Difference between revisions of "Timeline of water supply"

This is a '''timeline of {{w|water supply}}''', focusing on the provision and treatment of {{w|water}} for non–agricultural human consumption. {{w|Improved water source}} is prioritized. {{w|Irrigation}} is not covered.

| Ancient times || "in the [[w:Imperial Roman|Roman era]] a {{w|water wheel}} device known as a {{w|noria}} supplied water to [[w:aqueduct (water supply)|aqueducts]] and other water distribution systems in major cities in Europe and the Middle East"

| Middle ages || Little development is made in the water treatment area. The water is extracted from rivers or wells, or from outside the city. Waste and excrements are discharged into the water, thus rendering circumstances highly unhygenic. People that drink this water fall ill and often die. To solve the problem people would drink water from outside the city, where rivers are unpolluted. So-called w|water-bearers carry water to the cities.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/>

| 19th century || {{w|Water tower}}s appear late in the century.

| 6500 BC || || Wells dug around this time are found in the {{w|Jezreel Valley}}.<ref>{{cite web|last=Ashkenazi|first=Eli|title=Ancient well reveals secrets of first Jezreel Valley farmers|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/ancient-well-reveals-secrets-of-first-jezreel-valley-farmers-1.476288|work=haaretz.com|publisher=Haaretz|accessdate=26 March 2014|date=Nov 9, 2012}}</ref> || {{w|Israel}}

| 3200 BC – 1100 BC || Distribution || The {{w|Minoan civilization}} in {{w|Crete}} is the first to use underground clay pipes for sanitation and water supply. Knossos, the capital, has a well–organized water system for bringing in clean water.<ref name="FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY">{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=Joseph|title=FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fdIoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=The+Babylonians+introduced+the+world+to+clay+sewer+pipes,+c4000+BCE,+with+the+earliest+examples+found+in+the+Temple+of+Bel+at+Nippur+and+at+Eshnunna,+Babylonia.&source=bl&ots=_2hJfLI0CM&sig=qaUlAtBRoGK5pMfwQ_YJ2MF_-VI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwil_NqSyrzVAhWDGZAKHfmlALIQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=The%20Babylonians%20introduced%20the%20world%20to%20clay%20sewer%20pipes%2C%20c4000%20BCE%2C%20with%20the%20earliest%20examples%20found%20in%20the%20Temple%20of%20Bel%20at%20Nippur%20and%20at%20Eshnunna%2C%20Babylonia.&f=false|accessdate=4 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Greece}}  

| 3000 BC || Supply || The city of {{w|Mohenjo-Daro}} in {{w|Pakistan}} uses a very extensive water supply. The city boasts public bathing facilities with water boiler installations and bathrooms.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/> || {{w|Pakistan}}

| 700 BC–400 AD || || The [[w:Roman empire|Romans]] build a system of {{w|aqueduct}}s providing inhabitants with fresh running water, which is piped directly to homes of the wealthy, and to public {{w|fountain}}s and baths. This system greatly improves domestic sanitation and adequate disposal of {{w|sewage}}.<ref name="SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION">{{cite web|title=SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION|url=http://www.hygieneforhealth.org.au/public_sanitation.php|website=hygieneforhealth.org.au|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}

| 100 BC – 800 AD || || [[w:Nazca culture|Nazca people]] in {{w|ancient Peru}} employ a system of interconnected wells and an underground watercourse known as {{w|puquios}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Puzzle of the Nazca holes is solved: Ancient spirals in the Peruvian desert were used as a 'sophisticated' irrigation system|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3537828/Has-puzzle-Nazca-holes-solved-Ancient-spirals-Peruvian-desert-sophisticated-irrigation-system.html|website=dailymail.co.uk|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Peru}}

| 40 – 60 AD? || Transportation || [[w:Roman aqueduct|Ancient Roman aqueduct]] {{w|Pont du Gard}} is finished.<ref name="Watering Ancient Rome">{{cite web|title=Watering Ancient Rome|url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/ancient/roman-aqueducts.html|website=pbs.org|accessdate=7 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|France}}

