Difference between revisions of "Timeline of malaria in 2014"

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== Development summary ==
 
== Development summary ==
  
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*'''Parasites''': Plasmodium parasite alters body odor in mice. It is also found to penetrate the {{w|bone marrow}}. ''{{w|Plasmodium knowlesi}}'' increases incidence in {{w|Borneo}}.  
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*'''Parasites''': Plasmodium parasite alters body odor in mice. The parasite is also found to penetrate the {{w|bone marrow}}. ''{{w|Plasmodium knowlesi}}'' increases incidence in {{w|Borneo}}.
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*'''Vectors''':  {{w|Anopheles gambiae}} is genetically modified.  
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*'''Vectors''':  {{w|Anopheles gambiae}} is genetically modified. Mosquitos are "vaccinated" against ''{{w|Plasmodium}}'' parasite.
 
*'''Drugs''': Antimalarial {{w|chloroquine}} could prevent {{w|liver cancer}}.
 
*'''Drugs''': Antimalarial {{w|chloroquine}} could prevent {{w|liver cancer}}.
 
*'''Vaccines''': Critical protein is extracted from ''{{w|Escherichia coli}}''. {{w|RTS,S}} is trialed in 15,000 infants and children in {{w|Africa}}.
 
*'''Vaccines''': Critical protein is extracted from ''{{w|Escherichia coli}}''. {{w|RTS,S}} is trialed in 15,000 infants and children in {{w|Africa}}.
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| October 22 || Control || Researchers on the island of Borneo make use of flying robots to map out areas affected by malaria parasite {{w|Plasmodium knowlesi}}, which most commonly infects macaque monkeys. The small camera-carrying drone creates maps and digital surface models of the land and vegetation surrounding communities where ''P. knowlesi'' has turned up in humans. <ref>{{cite web|title=How Drones Are Fighting Infectious Disease|url=https://www.livescience.com/48396-drones-track-infectious-disease.html|website=livescience.com|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Malaysia}}
 
| October 22 || Control || Researchers on the island of Borneo make use of flying robots to map out areas affected by malaria parasite {{w|Plasmodium knowlesi}}, which most commonly infects macaque monkeys. The small camera-carrying drone creates maps and digital surface models of the land and vegetation surrounding communities where ''P. knowlesi'' has turned up in humans. <ref>{{cite web|title=How Drones Are Fighting Infectious Disease|url=https://www.livescience.com/48396-drones-track-infectious-disease.html|website=livescience.com|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Malaysia}}
 
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| October 27 || Vector || Researchers at {{w|Johns Hopkins University}} manage to “vaccinate” mosquitos against the parasite that causes malaria and the virus that causes dengue, by using bacteria {{{w|Chromobacterium}}, which prevents the pathogens from effectively invading and colonizing mosquito guts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Exploiting insect microbiomes to curb malaria and dengue|url=http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2014/10/27/exploiting-insect-microbiomes-to-curb-malaria-and-dengue/|website=stanford.edu|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ramirez et al|first1=Jose Luis|title=Chromobacterium Csp_P Reduces Malaria and Dengue Infection in Vector Mosquitoes and Has Entomopathogenic and In Vitro Anti-pathogen Activities|url=http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004398|accessdate=5 August 2017|quote=Ingestion of Csp_P by the mosquito significantly reduces its susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus infection, thereby compromising the mosquito's vector competence. This bacterium also exerts in vitro anti-Plasmodium and anti-dengue activities, which appear to be mediated through Csp_P -produced stable bioactive factors with transmission-blocking and therapeutic potential.}}</ref> || United States
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| October 27 || Vector || Researchers at {{w|Johns Hopkins University}} manage to “vaccinate” mosquitos against the parasite that causes malaria and the virus that causes dengue, by using bacteria {{w|Chromobacterium}}, which prevents the pathogens from effectively invading and colonizing mosquito guts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Exploiting insect microbiomes to curb malaria and dengue|url=http://scopeblog.stanford.edu/2014/10/27/exploiting-insect-microbiomes-to-curb-malaria-and-dengue/|website=stanford.edu|accessdate=5 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ramirez et al|first1=Jose Luis|title=Chromobacterium Csp_P Reduces Malaria and Dengue Infection in Vector Mosquitoes and Has Entomopathogenic and In Vitro Anti-pathogen Activities|url=http://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1004398|accessdate=5 August 2017|quote=Ingestion of Csp_P by the mosquito significantly reduces its susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus infection, thereby compromising the mosquito's vector competence. This bacterium also exerts in vitro anti-Plasmodium and anti-dengue activities, which appear to be mediated through Csp_P -produced stable bioactive factors with transmission-blocking and therapeutic potential.}}</ref> || United States
 
