Difference between revisions of "Timeline of technical analysis"

Latest revision as of 10:18, 14 October 2024

This is a timeline of technical analysis.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

Big picture

Period	Event Type	Details
50th century B.C. - 20th century B.C.	Early Markets	Settlers in the Jordan Valley engage in trade with nomads, marking the early roots of market exchanges. Ancient Babylonians develop a system of weights and measures, formalize business deals with contracts, and introduce limited partnerships. Sargon the Great establishes the first Mesopotamian empire, highlighting the importance of trade and market practices. Decentralized city-states emerge after the fall of the Third Dynasty of Ur, each run by merchants conducting trade.^[1]
10th century B.C. - 5th century B.C.	Development of Market Systems	Political decentralization in the Iron Age allows merchants greater freedom in business activities and physical movement. The earliest evidence of coins comes from Lydia, facilitating trade and market activities. Greek banking emerges, with evidence related to the Athenian grain trade. Traders at the Athenian stock exchanges manipulate prices based on news. A guild of merchants dedicates a temple to Mercury, the god of trade.^[1]
4th century B.C. - 13th century	Technical Analysis and Urban Growth	Athenian merchants use geographical and environmental information to develop methods for technical analysis. They change their strategies based on timely news and data on price fluctuations, attempting to predict future prices and infer market sentiment. Roman commerce reaches its height, characterized by market-oriented agricultural production and an increase in demand for luxuries. The world's first known printed book, a Buddhist Sutra, is produced in China. The classics are printed in China. The Champagne fairs attract traders from various countries, dealing in textiles, leather, and financial transactions. Wang Chih writes A Further Collection of Miscellaneous Items, highlighting the market jargon and practices of brokers. Sophisticated traveling merchants and sedentary merchants conduct international trade and communicate through land mail. The market economy and urban growth peak in China; Marco Polo describes Su-chou and Hang-chou.^[1]
14th century - 20th century	Modern Market Systems	The bourse is established in Bruges, becoming a key financial institution for traders. Hideyoshi Toyotomi ends the currency economy in Japan, leading to the development of sophisticated trading methods. Traders in the Dutch East India Company plot changes in stock prices, marking the beginning of technical analysis. Amsterdam-based merchant Joseph de la Vega documents Dutch financial markets. Rice futures market is established in Osaka, Japan, with the development of candlestick charting. A Record of the Customs of Wu describes the increase in market towns and commerce. Japanese rice traders develop candlestick charting. Munehisa Homma writes The Fountain of Gold and other works documenting early Japanese technical analysis. Charles Dow studies stock market data, leading to the development of Dow Theory. The emergence of price charts for visualizing the market becomes prevalent in France, England, and Bavaria. William Hamilton refines Dow Theory, explaining market trends using a metaphor of ocean waves. Towards the 20th century, traders like Jesse Livermore use ticker tape to track market prices and anticipate market movements.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]
Digital Age	Accessibility of Analysis	Online trading platforms and charting software democratized access to technical analysis tools for retail traders.^[10]
Present	Integration of AI and Machine Learning	Advanced technologies are enhancing technical analysis, allowing for more sophisticated market predictions.^[10]

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Summary by century

Century	Event Type	Details	Location
50th century B.C.	Early Market Practices	Settlers in the Jordan Valley initiate early market practices by engaging in trade with nomadic groups. This period represents one of the earliest instances of organized economic interaction between settled agricultural communities and mobile herders. These exchanges likely involve the barter of goods such as agricultural produce and livestock, laying the groundwork for future trade networks. This foundational economic activity contributes to the evolution of more complex market systems, setting the stage for the emergence of formalized trading practices.^[1]
30th century B.C.	Establishment of Weights and Measures	Ancient Babylonians significantly advance economic practices by establishing a formal system of weights and measures. This development enables more accurate trade and commerce, as merchants can standardize the quantity and value of goods exchanged. Additionally, the Babylonians formalize business transactions through written contracts, which provide legal frameworks for agreements and reduce disputes. The introduction of limited partnerships allows individuals to pool resources while limiting personal liability, facilitating larger trade ventures and investments.^[1]