| 52 AD || Transportation || Rome has 220 miles of aqueducts, which bring in fresh water to the city, and is used for public bathing, fountains, and latrines. The waste water is then removed by the city’s sewage system, some of which, like the {{w|Cloaca Maxima}}, is still in use today.<ref name="History of Plumbing Systems">{{cite web|title=History of Plumbing Systems|url=http://www.homeadvisor.com/r/history-of-plumbing/#.WYeNNlGkqUk|website=homeadvisor.com|accessdate=6 August 2017}}</ref>|| {{w|Italy}}

| 1500 || || In {{w|Hama}}, {{w|Syria}}, there are a series of water driven wheels of various diameters, that lifts the river water to an aqueduct at a higher level for drinking and irrigation purposes.<ref name="10 General Water Supply History"/> || {{w|Syria}}

| 1561 – 1626 || || English scientist Sir {{w|Francis Bacon}} is attributed the first recorded experiment for filtration in modern history. Bacon believes that using sand to filter seawater would purify it. Though his hypothesis prove to be incorrect, it would pave the way towards further studies on clean drinking water filtration.<ref name="How drinking water has improved over the last 100 years">{{cite web|title=How drinking water has improved over the last 100 years|url=http://www.aquafil.com.au/drinking-water-improved-last-100-years/|website=aquafil.com.au|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1579 || || Dutchman Peter Maurice acquires a 500 year lease to construct a {{w|water wheel}} under the first arch of {{w|London Bridge}} on the {{w|River Thames}}, supplying water to individual local houses through {{w|lead}} pipes.<ref name="10 General Water Supply History">{{cite web|title=10 General Water Supply History|url=https://essexwatersupply.com/general-water-supply-history/|website=essexwatersupply.com|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1723 || || {{w|Chelsea Waterworks Company}} becomes one of the first water companies to use steam driven [[w:Newcomen atmospheric engine|Newcomen engine]].<ref name="10 General Water Supply History"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1775 || || Scottish watchmaker {{w|Alexander Cummings}} invents the S-bend pipe.<ref name="The Fluoridated Water Controversy: Unbiased Reference Source & What You Need to Know">{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=Joseph|title=The Fluoridated Water Controversy: Unbiased Reference Source & What You Need to Know|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fdIoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA7&lpg=PA7&dq=S-bend+pipe+%22Alexander+Cummings%22+%221775%22&source=bl&ots=_2hNeRI6CI&sig=RalHrHXHsdeEpQTVDWjnCisIARA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi53Y7C7K_WAhVFjJAKHYtoCUYQ6AEIRDAI#v=onepage&q=S-bend%20pipe%20%22Alexander%20Cummings%22%20%221775%22&f=false|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1802 || || {{w|Napoleon Bonaparte}} builds the {{w|Ourcq canal}} which would bring 70,000 cubic meters of water a day to {{w|Paris}}.<ref name="The Fluoridated Water Controversy: Unbiased Reference Source & What You Need to Know">{{cite book|last1=Burke|first1=Joseph|title=The Fluoridated Water Controversy: Unbiased Reference Source & What You Need to Know|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fdIoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=%22in+1802%22+%22napoleon%22+%22Ourcq%22+%2270,000+cubic+meters%22&source=bl&ots=_2hO7TFZHN&sig=mAYh1GNg4cJFspm5RZ7UPF9hamg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiut7mkhrnWAhWDhZAKHTwMA9MQ6AEIJjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201802%22%20%22napoleon%22%20%22Ourcq%22%20%2270%2C000%20cubic%20meters%22&f=false|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref><ref name="Infrastructure Finance in Europe: Insights Into the History of Water, Transport, and Telecommunications">{{cite book|title=Infrastructure Finance in Europe: Insights Into the History of Water, Transport, and Telecommunications|edition=Youssef Cassis, Giuseppe De Luca, Massimo Florio|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ZUP_CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA125&lpg=PA125&dq=%22in+1802%22+%22napoleon%22+%22Ourcq%22&source=bl&ots=WGUOieYgfF&sig=L2NtBdvYRJvpVWoJ68IKFS-FTnk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjAt87whbnWAhXEipAKHUGtBqEQ6AEINzAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201802%22%20%22napoleon%22%20%22Ourcq%22&f=false|accessdate=22 September 2017}}</ref> || {{w|France}}