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| November 3 || Funding || {{w|Microsoft}} magnate {{w|Bill Gates}} announces his foundation will give away $500 million during 2014 to combat diseases like malaria on top of the $50 million it already committed to fighting Ebola.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Alexander|first1=Dan|title=Bill Gates Gives $500 Million To Fight Malaria, Other Diseases|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/2014/11/03/bill-gates-gives-500-million-to-fight-malaria-other-diseases/#72cdef0a1cb8|website=forbes.com|accessdate=4 July 2017}}</ref> || United States
 
| November 3 || Funding || {{w|Microsoft}} magnate {{w|Bill Gates}} announces his foundation will give away $500 million during 2014 to combat diseases like malaria on top of the $50 million it already committed to fighting Ebola.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Alexander|first1=Dan|title=Bill Gates Gives $500 Million To Fight Malaria, Other Diseases|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danalexander/2014/11/03/bill-gates-gives-500-million-to-fight-malaria-other-diseases/#72cdef0a1cb8|website=forbes.com|accessdate=4 July 2017}}</ref> || United States
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== Visual data ==
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=== Google Trends ===
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The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Malaria (Disease), Dengue fever (Disease), Yellow fever (Disease), Zika fever (Disease) and Chikungunya virus infection (Disease), from January 2014 to December 2014, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Malaria, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Zika fever and Chikungunya virus infection |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=2014-01-01%202014-12-31&q=%2Fm%2F0542n,%2Fm%2F09wsg,%2Fm%2F087z2,%2Fm%2F02vkznh,%2Fm%2F01__7l |website=Google Trends |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:Malaria, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Zika fever and Chikungunya virus infection gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
  
 +
*[[Timeline of malaria]]
 
*[[Timeline of malaria in 2015]]
 
*[[Timeline of malaria in 2015]]
−
 
 
*[[Timeline of malaria in 2016]]
 
*[[Timeline of malaria in 2016]]
−
 
 
*[[Timeline of malaria in 2017]]
 
*[[Timeline of malaria in 2017]]
−
 
+
*[[Timeline of malaria in 2018]]
−
*[[Timeline of malaria]]
 
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
  
 
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
{{Reflist|30em}}

Latest revision as of 12:08, 8 March 2024

This is a timeline of malaria in 2014.

Development summary

Key figures

Global cases 214 million[2]
Global deaths 438,000[2]
Rapid diagnostic tests (RDT) sold 314 million (up from 80 million in 2008)[3]
Global financing for malaria control 2.5 billion[1]
Spending on research and development for malaria US$ 611 million (up from US$ 607 million in 2010)[4]