24th century B.C.	Sargon's Mesopotamian Empire	Sargon of Akkad establishes the first Mesopotamian empire, a significant milestone that underscores the critical role of trade and market practices in ancient economies. Under Sargon's rule, the empire facilitates extensive trade networks across the region, connecting diverse cultures and enhancing economic exchange. Sargon implements policies that promote commerce, including the standardization of weights and measures, which streamline transactions and buid trust among traders. The empire's administrative innovations and centralize governance further support market activities, allowing for the growth of urban centers and marketplaces. This emphasis on trade not only enrichs Mesopotamia economically but also sets the foundation for future market analysis and economic strategies.^[1]
20th century B.C.	Rise of City-States	Decentralized city-states emerge after the fall of the Third Dynasty of Ur, each run by merchants conducting trade.^[1]	Mesopotamia
10th century B.C.	Iron Age Market Freedom	Political decentralization in the Iron Age allows merchants greater freedom in business activities and physical movement.^[1]	Various regions
8th century B.C.	Commodity Price Records, Clay Tablets	Babylonians document commodity values and keep diaries of astronomical observations and prices, an early form of technical analysis.^[1]	Babylonia
7th century B.C.	Introduction of Coinage	The kingdom of Lydia, located in what is now western Turkey, introduces the first known coins, a major innovation in the history of trade. Made of electrum, a natural alloy of gold and silver, these coins are stamped with official symbols, certifying their weight and value. This development revolutionizes commerce by replacing barter with a standardized medium of exchange, making transactions more efficient and reliable. The introduction of coinage in Lydia facilitates wider trade networks and contributes to economic growth, establishing a foundational element for modern financial systems.^[1]	Lydia
5th century B.C.	Greek Banks, Speculation, Religious Dedication	Greek banking emerges, with evidence related to the Athenian grain trade. Traders at the Athenian stock exchanges manipulate prices based on news. A guild of merchants dedicate a temple to Mercury, the god of trade.^[1]
4th century B.C.	Technical Analysis, Speculation, Market Sentiment	Athenian merchants use geographical and environmental information to develop methods for technical analysis. They change their strategies based on timely news and data on price fluctuations, attempting to predict future prices and infer market sentiment.^[1]	Athens
1st century B.C. - 1st century A.D.	Economic Prosperity	Roman commerce reaches its height, characterized by market-oriented agricultural production and an increase in demand for luxuries. Although scarce, evidence of price records from ancient Rome suggests a market economy where prices contain information about the supply of and demand for goods.^[1]
9th century	Background	The world's first known printed book, a Buddhist sutra, is produced in China.^[1]	China
12th-13th century	Golden Age of Champagne Fairs, Literature	The Champagne fairs attract traders from various countries, dealing in textiles, leather, and financial transactions.^[1] Wang Chih writes A Further Collection of Miscellaneous Items, highlighting the market jargon and practices of brokers.^[1]	Champagne, France, China
13th century	Merchants, Historical	Sophisticated traveling merchants and sedentary merchants conduct international trade and communicate through land mail. The market economy and urban growth peak in China; Marco Polo describes Su-chou and Hang-chou.^[1]	Various regions
16th century	Political Change	Hideyoshi Toyotomi ends the currency economy in Japan, leading to the development of sophisticated trading methods.^[1]	Japan
17th century	Early Form, Early Descriptions, Futures Market, Publication	Traders in the Dutch East India Company plot changes in stock prices, marking the beginning of technical analysis.^[2] Amsterdam-based merchant Joseph de la Vega documents Dutch financial markets.^[3] Rice futures market is established in Osaka, Japan, with the development of candlestick charting.^[4]^[5] A Record of the Customs of Wu describes the increase in market towns and commerce.^[1]
17th century	Early Form	Traders in the Dutch East India Company plot changes in stock prices, marking the beginning of technical analysis.^[2]	Netherlands
17th century	Early Form	Dutch traders in the Dutch East India Company began plotting stock prices onto paper, creating rudimentary charts.^[10]
18th century	Development of Candlestick Charting, Publications	Japanese rice traders develop candlestick charting. Munehisa Homma writes The Fountain of Gold and other works documenting early Japanese technical analysis.^[4]^[1]	Japan
