, between 2019-2023. [22]
2024 Researchers propose a vaccine for protecting against the neurological effects of xylazine, indicating that cross-talk between the adrenergic and opioid systems makes it more difficult to safely block xylazine's actions on neuronal receptors. The vaccine's mechanism borrows from the existing immunopharmacotherapy literature on [23]
2025 Medetomidine, also a veterinary sedative, surpasses xylazine as most common adulterant in street fentanyl samples collected in Pennsylvania in 2024, by one of Pennsylvania's drug checking programs, PAGroundhogs (PAG). Medetomidine is detected in 61% of samples compared to 31% for xylazine, which represents a large drop of xylazine detection in samples from 98% in 2022. [24]

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See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Xylazine". September 18, 2025.
  2. ↑ Sagner, G., Hoffmeister, F., & Kroneberg, G. (May 22, 1970). "Pharmacological basis of a new drug for analgesia, sedation and relaxation in veterinary medicine, Bayer Va 1470 or" Rompun".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gupta, R., Holtgrave, D. R., & Ashburn, M. A. (April 26, 2023). "Xylazine—medical and public health imperatives".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ Gallanosa, A. G., Spyker, D. A., Shipe, J. R., & Morris, D. L. (1981). "Human Xylazine Overdose: A Comparative Review with Clonidine, Phenothiazines, and Tricyclic Antidepressants".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ CAPRARO, A. J., JAMES F WILEY, I. I., & TUCKER, J. R. (December 2001). "Severe intoxication from xylazine inhalation".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Rodríguez, N., Vidot, J. V., Panelli, J., Colón, H., Ritchie, B. (May 9, 2008). "GC–MS confirmation of xylazine (Rompun), a veterinary sedative, in exchanged needles".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Muller, A. A., Osterhoudt, K. C., & Wingert, W. (September 2007). "Heroin: What's In the Mix?".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Reyes, J. C., Negrón, J. L., Colón, H. M., Padilla, A. M., Millán, M. Y., Matos, T. D., & Robles, R. R. "The Emerging of Xylazine as a New Drug of Abuse and its Health Consequences among Drug Users in Puerto Rico" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ López, L. M., Hermanto, J., Russ, A., Chassler, D., & Lundgren, L. M. (October 17, 2014). "Injection of Xylazine mixed with heroin associated with poor health outcomes and HIV risk behaviors in Puerto Rico".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ Silva-Torres, L. A., Vélez, C., Alvarez, J. L., Ortiz, J. G., & Zayas, B. (October 28, 2014). "Toxic effects of xylazine on endothelial cells in combination with cocaine and 6-monoacetylmorphine" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ↑ Bayramoglu, A., Saritemur, M., Kocak, A. O., Omeroglu, M., & Akbas, I. (May 5, 2016). "Xylazine Intoxication, A Case report" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ↑ Mulders, P., van Duijnhoven, V., & Schellekens, A. (May 3, 2016). "Xylazine Dependence and Detoxification: A Case Report".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ↑ "2018 Florida Statutes".
  14. ↑ Johnson, J., Pizzicato, L., Johnson, C., & Viner, K. (February 3, 2021). "Increasing presence of xylazine in heroin and/or fentanyl deaths, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2010–2019".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ↑ Spadaro, A., O'Connor, K., Lakamana, S., Sarker, A., Wightman, R., Love, J. S., & Perrone, J. (August 10, 2023). "Self-reported Xylazine Experiences: A Mixed-methods Study of Reddit Subscribers".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ↑ Zheng, J. X., Randall, S., Grimsrud, K., Bainbridge, S., & Tran, N. K. (July 15, 2025). "Not Carfentanil—A Case of Unexpected Xylazine Detection".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ↑ Friedman, J., Montero, F., Bourgois, P., Wahbi, R., Dye, D., Goodman-Meza, D., & Shover, C. (February 26, 2022). "Xylazine spreads across the US: A growing component of the increasingly synthetic and polysubstance overdose crisis".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  18. ↑ Reyes AG, Walton SE, Debord J, Domonoski L, Cunningham N, Stang B, Logan BK, Krotulski AJ (November 1, 2023). "Urine Drug Surveillance in Philadelphia, PA, with Emphasis on Xylazine and its Metabolites".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ↑ Rock, K. L., Lawson, A. J., Duffy, J., Mellor, A., Treble, R. (May 22, 2023). "The first drug-related death associated with xylazine use in the UK and Europe".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  20. ↑ Kariisa, M. (2023). "Illicitly manufactured fentanyl–involved overdose deaths with detected xylazine—United States".
  21. ↑ Friedman, J. R., González, A., Ruiz, C., Tejeda, M. A. G., Segovia, L. A., Godvin, M. E., ... & Bufanda, L. P. (March 20, 2025). "The Detection of Xylazine in Tijuana, Mexico: Triangulating Drug Checking and Clinical Urine Testing Data".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  22. ↑ "Xylazine co-occurrence with illicit fentanyl is a growing threat in the Deep South: a retrospective study of decedent data". February 20, 2024.
  23. ↑ Lin, M., Eubanks, L. M., Zhou, B., & Janda, K. D. (March 28, 2024). "Evaluation of a hapten conjugate vaccine against the zombie drug xylazine".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  24. ↑ PAGroundhogs (Feb 24, 2025). "CORRECTION: PAG RELEASES NEW ADULTERANT REPORT".
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