Difference between revisions of "Timeline of psychiatry"

Latest revision as of 19:58, 8 April 2024

This is a timeline of psychiatry, attempting to describe significant events in the development of the field. Some events related to the development of psychoanalysis are mentioned for historical perspective.

Big picture

Time period	Development summary
Ancient history	Specialty in psychiatry can be traced in Ancient India, with the oldest texts on psychiatry including the ayurvedic text, Charaka Samhita.^[1]^[2] Some of the first hospitals for curing mental illness are established during the 3rd century BCE.^[3]
<18 century	Until the 18th century, mental illness is most often seen as demonic possession. However, it gradually comes to be considered as a sickness requiring treatment. Many judge that modern psychiatry is born with the efforts of French physician Philippe Pinel in the late century.^[4]
19th century	Psychiatry gets its name as a medical specialty in the early 1800s. For the first century of its existence, the field concerns itself with severely disordered individuals confined to asylums or hospitals. These patients are generally psychotic, severely depressed or manic, or suffer conditions we would now recognize as medical: dementia, brain tumors, seizures, hypothyroidism, etc.^[5] Research and teaching in psychiatry are dominated by the Germans for 100 years, until 1933.^[6] Great contributions to the field occur in the late 19th century, when German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin emphasizes a systematic approach to psychiatric diagnosis and classification and Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who is familiar with neuropathology, develops psychoanalysis as a treatment and research approach.^[4]
20th century	Around the turn of the century, Sigmund Freud publishes theories on the unconscious roots of some of these less severe disorders, which he terms psycho-neuroses. Psychoanalysis is the dominant paradigm in outpatient psychiatry for the first half of the century. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, new medications begin to change the face of psychiatry.^[5] The modern era of clinical neuropsychiatry begins likely around the 1980s.^[7] Second-generation antipsychotics are introduced into clinical psychiatry in the early 1990s.^[8]
21st century	Pharmaceutical innovation dries up in the 2000s, with no new classes of medication or blockbuster psychiatric drugs being discovered.^[5]

Full timeline

Year	Event type	Details	Location
1656	Facility	Louis XIV of France establishes the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris for prostitutes and the mentally defective.^[9]	France
1672	Literature	English physician Thomas Willis publishes the anatomical treatise De Anima Brutorum, describing psychology in terms of brain function.	Unied Kingdom
1724	Field development	New England Puritan minister Cotton Mather breaks with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses over demonic explanations.^[10]	United States
1758	Literature	English physician William Battie publishes Treatise on Madness, likely the first English medical monograph devoted to madness.^[11]	United Kingdom
1793	Field development	French physician Philippe Pinel in Paris begins what is then called “moral treatment and occupation”, as an approach to treating people with mental illness. Pinel believes that moral treatment means treating one’s emotions. Treatment for the mentally ill thus becomes based on purposeful daily activities. Pinel begins advocating for, and using, literature, music, physical exercise, and work as a way to “heal” emotional stress, thereby improving one’s ability to perform activities of daily living.^[12]	France
1808 – 1816	Field development	German physician Johann Christian Reil coins the term psychiatry.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[6]	Germany
1809	Field development	Philippe Pinel publishes the first description of dementia praecox (schizophrenia).^[16]^[17]^[18]	France
1811	Field development	German physician Johann Christian August Heinroth in Leipzig occupies the first chair of psychiatry/psychotherapy in the Western world.^[19]	Germany
1812	Literature	American physician Benjamin Rush publishes Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind, which would become very influencial in the field of psychiatry for the next 70 years.^[20]^[21]	United States
1822	Field development	French physician Antoine-Laurent Bayle attributes the psychiatric symptoms of neurosyphilis to a chronic inflammation of the meninges, making him the first person to discover a psychiatric disease with definite organicity.^[19]
1834	Facility	American philantropist Anna Marsh deeds the funds to build the first financially-stable private asylum in the United States. The Brattleboro Retreat marks the beginning of America’s private psychiatric hospitals challenging state institutions for patients, funding, and influence.^[19]	United States
1838	Field development	France passes a law that establishes its modern asylum system. Other countries like England, Germany, and the United States quickly follow suit.^[19]	France
1841	Facility	The Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane is founded in England.^[22]^[23]	United Kingdom
1844	Organization	The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII) is founded in Philadelphia.^[24]	United States
1845	Policy	The Lunacy Act 1845 is passed in Britain. It is the first British statute to treat the insane as “persons of unsound mind” rather than social outcasts.^[25]	United Kingdom
1852	Literature	French physician Bénédict Augustin Morel publishes Traite des Maladies Mentales, which introduces the term "dementia praecox".^[26]^[27]	France
1852	Field development	French physician Charles Lasègue first describes paranoid dementia as "delusion of persecution".^[26]	France
1857	Literature	Bénédict Augustin Morel publishes Traité des Dégénérescences, which is considered a foundational text of the degeneration theory.^[28]^[29]^[30]	France
1859	Literature	French physician Paul Briquet publishes Traite Clinique et Therapeutique de L'Hysterie, which presents 430 cases of hysterical patients at the Hôpital de la Charité in Paris.^[31]^[32]^[33]	France
1885	Drug	Sulfonethylmethane (Trional), a hypnosedative prepared by condensing ethylmercaptan with metyl ethyl ketone, is synthesized by Bayer.^[34]	Germany
1888	Field development	Swiss psychiatrist Gottlieb Burckhardt performs the first attempts at psychosurgery. Six chronic schizophrenic patients undergo localized cerebral cortical excisions. Most patients show improvement and become easier to manage, although one dies from the procedure and several have aphasia or seizures.^[19]	Switzerland
1893	Field development	German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin introduces the concept of "dementia praecox", later reformulated as schizophrenia.^[35]^[36]	Germany
1895	Literature	Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer publish Studies on Hysteria, based on the case of Bertha Pappenheim.^[37]^[38]^[39]	Austria
1900	Field development	Russian neurologist Vladimir Bekhterev discovers the involvement of the hippocampus in memory.^[40]^[41]^[42]	Russia
1901	Field development	German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what would later become known as Alzheimer's disease.^[43]^[44]^[45]	Germany
1901	Literature	Sigmund Freud publishes The Psychopathology of Everyday Life.^[46]
1905	Field development	French psychologists Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon develop the Binet-Simon Scale as a means to determine the children in need of alternative education.^[47]^[48]^[49]
1906	Field development	Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov publishes the first studies in classical conditioning.^[50]^[51]	Russia
1908	Field development	Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler introduces the term Schizophrenia.^[26]
1911	Organization	The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) is founded.^[52]	United States
1913	Organization	The British Psychoanalytical Society is founded by Ernest Jones.^[53]	United Kingdom
1920	Field development	Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach develops the Rorschach Inkblot Test.^[54]
1923	Field development	English neuroscientist Sir Henry Dale finds that acetylcholine can mimic the effect of the parasympathetic system.^[55]^[56]^[57]
1924	Field development	German neuropsychiatrist Hans Berger first describes Electroencephalography (EEG).^[58]^[59]^[60]	Germany
1924	Literature	Austrian psychoanalyst Otto Rank publishes The Trauma of Birth, coining the term "pre-Oedipal".^[61]
1926	Organization	La Société Psychanalytique de Paris was founded.^[62]
1927	Field development	Austrian-Jewish neurophysiologist Manfred Sakel in Vienna develops Insulin Shock Therapy as a treatment for schizophrenia.^[63]	Austria
1928	Organization	The Indian Association for Mental Hygiene is established.^[64]^[65]	India
1938	Field development	Italian neurologist Ugo Cerletti and Italian psychiatrist Dr. Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive Therapy.^[66]^[67]^[68]	Italy
1939	Literature	Russian-born researcher Nathaniel Kleitman publishes Sleep and Wakefulness.^[69]
1943	Drug	Methamphetamine (Desoxyn), a member of the amphetamine class, is marketed by Abbot Laboratories.^[34]
1944	Drug	Ritalin (Methylphenidate) is first synthesized.^[70]^[71]^[72]
1947	Organization	The Indian Psychiatric Society is established.^[73]^[74]^[75]	India
1948	Field development	Australian psychiatrist John Cade discovers that lithium is dramatically effective in the treatment of mania.^[76]^[77]^[78]	Australia
1949	Field development	Portuguese neurologist Antonio Moniz is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on Lobotomy.^[79]
1949	Literature	The World Health Organization publishes ICD-6, the sixth revision of the International statistical classification of diseases, which includes a section on mental disorders for the first time.^[80]
1950s	Field development	American psychologist Albert Ellis develops Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).^[81]	United States
1950	Organization	The World Psychiatric Association is founded.^[82]^[83]^[84]
1951	Drug	Methylparafynol (methilpentynol; meparfynol), an early tranquilizer and member of the carbinol drug class, is introduced.^[34]
1952	Field development	The American Psychiatric Association publishes the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.^[85]^[86]^[87]	United States
1952	Drug	The first monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant iproniazid is discovered.^[88]^[89]^[90]
1952	Field development	French psychiatrist Jean Delay becomes the first to recognize the therapeutic value of chlorpromazine in the treatment of schizophrenia. He invents the word psychopharmacology.^[19]	France
1952	Drug	Phenothiazine antipsychotic mepazine is synthesized in Germany.^[34]	Germany
1953	Field development	Nathaniel Kleitman, at the University of Chicago, discoveres Rapid eye movement sleep (REM), founding modern sleep research.^[69]^[91]^[92]	United States
1953	Drug	Chlorpromazine, a “mood-calming” drug, is licensed in the United States.^[19]	United States
1954	Field development	James Olds and Peter Milner of McGill University discover the brain reward system.^[93]^[94]^[95]^[96]	Canada
1954	Field development	American neurobiologist Roger Sperry begins split-brain research at the Californian Institute of Technology.^[97]^[98]^[99]	United States
1954	Organization	All India Institute of Mental Health is founded.^[100]^[101]	India
1955	Drug	Ethinamate (Valmid), a hypnosedative of the carbmate class, is launched.^[34]
1955	Field development	The term neuroleptic is coined to refer to the effects of phenothianzine medication. It becomes a synonym for antipsychotic.^[34]
1955	Drug	Meprobamate (Miltown), an antineurotic drug of the dicarbamate class, is marketed.^[34]
1955	Drug	Methyprylon (Nodular), a hypnosedative of the piperidine class, is launched by Hoffmann-La Roche.^[34]
1955	Drug	Talbutal (Lotusate), a barbiturate sedative, is marketed.^[34]
1956	Drug	Heterocyclic tranquilizer mephenoxalone is introduced in Argentina. In 1961, it is introduced in the United States.^[34]	Argentina
1956	Field development	Gregory Bateson, John Weakland, Donald deAvila Jackson, and Jay Haley propose the double bind theory of schizophrenia's thought disorder.^[102]^[103]^[104]
1957	Field development	Swedish neuropharmacologist Arvid Carlsson, at the University of Lund, discovers that dopamine is one of the brain chemicals used to send signals between neurons.^[105]^[106]^[107]	Sweden
1957	Drug	Imipramine hydrochloride (tofranil) becomes available as the first of a series of new anti-depressive drugs.^[108]^[109]^[110]
1958	Drug	Oxanamide (Quiatcin), a tranquilizer, is introduced.^[34]
1958	Field development	American physician Aaron B. Lerner at Yale University first isolates the hormone melatonin, which is found to regulate the circadian rhythm.^[111]^[112]^[113]^[114]	United States
1959	Journal	The Archives of General Psychiatry is established by the American Medical Association.^[115]	United States
1959	Drug	Nialamide (Niamid) is launched by Pfitzer for depression.^[34]
1960s	Field development	Aaron T. Beck develops cognitive therapy.^[116]^[81]
1960	Drug	The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide, under the trade name Librium is introduced.^[117]^[118]^[119]
1961	Literature	French philosopher Michel Foucault publishes Madness and Civilization, which reflects the growing counter-cultural backlash against psychiatry. Foucault is best known for his critical studies of social institutions, most notably psychiatry, medicine, the human sciences, and the prison system, as well as for his work on the history of human sexuality.^[19]	France
1961	Field development	Canadian psychiatrist Heinz Lehmann coins the term antipsychotic for a drug against psychosis.^[34]
1962	Drug	Valproate is first approved as an antiepileptic drug.^[120]
1963	Drug	Nortriptyline (Aventyl), a tricyclic antidepressant that is an active metabolite of amitriptyline, is introduced in the United Kingdom.^[34]	United Kingdom
1964	Drug	Tranquilizer clonazepam is initially patented.^[121]
1965	Drug	Hypnotic temazepam is patented.^[122]
1966	Drug	Trazodone (Desyrel) is developed in Italy. It is considered the first of the second-generation antidepressants.^[8]	Italy
1967	Drug	Thiothixine (Navane), an antipsychotic of the thioxanthene series, is introduced.^[34]
1968	Drug	Carbamazepine is approved for use in the United States for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia.^[8]	United States
1969	Drug	Indian-born American organic chemist Nariman Mehta invents organic compound bupropion in the hopes of developing a superior antidepressant with abilities to treat various psychiatric disorders.^[123]
1971	Field development	Computed axial tomography (CAT scans) begins to show the living brain in greater detail than ever before, allowing psychiatrists a way to view the subtleties of the brain without surgery.^[19]
1972	Field development	American psychologist David Rosenhan publishes the Rosenhan experiment, a comparative study of validity of psychiatric diagnosis.^[124]^[125]^[126]	United States
1973	Field development	The American Psychiatric Association declassifies homosexuality as a mental disorder.^[127]^[128]^[129]	United States
1973	Drug	Tetracyclic antidepressant maprotiline (Ludiomil) is introduced in Germany.^[34]	Germany
1974	Drug	Atypical antipsychotics clozapine (Clozaril), is introduced in Germany.^[34]	Germany
1975	Drug	Mianserin (Tolvin), a tetracyclic antidepressant, is introduced in Germany.^[34]	Germany
1976	Drug	Nomifensine (Alival), a bicyclic antidepressant, is introduced by Hoechst in Germany.^[34]	Germany
1977	Drug	Lorazepam (Ativan) is introduced in the United States for anxiety, efficacy, and catatonia.^[34]	United States
1980	Literature	The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM, III) is published by the {w{w\|American Psychiatric Association}}. Considered the psychiatry’s “bible,” it marks the shift in clinical psychiatry from a largely Freudian approach to a more biological orientation.^[19]	United States
1980	Field development	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) as a diagnosis is coined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Third Edition (DSM, III) as attention deficit disorder (ADD).^[34]	United States
1981	Drug	Zimelidine (Zelmid), the first SSRI antidepressant, is launched in Europe.^[34]	Europe
1982	Program	The National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) is launched in India, in order to improve the mental health care infrastructure in the country.^[130]^[131]	India
1980	Drug	Amoxapine (Asendin), a tricyclic antidepressant with neuroleptic properties, is launched.^[34]
1983	Organization	The European Psychiatric Association is founded.^[132]	France
1986	Organization	The American Psychiatric Nurses Association is founded.^[133]	United States
1987	Drug	Antidepressant Prozac is released.^[5]
1987	Organization	The British Neuropsychiatry Association is established. It is the oldest in the world.^[134]	United Kingdom
1988	Organization	The American Neuropsychiatric Association is founded.^[7]^[134]	United States
1990s		The United States National Institute of Mental Health declares the 1990s the Decade of the Brain "to enhance public awareness of the benefits to be derived from brain research."^[5]	United States
1990	Field development	Japanese researcher Seiji Ogawa first discovers blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) in MRI. ^[135]
1991	Drug	Anticonvulsant lamotrigine is first introduced in Ireland.^[136]	Ireland
1991	Field development	Hong Kong-born American scientist Kenneth Kwong successfully applies blood-oxygen-level dependent imaging (BOLD) to image human brain activities with MRI.^[137]	United States
1991	Drug	Antidepressant sertraline is first approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration.^[138]	United States
1992	Drug	Antidepressant paroxetine is first marketed in the United States.^[139]	United States
1993	Drug	Antidepressant venlafaxine is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration.^[140]	United States
1994	Field development	American molecular geneticist Jeffrey M. Friedman and team report the long-sought identity and function of leptin, a key fat-derived hormone that regulates feeding behaviour and body weight.^[141]^[142]	United States
1995	Drug	Antidepressant Mirtazapine (Remeron) is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of depression.^[8]
1996	Organization	The Japanese Neuropsychiatric Association is founded.^[7]	Japan
1998	Drug	Citalopram is approved for the treatment of depression.^[143]	United States
1998	Organization	The International Neuropsychiatric Association (INA) is formed.^[7]
2002	Organization	The European Brain Council is founded in Brussels.^[144]^[145]	Belgium
2001	Drug	Ziprasidone (Geodon), an atypical antipsychotic, is marketed.^[34]
2002	Drug	Escitalopram is introduced for treatment of depression and anxiety disorders.^[146]
2002	Organization	The Argentinian Neuropsychiatric Organization is established.^[134]	Argentina
2004	Drug	Duloxetine (sold under the brand name Cymbalta among others) is first used to treat major depressive disorder.^[147]
2007	Legal	global pharmaceutical Eli Lilly and Company agrees to pay up to US$500 million to settle 18,000 lawsuits from people who claimed they developed diabetes or other diseases after taking Zyprexa.^[19]	United States

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 20, 2021.