18th century	Candlestick chart patterns developed	In Edo-period Japan, Munehisa Homma, a rice trader, develops candlestick chart patterns and produces writings like The Fountain of Gold—The Three Monkey Record of Money.^[4]	Japan
18th century	Development of Candlestick Charting	Homma Munehisa developed candlestick charting in Japan, representing opening, closing, high, and low prices.^[10]
18th century	Development	Japanese traders use technical analysis, pioneered by Munehisa Homma, creating Sakata charts (candlestick charts).^[5]	Japan
19th century	Dow Theory Development, Price Charts	Charles Dow studies stock market data, leading to the development of Dow Theory. The emergence of price charts for visualizing the market becomes prevalent in France, England, and Bavaria.^[6]^[7]^[5]^[8]^[9] Towards mid-century, financial speculation is thought of as one of the great principles of wealth production, situated above work, capital, and trade.^[1] At the same time, social attitudes toward trading soften, making it socially acceptable and desirable to invest.^[1]
Late 19th century	Foundations of Modern Analysis	Charles Dow publishes editorials that leads to the formulation of Dow Theory, outlining market trends.^[10]
20th century	Dow Theory Expansion, Use of Ticker Tape	William Hamilton refines Dow Theory, explaining market trends using a metaphor of ocean waves. Traders like Jesse Livermore use ticker tape to track market prices and anticipate market movements.^[4]^[6]^[8] ]In the 1970s-1980s chart patterns like head and shoulders and Fibonacci retracements gain prominence; Efficient Market Hypothesis emerge.^[10]
Mid-20th century	Technological Advancements	Introduction of computer technology enables complex mathematical models and indicators like MACD and RSI.^[10]^[2]

Full timeline

Year	Event type	Details	Location
5000 B.C.	Early Market Practices	In the Neolithic era, settlers in the Jordan Valley engage in trade with nomads, exchanging resources such as salt and sulfur for obsidian and domesticated animals. This marks the early roots of market exchanges.^[1]	Jordan Valley
3000 B.C.	Establishment of Weights and Measures	Ancient Babylonians develop a system of weights and measures, formalize business deals with contracts, and introduce limited partnerships, laying the groundwork for technical analysis.^[1]	Babylonia
2400 B.C.	Sargon's Mesopotamian Empire	Sargon the Great establishes the first Mesopotamian empire with its capital at Agade, where merchants play a significant role in economic life, highlighting the importance of trade and market practices.^[1]	Mesopotamia
2000 B.C.	Rise of City-States	After the fall of the Third Dynasty of Ur, decentralized city-states emerge, each run by merchants who establish trading colonies and conduct trade, a critical factor in market analysis.^[1]	Mesopotamia
1000 B.C.	Iron Age Market Freedom	In the Iron Age, political decentralization allowed merchants greater freedom in their business activities and physical movement, further enhancing trade practices.^[1]	Various regions
747 B.C.	Babylonian Commodity Price Records Begin	Babylonians begin documenting the values of six commodities (barley, dates, mustard/cuscuta, cress/cardamom, sesame, and wool) in astronomical diaries, resembling modern practices of tracking selected stocks.^[1]	Babylonia
700 B.C.	Babylonian Clay Tablets	Babylonians keep diaries of astronomical observations and commodity prices, recording price fluctuations and market trends, an early form of technical analysis.^[1]	Babylonia
650 B.C.	Introduction of Coinage	The earliest evidence of coins comes from the Lydian capital of Sardis. The use of coins for commercial purposes became widespread in Greece by the fifth century B.C., facilitating trade and market activities.^[1]	Lydia
651 B.C.	Earliest Known Babylonian Diary	The earliest known Babylonian diary, covering 12 months, documents astronomical observations and market prices, providing a continuous record of market trends and fluctuations.^[1]	Babylonia
585 B.C.	Speculation	Thales of Miletos corners the oil market by buying or renting all the oil presses after forecasting a good harvest of the oil crop.^[1]	Miletos
561 B.C.	Pisistratus’ Economic Reforms	During his tyranny in Athens, Pisistratus introduces market-oriented economic institutions, encouraging crop specialization and urbanization, which would help develop the market system further.^[1]	Athens
500 B.C.	Emergence of Greek Banks	Greek banking emerges, with the earliest evidence related to the Athenian grain trade. Banks, initially temples, become private institutions, playing a crucial role in trade and market economies.^[1]	Greece
Early 5th century B.C.	Religious Dedication	A guild of merchants in Greece dedicate a temple to Mercury, the Roman god of trade, commerce, and profit. This religious dedication highlights the strong cultural significance of trade within Greek society and the reverence merchants hold for deities associated with commerce. By establishing a temple, merchants seek divine favor and protection over their economic activities, emphasizing the integration of religious practices with business pursuits.^[1]	Greece