Full timeline

Date (news release) Category Details Country
January 14 Drug Biologists at University of California, Berkeley develop new ways to genetically modify yeast to produce antimalarial artemisinin, with the purpose of getting the lowest possible price (in China, where most of the crop is grown, the price swung from 200$ to 1,100$ per kilogram).[5] United States
January 14 Vaccine Researchers at Tulane University manage to use Escherichia coli bacteria to inexpensively manufacture protein CHrPfs25, which is critical to the development of a malaria vaccine.[6] United States
January 16 Testing United Kingdom biotech firm develops a handheld device able to detect infectious diseases such as malaria in just 15 minutes. The device is expected to be used by professionals in rural areas of developing nations to test more efficiently.[7] United Kingdom
February 10 Vaccine iBio Inc., a manufacturer of biological products, reports the initiation of a Phase 1 human safety and immunogenicity clinical study of a transmission-blocking malaria vaccine candidate. Clearance was obtained from the FDA.[8][9] United States
February 23 Parasite Two research teams working independently discover that a single protein (AP2-G) acts as the master genetic switch that triggers the development of male and female sexual forms of the malaria parasite.[10] United States, United Kingdom
March 10 Vector Researchers at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and the University of Michigan, find that many areas and land masses are experiencing a gradual but noticeable warming, prompting the risk of causing malaria's domain to expand.[11] United Kingdom, United States
March 13 Testing Stanford University professor develops US$50 cents, foldscope paper microscope that can diagnose malaria.[12] United States
April 17 Vaccine Indian scientists report having obtained promising vaccine candidate against malaria, showing 80 to 85% efficacy in mice.[13] India
April 24 Resistance International team manages to identify a genetic marker of artemisinin resistance, after having first created a Plasmodium strain in the laboratory that resists high levels of artemisinin and comparing its DNA with the non–resistant parent strain.[14][15]
April 25 Campaign School children and volunteers from Mangalore, India, launch the Guppy movement campaign, a movement with aims at controlling malaria by using guppy fish to eliminate mosquito larvae.[16][17][18] India
May 22 Vaccine Researchers from Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital and the National Institutes of Health discover protective antibodies in protein PfSEA-1 that is essential for malaria–causing parasites to escape from inside red blood cells. These antibodies, which were found in malaria–resistant children from Tanzania are tested in mice, leading to a significant protection against malaria.[19] [20][21][22][23] United States
June 10 Vector Research team at Imperial College London manages to genetically modify Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes so that the modified mosquitoes produce 95% male offspring. More importantly, this reproductive tendency is found to be inherited by the offspring of the modified mosquitoes.[24][25][26] United Kingdom
June 13 Evaluation Researchers from Imperial College London, Institut Pasteur Paris and other organizations call for new methods to evaluate malaria programs.[27]
June 30 Parasite/Vector Researchers from Pennsylvania State University and the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology find that malaria Plasmodium parasite in mice alters their body odor to entice mosquitoes.[28][29] United States
July 9 Parasite Researchers at Harvard School of Public Health in Boston claims having evidence that malaria parasite lurks in the bone marrow, flexible tissue in the interior of bones where blood cells are produced.[30][31] United States
July 21 Drug Scientists at University College London discover cheap anti-malarial drug chloroquine could prevent liver cancer.[32][33] United Kingdom
July 17 Parasite Scientists from the Burnet Institute, Deakin University and Monash University in Australia manage to starve the malaria parasite Plasmodium of important proteins essential to its survival, providing a target for the development of new antimalarial drugs.[34][35] Australia
July 21 Testing Researchers at Monash University and the University of Melbourne in Australia make use of advanced military hardware meant for missile defense and turn it into a way to rapidly identify malaria parasites in humans.[36][37] Australia
July 29 Vaccine After conducting advanced trial in several African countries involving 15,000 infants and children, British pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline asks the European Medicine's Authority to approve RTS,S vaccine for global use.[38]
August 10 Parasite Biological engineers at the Massachusets Institute of Technology demonstrate that CRISPR genome-editing technique can disrupt a single parasite gene with a success rate of up to 100% — in a matter of weeks. This approach could enable much more rapid malaria gene analysis and boost drug-development efforts.[39] United States
August 24 Testing Scientific paper describes method based on computer vision algorithms similar to those used in facial recognition systems combined with visualization of only the diagnostically most relevant areas as a means for obtaining a significantly improved malaria diagnostic. [40]
September 3 Parasite Professor at the University of Connecticut designs a self-assembling protein nanoparticle that shows to be effective at getting the immune system to attack malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, after it enters the body and before it has a chance to hide and aggressively spread.[41] United States
September 9 Testing Researchers at Singapore–MIT alliance develop an inexpensive device that can accurately diagnose malaria within minutes by using only a droplet of blood.[42] United States
September 10 Control Researchers at the University of California, San Francisco develop an online platform that health workers around the world could use to predict where malaria is likely to be transmitted using data on Google Earth Engine.[43] United States
October 22 Control Researchers on the island of Borneo make use of flying robots to map out areas affected by malaria parasite Plasmodium knowlesi, which most commonly infects macaque monkeys. The small camera-carrying drone creates maps and digital surface models of the land and vegetation surrounding communities where P. knowlesi has turned up in humans. [44] Malaysia
October 27 Vector Researchers at Johns Hopkins University manage to “vaccinate” mosquitos against the parasite that causes malaria and the virus that causes dengue, by using bacteria Chromobacterium, which prevents the pathogens from effectively invading and colonizing mosquito guts.[45][46] United States
November 3 Funding Microsoft magnate Bill Gates announces his foundation will give away $500 million during 2014 to combat diseases like malaria on top of the $50 million it already committed to fighting Ebola.[47] United States
November 6 Parasite Infections with the parasite Plasmodium knowlesi show increase in the Malaysian states of Sarawak and Sabah on the island of Borneo. Ther parasite, which is carried by long-tailed and pig-tailed macaques, appears to be jumping to people as a result of deforestation.[48][49][50] Malaysia
December 4 Symptom Researchers at New York University School of Medicine find that blood pressure build-up from white blood cells may cause cerebral malaria death.[51][52] United States
December 9 Parasite Researchers at the University of Basel and the Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute develop so-called nanomimics of host cell membranes that trick parasites, leading to the possibility of novel treatment and vaccination strategies in the fight against malaria and other infectious diseases.[53][54] Switzerland
December 9 Report The World Health Organisation publishes its annual World Malaria Report, communicating a decrease in worldwide malaria mortality by 47% Between 2000-13. The rate of decrease in Africa –where 90% of malaria occurs– is reported at 54%.[55]
December 11 Resistance Researchers at Nanyang Technological University report having discovered exactly how the malaria parasite is developing resistance towards the most important front-line drugs used to treat the disease, after having analyzed 1,000 malaria samples taken from patients in the area of the Greater Mekong Subregion.[56] Singapore
December 19 Funding Google.org, the charitable arm of Google, announces that it's giving a $600,000 grant to Malaria No More to embark on a potentially transformative data mining project in Nigeria. The grant is part of a pot of $15 million that Google.org is giving out to organizations that use technology to solve the world's biggest problems. In Africa, where 1 billion mobile phone subscriptions are predicted by 2015, it is expected that public health researchers could have one billion ways to communicate with—and collect data from—the people who are most at risk of catching malaria, a disease that has traditionally been extremely difficult to track.[57][58][59]