Year	psychiatry
1900	946
1910	982
1920	1,210
1930	1,930
1940	2,340
1950	4,600
1960	8,260
1970	14,500
1980	29,900
1990	68,600
2000	204,000
2010	595,000
2020	170,000

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data Psychiatry (Medical specialty) and Psychotherapy (Professional field) from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[148]

Google Ngram Viewer

The comparative chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy from 1500 to 2019. ^[149]

Wikipedia views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Psychiatry, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to March 2021. The data gap observed from October 2014 to June 2015 is the result of Wikipedia Views failure to retrieve data.^[150]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

External links

References

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↑ Rubens, Jim; Rubens, James M. OverSuccess: Healing the American Obsession with Wealth, Fame, Power, and Perfection.
↑ Zaidel, Dahlia W. Neuropsychology of Art: Neurological, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Perspectives.
↑ Nursing Mirror, Volume 155, Issues 1-13.
↑ Carter, Rita. The Human Brain Book.
↑ Sperry, Roger Wolcott; Trevarthern, Colwyn B. Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind: Essays in Honor of Roger Wolcott Sperry, Author.
↑ Goldberg, David; Graham, Thornicroft. Mental Health In Our Future Cities.
↑ Blank, Leonard; David, Henry Philip. Sourcebook for Training in Clinical Psychology.
↑ Noll, Richard. The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders.
↑ Packer, Sharon. Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films.
↑ Haley, Jay. Leaving Home: The Therapy Of Disturbed Young People.
↑ Yeragani, Vikram K.; Tancer, Manuel; Chokka, Pratap; Baker, Glen B. "Arvid Carlsson, and the story of dopamine".
↑ Doidge, Norman. The Brain's Way of Healing: Remarkable Discoveries and Recoveries from the Frontiers of Neuroplasticity.
↑ Kennedy, Michael. A Brief History of Disease, Science, and Medicine: From the Ice Age to the Genome Project.
↑ Watts, C. A. H. Depressive Disorders in the Community.
↑ Schlaepfer, Thomas E; Nemeroff, Charles B. Neurobiology of Psychiatric Disorders.
↑ Schulz, Volker; Hänsel, Rudolf; Blumenthal, Mark; Tyler, V. E. Rational Phytotherapy: A Reference Guide for Physicians and Pharmacists.
↑ "Aaron Lerner, Skin Expert Who Led Melatonin Discovery, Dies at 86". nytimes.com. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
↑ Evered, David; Clark, Sarah. Photoperiodism, Melatonin and the Pineal.
↑ Melatonin: Therapeutic Value and Neuroprotection (Venkatramanujan Srinivasan, Gabriella Gobbi, Samuel D. Shillcutt, Sibel Suzen ed.).
↑ Communication in Plants: Neuronal Aspects of Plant Life (František Baluška, Stefano Mancuso, Dieter Volkmann ed.).
↑ Cole, Jim; Stankus, Tony. Journals of the Century.
↑ "HISTORY OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY". beckinstitute.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
↑ Lajtha, Abel. Alterations of Metabolites in the Nervous System.
↑ Merkel, Reinhard; Boer, G.; Fegert, J.; Galert, T.; Hartmann, D.; Nuttin, B.; Rosahl, S. Intervening in the Brain: Changing Psyche and Society.
↑ Lane, Dannii. Arachne's Daughter: A Tale of Murder, Mayhem and Madness.
↑ Brugger, F; Bhatia, KP; Besag, FM. "Valproate-Associated Parkinsonism: A Critical Review of the Literature.". PMID 27255404. doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0341-8.
↑ Shorter, Edward (2005). "B". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190292010. Archived from the original on 2015-10-02.
↑ Shorter, Edward (2005). "B". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190292010.
↑ Fayyazi Bordbar, Mohammad Reza; Jafarzadeh, Morteza. "Bupropion-Induced Diplopia in an Iranian Patient". PMC 3939961. PMID 24644459.
↑ Wengell, Douglas; Gabriel, Nathen. Educational Opportunities in Integrative Medicine: The A to Z Healing Arts Guide and Professional Resource Directory.
↑ Fadul, Jose A. Encyclopedia of Theory & Practice in Psychotherapy & Counseling.
↑ Monchinski, Tony. Critical Pedagogy and the Everyday Classroom.
↑ Keen, Lisa Melinda; Goldberg, Suzanne Beth. Strangers to the Law: Gay People on Trial.
↑ Stern, Phyllis N. Lesbian Health: What Are The Issues?.
↑ Díez, Jordi. The Politics of Gay Marriage in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, and Mexico.
↑ "National Mental Health Programme". nhp.gov.in. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
↑ Sinha, Suman K.; Kaur, Jagdish. "National mental health programme: Manpower development scheme of eleventh five-year plan". PMC 3221186. PMID 22135448. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.86821.
↑ "The European Psychiatric Association". europsy.net. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
↑ "About the American Psychiatric Nurses Association: An Introduction". apna.org. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
↑ ^134.0 ^134.1 ^134.2 Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Koho Miyoshi, Yasushi Morimura, Kiyoshi Maeda ed.).
↑ "Laureates of the Japan Prize". japanprize.jp. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
↑ "Safety of lamotrigine in paediatrics: a systematic review". PMC 4466618. PMID 26070796. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007711. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
↑ "Ken Kwong recalls the early days of fMRI". martinos.org. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
↑ "Sertraline". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
↑ Nevels, Robert M.; Gontkovsky, Samuel T.; Williams, Bryman E. "Paroxetine—The Antidepressant from Hell? Probably Not, But Caution Required". PMC 5044489. PMID 27738376.
↑ Sansone, Randy A.; Sansone, Lori A. "Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors: A Pharmacological Comparison". PMC 4008300. PMID 24800132.
↑ "Leading the charge in leptin research: an interview with Jeffrey Friedman". PMC 3424452. PMID 22915017. doi:10.1242/dmm.010629.
↑ "Leptin: a pivotal regulator of human energy homeostasis" (PDF). Retrieved 8 September 2018.
↑ "Citalopram and Escitalopram: A Summary of Key Differences and Similarities". psychopharmacologyinstitute.com. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
↑ "European Brain Council: partnership to promote European and national brain research". cell.com. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
↑ "European Brain Council: Partnership to promote European and national brain research.". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
↑ Carlsson, B; Holmgren, A; Ahlner, J; Bengtsson, F. "Enantioselective analysis of citalopram and escitalopram in postmortem blood together with genotyping for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19.".
↑ Moore, Rhonda J. Handbook of Pain and Palliative Care: Biobehavioral Approaches for the Life Course.
↑ "Psychiatry and Psychotherapy". Google Trends. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
↑ "Psychiatry and Psychotherapy". books.google.com. Retrieved 13 April 2021.
↑ "Psychiatry". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 13 April 2021.

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[2] David Levinson; Laura Gaccione (1997). Health and Illness: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 42.

[3] Koenig, Harold G. (2009). Faith and Mental Health: Religious Resources for Healing. Templeton Foundation Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-59947-078-8.

[Psychiatry-4] 4.0 ^4.1 "Psychiatry". britannica.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[A_brief_history_of_psychiatry-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 "A brief history of psychiatry". stevenreidbordmd.com. Retrieved 4 September 2018.

[A_History_of_Psychiatry:_From_the_Era_of_the_Asylum_to_the_Age_of_Prozac-6] 6.0 ^6.1 "A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac". ps.psychiatryonline.org. Retrieved 4 September 2018.

[Neuropsychiatric_Symptoms_of_Epilepsyv-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Mula, Marco. Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Epilepsy.

[Kaplan_.26_Sadock.27s_Study_Guide_and_Self-Examination_Review_in_Psychiatry-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 Sadock, Benjamin J.; Sadock, Virginia A.; Ruiz, Pedro. Kaplan & Sadock's Study Guide and Self-Examination Review in Psychiatry.

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[14] "From Madness to Mental Illness: History of Psychiatry 101". hystera.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

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[16] Turner, Francis J. Adult Psychopathology, Second Edition: A Social Work Perspective.

[17] Shults, Sylvia. Tales from the Asylum.

[18] Shults, Sylvia. 44 Years in Darkness: A True Story of Madness, Tragedy, and Shattered Love.

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[20] Neukrug, Edward S. The World of the Counselor: An Introduction to the Counseling Profession.

[21] Encyclopedia of Special Education, Volume 4: A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals (Cecil R. Reynolds, Kimberly J. Vannest, Elaine Fletcher-Janzen ed.).

[22] Bewley, Thomas. Madness to Mental Illness: A History of the Royal College of Psychiatrists.

[23] Shepherd, Anna. Institutionalizing the Insane in Nineteenth-Century England.

[24] Goodheart, Lawrence. ""The Glamour of Arabic Numbers": Pliny Earle's Challenge to Nineteenth-Century Psychiatry". PMC 4887602. PMID 26232441.

[25] "Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of Shaftesbury". britannica.com. Retrieved 3 October 2018.

[Literary_Medicine:_Brain_Disease_and_Doctors_in_Novels.2C_Theater.2C_and_Film-26] 26.0 ^26.1 ^26.2 Literary Medicine: Brain Disease and Doctors in Novels, Theater, and Film (J. Bogousslavsky, S. Dieguez ed.).

[27] Noll, Richard. The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders.

[28] Foerster, Maxime. The Politics of Love: Queer Heterosexuality in Nineteenth-Century French Literature.

[29] Heredity and Infection: The History of Disease Transmission (Jean-Paul Gaudilliére, Ilana Löwy ed.).

[30] Schuster, Jean‐Pierre; Le Strat, Yann; Krichevski, Violetta; Bardikoff, Nicole; Limosin, Frédéric. "Benedict Augustin Morel (1809–1873)".

[31] Massicotte, Claudie. Trance Speakers: Femininity and Authorship in Spiritual Séances, 1850-1930.

[32] Hysteria: The Rise of an Enigma (J. Bogousslavsky ed.).

[33] "Psychosomatic Medicine: 'The Puzzling Leap'". nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 6 September 2018.

[Before_Prozac:_The_Troubled_History_of_Mood_Disorders_in_Psychiatry-34] 34.00 ^34.01 ^34.02 ^34.03 ^34.04 ^34.05 ^34.06 ^34.07 ^34.08 ^34.09 ^34.10 ^34.11 ^34.12 ^34.13 ^34.14 ^34.15 ^34.16 ^34.17 ^34.18 ^34.19 ^34.20 ^34.21 ^34.22 ^34.23 Shorter, Edward. Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry.

[35] Shorter, Edward; Fink, Max. The Madness of Fear: A History of Catatonia.

[36] Shorter, Edward. A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry.

[37] Hergenhahn, B. R. An Introduction to the History of Psychology.

[38] Froula, Christine. Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Avant-garde: War, Civilization, Modernity.

[39] Bogousslavsky, J. Hysteria: The Rise of an Enigma.

[40] Packer, Sharon. Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films.

[41] Aggleton, John P. "Looking beyond the hippocampus: old and new neurological targets for understanding memory disorders". PMC 4046414. PMID 24850926.

[42] "Vladimir Bekhterev, Soviet physiologist". sciencephoto.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[43] Pharmacological Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Therapeutics (A. Claudio Cuello ed.).

[44] Akbar, Celestina. Alzheimer's Disease: a Growing Health Care Issue Among the Elderly.

[45] "Alois Alzheimer Biography". biography.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[46] "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, 1901 by Freud". sigmundfreud.net. Retrieved 3 October 2018.

[47] Pfeiffer, Steven I. Handbook of Giftedness in Children: Psychoeducational Theory, Research, and Best Practices.

[48] Plotnik, Rod; Kouyoumdjian, Haig. Introduction to Psychology.

[49] Roeckelein, Jon E. Dictionary of Theories, Laws, and Concepts in Psychology.

[50] Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John. Psychology: A Journey.

[51] "Psychology - 1". quizlet.com. Retrieved 6 September 2018.

[52] "American Psychoanalytic Association". apsa.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[53] Biographical Dictionary of Psychology (Noel Sheehy, Antony J. Chapman, Wenday A. Conroy ed.).

[54] Fernandez-Ballesteros, Rocio. Encyclopedia of Psychological Assessment.

[55] Erling, Norrby. Nobel Prizes And Notable Discoveries.

[56] Kudo, Takashi; Davis, Kenneth L.; Blesa Gonzalez, Rafael; Wilkinson, David George. Practical Pharmacology for Alzheimer’s Disease.

[57] Velpandian, Thirumurthy. Pharmacology of Ocular Therapeutics.

[58] Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience.

[59] Libenson, Mark H. Practical Approach to Electroencephalography E-Book.

[60] Luders, Hans O. Textbook of Epilepsy Surgery.

[61] Rank, Otto. The Trauma of Birth.

[62] "Brève histoire de la Société Psychanalytique de Paris". spp.asso.fr. Retrieved 3 October 2018.

[63] "Manfred J. Sakel". cerebromente.org.br. Retrieved 3 October 2018.

[64] Hartnack, Christiane. Psychoanalysis in Colonial India.

[65] Cross, Wilbur Lucius. Twenty-five Years After: Sidelights on the Mental Hygiene Movement and Its Founder.

[66] Kapur, Narinder. The Paradoxical Brain.

[67] Coffey, C. Edward. The Clinical Science of Electroconvulsive Therapy.

[68] Weiss, Alan. The Electroconvulsive Therapy Workbook: Clinical Applications.

[Hypnosis_in_the_Management_of_Sleep_Disorders-69] 69.0 ^69.1 Kohler, William C.; Kurz, Peter J. Hypnosis in the Management of Sleep Disorders.

[70] Bergey, Meredith R.; Filipe, Angela M.; Conrad, Peter; Singh, Ilina. Global Perspectives on ADHD: Social Dimensions of Diagnosis and Treatment in Sixteen Countries.

[71] "Dr Matthew Smith on ADHD and Ritalin". ewds.strath.ac.uk. Retrieved 7 September 2018.

[72] "Ritalin". cesar.umd.edu. Retrieved 7 September 2018.

[73] Ghodse, Hamid. International Perspectives on Mental Health.

[74] Basavanthappa, BT. Essentials of Mental Health Nursing.

[75] MHD. Mental Health Digest. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 1969.

[76] Johnson, F.N. Handbook of Lithium Therapy.

[77] Johnson, Frederick Neil. The History of Lithium Therapy.

[78] Bryant, Bronwen Jean; Knights, Kathleen Mary. Pharmacology for Health Professionals.

[79] Kaku, Michio. The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind.

[80] Feinstein, Adam. A History of Autism: Conversations with the Pioneers.

[Cognitive_Behavioral_Therapy-81] 81.0 ^81.1 "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy". simplypsychology.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[82] Okpaku, Samuel O. Essentials of Global Mental Health.

[83] Wengell, Douglas; Gabriel, Nathen. Educational Opportunities in Integrative Medicine: The A to Z Healing Arts Guide and Professional Resource Directory.

[84] Principles of Addiction Medicine (Richard K. Ries, Shannon C. Miller, David A. Fiellin ed.).

[85] Fisher, Gary L.; Roget, Nancy A. Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery.

[86] Miller, Leslie A.; McIntire, Sandra A.; Lovler, Robert L. Foundations of Psychological Testing: A Practical Approach.

[87] Joseph, Stephen. What Doesn't Kill Us: A guide to overcoming adversity and moving forward.

[88] Krishnamurthy, Kalayya. Pioneers in scientific discoveries.

[89] Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy.