| 1804 || Supply || The first drinking water supply covering an entire city is built in {{w|Paisley}}, {{w|Scotland}} by Scottish civil engineer [[w:John Gibb (engineer)|John Gibb]], in order to supply his bleachery and the entire city with water.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/><ref name="Water Supply Engineering"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1827 || || English engineer {{w|James Simpson}} builds a {{w|sand filter}} for drinking water purification.<ref name="History of drinking water treatment"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1845 || || The first screw-down [[w:tap water|water tap]] is patented by Guest and Chrimes, a brass foundry in {{w|Rotherham}}, {{w|England}}.<ref name="The Fluoridated Water Controversy: Unbiased Reference Source & What You Need to Know"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1905 || Epidemic || Serious {{w|typhid fever}} epidemic breaks out in {{w|Lincoln}} , {{w|England}}. Dr. Alexander Cruikshank Houston uses chlorination of the water to stem the epidemic. This marks the beginning of permanent water chlorination. The same year, the London Metropolitan Water Board starts applying drinking water disinfection after researching the disinfection mechanism of {{w|chlorine}} in water purification, under the view that chlorine disinfection is a suitable alternative for long-term storage of raw water. <ref name="FLUORIDATED WATER CONTROVERSY"/><ref name="Water disinfection application standards (for EU)">{{cite web|title=Water disinfection application standards (for EU)|url=http://www.lenntech.com/processes/disinfection/regulation-eu/eu-water-disinfection-regulation.htm|website=lenntech.com|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref><ref name="How drinking water has improved over the last 100 years"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1913 || || The first {{w|Los Angeles Aqueduct}} is completed, bringing water 238 miles from the Owens Valley of the Sierra Nevada Mountains into the Los Angeles basin.<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> ||

| 1930 || || American structural engineer {{w|Hardy Cross}} develops a method for the analysis and design of water flow in simple pipe distribution systems, ensuring consistent water pressure. Cross would employ the same principles for the water system problem that he devised for the [[w:Moment distribution method|Hardy Cross method]] of structural analysis, a technique that enables engineers—without benefit of computers—to make the thousands of mathematical calculations necessary to distribute loads and moments in building complex structures such as multi-bent highway bridges and multistory buildings.<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> ||

| 1936 || || The {{w|Hoover Dam}} opens, aimed at providing water for irrigation and municipal water supplies for Nevada, Arizona, and California, in addition to electricity generation.<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> ||

| 1955 || || Ductile cast-iron pipe becomes the industry standard, being used in water distribution systems. It becomes the industry standard for metal due to its superior strength, durability, and reliability over cast iron. The pipe is used to transport potable water, sewage, and fuel, and is also used in fire-fighting systems.<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> ||

| 1970s || || The {{w|Aswan High Dam}} construction is completed. It impounds the waters of the Nile to form Lake Nasser, the world’s third-largest reservoir, with a capacity of 5.97 trillion cubic feet. The dam would supply water for municipalities and irrigation.<ref name="Water Supply and Distribution Timeline"/> || {{w|Egypt}}

| 1977 || || The UN Conference on Water is held in {{w|Mar del Plata}}, Argentina, with the goals of assessing the status of wa ter resources; ensuring that an adequate supply of quality water is available to meet the planet’s socio-economic needs; increasing water use efficiency; and promoting preparedness, nationally and internationally, so as to avoid a water crisis of global dimensions be fore the end of twentieth century. The conference would approve the so called Mar del Plata Action Plan, which would become the first internationally coordinated approach to {{w|Integrated Water Resources Management}} (IWRM). The Mar del Plata conference would be considered a success, in  part due to the active participation of the {{w|developing world}} and the discussions on  various aspects of water management.<ref>{{cite web|title=United Nations Conference on  Water (Mar del Plata 1977)|url=http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/unconfwater.pdf|website=who.int|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref>|| {{w|Argentina}}

| 1987 || || "In 1987, a {{w|cryptosporidiosis}} outbreak is caused by the public water supply of which the filtration was contaminated, in western Georgia"<ref name="lcoc">{{cite journal