Visual data

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Malaria (Disease), Dengue fever (Disease), Yellow fever (Disease), Zika fever (Disease) and Chikungunya virus infection (Disease), from January 2014 to December 2014, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[60]

Malaria, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Zika fever and Chikungunya virus infection gt.png

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "WORLD MALARIA REPORT 2015" (PDF). who.int. Retrieved 15 July 2017. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Malaria: Mosquitoes breed disaster in Burundi". worldvision.org. Retrieved 21 July 2017. 
  3. ↑ "Fact Sheet: World Malaria Report 2015". who.int. Retrieved 21 July 2017. 
  4. ↑ "WORLD MALARIA REPORT" (PDF). who.int. Retrieved 13 July 2017. 
  5. ↑ "Biologists Modify Yeast to Produce Malaria Drug". discovermagazine.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  6. ↑ Brannon-Tulane, Keith. "E. coli may offer cheap way to create a malaria vaccine". futurity.org. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  7. ↑ Stunt, Victoria. "Handheld DNA analysis device could diagnose malaria". cbc.ca. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  8. ↑ "Phase 1 Clinical Trial Begins for Malaria Vaccine Candidate Based on iBio's Proprietary Technology". marketwired.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  9. ↑ "Phase 1 Clinical Trial Begins for Malaria Vaccine Candidate Based on iBio's Proprietary Technology". yahoo.com. Retrieved 1 August 2017. 
  10. ↑ "Key protein discovered as essential for malaria parasite transmission to mosquitos". phys.org. Retrieved 4 July 2017. 
  11. ↑ Moll, Maryanne. "Malaria spreading to higher grounds, thanks to global warming". techtimes.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  12. ↑ "Foldscope paper microscope can diagnose malaria, costs 50 cents". cbc.ca. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  13. ↑ Gandhi, Divya. "Indigenous malaria vaccine shows promise in mice studies". thehindu.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  14. ↑ Cookson, Clive. "Researchers test new ways of controlling malaria". ft.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  15. ↑ "Researchers test new ways of controlling malaria". ft.com. Retrieved 6 July 2017. 
  16. ↑ Lee, Rhodi. "World Malaria Day: India fights mosquitoes with guppy fish project". techtimes.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  17. ↑ Paul, Stella. "India Finds Fishy Ways to Fight Malaria". ipsnews.net. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  18. ↑ "India Finds Fishy Ways to Fight Malaria". ipsnews.net. Retrieved 1 August 2017. 
  19. ↑ "Protein that may lead to malaria vaccine discovered". sciencedaily.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  20. ↑ Norton, Elizabeth. "New Malaria Vaccine Shows Promise in Mice". sciencemag.org. Retrieved 4 July 2017. 
  21. ↑ "A promising protein discovery in malaria". brown.edu. Retrieved 31 July 2017. 
  22. ↑ Raj, Dipak K.; et al. "Antibodies to PfSEA-1 block parasite egress from RBCs and protect against malaria infection". PMC 4184151Freely accessible. doi:10.1126/science.1254417. Retrieved 31 July 2017. 
  23. ↑ "Has Malaria Met Its Match?". Forbes. May 23, 2014. Retrieved 4 July 2017. 
  24. ↑ "Scientists wipe out malaria-carrying mosquitoes in lab with male-only offspring". imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 August 2017. 
  25. ↑ "Genetically Modifying Mosquitoes to 'Bite the Dust'? Ethical Considerations". ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  26. ↑ "How Sex Could Wipe Out Malaria". go.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  27. ↑ Davenport, Francesca. "Researchers call for new evaluation methods to assess malaria programmes". imperial.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  28. ↑ "Malaria parasite alters host body odor to entice mosquitoes". latimes.com. Retrieved 4 July 2017. 
  29. ↑ Elyse Messer, Andrea. "Malaria parasite manipulates host's scent". psu.edu. Retrieved 1 August 2017. 
  30. ↑ Berman, Jessica. "Researchers Confirm Presence of Malaria Parasite in Bone Marrow". voanews.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  31. ↑ "Malaria parasite can hide in bone marrow". harvard.edu. Retrieved 1 August 2017. 