[90] Baldessarini, Ross J. Chemotherapy in Psychiatry: Principles and Practice.

[91] Doidge, Mark. Atlas of the Electrical Generators of Sleep.

[92] Kryger, Meir H.; Roth, Thomas; Dement, William C. Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine E-Book.

[93] "Olds & Milner, 1954: "reward centers" in the brain and lessons for modern neuroscience". stanford.edu. Retrieved 7 September 2018.

[94] "The Neuroscience of Pleasure and Addiction". psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 7 September 2018.

[95] Rubens, Jim; Rubens, James M. OverSuccess: Healing the American Obsession with Wealth, Fame, Power, and Perfection.

[96] Zaidel, Dahlia W. Neuropsychology of Art: Neurological, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Perspectives.

[97] Nursing Mirror, Volume 155, Issues 1-13.

[98] Carter, Rita. The Human Brain Book.

[99] Sperry, Roger Wolcott; Trevarthern, Colwyn B. Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind: Essays in Honor of Roger Wolcott Sperry, Author.

[100] Goldberg, David; Graham, Thornicroft. Mental Health In Our Future Cities.

[101] Blank, Leonard; David, Henry Philip. Sourcebook for Training in Clinical Psychology.

[102] Noll, Richard. The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders.

[103] Packer, Sharon. Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films.

[104] Haley, Jay. Leaving Home: The Therapy Of Disturbed Young People.

[105] Yeragani, Vikram K.; Tancer, Manuel; Chokka, Pratap; Baker, Glen B. "Arvid Carlsson, and the story of dopamine".

[106] Doidge, Norman. The Brain's Way of Healing: Remarkable Discoveries and Recoveries from the Frontiers of Neuroplasticity.

[107] Kennedy, Michael. A Brief History of Disease, Science, and Medicine: From the Ice Age to the Genome Project.

[108] Watts, C. A. H. Depressive Disorders in the Community.

[109] Schlaepfer, Thomas E; Nemeroff, Charles B. Neurobiology of Psychiatric Disorders.

[110] Schulz, Volker; Hänsel, Rudolf; Blumenthal, Mark; Tyler, V. E. Rational Phytotherapy: A Reference Guide for Physicians and Pharmacists.

[111] "Aaron Lerner, Skin Expert Who Led Melatonin Discovery, Dies at 86". nytimes.com. Retrieved 7 September 2018.

[112] Evered, David; Clark, Sarah. Photoperiodism, Melatonin and the Pineal.

[113] Melatonin: Therapeutic Value and Neuroprotection (Venkatramanujan Srinivasan, Gabriella Gobbi, Samuel D. Shillcutt, Sibel Suzen ed.).

[114] Communication in Plants: Neuronal Aspects of Plant Life (František Baluška, Stefano Mancuso, Dieter Volkmann ed.).

[Journals_of_the_Century-115] Cole, Jim; Stankus, Tony. Journals of the Century.

[116] "HISTORY OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY". beckinstitute.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[117] Lajtha, Abel. Alterations of Metabolites in the Nervous System.

[118] Merkel, Reinhard; Boer, G.; Fegert, J.; Galert, T.; Hartmann, D.; Nuttin, B.; Rosahl, S. Intervening in the Brain: Changing Psyche and Society.

[119] Lane, Dannii. Arachne's Daughter: A Tale of Murder, Mayhem and Madness.

[120] Brugger, F; Bhatia, KP; Besag, FM. "Valproate-Associated Parkinsonism: A Critical Review of the Literature.". PMID 27255404. doi:10.1007/s40263-016-0341-8.

[121] Shorter, Edward (2005). "B". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190292010. Archived from the original on 2015-10-02.

[122] Shorter, Edward (2005). "B". A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190292010.

[123] Fayyazi Bordbar, Mohammad Reza; Jafarzadeh, Morteza. "Bupropion-Induced Diplopia in an Iranian Patient". PMC 3939961. PMID 24644459.

[124] Wengell, Douglas; Gabriel, Nathen. Educational Opportunities in Integrative Medicine: The A to Z Healing Arts Guide and Professional Resource Directory.

[125] Fadul, Jose A. Encyclopedia of Theory & Practice in Psychotherapy & Counseling.

[126] Monchinski, Tony. Critical Pedagogy and the Everyday Classroom.

[127] Keen, Lisa Melinda; Goldberg, Suzanne Beth. Strangers to the Law: Gay People on Trial.

[128] Stern, Phyllis N. Lesbian Health: What Are The Issues?.

[129] Díez, Jordi. The Politics of Gay Marriage in Latin America: Argentina, Chile, and Mexico.

[130] "National Mental Health Programme". nhp.gov.in. Retrieved 3 October 2018.

[131] Sinha, Suman K.; Kaur, Jagdish. "National mental health programme: Manpower development scheme of eleventh five-year plan". PMC 3221186. PMID 22135448. doi:10.4103/0019-5545.86821.

[132] "The European Psychiatric Association". europsy.net. Retrieved 3 October 2018.

[133] "About the American Psychiatric Nurses Association: An Introduction". apna.org. Retrieved 1 November 2018.

[Neuropsychiatric_Disordersv-134] 134.0 ^134.1 ^134.2 Neuropsychiatric Disorders (Koho Miyoshi, Yasushi Morimura, Kiyoshi Maeda ed.).

[135] "Laureates of the Japan Prize". japanprize.jp. Retrieved 30 September 2018.

[136] "Safety of lamotrigine in paediatrics: a systematic review". PMC 4466618. PMID 26070796. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007711. Retrieved 8 October 2018.

[137] "Ken Kwong recalls the early days of fMRI". martinos.org. Retrieved 3 October 2018.

[138] "Sertraline". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 8 October 2018.

[139] Nevels, Robert M.; Gontkovsky, Samuel T.; Williams, Bryman E. "Paroxetine—The Antidepressant from Hell? Probably Not, But Caution Required". PMC 5044489. PMID 27738376.

[140] Sansone, Randy A.; Sansone, Lori A. "Serotonin Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors: A Pharmacological Comparison". PMC 4008300. PMID 24800132.

[141] "Leading the charge in leptin research: an interview with Jeffrey Friedman". PMC 3424452. PMID 22915017. doi:10.1242/dmm.010629.

[142] "Leptin: a pivotal regulator of human energy homeostasis" (PDF). Retrieved 8 September 2018.

[143] "Citalopram and Escitalopram: A Summary of Key Differences and Similarities". psychopharmacologyinstitute.com. Retrieved 8 October 2018.

[144] "European Brain Council: partnership to promote European and national brain research". cell.com. Retrieved 8 September 2018.

[145] "European Brain Council: Partnership to promote European and national brain research.". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 8 September 2018.

[146] Carlsson, B; Holmgren, A; Ahlner, J; Bengtsson, F. "Enantioselective analysis of citalopram and escitalopram in postmortem blood together with genotyping for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19.".

[147] Moore, Rhonda J. Handbook of Pain and Palliative Care: Biobehavioral Approaches for the Life Course.

[148] "Psychiatry and Psychotherapy". Google Trends. Retrieved 13 April 2021.