400 B.C.	Babylonian Astronomical Diaries and Market Predictions	Babylonians use astronomical diaries to record market data and make forecasts based on celestial observations, demonstrating an early form of technical analysis.^[1]	Babylonia
330 B.C.	Speculation	Cleomenes of Naucratis, an administrator in the service of Alexander the Great, orchestrates one of history’s earliest recorded instances of market manipulation. By planning a “wheat corner,” he seeks to restrict wheat production in Egypt, thereby reducing supply to drive up prices and exert control over the market. Cleomenes aims to profit by imposing his own prices on this essential commodity, illustrating an early form of speculative trading. This attempt at market control highlights the long-standing practices of speculation and manipulation in financial markets, predating formalized trading systems and laying foundational elements for the eventual development of regulatory and analytical approaches in commerce.^[1]	Greece
324 B.C.	Insurance	Antimenes the Rhodian introduces the first system of insurance, insuring owners against the flight of their slaves for an annual premium of 8 percent.^[1] The concept of risk management, fundamental in technical analysis, can be traced back to early insurance practices.	Rhodes
Augustan age (c. 43 B.C.-18 A.D.)	Economic Prosperity	During this time, Roman commerce thrives, marking a period of significant economic prosperity. Under Augustus's rule, the Roman Empire experiences increased stability and expansion, which fuels market-oriented agricultural production and a burgeoning demand for luxury goods. Trade networks extend across the empire and beyond, facilitating the exchange of goods such as spices, silks, and precious metals from distant regions. This period sees enhanced infrastructure, including roads and ports, which support the flow of commerce.^[1]	Rome
Early Roman Empire	Seasonal Patterns	Price data exhibits seasonal patterns, leading to arbitrage opportunities based on these patterns. Recognizing and capitalizing on seasonal trends would become a key strategy in technical analysis.^[1]	Rome
1150-1300	Golden Age of Champagne Fairs	The Champagne fairs in France flourish, marking a "Golden Age" of trade fairs that become central to European commerce. Held in the Champagne region, these fairs attract merchants from across Europe, facilitating the exchange of textiles, leather, spices, and other goods sold by weight. Beyond tangible goods, the fairs are also hubs for financial transactions, including currency exchange and credit arrangements, laying early groundwork for modern financial practices. The Champagne fairs' well-organized schedules and secure environments foster a network of reliable trade, which contribute to economic growth and the spread of commercial techniques that would later influence the development of technical analysis in market transactions.^[1]	France
1202	Publication	Liber Abaci by Leonardo Fibonacci is published, introducing Arabic numbers and commercial arithmetic methods.^[1] Fibonacci numbers would later become foundational in technical analysis, particularly in Fibonacci retracements and extensions used to predict price levels.	Italy (Pisa)
1278	Publication	The compilation of the Memoria de tucte le mercantile in Italy marks a significant advancement in the realm of business literature. This instructional manual provides merchants with guidelines on various commercial practices, including trade techniques, financial management, and market strategies. Notably, it includes an astrological appendix, reflecting the contemporary belief in astrology’s influence on market conditions and decision-making. The integration of astrological insights with practical business advice illustrates the era's attempt to blend empirical and mystical approaches to commerce. This manual not only serves as a resource for merchants but also contributes to the evolving understanding of market dynamics, influencing future practices in trade and technical analysis.^[1]^[11]	Italy
1309	Institution	The city of Bruges establishes one of the earliest formal bourses, or financial exchanges, which becomes a central meeting place for traders across Europe. Named after the Van der Beurze family, whose residence hosts these gatherings, the Bruges bourse enables merchants to conduct business, negotiate contracts, and settle payments. This institution marks a shift towards organized financial markets, allowing for more efficient trade of goods, currencies, and securities. The Bruges bourse sets a precedent for similar exchanges in cities like Antwerp and Amsterdam, laying the foundation for modern stock exchanges.^[12]	Belgium
1300s	Origins of Trading	The Merchants of Venice begin trading debts, acting similarly to modern brokers.^[13]
1531	Establishment	The world’s first official stock exchange is established in Antwerp, Belgium, where merchants gather to trade promissory notes, bonds, and other financial instruments. Unlike modern exchanges, this early bourse does not involve trading company stocks; instead, it facilitates transactions in government debt and other financial contracts. The Antwerp exchange introduces a structured marketplace for buyers and sellers, promoting transparency and reliability in financial dealings.^[13]	Belgium