  32. ↑ Knapton, Sarah. "Malaria drug could prevent liver cancer". telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  33. ↑ "Malaria pill could prevent liver cancer". oncologynurseadvisor.com. Retrieved 1 August 2017. 
  34. ↑ "Breakthrough made in quest for new malaria drugs as resistance fears grow". theguardian.com. Retrieved 4 July 2017. 
  35. ↑ Purdy, Michael C. "Scientists find way to trap, kill malaria parasite". wustl.edu. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  36. ↑ Kulze, Elizabeth. "How Anti-Missile Technology Is Being Used to Detect Malaria". vocativ.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  37. ↑ "UWM physicists' technology used in early malaria detection". uwm.edu. Retrieved 1 August 2017. 
  38. ↑ Mundasad, Smitha. "'Milestone' for child malaria vaccine". bbc.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  39. ↑ "An easier way to manipulate malaria genes". mit.edu. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  40. ↑ "Man And Machine: Facial Recognition System Improves Malaria Diagnostics". science20.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  41. ↑ "UConn Researcher's Nanoparticle Key to New Malaria Vaccine". uconn.edu. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  42. ↑ Pandey, Avaneesh. "Scientists Invent Inexpensive, Quick And Accurate Malaria Test". Retrieved 4 July 2017. 
  43. ↑ "UCSF, Google Earth Engine Making Maps to Predict Malaria". ucsf.edu. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  44. ↑ "How Drones Are Fighting Infectious Disease". livescience.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  45. ↑ "Exploiting insect microbiomes to curb malaria and dengue". stanford.edu. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  46. ↑ Ramirez, Jose Luis; et al. "Chromobacterium Csp_P Reduces Malaria and Dengue Infection in Vector Mosquitoes and Has Entomopathogenic and In Vitro Anti-pathogen Activities". Retrieved 5 August 2017. Ingestion of Csp_P by the mosquito significantly reduces its susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum and dengue virus infection, thereby compromising the mosquito's vector competence. This bacterium also exerts in vitro anti-Plasmodium and anti-dengue activities, which appear to be mediated through Csp_P -produced stable bioactive factors with transmission-blocking and therapeutic potential. 
  47. ↑ Alexander, Dan. "Bill Gates Gives $500 Million To Fight Malaria, Other Diseases". forbes.com. Retrieved 4 July 2017. 
  48. ↑ "Uncommon malaria spreading in Malaysia". sciencenews.org. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  49. ↑ McNEIL Jr, DONALD G. "A Rare Form of Malaria Is Spreading in Malaysia". nytimes.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  50. ↑ Imai, Natsuko; et al. "Transmission and Control of Plasmodium knowlesi: A Mathematical Modelling Study". Retrieved 5 August 2017. 
  51. ↑ "Blood pressure build-up from white blood cells may cause cerebral malaria death". eurekalert.org. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  52. ↑ "Blood pressure build-up from white blood cells may cause cerebral malaria death". sciencedaily.com. Retrieved 5 August 2017. 
  53. ↑ "Nanotechnology against malaria parasites". phys.org. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  54. ↑ "Nanotechnology battles malaria parasites". rdmag.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  55. ↑ "Global deaths from malaria drop by 47% – but fight hits critical phase". theguardian.com. Retrieved 12 July 2017. 
  56. ↑ "Latest research by NTU discovers reasons for malaria's drug resistance". eurekalert.org. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  57. ↑ Lapowsky, Issie. "The Savvy Plan to Combat Malaria With Mobile Phones". wired.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  58. ↑ "Google.org helping fund mobile phone project to combat malaria". geekwire.com. Retrieved 5 July 2017. 
  59. ↑ "Google.org giving over $15 million in grants to groups including Feeding America, Nexleaf Analytics, & Malaria No More". 9to5google.com. Retrieved 5 August 2017. 
  60. ↑ "Malaria, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Zika fever and Chikungunya virus infection". Google Trends. Retrieved 30 March 2021. 
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