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@@ Line 23: / Line 23: @@
 ! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Location
 |-
-| '''1656''' || Facility || {{w|Louis XIV of France}} establishes the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in {{w|Paris}} for prostitutes and the mentally defective.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Caravantes |first1=Peggy |title=The Many Faces of Josephine Baker: Dancer, Singer, Activist, Spy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uZlmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166&dq=%22Piti%C3%A9-Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re+Hospital%22+%221656%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY0NeL1eHdAhXBF5AKHVA2BpAQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=%22Piti%C3%A9-Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re%20Hospital%22%20%221656%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+| 1656 || Facility || {{w|Louis XIV of France}} establishes the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in {{w|Paris}} for prostitutes and the mentally defective.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Caravantes |first1=Peggy |title=The Many Faces of Josephine Baker: Dancer, Singer, Activist, Spy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uZlmBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA166&dq=%22Piti%C3%A9-Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re+Hospital%22+%221656%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjY0NeL1eHdAhXBF5AKHVA2BpAQ6AEIKzAB#v=onepage&q=%22Piti%C3%A9-Salp%C3%AAtri%C3%A8re%20Hospital%22%20%221656%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| '''1672''' || Literature || English physician {{w|Thomas Willis}} publishes the anatomical treatise ''De Anima Brutorum'', describing psychology in terms of brain function. || {{w|Unied Kingdom}}
+| 1672 || Literature || English physician {{w|Thomas Willis}} publishes the anatomical treatise ''De Anima Brutorum'', describing psychology in terms of brain function. || {{w|Unied Kingdom}}
 |-
-| '''1724''' || Field development || {{w|New England}} {{w|Puritan}} minister {{w|Cotton Mather}} breaks with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses over demonic explanations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Marie L. |title=Mental Illness |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lPhL9CmSjPYC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=%22in+1724%22+%22Cotton+Mather%22+%22mental+illness%22&source=bl&ots=8oLKBpCaTL&sig=kKdfnBJNpcyg7e-MGnZwVmVAE2A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjl7PDZw-rdAhUGk5AKHY1VA7UQ6AEwB3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201724%22%20%22Cotton%20Mather%22%20%22mental%20illness%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1724 || Field development || {{w|New England}} {{w|Puritan}} minister {{w|Cotton Mather}} breaks with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses over demonic explanations.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thompson |first1=Marie L. |title=Mental Illness |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lPhL9CmSjPYC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=%22in+1724%22+%22Cotton+Mather%22+%22mental+illness%22&source=bl&ots=8oLKBpCaTL&sig=kKdfnBJNpcyg7e-MGnZwVmVAE2A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjl7PDZw-rdAhUGk5AKHY1VA7UQ6AEwB3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201724%22%20%22Cotton%20Mather%22%20%22mental%20illness%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| '''1758''' || Literature || English physician {{w|William Battie}} publishes ''Treatise on Madness'', likely the first English medical monograph devoted to madness.<ref>{{cite web |title=William Battie’s Treatise on Madness (1758) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/DF7ADF7EF7CB15AEA350FFA46C645344/S000712500023451Xa.pdf/william_batties_treatise_on_madness_1758_and_john_monros_remarks_on_dr_batties_treatise_1758_250_years_ago.pdf |website=cambridge.org |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1758 || Literature || English physician {{w|William Battie}} publishes ''Treatise on Madness'', likely the first English medical monograph devoted to madness.<ref>{{cite web |title=William Battie’s Treatise on Madness (1758) |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/DF7ADF7EF7CB15AEA350FFA46C645344/S000712500023451Xa.pdf/william_batties_treatise_on_madness_1758_and_john_monros_remarks_on_dr_batties_treatise_1758_250_years_ago.pdf |website=cambridge.org |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| '''1793''' || Field development || French physician {{w|Philippe Pinel}} in {{w|Paris}} begins what is then called “moral treatment and occupation”, as an approach to treating people with mental illness. Pinel believes that moral treatment means treating one’s emotions. Treatment for the mentally ill thus becomes based on purposeful daily activities. Pinel begins advocating for, and using, literature, music, physical exercise, and work as a way to “heal” emotional stress, thereby improving one’s ability to perform activities of daily living.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Occupational Therapy |url=https://www.otnz.co.nz/occupational-therapy/history-of-occupational-therapy/ |website=otnz.co.nz |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+| 1793 || Field development || French physician {{w|Philippe Pinel}} in {{w|Paris}} begins what is then called “moral treatment and occupation”, as an approach to treating people with mental illness. Pinel believes that moral treatment means treating one’s emotions. Treatment for the mentally ill thus becomes based on purposeful daily activities. Pinel begins advocating for, and using, literature, music, physical exercise, and work as a way to “heal” emotional stress, thereby improving one’s ability to perform activities of daily living.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of Occupational Therapy |url=https://www.otnz.co.nz/occupational-therapy/history-of-occupational-therapy/ |website=otnz.co.nz |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| '''1808 – 1816''' || Field development || German physician {{w|Johann Christian Reil}} coins the term ''{{w|psychiatry}}''.<ref>{{cite web |title=A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac |url=https://gun-violence.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ps.49.9.1241 |website=gun-violence.psychiatryonline.org |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Madness to Mental Illness: History of Psychiatry 101 |url=https://www.hystera.com/blog/2017/2/15/from-madness-to-mental-illness-history-of-psychiatry-101 |website=hystera.com |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psychoanalysis |url=https://creativechess.wordpress.com/psychoanalysis/ |website=creativechess.wordpress.com |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac">{{cite web |title=A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac |url=https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ps.49.9.1241 |website=ps.psychiatryonline.org|accessdate=4 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1808 – 1816 || Field development || German physician {{w|Johann Christian Reil}} coins the term ''{{w|psychiatry}}''.<ref>{{cite web |title=A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac |url=https://gun-violence.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ps.49.9.1241 |website=gun-violence.psychiatryonline.org |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=From Madness to Mental Illness: History of Psychiatry 101 |url=https://www.hystera.com/blog/2017/2/15/from-madness-to-mental-illness-history-of-psychiatry-101 |website=hystera.com |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psychoanalysis |url=https://creativechess.wordpress.com/psychoanalysis/ |website=creativechess.wordpress.com |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac">{{cite web |title=A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac |url=https://ps.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ps.49.9.1241 |website=ps.psychiatryonline.org|accessdate=4 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
 | 1809 || Field development || {{w|Philippe Pinel}} publishes the first description of dementia praecox (schizophrenia).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Turner |first1=Francis J. |title=Adult Psychopathology, Second Edition: A Social Work Perspective |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=evgBxNX6GtwC&pg=PT342&dq=%22in+1809%22+%22Philippe+Pinel%22+%22dementia+praecox%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja7_zj-afdAhXEFpAKHR0LBs8Q6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201809%22%20%22Philippe%20Pinel%22%20%22dementia%20praecox%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shults |first1=Sylvia |title=Tales from the Asylum |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fWdCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT88&dq=%22in+1809%22+%22Philippe+Pinel%22+%22dementia+praecox%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja7_zj-afdAhXEFpAKHR0LBs8Q6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201809%22%20%22Philippe%20Pinel%22%20%22dementia%20praecox%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shults |first1=Sylvia |title=44 Years in Darkness: A True Story of Madness, Tragedy, and Shattered Love |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=HhQ_DQAAQBAJ&pg=PT92&dq=%22in+1809%22+%22Philippe+Pinel%22+%22dementia+praecox%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwja7_zj-afdAhXEFpAKHR0LBs8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201809%22%20%22Philippe%20Pinel%22%20%22dementia%20praecox%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
@@ Line 39: / Line 39: @@
 | 1811 || Field development || German physician {{w|Johann Christian August Heinroth}} in {{w|Leipzig}} occupies the first chair of psychiatry/psychotherapy in the {{w|Western world}}.<ref name="20 Major Milestones in Psychiatric History">{{cite web |title=20 Major Milestones in Psychiatric History |url=http://www.howtobecomeapsychiatrist.org/20-major-milestones-in-psychiatric-history/ |website=howtobecomeapsychiatrist.org |accessdate=7 October 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| '''1812''' || Literature || American physician {{w|Benjamin Rush}} publishes ''Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind'', which would become very influencial in the field of psychiatry for the next 70 years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neukrug |first1=Edward S. |title=The World of the Counselor: An Introduction to the Counseling Profession |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Dp-aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=%22in+1812%22+Benjamin+Rush+became+one+of+the+earliest+advocates+of+humane+treatment+for+the+mentally+ill+with+the+publication+of+Medical+Inquiries+and+Observations+Upon+Diseases+of+the+Mind&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9hJilzqTdAhXJS5AKHZTWDcIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201812%22%20Benjamin%20Rush%20became%20one%20of%20the%20earliest%20advocates%20of%20humane%20treatment%20for%20the%20mentally%20ill%20with%20the%20publication%20of%20Medical%20Inquiries%20and%20Observations%20Upon%20Diseases%20of%20the%20Mind&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Special Education, Volume 4: A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals |edition=Cecil R. Reynolds, Kimberly J. Vannest, Elaine Fletcher-Janzen |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uQdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT362&dq=%22in+1812%22+Benjamin+Rush+became+one+of+the+earliest+advocates+of+humane+treatment+for+the+mentally+ill+with+the+publication+of+Medical+Inquiries+and+Observations+Upon+Diseases+of+the+Mind&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9hJilzqTdAhXJS5AKHZTWDcIQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201812%22%20Benjamin%20Rush%20became%20one%20of%20the%20earliest%20advocates%20of%20humane%20treatment%20for%20the%20mentally%20ill%20with%20the%20publication%20of%20Medical%20Inquiries%20and%20Observations%20Upon%20Diseases%20of%20the%20Mind&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1812 || Literature || American physician {{w|Benjamin Rush}} publishes ''Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind'', which would become very influencial in the field of psychiatry for the next 70 years.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Neukrug |first1=Edward S. |title=The World of the Counselor: An Introduction to the Counseling Profession |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Dp-aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=%22in+1812%22+Benjamin+Rush+became+one+of+the+earliest+advocates+of+humane+treatment+for+the+mentally+ill+with+the+publication+of+Medical+Inquiries+and+Observations+Upon+Diseases+of+the+Mind&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9hJilzqTdAhXJS5AKHZTWDcIQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201812%22%20Benjamin%20Rush%20became%20one%20of%20the%20earliest%20advocates%20of%20humane%20treatment%20for%20the%20mentally%20ill%20with%20the%20publication%20of%20Medical%20Inquiries%20and%20Observations%20Upon%20Diseases%20of%20the%20Mind&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Special Education, Volume 4: A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals |edition=Cecil R. Reynolds, Kimberly J. Vannest, Elaine Fletcher-Janzen |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uQdQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT362&dq=%22in+1812%22+Benjamin+Rush+became+one+of+the+earliest+advocates+of+humane+treatment+for+the+mentally+ill+with+the+publication+of+Medical+Inquiries+and+Observations+Upon+Diseases+of+the+Mind&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj9hJilzqTdAhXJS5AKHZTWDcIQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201812%22%20Benjamin%20Rush%20became%20one%20of%20the%20earliest%20advocates%20of%20humane%20treatment%20for%20the%20mentally%20ill%20with%20the%20publication%20of%20Medical%20Inquiries%20and%20Observations%20Upon%20Diseases%20of%20the%20Mind&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1822 || Field development || French physician {{w|Antoine-Laurent Bayle}} attributes the psychiatric symptoms of neurosyphilis to a chronic inflammation of the meninges, making him the first person to discover a psychiatric disease with definite organicity.<ref name="20 Major Milestones in Psychiatric History"/> ||
@@ Line 47: / Line 47: @@
 | 1838 || Field development || {{w|France}} passes a law that establishes its modern asylum system. Other countries like {{w|England}}, {{w|Germany}}, and the {{w|United States}} quickly follow suit.<ref name="20 Major Milestones in Psychiatric History"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| '''1841''' || Facility || The [[w:Royal College of Psychiatrists|Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane]] is founded in {{w|England}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bewley |first1=Thomas |title=Madness to Mental Illness: A History of the Royal College of Psychiatrists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kBu9Qh18UgAC&pg=PA4&dq=%22in+1841%22+%22Association+of+Medical+Officers+of+Asylums+and+Hospitals+for+the+Insane%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6lPfgmKndAhVJf5AKHXu1CwsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201841%22%20%22Association%20of%20Medical%20Officers%20of%20Asylums%20and%20Hospitals%20for%20the%20Insane%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=Anna |title=Institutionalizing the Insane in Nineteenth-Century England |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tn1ECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=%22in+1841%22+%22Association+of+Medical+Officers+of+Asylums+and+Hospitals+for+the+Insane%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6lPfgmKndAhVJf5AKHXu1CwsQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201841%22%20%22Association%20of%20Medical%20Officers%20of%20Asylums%20and%20Hospitals%20for%20the%20Insane%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1841 || Facility || The [[w:Royal College of Psychiatrists|Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane]] is founded in {{w|England}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bewley |first1=Thomas |title=Madness to Mental Illness: A History of the Royal College of Psychiatrists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kBu9Qh18UgAC&pg=PA4&dq=%22in+1841%22+%22Association+of+Medical+Officers+of+Asylums+and+Hospitals+for+the+Insane%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6lPfgmKndAhVJf5AKHXu1CwsQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201841%22%20%22Association%20of%20Medical%20Officers%20of%20Asylums%20and%20Hospitals%20for%20the%20Insane%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shepherd |first1=Anna |title=Institutionalizing the Insane in Nineteenth-Century England |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=tn1ECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA42&dq=%22in+1841%22+%22Association+of+Medical+Officers+of+Asylums+and+Hospitals+for+the+Insane%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6lPfgmKndAhVJf5AKHXu1CwsQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201841%22%20%22Association%20of%20Medical%20Officers%20of%20Asylums%20and%20Hospitals%20for%20the%20Insane%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| '''1844''' || Organization || The {{w|Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane}} (AMSAII) is founded in {{w|Philadelphia}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodheart |first1=Lawrence |title=“The Glamour of Arabic Numbers”: Pliny Earle's Challenge to Nineteenth-Century Psychiatry |pmid=26232441 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4887602/ |pmc=4887602}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1844 || Organization || The {{w|Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane}} (AMSAII) is founded in {{w|Philadelphia}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goodheart |first1=Lawrence |title=“The Glamour of Arabic Numbers”: Pliny Earle's Challenge to Nineteenth-Century Psychiatry |pmid=26232441 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4887602/ |pmc=4887602}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| '''1845''' || Policy || The {{w|Lunacy Act 1845}} is passed in Britain. It is the first British statute to treat the insane as “persons of unsound mind” rather than social outcasts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of Shaftesbury |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anthony-Ashley-Cooper-7th-earl-of-Shaftesbury#ref225341 |website=britannica.com |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1845 || Policy || The {{w|Lunacy Act 1845}} is passed in Britain. It is the first British statute to treat the insane as “persons of unsound mind” rather than social outcasts.<ref>{{cite web |title=Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th earl of Shaftesbury |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Anthony-Ashley-Cooper-7th-earl-of-Shaftesbury#ref225341 |website=britannica.com |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| '''1852''' || Literature || French physician {{w|Bénédict Augustin Morel}} publishes ''{{w|Traite des Maladies Mentales}}'', which introduces the term "dementia praecox".<ref name="Literary Medicine: Brain Disease and Doctors in Novels, Theater, and Film"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Noll |first1=Richard |title=The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jzoJxps189IC&pg=PA281&lpg=PA281&dq=%22in+1852%22+B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict+Augustin+Morel+Traite+des+Maladies+Mentales&source=bl&ots=eTCSuKNSdd&sig=HqvhO8voZUXg-TusSzSrCF9iIrY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-v56lwqTdAhXGFZAKHfzwC4UQ6AEwBXoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201852%22%20B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict%20Augustin%20Morel%20Traite%20des%20Maladies%20Mentales&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+| 1852 || Literature || French physician {{w|Bénédict Augustin Morel}} publishes ''{{w|Traite des Maladies Mentales}}'', which introduces the term "dementia praecox".<ref name="Literary Medicine: Brain Disease and Doctors in Novels, Theater, and Film"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Noll |first1=Richard |title=The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jzoJxps189IC&pg=PA281&lpg=PA281&dq=%22in+1852%22+B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict+Augustin+Morel+Traite+des+Maladies+Mentales&source=bl&ots=eTCSuKNSdd&sig=HqvhO8voZUXg-TusSzSrCF9iIrY&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-v56lwqTdAhXGFZAKHfzwC4UQ6AEwBXoECAYQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201852%22%20B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict%20Augustin%20Morel%20Traite%20des%20Maladies%20Mentales&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
 | 1852 || Field development || French physician {{w|Charles Lasègue}} first describes paranoid dementia as "delusion of persecution".<ref name="Literary Medicine: Brain Disease and Doctors in Novels, Theater, and Film"/> || {{w|France}}
@@ Line 65: / Line 65: @@
 | 1888 || Field development || Swiss psychiatrist {{w|Gottlieb Burckhardt}} performs the first attempts at {{w|psychosurgery}}. Six chronic schizophrenic patients undergo localized cerebral cortical excisions. Most patients show improvement and become easier to manage, although one dies from the procedure and several have aphasia or seizures.<ref name="20 Major Milestones in Psychiatric History"/> || {{w|Switzerland}}
 |-
