User:Chantal/Timeline of xylazine

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This is a timeline of xylazine. Whatever is a ... .

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Time period Development summary More details
Before X Pre-synthetic animal sedatives bla
X - Y First synthetic animal sedatives bla
Y - Z Xylazine synthesis bla
Z - A Introduction of xylazine to humans bla
A onwards Xylazine epidemic bla

Full timeline

Year Month and date Event type Details
1962 Xylazine is discovered as an antihypertensive agent by Farbenfabriken Bayer in Leverkusen, West Germany.[1]
1968 Xylazine is marketed for cattle but also secondarily dogs, cats, horses and wild animals under the name Rompun® suggested as a muscular relaxant and sedative without true anesthetic effects.[2]
1972 Xylazine approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use as a sedative in veterinary medicine.[3]
1979 First case of xylazine toxicity is reported in a 34-year-old male who self-medicated for insomnia with 1g of xylazine.[1]
1981 Xylazine's mechanism of action is discovered as an a2a receptor agonist.[1]
2001 First overdose is reported from xylazine inhalation. Overdose was reported in a pediatric patient, who notably did not recover via naloxone. Patient survived the overdose however, through other supportive means.[4]
Early 200s Emerged as a substance of misuse in Puerto Rico, starting in cattle-farming towns like Arecibo, Yauco, and Guanica. Notably, higher incidence of skin ulcers in users of syringes with xylazine was traced to the substance rather than factors realted to socioeconomic status or hygiene.[5]
2021 Philadelphia Department of Public Health reports increase in xylazine detection in fentanyl and/or heroin overdoses from 2% between 2010-2015 to 31% in 2019.[6]
2022 Xylazine reported to be present in 25.8% of all drug overdose deaths in 2020 in Philadelphia, followed by Maryland (19.3% in 2021), and Connecticut (10.2% in 2020), with highest concentration in the Northeast United States. Notably, in overdose deaths in which xylazine was detected, illicitly manufactured fentanyls, cocaine, benzodiazepines, heroin and alcohol were also present in 98.4% , 45.4%, 28.4%, 23.3% and 19.7% of the deaths. This suggests a polydrug pharmacological link worsening risk of overdose from xylazine. [7]
2023 Urine Drug Surveillance report from Philadelphia reports that 90% of recreational opioid samples also contain xylazine. Samples were obtained from individuals who encountered law enforcement for non-violent low-level offenses. [8]
2023 White House Office of National Drug Control Policy declares xylazine, notably when adulterated with fentanyl and its derivatives, as a national threat to public health.[3]
2023 First reported death outside of North America and Puerto Rico following xylazine use in a 43-year-old male in Soilhull, England. Postmorterm toxicology detected heroin, cocaine, fentanyl and xylazine.[9]
2025 Medetomidine, also a veterinary sedative, surpasses xylazine as most common adulterant in street fentanyl samples collected in Pennsylvania in 2024, by one of Pennsylvania's drug checking programs, PAGroundhogs (PAG). Medetomidine is detected in 61% of samples compared to 31% for xylazine, which represents a large drop of xylazine detection in samples from 98% in 2022. [10]

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References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "Xylazine". September 18, 2025.
  2. ↑ Sagner, G., Hoffmeister, F., & Kroneberg, G. (May 22, 1970). "Pharmacological basis of a new drug for analgesia, sedation and relaxation in veterinary medicine, Bayer Va 1470 or" Rompun".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gupta, R., Holtgrave, D. R., & Ashburn, M. A. (April 26, 2023). "Xylazine—medical and public health imperatives".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ↑ CAPRARO, A. J., JAMES F WILEY, I. I., & TUCKER, J. R. (December 2001). "Severe intoxication from xylazine inhalation".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  5. ↑ Rodríguez, N., Vidot, J. V., Panelli, J., Colón, H., Ritchie, B. (May 9, 2008). "GC–MS confirmation of xylazine (Rompun), a veterinary sedative, in exchanged needles".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ↑ Johnson, J., Pizzicato, L., Johnson, C., & Viner, K. (February 3, 2021). "Increasing presence of xylazine in heroin and/or fentanyl deaths, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2010–2019".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Friedman, J., Montero, F., Bourgois, P., Wahbi, R., Dye, D., Goodman-Meza, D., & Shover, C. (February 26, 2022). "Xylazine spreads across the US: A growing component of the increasingly synthetic and polysubstance overdose crisis".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ↑ Reyes AG, Walton SE, Debord J, Domonoski L, Cunningham N, Stang B, Logan BK, Krotulski AJ (November 1, 2023). "Urine Drug Surveillance in Philadelphia, PA, with Emphasis on Xylazine and its Metabolites".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ↑ Rock, K. L., Lawson, A. J., Duffy, J., Mellor, A., Treble, R. (May 22, 2023). "The first drug-related death associated with xylazine use in the UK and Europe".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ↑ PAGroundhogs (Feb 24, 2025). "CORRECTION: PAG RELEASES NEW ADULTERANT REPORT".
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