1540	Technical Trading System	Christopher Kurz develops a technical trading system based on astrology in Antwerp.^[1] Kurz's system, despite its basis in astrology, lays a foundation for technical analysis by attempting to predict market movements using historical data and cycles.	Belgium
1575	Settlement	Lodovico Benedito Bonbisi settles bills of exchange with Francisco de la Pressa and heirs at Medina del Campo.^[1] Bills of exchange and settlement practices introduce financial instruments that would later evolve into futures and options, integral to technical analysis strategies.	Lyons, France
1585	Price Quotations	The Amsterdam Bourse, one of the world’s first formal stock exchanges, produces the earliest recorded list of price quotations. This list provides traders with standardized information on the prices of various goods and commodities, fostering transparency and enabling more informed trading decisions. By documenting price changes over time, the Amsterdam Bourse would play a pivotal role in the evolution of market analysis, as traders begin to recognize patterns and trends within these recorded prices.^[1]	Netherlands
1587	Political Change and Unification in Japan	Hideyoshi Toyotomi ends the currency economy, prompting merchants to develop sophisticated methods, including technical analysis, to trade and analyze markets. Meanwhile, Japan unifies under a centralized feudal system established by generals Nobunaga Oda, Hideyoshi Toyotomi, and Ieyasu Tokugawa, leading to the development of rice exchanges.^[1]	Japan
1602	Company Shares	Shares of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) begin trading on the Amsterdam Bourse, marking a milestone as the first publicly traded company. This event introduces the concept of joint-stock ownership, allowing investors to buy and sell shares in the company and share in its profits. The Amsterdam Bourse thus becomes the world's first stock exchange where company shares are actively traded, fostering the development of investment practices and shareholder rights. The VOC’s public listing helps establish a framework for equity trading, which would later drive the evolution of financial markets.^[1]^[13]	Netherlands
1609	Institution	The Bank of Amsterdam is founded as northern Europe’s first exchange bank. It aims primarily to curb the circulation of debased coins, rather than to guard against private bank failures. By accepting only high-quality coinage, the Wisselbank is able to stabilize the Dutch currency system, maintaining a consistent coinage standard for about 150 years. Its stability and trustworthiness establishes Wisselbank money as a cornerstone of European commerce and finance. Adam Smith, in The Wealth of Nations (1776), would commend the bank’s money for its superior reliability compared to other forms of currency, underscoring its pivotal role in the region’s economy. This institution sets a model for modern banking practices and would influence the development of financial systems across Europe.^[14]^[1]^[15]	Netherlands
1621	Company Shares and Settlement	Shares of the West India Company begin trading on the Amsterdam Bourse. Commodities trading, such as that facilitated by the West India Company, introduces price volatility and trading patterns observed in technical analysis.^[1] In the same year, Dutch colonists establish New Amsterdam in New Netherlands, laying the groundwork for what would become a major financial center.^[1]	Netherlands
1633 - 1637	Tulip Mania	Amsterdam experiences the famous tulip mania, one of the earliest recorded speculative bubbles. During this period, tulip bulbs, particularly rare varieties, soar in value as people invest heavily, expecting continuous price increases. At the peak, a single bulb would cost more than a house. However, prices eventually crash, leaving many investors with substantial losses. Tulip Mania serves as a classic example of market psychology and the dynamics of speculative bubbles, illustrating how emotions and herd behavior can drive markets beyond reasonable valuations.^[1]	Netherlands
1653	Infrastructure	Peter Stuyvesant, the Dutch Director-General of New Amsterdam (later New York City), orders the construction of a wooden stockade stretching 1,340 feet in length and 12 feet in height. This defensive barrier, known as Wall Street, is built to protect the settlement from potential attacks by Indigenous tribes and the British. Located along what would later be the famous financial district, Wall Street would evolve over time from a simple fortification into a central hub for trade and commerce.^[1]	United States
1660	Revolution	Europe experiences societal and scientific revolutions, setting the stage for modern capitalism.^[1] Societal changes and the rise of capitalism provides the economic environment for the development of technical analysis methodologies.