-| '''1893''' || Field development || German psychiatrist {{w|Emil Kraepelin}} introduces the concept of "dementia praecox", later reformulated as schizophrenia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shorter |first1=Edward |last2=Fink |first2=Max |title=The Madness of Fear: A History of Catatonia |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=K_tdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=%22in+1893%22+%22Kraepelin%22+%22dementia+praecox%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmvJfgzafdAhUDf5AKHeHQDk0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201893%22%20%22Kraepelin%22%20%22dementia%20praecox%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shorter |first1=Edward |title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yJERDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269&dq=%22in+1893%22+%22Kraepelin%22+%22dementia+praecox%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmvJfgzafdAhUDf5AKHeHQDk0Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201893%22%20%22Kraepelin%22%20%22dementia%20praecox%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1893 || Field development || German psychiatrist {{w|Emil Kraepelin}} introduces the concept of "dementia praecox", later reformulated as schizophrenia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shorter |first1=Edward |last2=Fink |first2=Max |title=The Madness of Fear: A History of Catatonia |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=K_tdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=%22in+1893%22+%22Kraepelin%22+%22dementia+praecox%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmvJfgzafdAhUDf5AKHeHQDk0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201893%22%20%22Kraepelin%22%20%22dementia%20praecox%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shorter |first1=Edward |title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yJERDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269&dq=%22in+1893%22+%22Kraepelin%22+%22dementia+praecox%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmvJfgzafdAhUDf5AKHeHQDk0Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201893%22%20%22Kraepelin%22%20%22dementia%20praecox%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| '''1895''' || Literature || {{w|Sigmund Freud}} and {{w|Josef Breuer}} publish ''{{w|Studies on Hysteria}}'', based on the case of {{w|Bertha Pappenheim}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hergenhahn |first1=B. R. |title=An Introduction to the History of Psychology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iZwXnfYAo3oC&pg=PA524&dq=%22in+1895%22+%22Studies+on+Hysteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiosNr96qfdAhXGfZAKHftHBdwQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201895%22%20%22Studies%20on%20Hysteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Froula |first1=Christine |title=Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Avant-garde: War, Civilization, Modernity |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GN7UgbL4kKoC&pg=PA386&dq=%22in+1895%22+%22Studies+on+Hysteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiosNr96qfdAhXGfZAKHftHBdwQ6AEIXTAJ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201895%22%20%22Studies%20on%20Hysteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bogousslavsky |first1=J. |title=Hysteria: The Rise of an Enigma |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_h84BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT125&dq=%22in+1895%22+%22Studies+on+Hysteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiosNr96qfdAhXGfZAKHftHBdwQ6AEIUjAH#v=onepage&q=%22in%201895%22%20%22Studies%20on%20Hysteria%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
+| 1895 || Literature || {{w|Sigmund Freud}} and {{w|Josef Breuer}} publish ''{{w|Studies on Hysteria}}'', based on the case of {{w|Bertha Pappenheim}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hergenhahn |first1=B. R. |title=An Introduction to the History of Psychology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=iZwXnfYAo3oC&pg=PA524&dq=%22in+1895%22+%22Studies+on+Hysteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiosNr96qfdAhXGfZAKHftHBdwQ6AEIQTAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201895%22%20%22Studies%20on%20Hysteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Froula |first1=Christine |title=Virginia Woolf and the Bloomsbury Avant-garde: War, Civilization, Modernity |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GN7UgbL4kKoC&pg=PA386&dq=%22in+1895%22+%22Studies+on+Hysteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiosNr96qfdAhXGfZAKHftHBdwQ6AEIXTAJ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201895%22%20%22Studies%20on%20Hysteria%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bogousslavsky |first1=J. |title=Hysteria: The Rise of an Enigma |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_h84BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT125&dq=%22in+1895%22+%22Studies+on+Hysteria%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiosNr96qfdAhXGfZAKHftHBdwQ6AEIUjAH#v=onepage&q=%22in%201895%22%20%22Studies%20on%20Hysteria%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
 |-
-| '''1900''' || Field development || Russian neurologist {{w|Vladimir Bekhterev}} discovers the involvement of the hippocampus in memory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Packer |first1=Sharon |title=Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nGaXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT170&dq=%22in+1900%22++Vladimir+Bekhterev++hippocampus+in+memory&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwif_JT4wKTdAhUBkZAKHZ-ZAMUQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201900%22%20%20Vladimir%20Bekhterev%20%20hippocampus%20in%20memory&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aggleton |first1=John P. |title=Looking beyond the hippocampus: old and new neurological targets for understanding memory disorders |pmid=24850926 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4046414/ |pmc=4046414}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vladimir Bekhterev, Soviet physiologist |url=https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/223837/view/vladimir-bekhterev-soviet-physiologist |website=sciencephoto.com |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
+| 1900 || Field development || Russian neurologist {{w|Vladimir Bekhterev}} discovers the involvement of the hippocampus in memory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Packer |first1=Sharon |title=Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nGaXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT170&dq=%22in+1900%22++Vladimir+Bekhterev++hippocampus+in+memory&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwif_JT4wKTdAhUBkZAKHZ-ZAMUQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201900%22%20%20Vladimir%20Bekhterev%20%20hippocampus%20in%20memory&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aggleton |first1=John P. |title=Looking beyond the hippocampus: old and new neurological targets for understanding memory disorders |pmid=24850926 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4046414/ |pmc=4046414}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vladimir Bekhterev, Soviet physiologist |url=https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/223837/view/vladimir-bekhterev-soviet-physiologist |website=sciencephoto.com |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
 |-
 | 1901 || Field development || German psychiatrist {{w|Alois Alzheimer}} identifies the first case of what would later become known as {{w|Alzheimer's disease}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pharmacological Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Therapeutics |edition=A. Claudio Cuello |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=EUsHBn84NBEC&pg=PA1&dq=%22in+1901%22+%22alois+alzheimer%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTxMn43aTdAhXBTJAKHaO3DTAQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201901%22%20%22alois%20alzheimer%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Akbar |first1=Celestina |title=Alzheimer's Disease: a Growing Health Care Issue Among the Elderly |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_ZWLAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&dq=%22in+1901%22+%22alois+alzheimer%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTxMn43aTdAhXBTJAKHaO3DTAQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201901%22%20%22alois%20alzheimer%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alois Alzheimer Biography |url=https://www.biography.com/people/alois-alzheimer-21216461 |website=biography.com |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| '''1901''' || Literature || {{w|Sigmund Freud}} publishes ''{{w|The Psychopathology of Everyday Life}}''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, 1901 by Freud |url=https://www.sigmundfreud.net/the-psychopathology-of-everyday-life.jsp |website=sigmundfreud.net |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1901 || Literature || {{w|Sigmund Freud}} publishes ''{{w|The Psychopathology of Everyday Life}}''.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Psychopathology of Everyday Life, 1901 by Freud |url=https://www.sigmundfreud.net/the-psychopathology-of-everyday-life.jsp |website=sigmundfreud.net |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| '''1905''' || Field development || French psychologists {{w|Alfred Binet}} and {{w|Théodore Simon}} develop the [[w:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales|Binet-Simon Scale]] as a means to determine the children in need of alternative education.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Steven I. |title=Handbook of Giftedness in Children: Psychoeducational Theory, Research, and Best Practices |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=36B8YL60P_UC&pg=PA162&dq=%22in+1905%22+Binet-Simon+Scale&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJyKvr-qfdAhXKPpAKHa0-AFgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201905%22%20Binet-Simon%20Scale&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Plotnik |first1=Rod |last2=Kouyoumdjian |first2=Haig |title=Introduction to Psychology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6jLTCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT327&dq=%22in+1905%22+Binet-Simon+Scale&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJyKvr-qfdAhXKPpAKHa0-AFgQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201905%22%20Binet-Simon%20Scale&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roeckelein |first1=Jon E. |title=Dictionary of Theories, Laws, and Concepts in Psychology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6mu3DLkyGfUC&pg=PA264&dq=%22in+1905%22+Binet-Simon+Scale&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJyKvr-qfdAhXKPpAKHa0-AFgQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201905%22%20Binet-Simon%20Scale&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1905 || Field development || French psychologists {{w|Alfred Binet}} and {{w|Théodore Simon}} develop the [[w:Stanford–Binet Intelligence Scales|Binet-Simon Scale]] as a means to determine the children in need of alternative education.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pfeiffer |first1=Steven I. |title=Handbook of Giftedness in Children: Psychoeducational Theory, Research, and Best Practices |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=36B8YL60P_UC&pg=PA162&dq=%22in+1905%22+Binet-Simon+Scale&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJyKvr-qfdAhXKPpAKHa0-AFgQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201905%22%20Binet-Simon%20Scale&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Plotnik |first1=Rod |last2=Kouyoumdjian |first2=Haig |title=Introduction to Psychology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6jLTCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT327&dq=%22in+1905%22+Binet-Simon+Scale&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJyKvr-qfdAhXKPpAKHa0-AFgQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201905%22%20Binet-Simon%20Scale&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Roeckelein |first1=Jon E. |title=Dictionary of Theories, Laws, and Concepts in Psychology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6mu3DLkyGfUC&pg=PA264&dq=%22in+1905%22+Binet-Simon+Scale&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiJyKvr-qfdAhXKPpAKHa0-AFgQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201905%22%20Binet-Simon%20Scale&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| '''1906''' || Field development || Russian physiologist {{w|Ivan Pavlov}} publishes the first studies in classical conditioning.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coon |first1=Dennis |last2=Mitterer |first2=John |title=Psychology: A Journey |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=OQKS2mA5QgYC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=%22in+1906%22+%22Ivan+Pavlov%22+published+the+first+Conditioning+studies&source=bl&ots=cGBFsnr4v6&sig=gXSfCE8Pwdf8tZ1BtugxIsdFus4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJgJO6m6XdAhUSOZAKHeDMDcwQ6AEwB3oECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201906%22%20%22Ivan%20Pavlov%22%20published%20the%20first%20Conditioning%20studies&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psychology - 1 |url=https://quizlet.com/196202741/psychology-1-flash-cards/ |website=quizlet.com |accessdate=6 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
+| 1906 || Field development || Russian physiologist {{w|Ivan Pavlov}} publishes the first studies in classical conditioning.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coon |first1=Dennis |last2=Mitterer |first2=John |title=Psychology: A Journey |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=OQKS2mA5QgYC&pg=PA22&lpg=PA22&dq=%22in+1906%22+%22Ivan+Pavlov%22+published+the+first+Conditioning+studies&source=bl&ots=cGBFsnr4v6&sig=gXSfCE8Pwdf8tZ1BtugxIsdFus4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJgJO6m6XdAhUSOZAKHeDMDcwQ6AEwB3oECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201906%22%20%22Ivan%20Pavlov%22%20published%20the%20first%20Conditioning%20studies&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psychology - 1 |url=https://quizlet.com/196202741/psychology-1-flash-cards/ |website=quizlet.com |accessdate=6 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
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 | 1908 || Field development || Swiss psychiatrist {{w|Eugen Bleuler}} introduces the term ''{{w|Schizophrenia}}''.<ref name="Literary Medicine: Brain Disease and Doctors in Novels, Theater, and Film">{{cite book |title=Literary Medicine: Brain Disease and Doctors in Novels, Theater, and Film |edition=J. Bogousslavsky, S. Dieguez |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IuR8Bjj4ghkC&pg=PT21&lpg=PT21&dq=%22in+1852%22+B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict+Augustin+Morel+Traite+des+Maladies+Mentales&source=bl&ots=is5jHMrWif&sig=GWmWHQuuEOoCAfrwWR_ppJSc_q4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-v56lwqTdAhXGFZAKHfzwC4UQ6AEwA3oECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201852%22%20B%C3%A9n%C3%A9dict%20Augustin%20Morel%20Traite%20des%20Maladies%20Mentales&f=false}}</ref> ||
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-| '''1911''' || Organization || The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Psychoanalytic Association |url=http://www.apsa.org/content/apsaa-mission-vision |website=apsa.org |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1911 || Organization || The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Psychoanalytic Association |url=http://www.apsa.org/content/apsaa-mission-vision |website=apsa.org |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1913 || Organization || The {{w|British Psychoanalytical Society}} is founded by {{w|Ernest Jones}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Biographical Dictionary of Psychology |edition=Noel Sheehy, Antony J. Chapman, Wenday A. Conroy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5CJZCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA203&dq=%22British+Psychoanalytical+Society%22+%22Ernest+Jones%22+%221913%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjX2-3j5KTdAhXGxpAKHeswDTcQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=%22British%20Psychoanalytical%20Society%22%20%22Ernest%20Jones%22%20%221913%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| '''1920''' || Field development || Swiss psychiatrist {{w|Hermann Rorschach}} develops the {{w|Rorschach Inkblot Test}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fernandez-Ballesteros |first1=Rocio |title=Encyclopedia of Psychological Assessment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UDzXlxE6jEwC&pg=PA703&lpg=PA703&dq=%22in+1920%22+%22Rorschach+Inkblot+Test%22&source=bl&ots=_G2lZMVrnb&sig=rs7ox_yo73ora_Z4ORTYdsaVTvc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihlJHQ26TdAhXDk5AKHSfiBjIQ6AEwDXoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201920%22%20%22Rorschach%20Inkblot%20Test%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1920 || Field development || Swiss psychiatrist {{w|Hermann Rorschach}} develops the {{w|Rorschach Inkblot Test}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fernandez-Ballesteros |first1=Rocio |title=Encyclopedia of Psychological Assessment |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=UDzXlxE6jEwC&pg=PA703&lpg=PA703&dq=%22in+1920%22+%22Rorschach+Inkblot+Test%22&source=bl&ots=_G2lZMVrnb&sig=rs7ox_yo73ora_Z4ORTYdsaVTvc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwihlJHQ26TdAhXDk5AKHSfiBjIQ6AEwDXoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201920%22%20%22Rorschach%20Inkblot%20Test%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
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 | 1923 || Field development || English neuroscientist Sir Henry Dale finds that {{w|acetylcholine}} can mimic the effect of the parasympathetic system.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Erling |first1=Norrby |title=Nobel Prizes And Notable Discoveries |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IU4tDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA40&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22+dale%22+%22Acetylcholine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJzuPYy6fdAhWBDJAKHaWhBWcQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22%20dale%22%20%22Acetylcholine%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kudo |first1=Takashi |last2=Davis |first2=Kenneth L. |last3=Blesa Gonzalez |first3=Rafael |last4=Wilkinson |first4=David George |title=Practical Pharmacology for Alzheimer’s Disease |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nI2RCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22+dale%22+%22Acetylcholine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJzuPYy6fdAhWBDJAKHaWhBWcQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22%20dale%22%20%22Acetylcholine%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Velpandian |first1=Thirumurthy |title=Pharmacology of Ocular Therapeutics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9BGoCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA182&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22+dale%22+%22Acetylcholine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjJzuPYy6fdAhWBDJAKHaWhBWcQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22%20dale%22%20%22Acetylcholine%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
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-| '''1924''' || Field development || German neuropsychiatrist {{w|Hans Berger}} first describes {{w|Electroencephalography}} (EEG).<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DfV-BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189&dq=%22in+1924%22+%22Hans+Berger%22+%22Electroencephalography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ-cqT06bdAhXHlJAKHQJECTIQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201924%22%20%22Hans%20Berger%22%20%22Electroencephalography%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Libenson |first1=Mark H. |title=Practical Approach to Electroencephalography E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nCGo1CkmBgYC&pg=PA1&dq=%22in+1924%22+%22Hans+Berger%22+%22Electroencephalography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ-cqT06bdAhXHlJAKHQJECTIQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201924%22%20%22Hans%20Berger%22%20%22Electroencephalography%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Luders |first1=Hans O. |title=Textbook of Epilepsy Surgery |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7brLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&dq=%22in+1924%22+%22Hans+Berger%22+%22Electroencephalography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ-cqT06bdAhXHlJAKHQJECTIQ6AEIQDAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201924%22%20%22Hans%20Berger%22%20%22Electroencephalography%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1924 || Field development || German neuropsychiatrist {{w|Hans Berger}} first describes {{w|Electroencephalography}} (EEG).<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DfV-BwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189&dq=%22in+1924%22+%22Hans+Berger%22+%22Electroencephalography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ-cqT06bdAhXHlJAKHQJECTIQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201924%22%20%22Hans%20Berger%22%20%22Electroencephalography%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Libenson |first1=Mark H. |title=Practical Approach to Electroencephalography E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nCGo1CkmBgYC&pg=PA1&dq=%22in+1924%22+%22Hans+Berger%22+%22Electroencephalography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ-cqT06bdAhXHlJAKHQJECTIQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201924%22%20%22Hans%20Berger%22%20%22Electroencephalography%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Luders |first1=Hans O. |title=Textbook of Epilepsy Surgery |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7brLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA174&dq=%22in+1924%22+%22Hans+Berger%22+%22Electroencephalography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiQ-cqT06bdAhXHlJAKHQJECTIQ6AEIQDAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201924%22%20%22Hans%20Berger%22%20%22Electroencephalography%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
 | 1924 || Literature || Austrian psychoanalyst {{w|Otto Rank}} publishes ''{{w|The Trauma of Birth}}'', coining the term "pre-Oedipal".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rank |first1=Otto |title=The Trauma of Birth |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/The_Trauma_of_Birth.html?id=Uln94QlkrbgC}}</ref> ||
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-| '''1926''' || Organization || [[w:Paris Psychoanalytic Society|La Société Psychanalytique de Paris]] was founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brève histoire de la Société Psychanalytique de Paris |url=https://www.spp.asso.fr/textes/breve-histoire-de-la-societe-psychanalytique-de-paris/ |website=spp.asso.fr |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1926 || Organization || [[w:Paris Psychoanalytic Society|La Société Psychanalytique de Paris]] was founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=Brève histoire de la Société Psychanalytique de Paris |url=https://www.spp.asso.fr/textes/breve-histoire-de-la-societe-psychanalytique-de-paris/ |website=spp.asso.fr |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| '''1927''' || Field development || Austrian-Jewish neurophysiologist {{w|Manfred Sakel}} in {{w|Vienna}} develops {{w|Insulin Shock Therapy}} as a treatment for {{w|schizophrenia}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manfred J. Sakel |url=http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n04/historia/sakel_i.htm |website=cerebromente.org.br |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
+| 1927 || Field development || Austrian-Jewish neurophysiologist {{w|Manfred Sakel}} in {{w|Vienna}} develops {{w|Insulin Shock Therapy}} as a treatment for {{w|schizophrenia}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Manfred J. Sakel |url=http://www.cerebromente.org.br/n04/historia/sakel_i.htm |website=cerebromente.org.br |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
 |-
-| '''1928''' || Organization || The Indian Association for Mental Hygiene is established.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartnack |first1=Christiane |title=Psychoanalysis in Colonial India |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lGh9AAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1928%22+%22Indian+Association+for+Mental+Hygiene%22&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22Indian+Association+for+Mental+Hygiene%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim-Oey1KfdAhVLgZAKHc_SDjwQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Wilbur Lucius |title=Twenty-five Years After: Sidelights on the Mental Hygiene Movement and Its Founder |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9ppEAAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1928%22+%22Indian+Association+for+Mental+Hygiene%22&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22Indian+Association+for+Mental+Hygiene%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim-Oey1KfdAhVLgZAKHc_SDjwQ6AEILDAB}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