|vauthors=Hayes EB, Matte TD, O'Brien TR, etal |title=Large community outbreak of cryptosporidiosis due to contamination of a filtered public water supply |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=320 |issue=21 |pages=1372–6 |date=May 1989 |pmid=2716783 |doi=10.1056/NEJM198905253202103 |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/abs/10.1056/NEJM198905253202103?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dpubmed}}</ref> ||

| 1988 || || Many people become poisoned through contaminated drinking water supply in [[w:Camelford water pollution incident|Camelford]], after a worker puts 20 tonnes of aluminium sulphate in the wrong tank. || {{w|United Kingdom}}

| 1990 || || The {{w|WHO}}/{{w|UNICEF}} {{w|Joint Monitoring  Programme for Water Supply, Sanitation  and Hygiene}} (JMP) starts producing regular estimates of national, regional and global progress on drinking water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH).<ref name="Progress on  Drinking Water,  Sanitation and Hygiene 2017">{{cite web|title=Progress on  Drinking Water,  Sanitation and Hygiene 2017|url=http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/258617/1/9789241512893-eng.pdf?ua=1|website=who.int|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> ||

| 1990 || || The proportion of the global population using an improved drinking water source stands at 76%.<ref name="Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all">{{cite web|title=Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all|url=http://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/water-and-sanitation/|website=un.org|accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref> ||

| 1992 || || The International Conference on Water and the Environment (ICWE) is organized in {{w|Dublin}}. The formulated [[w:Dublin Statement|Dublin Statement on Water and Sustainable Development]] recognizes the increasing scarcity of water as a result of the different conflicting uses and overuses of wat. || {{w|Ireland}}

| 1993 || || 400,000 people fall ill in {{w|Milwaukee}} from using drinking water that is contaminated by {{w|Cryptosporidium}} cysts.<ref name="Waterborne diseases"/> || {{w|United States}}

| 1993 || || Overfeeding of fluoride results in a [[w:Fluoride toxicity|fluoride poisoning]] outbreak, in {{w|Mississippi}}.<ref name="oafp">{{cite journal |vauthors=Penman AD, Brackin BT, Embrey R |title=Outbreak of acute fluoride poisoning caused by a fluoride overfeed, Mississippi, 1993 |journal=Public Health Rep |volume=112 |issue=5 |pages=403–9 |year=1997 |pmid=9323392 |pmc=1381948 }}</ref> || {{w|United States}}

| 1996 || || The {{w|Global Water Partnership}} is founded with the support of the {{w|World Bank}}, the {{w|United Nations Development Programme}} and the {{w|Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency}}.<ref name="Reinicke-53">Reinicke, Wolfgang H. (1999) "The Other World Wide Web: Global Public Policy Networks"

''Foreign Policy''  No. 117  pp. 44-57, page 53</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ENVIRONMENT/0,,contentMDK:20271606~menuPK:559033~pagePK:148956~piPK:216618~theSitePK:244381,00.html |title=Environment - Water Partnerships |publisher=Web.worldbank.org |date=2010-05-17 |accessdate=8 August 2017}}</ref>

| 1998 || || The {{w|European Union}} accepts the {{w|Drinking Water Directive}} 98/83/EC guideline, a framework of quality demands for drinking water. The guidelines include parameters that must be checked to determine quality. The countries of the European Union can add their own demands to this guideline.<ref name="Water disinfection application standards (for EU)"/> ||

| 2000 || || The Second World Water Forum in The Hague concludes that women are the primary users of domestic water, that women use water in their key food production roles, and that women and children are the most vulnerable to water-related disasters.<ref name="Women and Water">[https://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/public/Feb05.pdf, "Women and Water"], UN Division for the Advancement of Women, 2005.</ref> ||

| 2000 || || Worldwide, 3.5 billion use piped water supply.<ref name="Progress on  Drinking Water,  Sanitation and Hygiene 2017"/> ||

| 2000 || || A {{w|gastroenteritis}} outbreak is brought by a non-chlorinated community water supply, in southern Finland.<ref name="aognc">{{cite journal