+| 1928 || Organization || The Indian Association for Mental Hygiene is established.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hartnack |first1=Christiane |title=Psychoanalysis in Colonial India |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lGh9AAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1928%22+%22Indian+Association+for+Mental+Hygiene%22&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22Indian+Association+for+Mental+Hygiene%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim-Oey1KfdAhVLgZAKHc_SDjwQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Cross |first1=Wilbur Lucius |title=Twenty-five Years After: Sidelights on the Mental Hygiene Movement and Its Founder |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9ppEAAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1928%22+%22Indian+Association+for+Mental+Hygiene%22&dq=%22in+1928%22+%22Indian+Association+for+Mental+Hygiene%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwim-Oey1KfdAhVLgZAKHc_SDjwQ6AEILDAB}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 |-
-| '''1938''' || Field development || Italian neurologist {{w|Ugo Cerletti}} and Italian psychiatrist Dr. {{w|Lucio Bini}} discover {{w|electroconvulsive Therapy}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=Narinder |title=The Paradoxical Brain |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6pXEFJXxOksC&pg=PA323&dq=%22in+1938%22+%22Cerletti%22+%22Bini%22+discover+Electroconvulsive+Therapy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdibDS5avdAhUKkpAKHWG2C70Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%22Cerletti%22%20%22Bini%22%20discover%20Electroconvulsive%20Therapy&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Coffey |first1=C. Edward |title=The Clinical Science of Electroconvulsive Therapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8IxAO4wySBkC&pg=PR17&dq=%22in+1938%22+%22Cerletti%22+%22Bini%22+discover+Electroconvulsive+Therapy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdibDS5avdAhUKkpAKHWG2C70Q6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%22Cerletti%22%20%22Bini%22%20discover%20Electroconvulsive%20Therapy&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Weiss |first1=Alan |title=The Electroconvulsive Therapy Workbook: Clinical Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lUpnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT91&dq=%22in+1938%22+%22Cerletti%22+%22Bini%22+discover+Electroconvulsive+Therapy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdibDS5avdAhUKkpAKHWG2C70Q6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%22Cerletti%22%20%22Bini%22%20discover%20Electroconvulsive%20Therapy&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
+| 1938 || Field development || Italian neurologist {{w|Ugo Cerletti}} and Italian psychiatrist Dr. {{w|Lucio Bini}} discover {{w|electroconvulsive Therapy}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kapur |first1=Narinder |title=The Paradoxical Brain |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=6pXEFJXxOksC&pg=PA323&dq=%22in+1938%22+%22Cerletti%22+%22Bini%22+discover+Electroconvulsive+Therapy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdibDS5avdAhUKkpAKHWG2C70Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%22Cerletti%22%20%22Bini%22%20discover%20Electroconvulsive%20Therapy&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Coffey |first1=C. Edward |title=The Clinical Science of Electroconvulsive Therapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8IxAO4wySBkC&pg=PR17&dq=%22in+1938%22+%22Cerletti%22+%22Bini%22+discover+Electroconvulsive+Therapy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdibDS5avdAhUKkpAKHWG2C70Q6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%22Cerletti%22%20%22Bini%22%20discover%20Electroconvulsive%20Therapy&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Weiss |first1=Alan |title=The Electroconvulsive Therapy Workbook: Clinical Applications |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lUpnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT91&dq=%22in+1938%22+%22Cerletti%22+%22Bini%22+discover+Electroconvulsive+Therapy&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdibDS5avdAhUKkpAKHWG2C70Q6AEIODAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201938%22%20%22Cerletti%22%20%22Bini%22%20discover%20Electroconvulsive%20Therapy&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
 |-
 | 1939 || Literature || Russian-born researcher {{w|Nathaniel Kleitman}} publishes ''Sleep and Wakefulness''.<ref name="Hypnosis in the Management of Sleep Disorders"/> ||
@@ Line 107: / Line 107: @@
 | 1944 || Drug || {{w|Ritalin}} (Methylphenidate) is first synthesized.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bergey |first1=Meredith R. |last2=Filipe |first2=Angela M. |last3=Conrad |first3=Peter |last4=Singh |first4=Ilina |title=Global Perspectives on ADHD: Social Dimensions of Diagnosis and Treatment in Sixteen Countries |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=pYY9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT26&dq=%22in+1944%22+%22Ritalin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGrbmI1qfdAhUEGJAKHbR3BzAQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201944%22%20%22Ritalin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dr Matthew Smith on ADHD and Ritalin |url=https://ewds.strath.ac.uk/View/Resource/tabid/6225/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/1007/Dr-Matthew-Smith-on-ADHD-and-Ritalin.aspx |website=ewds.strath.ac.uk |accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ritalin |url=http://www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/drugs/ritalin.asp |website=cesar.umd.edu |accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| '''1947''' || Organization || The {{w|Indian Psychiatric Society}} is established.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghodse |first1=Hamid |title=International Perspectives on Mental Health |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=M_y2iFtKRoUC&pg=PA103&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22Indian+Psychiatric+Society%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw-OCq76fdAhXDDpAKHUQsCcEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22Indian%20Psychiatric%20Society%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Basavanthappa |first1=BT |title=Essentials of Mental Health Nursing |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=LRYb0Fq35QAC&pg=PA16&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22Indian+Psychiatric+Society%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw-OCq76fdAhXDDpAKHUQsCcEQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22Indian%20Psychiatric%20Society%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=MHD. Mental Health Digest |publisher=U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 1969 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cBQ7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1947%22+%22Indian+Psychiatric+Society%22&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22Indian+Psychiatric+Society%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw-OCq76fdAhXDDpAKHUQsCcEQ6AEIQDAF}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
+| 1947 || Organization || The {{w|Indian Psychiatric Society}} is established.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ghodse |first1=Hamid |title=International Perspectives on Mental Health |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=M_y2iFtKRoUC&pg=PA103&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22Indian+Psychiatric+Society%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw-OCq76fdAhXDDpAKHUQsCcEQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22Indian%20Psychiatric%20Society%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Basavanthappa |first1=BT |title=Essentials of Mental Health Nursing |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=LRYb0Fq35QAC&pg=PA16&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22Indian+Psychiatric+Society%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw-OCq76fdAhXDDpAKHUQsCcEQ6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201947%22%20%22Indian%20Psychiatric%20Society%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=MHD. Mental Health Digest |publisher=U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health, 1969 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cBQ7AAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1947%22+%22Indian+Psychiatric+Society%22&dq=%22in+1947%22+%22Indian+Psychiatric+Society%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw-OCq76fdAhXDDpAKHUQsCcEQ6AEIQDAF}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 |-
-| '''1948''' || Field development || Australian psychiatrist John Cade discovers that {{w|lithium}} is dramatically effective in the treatment of mania.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=F.N. |title=Handbook of Lithium Therapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=z9EhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA433&dq=%22in+1948%22+%22john+cade%22+%22lithium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy4K6g76vdAhXCHJAKHVSkD20Q6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201948%22%20%22john%20cade%22%20%22lithium%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Frederick Neil |title=The History of Lithium Therapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cSyvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=%22in+1948%22+%22john+cade%22+%22lithium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy4K6g76vdAhXCHJAKHVSkD20Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201948%22%20%22john%20cade%22%20%22lithium%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Bronwen Jean |last2=Knights |first2=Kathleen Mary |title=Pharmacology for Health Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=TQV6sLzYsOYC&pg=PA363&dq=%22in+1948%22+%22john+cade%22+%22lithium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy4K6g76vdAhXCHJAKHVSkD20Q6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201948%22%20%22john%20cade%22%20%22lithium%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
+| 1948 || Field development || Australian psychiatrist John Cade discovers that {{w|lithium}} is dramatically effective in the treatment of mania.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=F.N. |title=Handbook of Lithium Therapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=z9EhBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA433&dq=%22in+1948%22+%22john+cade%22+%22lithium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy4K6g76vdAhXCHJAKHVSkD20Q6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201948%22%20%22john%20cade%22%20%22lithium%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Johnson |first1=Frederick Neil |title=The History of Lithium Therapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cSyvCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=%22in+1948%22+%22john+cade%22+%22lithium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy4K6g76vdAhXCHJAKHVSkD20Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201948%22%20%22john%20cade%22%20%22lithium%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bryant |first1=Bronwen Jean |last2=Knights |first2=Kathleen Mary |title=Pharmacology for Health Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=TQV6sLzYsOYC&pg=PA363&dq=%22in+1948%22+%22john+cade%22+%22lithium%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjy4K6g76vdAhXCHJAKHVSkD20Q6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201948%22%20%22john%20cade%22%20%22lithium%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
 |-
-| '''1949''' || Field development || Portuguese neurologist {{w|Antonio Moniz}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} for his work on {{w|Lobotomy}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaku |first1=Michio |title=The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=4SiwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT222&lpg=PT222&dq=%221949%22+%22antonio+moniz%22+%22nobel%22&source=bl&ots=c0KoxPED2O&sig=8B1lB7fG0UI-uzRzBVwRv_gbEP4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQg-PWnqzdAhXDHZAKHSkpCloQ6AEwDXoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=%221949%22%20%22antonio%20moniz%22%20%22nobel%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1949 || Field development || Portuguese neurologist {{w|Antonio Moniz}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} for his work on {{w|Lobotomy}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaku |first1=Michio |title=The Future of the Mind: The Scientific Quest to Understand, Enhance, and Empower the Mind |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=4SiwAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT222&lpg=PT222&dq=%221949%22+%22antonio+moniz%22+%22nobel%22&source=bl&ots=c0KoxPED2O&sig=8B1lB7fG0UI-uzRzBVwRv_gbEP4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiQg-PWnqzdAhXDHZAKHSkpCloQ6AEwDXoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=%221949%22%20%22antonio%20moniz%22%20%22nobel%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1949 || Literature || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ICD-6, the sixth revision of the ''International statistical classification of diseases'', which includes a section on mental disorders for the first time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Feinstein |first1=Adam |title=A History of Autism: Conversations with the Pioneers |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=1-UztWdBkPkC&pg=PA167&lpg=PA167&dq=%22in+1949+the+world+health+organization%22&source=bl&ots=WKaiDzE1vk&sig=kYA5PMMnFIKbFka_NCXUqxhK7tw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj25qKVot_dAhXLfpAKHZPeBYsQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201949%20the%20world%20health%20organization%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 | 1950s || Field development || American psychologist {{w|Albert Ellis}} develops {{w|Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy}} (REBT).<ref name="Cognitive Behavioral Therapy"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| '''1950''' || Organization || The {{w|World Psychiatric Association}} is founded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Okpaku |first1=Samuel O. |title=Essentials of Global Mental Health |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7h3HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6&dq=%22in+1950%22+%22World+Psychiatric+Association%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw3PSA8qfdAhXIk5AKHZgPA-cQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201950%22%20%22World%20Psychiatric%20Association%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wengell |first1=Douglas |last2=Gabriel |first2=Nathen |title=Educational Opportunities in Integrative Medicine: The A to Z Healing Arts Guide and Professional Resource Directory |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BNR1KGJXX9cC&pg=PA90&dq=%22in+1950%22+%22World+Psychiatric+Association%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw3PSA8qfdAhXIk5AKHZgPA-cQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201950%22%20%22World%20Psychiatric%20Association%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Principles of Addiction Medicine |edition=Richard K. Ries, Shannon C. Miller, David A. Fiellin |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=j6GGBud8DXcC&pg=PA446&dq=%22in+1950%22+%22World+Psychiatric+Association%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw3PSA8qfdAhXIk5AKHZgPA-cQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201950%22%20%22World%20Psychiatric%20Association%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1950 || Organization || The {{w|World Psychiatric Association}} is founded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Okpaku |first1=Samuel O. |title=Essentials of Global Mental Health |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=7h3HAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA6&dq=%22in+1950%22+%22World+Psychiatric+Association%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw3PSA8qfdAhXIk5AKHZgPA-cQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201950%22%20%22World%20Psychiatric%20Association%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wengell |first1=Douglas |last2=Gabriel |first2=Nathen |title=Educational Opportunities in Integrative Medicine: The A to Z Healing Arts Guide and Professional Resource Directory |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=BNR1KGJXX9cC&pg=PA90&dq=%22in+1950%22+%22World+Psychiatric+Association%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw3PSA8qfdAhXIk5AKHZgPA-cQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201950%22%20%22World%20Psychiatric%20Association%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Principles of Addiction Medicine |edition=Richard K. Ries, Shannon C. Miller, David A. Fiellin |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=j6GGBud8DXcC&pg=PA446&dq=%22in+1950%22+%22World+Psychiatric+Association%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiw3PSA8qfdAhXIk5AKHZgPA-cQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201950%22%20%22World%20Psychiatric%20Association%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1951 || Drug || {{w|Methylparafynol}} ({{w|methilpentynol}}; {{w|meparfynol}}), an early tranquilizer and member of the carbinol drug class, is introduced.<ref name="Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry"/> ||
 |-
-| '''1952''' || Field development || The {{w|American Psychiatric Association}} publishes the first {{w|Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Gary L. |last2=Roget |first2=Nancy A. |title=Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=wPJ-39gVHE0C&pg=PT316&dq=%22in+1952%22+The+American+Psychiatric+Association+publishes+the+first+Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU-5iv2qfdAhWIIpAKHf0NB3wQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20The%20American%20Psychiatric%20Association%20publishes%20the%20first%20Diagnostic%20and%20Statistical%20Manual%20of%20Mental%20Disorders&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Leslie A. |last2=McIntire |first2=Sandra A. |last3=Lovler |first3=Robert L. |title=Foundations of Psychological Testing: A Practical Approach |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YdEiUjrLeiYC&pg=PT435&dq=%22in+1952%22+The+American+Psychiatric+Association+publishes+the+first+Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU-5iv2qfdAhWIIpAKHf0NB3wQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20The%20American%20Psychiatric%20Association%20publishes%20the%20first%20Diagnostic%20and%20Statistical%20Manual%20of%20Mental%20Disorders&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Stephen |title=What Doesn't Kill Us: A guide to overcoming adversity and moving forward |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gKEe6JIdHxYC&pg=PT177&dq=%22in+1952%22+The+American+Psychiatric+Association+publishes+the+first+Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU-5iv2qfdAhWIIpAKHf0NB3wQ6AEITjAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20The%20American%20Psychiatric%20Association%20publishes%20the%20first%20Diagnostic%20and%20Statistical%20Manual%20of%20Mental%20Disorders&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1952 || Field development || The {{w|American Psychiatric Association}} publishes the first {{w|Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fisher |first1=Gary L. |last2=Roget |first2=Nancy A. |title=Encyclopedia of Substance Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=wPJ-39gVHE0C&pg=PT316&dq=%22in+1952%22+The+American+Psychiatric+Association+publishes+the+first+Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU-5iv2qfdAhWIIpAKHf0NB3wQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20The%20American%20Psychiatric%20Association%20publishes%20the%20first%20Diagnostic%20and%20Statistical%20Manual%20of%20Mental%20Disorders&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Miller |first1=Leslie A. |last2=McIntire |first2=Sandra A. |last3=Lovler |first3=Robert L. |title=Foundations of Psychological Testing: A Practical Approach |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YdEiUjrLeiYC&pg=PT435&dq=%22in+1952%22+The+American+Psychiatric+Association+publishes+the+first+Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU-5iv2qfdAhWIIpAKHf0NB3wQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20The%20American%20Psychiatric%20Association%20publishes%20the%20first%20Diagnostic%20and%20Statistical%20Manual%20of%20Mental%20Disorders&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Joseph |first1=Stephen |title=What Doesn't Kill Us: A guide to overcoming adversity and moving forward |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gKEe6JIdHxYC&pg=PT177&dq=%22in+1952%22+The+American+Psychiatric+Association+publishes+the+first+Diagnostic+and+Statistical+Manual+of+Mental+Disorders&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiU-5iv2qfdAhWIIpAKHf0NB3wQ6AEITjAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20The%20American%20Psychiatric%20Association%20publishes%20the%20first%20Diagnostic%20and%20Statistical%20Manual%20of%20Mental%20Disorders&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| '''1952''' || Drug || The first {{w|monoamine oxidase inhibitor}} (MAOI) antidepressant {{w|iproniazid}} is discovered.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=Kalayya |title=Pioneers in scientific discoveries |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dAXYzzDL_9oC&pg=PA211&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22iproniazid%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAlqCY86fdAhXBkJAKHWWSC2kQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22iproniazid%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nxCianH8Q08C&pg=PA76&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22iproniazid%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAlqCY86fdAhXBkJAKHWWSC2kQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22iproniazid%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baldessarini |first1=Ross J. |title=Chemotherapy in Psychiatry: Principles and Practice |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cTx1tX8aFI4C&pg=PA131&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22iproniazid%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAlqCY86fdAhXBkJAKHWWSC2kQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22iproniazid%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1952 || Drug || The first {{w|monoamine oxidase inhibitor}} (MAOI) antidepressant {{w|iproniazid}} is discovered.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Krishnamurthy |first1=Kalayya |title=Pioneers in scientific discoveries |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dAXYzzDL_9oC&pg=PA211&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22iproniazid%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAlqCY86fdAhXBkJAKHWWSC2kQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22iproniazid%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Advances in Pharmacology and Chemotherapy |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nxCianH8Q08C&pg=PA76&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22iproniazid%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAlqCY86fdAhXBkJAKHWWSC2kQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22iproniazid%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baldessarini |first1=Ross J. |title=Chemotherapy in Psychiatry: Principles and Practice |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cTx1tX8aFI4C&pg=PA131&dq=%22in+1952%22+%22iproniazid%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAlqCY86fdAhXBkJAKHWWSC2kQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201952%22%20%22iproniazid%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1952 || Field development || French psychiatrist {{w|Jean Delay}} becomes the first to recognize the therapeutic value of {{w|chlorpromazine}} in the treatment of {{w|schizophrenia}}. He invents the word ''{{w|psychopharmacology}}''.<ref name="20 Major Milestones in Psychiatric History"/> || {{w|France}}
@@ Line 129: / Line 129: @@
 | 1952 || Drug || Phenothiazine antipsychotic {{w|mepazine}} is synthesized in Germany.<ref name="Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry"/> || {{w|Germany}}
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-| '''1953''' || Field development || {{w|Nathaniel Kleitman}}, at the {{w|University of Chicago}}, discoveres {{w|Rapid eye movement sleep}} (REM), founding modern sleep research.<ref name="Hypnosis in the Management of Sleep Disorders">{{cite book |last1=Kohler |first1=William C. |last2=Kurz |first2=Peter J. |title=Hypnosis in the Management of Sleep Disorders |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52&dq=%22in+1953%22+%22Rapid+eye+movement+sleep%22+%22kleitman%22+%22chicago%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4hM3p16fdAhVDG5AKHeK3DugQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201953%22%20%22Rapid%20eye%20movement%20sleep%22%20%22kleitman%22%20%22chicago%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Doidge |first1=Mark |title=Atlas of the Electrical Generators of Sleep |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-PNhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201&dq=%22in+1953%22+%22Rapid+eye+movement+sleep%22+%22kleitman%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZlMPV16fdAhUMDZAKHb7sA2YQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201953%22%20%22Rapid%20eye%20movement%20sleep%22%20%22kleitman%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kryger |first1=Meir H. |last2=Roth |first2=Thomas |last3=Dement |first3=William C. |title=Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AB-KCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=%22in+1953%22+%22Rapid+eye+movement+sleep%22+%22kleitman%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZlMPV16fdAhUMDZAKHb7sA2YQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201953%22%20%22Rapid%20eye%20movement%20sleep%22%20%22kleitman%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1953 || Field development || {{w|Nathaniel Kleitman}}, at the {{w|University of Chicago}}, discoveres {{w|Rapid eye movement sleep}} (REM), founding modern sleep research.<ref name="Hypnosis in the Management of Sleep Disorders">{{cite book |last1=Kohler |first1=William C. |last2=Kurz |first2=Peter J. |title=Hypnosis in the Management of Sleep Disorders |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xkcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT52&dq=%22in+1953%22+%22Rapid+eye+movement+sleep%22+%22kleitman%22+%22chicago%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj4hM3p16fdAhVDG5AKHeK3DugQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201953%22%20%22Rapid%20eye%20movement%20sleep%22%20%22kleitman%22%20%22chicago%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Doidge |first1=Mark |title=Atlas of the Electrical Generators of Sleep |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=-PNhDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201&dq=%22in+1953%22+%22Rapid+eye+movement+sleep%22+%22kleitman%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZlMPV16fdAhUMDZAKHb7sA2YQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201953%22%20%22Rapid%20eye%20movement%20sleep%22%20%22kleitman%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kryger |first1=Meir H. |last2=Roth |first2=Thomas |last3=Dement |first3=William C. |title=Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AB-KCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=%22in+1953%22+%22Rapid+eye+movement+sleep%22+%22kleitman%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiZlMPV16fdAhUMDZAKHb7sA2YQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201953%22%20%22Rapid%20eye%20movement%20sleep%22%20%22kleitman%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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 | 1953 || Drug || {{w|Chlorpromazine}}, a “mood-calming” drug, is licensed in the {{w|United States}}.<ref name="20 Major Milestones in Psychiatric History"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| '''1954''' || Field development || {{w|James Olds}} and {{w|Peter Milner}} of McGill University discover the brain {{w|reward system}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Olds & Milner, 1954: “reward centers” in the brain and lessons for modern neuroscience |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/neurostudents/cgi-bin/wordpress/?p=3733 |website=stanford.edu |accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Neuroscience of Pleasure and Addiction |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-athletes-way/201405/the-neuroscience-pleasure-and-addiction |website=psychologytoday.com |accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubens |first1=Jim |last2=Rubens |first2=James M. |title=OverSuccess: Healing the American Obsession with Wealth, Fame, Power, and Perfection |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AkikM3RgEy4C&pg=PA43&dq=%22in+1954%22+%22reward+system%22+%22olds%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjExLmemKndAhXEIJAKHdS6CW0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201954%22%20%22reward%20system%22%20%22olds%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zaidel |first1=Dahlia W. |title=Neuropsychology of Art: Neurological, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KrXNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT281&dq=%22in+1954%22+%22reward+system%22+%22olds%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjExLmemKndAhXEIJAKHdS6CW0Q6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201954%22%20%22reward%20system%22%20%22olds%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
+| 1954 || Field development || {{w|James Olds}} and {{w|Peter Milner}} of McGill University discover the brain {{w|reward system}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Olds & Milner, 1954: “reward centers” in the brain and lessons for modern neuroscience |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/neurostudents/cgi-bin/wordpress/?p=3733 |website=stanford.edu |accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Neuroscience of Pleasure and Addiction |url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/the-athletes-way/201405/the-neuroscience-pleasure-and-addiction |website=psychologytoday.com |accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rubens |first1=Jim |last2=Rubens |first2=James M. |title=OverSuccess: Healing the American Obsession with Wealth, Fame, Power, and Perfection |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=AkikM3RgEy4C&pg=PA43&dq=%22in+1954%22+%22reward+system%22+%22olds%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjExLmemKndAhXEIJAKHdS6CW0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201954%22%20%22reward%20system%22%20%22olds%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Zaidel |first1=Dahlia W. |title=Neuropsychology of Art: Neurological, Cognitive, and Evolutionary Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KrXNCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT281&dq=%22in+1954%22+%22reward+system%22+%22olds%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjExLmemKndAhXEIJAKHdS6CW0Q6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201954%22%20%22reward%20system%22%20%22olds%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
 |-
-| '''1954''' || Field development || American neurobiologist {{w|Roger Sperry}} begins {{w|split-brain}} research at the {{w|Californian Institute of Technology}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Nursing Mirror, Volume 155, Issues 1-13 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=EbpMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1950..1960%22+%22Roger+Sperry%22+%22split-brain%22&dq=%22in+1950..1960%22+%22Roger+Sperry%22+%22split-brain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV4c6Bz6fdAhXKqZAKHY7HDZoQ6AEIQzAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Carter |first1=Rita |title=The Human Brain Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jgk6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT12&dq=%22in+1950..1960%22+%22Roger+Sperry%22+%22split-brain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV4c6Bz6fdAhXKqZAKHY7HDZoQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201950..1960%22%20%22Roger%20Sperry%22%20%22split-brain%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sperry |first1=Roger Wolcott |last2=Trevarthern |first2=Colwyn B. |title=Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind: Essays in Honor of Roger Wolcott Sperry, Author |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=NLM9_58fg0QC&pg=PA126&dq=%22in+1950..1960%22+%22Roger+Sperry%22+%22split-brain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV4c6Bz6fdAhXKqZAKHY7HDZoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201950..1960%22%20%22Roger%20Sperry%22%20%22split-brain%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1954 || Field development || American neurobiologist {{w|Roger Sperry}} begins {{w|split-brain}} research at the {{w|Californian Institute of Technology}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Nursing Mirror, Volume 155, Issues 1-13 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=EbpMAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1950..1960%22+%22Roger+Sperry%22+%22split-brain%22&dq=%22in+1950..1960%22+%22Roger+Sperry%22+%22split-brain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV4c6Bz6fdAhXKqZAKHY7HDZoQ6AEIQzAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Carter |first1=Rita |title=The Human Brain Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jgk6AwAAQBAJ&pg=PT12&dq=%22in+1950..1960%22+%22Roger+Sperry%22+%22split-brain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV4c6Bz6fdAhXKqZAKHY7HDZoQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201950..1960%22%20%22Roger%20Sperry%22%20%22split-brain%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sperry |first1=Roger Wolcott |last2=Trevarthern |first2=Colwyn B. |title=Brain Circuits and Functions of the Mind: Essays in Honor of Roger Wolcott Sperry, Author |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=NLM9_58fg0QC&pg=PA126&dq=%22in+1950..1960%22+%22Roger+Sperry%22+%22split-brain%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiV4c6Bz6fdAhXKqZAKHY7HDZoQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201950..1960%22%20%22Roger%20Sperry%22%20%22split-brain%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| '''1954''' || Organization || [[w:National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences|All India Institute of Mental Health]] is founded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldberg |first1=David |last2=Graham |first2=Thornicroft |title=Mental Health In Our Future Cities |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rcPeAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82&dq=%22in+1954%22+All+India+Institute+of+Mental+Health&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj94ZXu_afdAhUEf5AKHS9hDFcQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201954%22%20All%20India%20Institute%20of%20Mental%20Health&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Blank |first1=Leonard |last2=David |first2=Henry Philip |title=Sourcebook for Training in Clinical Psychology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8tIZCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA256&dq=%22in+1954%22+All+India+Institute+of+Mental+Health&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj94ZXu_afdAhUEf5AKHS9hDFcQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201954%22%20All%20India%20Institute%20of%20Mental%20Health&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
+| 1954 || Organization || [[w:National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences|All India Institute of Mental Health]] is founded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldberg |first1=David |last2=Graham |first2=Thornicroft |title=Mental Health In Our Future Cities |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=rcPeAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA82&dq=%22in+1954%22+All+India+Institute+of+Mental+Health&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj94ZXu_afdAhUEf5AKHS9hDFcQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201954%22%20All%20India%20Institute%20of%20Mental%20Health&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Blank |first1=Leonard |last2=David |first2=Henry Philip |title=Sourcebook for Training in Clinical Psychology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8tIZCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA256&dq=%22in+1954%22+All+India+Institute+of+Mental+Health&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj94ZXu_afdAhUEf5AKHS9hDFcQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201954%22%20All%20India%20Institute%20of%20Mental%20Health&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
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 | 1955 || Drug || {{w|Ethinamate}} (Valmid), a hypnosedative of the carbmate class, is launched.<ref name="Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry"/> ||
@@ Line 151: / Line 151: @@
 | 1956 || Drug || Heterocyclic tranquilizer {{w|mephenoxalone}} is introduced in Argentina. In 1961, it is introduced in the United States.<ref name="Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry"/> || {{w|Argentina}}
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-| '''1956''' || Field development || {{w|Gregory Bateson}}, {{w|John Weakland}}, {{w|Donald deAvila Jackson}}, and {{w|Jay Haley}} propose the {{w|double bind}} theory of schizophrenia's thought disorder.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Noll |first1=Richard |title=The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jzoJxps189IC&pg=PA139&dq=%22in+1956%22+%22double+bind+theory+of+schizophrenia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuz6e-6KvdAhUJkpAKHbSRCBEQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201956%22%20%22double%20bind%20theory%20of%20schizophrenia&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Packer |first1=Sharon |title=Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lVuQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA230&lpg=PA230&dq=%22in+1956%22+Gregory+Bateson,+John+Weakland,+Donald+deAvila+Jackson,+and+%7B%7B%7CJay+Haley%7D%7D+propose+the+double+bind+theory+of+schizophrenia&source=bl&ots=JFGNBVB4sd&sig=_jnGChRpuuwJZ4Qmisrzu4xp9as&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN87CA6KvdAhUEDJAKHdmdAr0Q6AEwAHoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201956%22%20Gregory%20Bateson%2C%20John%20Weakland%2C%20Donald%20deAvila%20Jackson%2C%20and%20%7B%7B%7CJay%20Haley%7D%7D%20propose%20the%20double%20bind%20theory%20of%20schizophrenia&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Haley |first1=Jay |title=Leaving Home: The Therapy Of Disturbed Young People |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kmf-K2LROM8C&pg=PA8&dq=%22in+1956%22+%22double+bind+theory+of+schizophrenia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuz6e-6KvdAhUJkpAKHbSRCBEQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201956%22%20%22double%20bind%20theory%20of%20schizophrenia&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1956 || Field development || {{w|Gregory Bateson}}, {{w|John Weakland}}, {{w|Donald deAvila Jackson}}, and {{w|Jay Haley}} propose the {{w|double bind}} theory of schizophrenia's thought disorder.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Noll |first1=Richard |title=The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=jzoJxps189IC&pg=PA139&dq=%22in+1956%22+%22double+bind+theory+of+schizophrenia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuz6e-6KvdAhUJkpAKHbSRCBEQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201956%22%20%22double%20bind%20theory%20of%20schizophrenia&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Packer |first1=Sharon |title=Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lVuQBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA230&lpg=PA230&dq=%22in+1956%22+Gregory+Bateson,+John+Weakland,+Donald+deAvila+Jackson,+and+%7B%7B%7CJay+Haley%7D%7D+propose+the+double+bind+theory+of+schizophrenia&source=bl&ots=JFGNBVB4sd&sig=_jnGChRpuuwJZ4Qmisrzu4xp9as&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjN87CA6KvdAhUEDJAKHdmdAr0Q6AEwAHoECAQQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201956%22%20Gregory%20Bateson%2C%20John%20Weakland%2C%20Donald%20deAvila%20Jackson%2C%20and%20%7B%7B%7CJay%20Haley%7D%7D%20propose%20the%20double%20bind%20theory%20of%20schizophrenia&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Haley |first1=Jay |title=Leaving Home: The Therapy Of Disturbed Young People |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=kmf-K2LROM8C&pg=PA8&dq=%22in+1956%22+%22double+bind+theory+of+schizophrenia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjuz6e-6KvdAhUJkpAKHbSRCBEQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201956%22%20%22double%20bind%20theory%20of%20schizophrenia&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| '''1957''' || Field development || Swedish neuropharmacologist {{w|Arvid Carlsson}}, at the {{w|University of Lund}}, discovers that {{w|dopamine}} is one of the brain chemicals used to send signals between neurons.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yeragani |first1=Vikram K. |last2=Tancer |first2=Manuel |last3=Chokka |first3=Pratap |last4=Baker |first4=Glen B. |title=Arvid Carlsson, and the story of dopamine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824994/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Doidge |first1=Norman |title=The Brain's Way of Healing: Remarkable Discoveries and Recoveries from the Frontiers of Neuroplasticity |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2YvMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT42&dq=%22in+1957%22+%22Arvid+Carlsson%22+%22dopamine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTmbKgpaXdAhXDfZAKHeUYCEcQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201957%22%20%22Arvid%20Carlsson%22%20%22dopamine%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Michael |title=A Brief History of Disease, Science, and Medicine: From the Ice Age to the Genome Project |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=J-VQAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1957%22+%22Arvid+Carlsson%22+%22dopamine%22&dq=%22in+1957%22+%22Arvid+Carlsson%22+%22dopamine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTmbKgpaXdAhXDfZAKHeUYCEcQ6AEIVTAI}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
+| 1957 || Field development || Swedish neuropharmacologist {{w|Arvid Carlsson}}, at the {{w|University of Lund}}, discovers that {{w|dopamine}} is one of the brain chemicals used to send signals between neurons.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yeragani |first1=Vikram K. |last2=Tancer |first2=Manuel |last3=Chokka |first3=Pratap |last4=Baker |first4=Glen B. |title=Arvid Carlsson, and the story of dopamine |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2824994/}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Doidge |first1=Norman |title=The Brain's Way of Healing: Remarkable Discoveries and Recoveries from the Frontiers of Neuroplasticity |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2YvMAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT42&dq=%22in+1957%22+%22Arvid+Carlsson%22+%22dopamine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTmbKgpaXdAhXDfZAKHeUYCEcQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201957%22%20%22Arvid%20Carlsson%22%20%22dopamine%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kennedy |first1=Michael |title=A Brief History of Disease, Science, and Medicine: From the Ice Age to the Genome Project |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=J-VQAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1957%22+%22Arvid+Carlsson%22+%22dopamine%22&dq=%22in+1957%22+%22Arvid+Carlsson%22+%22dopamine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTmbKgpaXdAhXDfZAKHeUYCEcQ6AEIVTAI}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
 |-
-| '''1957''' || Drug || {{w|Imipramine}} hydrochloride (tofranil) becomes available as the first of a series of new anti-depressive drugs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Watts |first1=C. A. H. |title=Depressive Disorders in the Community |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vYFGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140&dq=%22in+1957%22+%22imipramine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD0pi30KfdAhWCUZAKHRBPA5MQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201957%22%20%22imipramine%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlaepfer |first1=Thomas E |last2=Nemeroff |first2=Charles B. |title=Neurobiology of Psychiatric Disorders |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=A0NyA5u_N-kC&pg=PA715&dq=%22in+1957%22+%22imipramine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD0pi30KfdAhWCUZAKHRBPA5MQ6AEITTAH#v=onepage&q=%22in%201957%22%20%22imipramine%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schulz |first1=Volker |last2=Hänsel |first2=Rudolf |last3=Blumenthal |first3=Mark |last4=Tyler |first4=V. E. |title=Rational Phytotherapy: A Reference Guide for Physicians and Pharmacists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5CO2ZezbDukC&pg=PA70&dq=%22in+1957%22+%22imipramine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD0pi30KfdAhWCUZAKHRBPA5MQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201957%22%20%22imipramine%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1957 || Drug || {{w|Imipramine}} hydrochloride (tofranil) becomes available as the first of a series of new anti-depressive drugs.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Watts |first1=C. A. H. |title=Depressive Disorders in the Community |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vYFGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA140&dq=%22in+1957%22+%22imipramine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD0pi30KfdAhWCUZAKHRBPA5MQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201957%22%20%22imipramine%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schlaepfer |first1=Thomas E |last2=Nemeroff |first2=Charles B. |title=Neurobiology of Psychiatric Disorders |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=A0NyA5u_N-kC&pg=PA715&dq=%22in+1957%22+%22imipramine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD0pi30KfdAhWCUZAKHRBPA5MQ6AEITTAH#v=onepage&q=%22in%201957%22%20%22imipramine%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schulz |first1=Volker |last2=Hänsel |first2=Rudolf |last3=Blumenthal |first3=Mark |last4=Tyler |first4=V. E. |title=Rational Phytotherapy: A Reference Guide for Physicians and Pharmacists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=5CO2ZezbDukC&pg=PA70&dq=%22in+1957%22+%22imipramine%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjD0pi30KfdAhWCUZAKHRBPA5MQ6AEIVzAJ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201957%22%20%22imipramine%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1958 || Drug || {{w|Oxanamide}} (Quiatcin), a tranquilizer, is introduced.<ref name="Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry"/> ||