|vauthors=Kuusi M, Klemets P, Miettinen I, etal |title=An outbreak of gastroenteritis from a non-chlorinated community water supply |journal=J Epidemiol Community Health |volume=58 |issue=4 |pages=273–7 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15026434 |pmc=1732716 |doi= 10.1136/jech.2003.009928|url=http://jech.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=15026434}}</ref> || {{w|Finland}}

| 2003 || || The {{w|United Nations Interagency Network on Women and Gender Equality}} (IANWGE) establishes the Gender and Water Task Force. The Task Force would since become a UN-Water Task Force and take responsibility for the gender component of International Water for Life Decade (2005-1015).<ref name=UNWEB>[http://www.unwater.org/TFgender.html, UN Water Activities]</ref> ||

| 2004 || Crisis || Contamination of the community water supply, serving the Bergen city centre of Norway, is reported after the outbreak of waterborne {{w|giardiasis}}.<ref name="alcow">{{cite journal

|vauthors=Nygård K, Schimmer B, Søbstad Ø, etal |title=A large community outbreak of waterborne giardiasis-delayed detection in a non-endemic urban area |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=6|pages=141 |year=2006 |pmid=16725025 |pmc=1524744 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-6-141 |url=http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/6/141}}</ref> || {{w|Norway}}

| 2006 || Statistics || According to a {{w|World Bank}} study, average water tariffs in {{w|Latin America}} are the highest of any region of the {{w|developing world}}. Tariffs are about four times higher than in {{w|South Asia}}, three times higher than in {{w|Eastern Europe}} and {{w|Central Asia}} and almost twice as high as in {{w|East Asia}}. However, tariffs are less than half as high as in [[w:Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development|OECD]] countries. Based on a sample of 23 major cities in Latin America the average residential water tariff for a monthly consumption of 15 cubic meter was US$0.41, equivalent to a monthly bill of only about US$6.<ref>Foster, Halpern and Komides, 2005, p. 21, drawing on data from the Latin American water regulator association ADERASA</ref> ||

| 2007 || Crisis || Contaminated drinking water leads to the outbreak of {{w|gastroenteritis}} with multiple {{w|aetiologies}} in {{w|Denmark}}.<ref name="osgm">{{cite journal

|vauthors=Vestergaard LS, Olsen KE, Stensvold R, etal |title=Outbreak of severe gastroenteritis with multiple aetiologies caused by contaminated drinking water in Denmark, January 2007 |journal=Euro Surveill. |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=E070329.1 |date=March 2007 |pmid=17439795 |url=http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ew/2007/070329.asp }}</ref> || {{w|Denmark}}

| 2010 (28 July) || || The {{w|Human Right to Water and Sanitation}} is recognized as a {{w|human right}} by the {{w|United Nations General Assembly}}.<ref name=HRWS>{{cite web|title=Resolution 64/292: The human right to water and sanitation|url=https://www.un.org/es/comun/docs/?symbol=A/RES/64/292&lang=E|website=United Nations|accessdate=8 July 2017|date=August 2010}}</ref> ||

| 2010 || Statistics || About 87% of the global population (5.9 billion people) has access to piped water supply through house connections or to an {{w|improved water source}} through other means than house, including [[w:Standpipe (street)|standpipe]]s, {{w|water kiosk}}s, {{w|spring supplies}} and protected [[w:water well|wells]]. However, about 13% (about 900 million people) do not have access to an improved water source and has to use unprotected wells or springs, canals, lakes or rivers for their water needs.<ref>WHO/UNICEF joint monitoring report 2010. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/monitoring/fast_facts/en/</ref> ||

| 2015 || || The proportion of the global population using an improved drinking water source stands at 91% (up from 76% in 1990).<ref name="Goal 6: Ensure access to water and sanitation for all"/>  71 per cent of the global population  (5.2 billion people) use a safely managed drinking water service; that is, one located on premises, available when needed and  free from contamination.<ref name="Progress on  Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene 2017"/> Also, the worldwide population using piped water supply reaches 4.7 billion (up from 3.5 billion in 2000).<ref name="Progress on  Drinking Water,  Sanitation and Hygiene 2017"/> ||