 |-
-| '''1958''' || Field development || American physician {{w|Aaron B. Lerner}} at {{w|Yale University}} first isolates the hormone melatonin, which is found to regulate the circadian rhythm.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aaron Lerner, Skin Expert Who Led Melatonin Discovery, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/17/nyregion/17lerner.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Evered |first1=David |last2=Clark |first2=Sarah |title=Photoperiodism, Melatonin and the Pineal |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gQBN30oFIcMC&pg=PA8&dq=%22in+1958%22+%22lerner%22+%22melatonin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGrorC0qfdAhXBj5AKHVZxAmcQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201958%22%20%22lerner%22%20%22melatonin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Melatonin: Therapeutic Value and Neuroprotection |edition=Venkatramanujan Srinivasan, Gabriella Gobbi, Samuel D. Shillcutt, Sibel Suzen |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=945qBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA431&dq=%22in+1958%22+%22lerner%22+%22melatonin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGrorC0qfdAhXBj5AKHVZxAmcQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201958%22%20%22lerner%22%20%22melatonin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Communication in Plants: Neuronal Aspects of Plant Life |edition=František Baluška, Stefano Mancuso, Dieter Volkmann |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DBuPKhFjjz0C&pg=PA137&dq=%22in+1958%22+%22lerner%22+%22melatonin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGrorC0qfdAhXBj5AKHVZxAmcQ6AEIRzAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201958%22%20%22lerner%22%20%22melatonin%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1958 || Field development || American physician {{w|Aaron B. Lerner}} at {{w|Yale University}} first isolates the hormone melatonin, which is found to regulate the circadian rhythm.<ref>{{cite web |title=Aaron Lerner, Skin Expert Who Led Melatonin Discovery, Dies at 86 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/17/nyregion/17lerner.html |website=nytimes.com |accessdate=7 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Evered |first1=David |last2=Clark |first2=Sarah |title=Photoperiodism, Melatonin and the Pineal |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gQBN30oFIcMC&pg=PA8&dq=%22in+1958%22+%22lerner%22+%22melatonin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGrorC0qfdAhXBj5AKHVZxAmcQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201958%22%20%22lerner%22%20%22melatonin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Melatonin: Therapeutic Value and Neuroprotection |edition=Venkatramanujan Srinivasan, Gabriella Gobbi, Samuel D. Shillcutt, Sibel Suzen |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=945qBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA431&dq=%22in+1958%22+%22lerner%22+%22melatonin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGrorC0qfdAhXBj5AKHVZxAmcQ6AEIPDAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201958%22%20%22lerner%22%20%22melatonin%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Communication in Plants: Neuronal Aspects of Plant Life |edition=František Baluška, Stefano Mancuso, Dieter Volkmann |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DBuPKhFjjz0C&pg=PA137&dq=%22in+1958%22+%22lerner%22+%22melatonin%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjGrorC0qfdAhXBj5AKHVZxAmcQ6AEIRzAG#v=onepage&q=%22in%201958%22%20%22lerner%22%20%22melatonin%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1959 || Journal || The ''Archives of General Psychiatry'' is established by the {{w|American Medical Association}}.<ref name="Journals of the Century">{{cite book |last1=Cole |first1=Jim |last2=Stankus |first2=Tony |title=Journals of the Century |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Pv7sAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA422&lpg=PA422&dq=%22in+1962%22+%22Investigative+Ophthalmology%22&source=bl&ots=j2sCse0Izg&sig=cQpVjYIGUj4v7qkPpwEGfEoYcX0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju5pSLv7jdAhVBHJAKHQeOApwQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201962%22%20%22Investigative%20Ophthalmology%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 165: / Line 165: @@
 | 1959 || Drug || {{w|Nialamide}} (Niamid) is launched by Pfitzer for depression.<ref name="Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry"/> ||
 |-
-| '''1960s''' || Field development || {{w|Aaron T. Beck}} develops {{w|cognitive therapy}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY |url=https://beckinstitute.org/about-beck/our-history/history-of-cognitive-therapy/ |website=beckinstitute.org |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Cognitive Behavioral Therapy">{{cite web |title=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-therapy.html |website=simplypsychology.org |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> ||
+| 1960s || Field development || {{w|Aaron T. Beck}} develops {{w|cognitive therapy}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=HISTORY OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY |url=https://beckinstitute.org/about-beck/our-history/history-of-cognitive-therapy/ |website=beckinstitute.org |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="Cognitive Behavioral Therapy">{{cite web |title=Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |url=https://www.simplypsychology.org/cognitive-therapy.html |website=simplypsychology.org |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| '''1960''' || Drug || The first {{w|benzodiazepine}}, {{w|chlordiazepoxide}}, under the trade name Librium is introduced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lajtha |first1=Abel |title=Alterations of Metabolites in the Nervous System |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dYnSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA385&dq=%22in+1960%22+%22chlordiazepoxide%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUqbT0n6zdAhWHipAKHb3tC2EQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201960%22%20%22chlordiazepoxide%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Merkel |first1=Reinhard |last2=Boer |first2=G. |last3=Fegert |first3=J. |last4=Galert |first4=T. |last5=Hartmann |first5=D. |last6=Nuttin |first6=B. |last7=Rosahl |first7=S. |title=Intervening in the Brain: Changing Psyche and Society |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IhxIPBWVel8C&pg=PA19&dq=%22in+1960%22+%22chlordiazepoxide%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUqbT0n6zdAhWHipAKHb3tC2EQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201960%22%20%22chlordiazepoxide%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=Dannii |title=Arachne's Daughter: A Tale of Murder, Mayhem and Madness |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DMwnN31asy0C&pg=PA262&dq=%22in+1960%22+%22chlordiazepoxide%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUqbT0n6zdAhWHipAKHb3tC2EQ6AEIQjAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201960%22%20%22chlordiazepoxide%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1960 || Drug || The first {{w|benzodiazepine}}, {{w|chlordiazepoxide}}, under the trade name Librium is introduced.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lajtha |first1=Abel |title=Alterations of Metabolites in the Nervous System |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dYnSBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA385&dq=%22in+1960%22+%22chlordiazepoxide%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUqbT0n6zdAhWHipAKHb3tC2EQ6AEIPTAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201960%22%20%22chlordiazepoxide%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Merkel |first1=Reinhard |last2=Boer |first2=G. |last3=Fegert |first3=J. |last4=Galert |first4=T. |last5=Hartmann |first5=D. |last6=Nuttin |first6=B. |last7=Rosahl |first7=S. |title=Intervening in the Brain: Changing Psyche and Society |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IhxIPBWVel8C&pg=PA19&dq=%22in+1960%22+%22chlordiazepoxide%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUqbT0n6zdAhWHipAKHb3tC2EQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201960%22%20%22chlordiazepoxide%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Lane |first1=Dannii |title=Arachne's Daughter: A Tale of Murder, Mayhem and Madness |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DMwnN31asy0C&pg=PA262&dq=%22in+1960%22+%22chlordiazepoxide%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiUqbT0n6zdAhWHipAKHb3tC2EQ6AEIQjAE#v=onepage&q=%22in%201960%22%20%22chlordiazepoxide%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1961 || Literature || French philosopher {{w|Michel Foucault}} publishes ''{{w|Madness and Civilization}}'', which reflects the growing counter-cultural backlash against psychiatry. Foucault is best known for his critical studies of social institutions, most notably psychiatry, medicine, the human sciences, and the prison system, as well as for his work on the history of human sexuality.<ref name="20 Major Milestones in Psychiatric History"/> || {{w|France}}
@@ Line 176: / Line 176: @@
 |-
 | 1963 || Drug || {{w|Nortriptyline}} (Aventyl), a tricyclic antidepressant that is an active metabolite of {{w|amitriptyline}}, is introduced in the United Kingdom.<ref name="Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+|-
+| 1964 || Drug || Tranquilizer {{w|clonazepam}} is initially patented.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shorter|first1=Edward|title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190292010|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=juAJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|chapter=B|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002125926/https://books.google.ca/books?id=juAJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|archivedate=2015-10-02|df=}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1965 || Drug || {{w|Hypnotic}} {{w|temazepam}} is patented.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Shorter|first1=Edward|title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780190292010|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=juAJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT66|chapter=B}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 1966 || Drug || {{w|Trazodone}} (Desyrel) is developed in Italy. It is considered the first of the second-generation antidepressants.<ref name="Kaplan & Sadock's Study Guide and Self-Examination Review in Psychiatry"/> || {{w|Italy}}
@@ Line 207: / Line 211: @@
 | 1981 || Drug || {{w|Zimelidine}} (Zelmid), the first SSRI antidepressant, is launched in {{w|Europe}}.<ref name="Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry"/> || {{w|Europe}}
 |-
-| '''1982''' || Program || The National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) is launched in India, in order to improve the mental health care infrastructure in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Mental Health Programme |url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/national-mental-health-programme_pg |website=nhp.gov.in |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=Suman K. |last2=Kaur |first2=Jagdish |title=National mental health programme: Manpower development scheme of eleventh five-year plan |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.86821 |pmid=22135448 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3221186/ |pmc=3221186}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
+| 1982 || Program || The National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) is launched in India, in order to improve the mental health care infrastructure in the country.<ref>{{cite web |title=National Mental Health Programme |url=https://www.nhp.gov.in/national-mental-health-programme_pg |website=nhp.gov.in |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Sinha |first1=Suman K. |last2=Kaur |first2=Jagdish |title=National mental health programme: Manpower development scheme of eleventh five-year plan |doi=10.4103/0019-5545.86821 |pmid=22135448 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3221186/ |pmc=3221186}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 |-
 | 1980 || Drug || {{w|Amoxapine}} (Asendin), a tricyclic antidepressant with neuroleptic properties, is launched.<ref name="Before Prozac: The Troubled History of Mood Disorders in Psychiatry"/> ||
 |-
-| '''1983''' || Organization || The {{w|European Psychiatric Association}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=The European Psychiatric Association |url=https://www.europsy.net/about-epa/ |website=europsy.net |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+| 1983 || Organization || The {{w|European Psychiatric Association}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=The European Psychiatric Association |url=https://www.europsy.net/about-epa/ |website=europsy.net |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| '''1987''' || Drug || {{w|Antidepressant}} {{w|Prozac}} is released.<ref name="A brief history of psychiatry"/> ||
+| 1986 || Organization || The {{w|American Psychiatric Nurses Association}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=About the American Psychiatric Nurses Association: An Introduction |url=https://www.apna.org/i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3277 |website=apna.org |accessdate=1 November 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1987 || Drug || {{w|Antidepressant}} {{w|Prozac}} is released.<ref name="A brief history of psychiatry"/> ||
 |-
 | 1987 || Organization || The British Neuropsychiatry Association is established. It is the oldest in the world.<ref name="Neuropsychiatric Disordersv"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| '''1988''' || Organization || The {{w|American Neuropsychiatric Association}} is founded.<ref name="Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Epilepsyv"/><ref name="Neuropsychiatric Disordersv">{{cite book |title=Neuropsychiatric Disorders |edition=Koho Miyoshi, Yasushi Morimura, Kiyoshi Maeda |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=u7ICX2Yh4HoC&pg=PA314&dq=%22in+1988%22+%22American+Neuropsychiatric+Association%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYgJzzgajdAhUFHJAKHaLxAAAQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201988%22%20%22American%20Neuropsychiatric%20Association%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1988 || Organization || The {{w|American Neuropsychiatric Association}} is founded.<ref name="Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Epilepsyv"/><ref name="Neuropsychiatric Disordersv">{{cite book |title=Neuropsychiatric Disorders |edition=Koho Miyoshi, Yasushi Morimura, Kiyoshi Maeda |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=u7ICX2Yh4HoC&pg=PA314&dq=%22in+1988%22+%22American+Neuropsychiatric+Association%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYgJzzgajdAhUFHJAKHaLxAAAQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201988%22%20%22American%20Neuropsychiatric%20Association%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1990s || || The United States {{w|National Institute of Mental Health}} declares the 1990s the Decade of the Brain "to enhance public awareness of the benefits to be derived from brain research."<ref name="A brief history of psychiatry"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| '''1990''' || Field development || Japanese researcher {{w|Seiji Ogawa}} first discovers {{w|blood-oxygen-level dependent}} (BOLD) in {{w|MRI}}. <ref>{{cite web |title=Laureates of the Japan Prize |url=http://www.japanprize.jp/en/prize_past_2003_prize02.html |website=japanprize.jp |accessdate=30 September 2018}}</ref>||
+| 1990 || Field development || Japanese researcher {{w|Seiji Ogawa}} first discovers {{w|blood-oxygen-level dependent}} (BOLD) in {{w|MRI}}. <ref>{{cite web |title=Laureates of the Japan Prize |url=http://www.japanprize.jp/en/prize_past_2003_prize02.html |website=japanprize.jp |accessdate=30 September 2018}}</ref>||
 |-
 | 1991 || Drug || Anticonvulsant {{w|lamotrigine}} is first introduced in {{w|Ireland}}.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Safety of lamotrigine in paediatrics: a systematic review |doi=10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007711 |pmid=26070796 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4466618/ |accessdate=8 October 2018 |pmc=4466618}}</ref> || {{w|Ireland}}
 |-
-| '''1991''' || Field development || {{w|Hong Kong}}-born American scientist {{w|Kenneth Kwong}} successfully applies {{w|blood-oxygen-level dependent imaging}} (BOLD) to image human brain activities with {{w|MRI}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ken Kwong recalls the early days of fMRI |url=https://www.martinos.org/news/141128/ken-kwong-recalls-the-early-days-of-fmri |website=martinos.org |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1991 || Field development || {{w|Hong Kong}}-born American scientist {{w|Kenneth Kwong}} successfully applies {{w|blood-oxygen-level dependent imaging}} (BOLD) to image human brain activities with {{w|MRI}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ken Kwong recalls the early days of fMRI |url=https://www.martinos.org/news/141128/ken-kwong-recalls-the-early-days-of-fmri |website=martinos.org |accessdate=3 October 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1991 || Drug || Antidepressant {{w|sertraline}} is first approved by the United States {{w|Food and Drug Administration}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sertraline |url=https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/sertraline#section=Human-Metabolite-Information |website=pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |accessdate=8 October 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 243: / Line 249: @@
 | 1998 || Organization || The {{w|International Neuropsychiatric Association}} (INA) is formed.<ref name="Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Epilepsyv"/> ||
 |-
-| '''2002''' || Organization || The {{w|European Brain Council}} is founded in {{w|Brussels}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Brain Council: partnership to promote European and national brain research |url=https://www.cell.com/trends/neurosciences/abstract/S0166-2236(06)00171-8 |website=cell.com |accessdate=8 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=European Brain Council: Partnership to promote European and national brain research. |url=http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-11658-001 |website=psycnet.apa.org |accessdate=8 September 2018}}</ref>
+| 2002 || Organization || The {{w|European Brain Council}} is founded in {{w|Brussels}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Brain Council: partnership to promote European and national brain research |url=https://www.cell.com/trends/neurosciences/abstract/S0166-2236(06)00171-8 |website=cell.com |accessdate=8 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=European Brain Council: Partnership to promote European and national brain research. |url=http://psycnet.apa.org/record/2006-11658-001 |website=psycnet.apa.org |accessdate=8 September 2018}}</ref>
   || {{w|Belgium}}
 |-
@@ Line 257: / Line 263: @@
 |-
 |}
+== Numerical and visual data  ==
+=== Google Scholar ===
+The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 20, 2021.
+{| class="sortable wikitable"
+! Year
+! psychiatry
+|-
+| 1900 || 946
+|-
+| 1910 || 982
+|-
+| 1920 || 1,210
+|-
+| 1930 || 1,930
+|-
+| 1940 || 2,340
+|-
+| 1950 || 4,600
+|-
+| 1960 || 8,260
+|-
+| 1970 || 14,500
+|-
+| 1980 || 29,900
+|-
+| 1990 || 68,600
+|-
+| 2000 || 204,000
+|-
+| 2010 || 595,000
+|-
+| 2020 || 170,000
+|-
+|}
+[[File:Pollution gsch.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Google Trends ===
+The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data Psychiatry (Medical specialty) and Psychotherapy (Professional field) from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Psychiatry and Psychotherapy |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F05vtw,%2Fm%2F06796 |website=Google Trends |access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Psychiatry and Psychotherapy gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
+=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
+The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy from 1500 to 2019. <ref>{{cite web |title=Psychiatry and Psychotherapy |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Psychiatry%2CPsychotherapy+&year_start=1500&year_end=2019&case_insensitive=on&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t4%3B%2CPsychiatry%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3BPsychiatry%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bpsychiatry%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BPSYCHIATRY%3B%2Cc0%3B.t4%3B%2CPsychotherapy%3B%2Cc0%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bpsychotherapy%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BPsychotherapy%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BPSYCHOTHERAPY%3B%2Cc0#t4%3B%2CPsychiatry%3B%2Cc1%3B%2Cs0%3B%3BPsychiatry%3B%2Cc0%3B%3Bpsychiatry%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BPSYCHIATRY%3B%2Cc0%3B.t4%3B%2CPsychotherapy%3B%2Cc1%3B%2Cs0%3B%3Bpsychotherapy%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BPsychotherapy%3B%2Cc0%3B%3BPSYCHOTHERAPY%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=13 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:Psychiatry and Psychotherapy ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Wikipedia views ===
+The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Psychiatry}}, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to March 2021. The data gap observed from October 2014 to June 2015 is the result of Wikipedia Views failure to retrieve data.<ref>{{cite web |title=Psychiatry |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Psychiatry&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Psychiatry wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 ==Meta information on the timeline==
@@ Line 273: / Line 338: @@
 ===What the timeline is still missing===
-[https://adelphipsych.sg/a-brief-history-of-psychiatry/], [https://www.history.ac.uk/history-online/journal/history-psychiatry/articles], [http://www.howtobecomeapsychiatrist.org/20-major-milestones-in-psychiatric-history/]
 ===Timeline update strategy===