1663	Legal Change	The Grain Act marks a pivotal legal change in England by legalizing forestalling and regrating practices, which encourages speculative activities in grain trading. Forestalling allows merchants to purchase goods before they reach the market, while regrating permits them to buy and resell goods at a profit within the same market. This legislation aims to stabilize grain prices and ensure a steady supply, fostering a more competitive trading environment. By facilitating speculative practices, the Grain Act not only stimulates free trade but also lays the groundwork for more sophisticated market strategies.^[1]	England
1664	Conquest	British invade New Amsterdam and rename it New York, continuing business as usual under favorable terms. Maintaining the continuity of business practices help solidify New York's role as a financial hub.^[1]
1675	Publication	French merchant Jacques Savary publishes Le Parfait Négociant, a comprehensive guide on mercantile practices, which becomes a foundational work in business education. This manual provides practical advice on various aspects of commerce, including accounting, contracts, insurance, and maritime trade. Savary’s work emphasizes ethical conduct, proper record-keeping, and the importance of understanding market conditions—principles that were instrumental in shaping the emerging field of commerce. Le Parfait Négociant not only serves as an essential resource for merchants but also contributes to the development of systematic business practices, laying early groundwork for modern economy.^[1]	France
1688	Early Concepts	Joseph de la Vega publishes "Confusion of Confusions," discussing irrational investor behavior and price movement patterns.^[10]
1698	Demolition	The wooden wall on Wall Street is torn down. The removal of physical barriers symbolizes the growing openness and expansion of the financial markets.^[1]
Late 1600s	Institutionalization	The rice market at Yodoya’s yard is institutionalized as the Dojima Rice Exchange in Osaka.^[1]	Japan
1711	Financial Innovation	The South Sea Company is founded in Great Britain, marking a notable advancement in financial innovation and trading practices. Created to consolidate and manage national debt, the company is granted a monopoly on trade with Spanish colonies in South America, despite limited access to these markets. In 1720, the company’s shares would skyrocket in value due to rampant speculation, leading to the infamous South Sea Bubble, which would burst later that year, resulting in substantial financial losses.^[16] Despite its eventual collapse and cessation of operations in 1853, the South Sea Company’s story would often be cited as a cautionary tale about speculative bubbles and market manipulation, highlighting the risks inherent in investing and influencing the development of modern financial regulations.^[13]	Great Britain
1755	Publication	Japanese rice trader Munehisa Homma publishes The Fountain of Gold, a seminal work that outlines his trading strategies for the rice markets. Homma’s book introduces the concept of buying when prices decline and selling when they rise, a principle that would remain central to trading strategies. Known as one of the pioneers of technical analysis, Homma also develops candlestick charting techniques to track price movements, which provides insights into market psychology. His work lays the foundation for modern technical analysis tools.^[1]
1776	Publication	Adam Smith's visionary work sets the competitive spirit completely free to thrive.^[1]
1792	Publication	Wu Zhongfu compiles The Merchant’s Guide from earlier manuals Essentials for Travelers and Essentials for Tradesmen.^[1]	China
1830s	Price Charts	The emergence of price charts for visualizing the market becomes prevalent in France, England, and Bavaria.^[1]	France, England, Bavaria
1863	Publication	Shareholder’s Circular and Guardian advocates that participating in financial markets is in one’s personal and reproductive self-interest.^[1]
1870	Social Commentary	Lefevre suggests that investing can promote social harmony by uniting the bourgeoisie and working classes into a single "investing class."^[1]
1885	Publication	Dow presents the "market discounts everything" principle and discusses the rotation of bullishness and bearishness in his editorials.^[1]
1680	Coffeehouse Trading	London coffeehouses such as Jonathan's Coffee House become popular venues for brokers and investors to conduct business, marking an early form of organized securities trading. These coffeehouses serve as informal exchanges where merchants, traders, and financiers gather to discuss market trends, trade shares, and exchange information. Jonathan's Coffee House, in particular, becomes a central hub for trading stocks and commodities, laying the foundation for the establishment of the London Stock Exchange.^[13]
1688	Publication	Joseph de la Vega, an Amsterdam-based merchant, publishes Confusion de Confusiones. This seminal work offers a comprehensive documentation of the Dutch financial markets of the time, providing early insights into market behavior and patterns. De la Vega describes various speculative techniques and methods for predicting stock price movements, making it one of the earliest known works on technical analysis. His observations and methodologies lay the groundwork for future developments in the field of financial analysis and trading.^[3]^[2]^[6]^[1]	Netherlands
1710	Futures contract	The Dojima Rice Exchange in Osaka, Japan, establishes a rice futures market where rice coupons representing future delivery are traded. This market marks the introduction of futures contracts and employs early technical analysis techniques, such as candlestick charting.^[1]^[6]^[3]^[4]	Japan
1752	Market	New York establishes its first formal market, organized by local merchants for trading slaves and cornmeal. This market is a significant development in the city’s economic history, facilitating structured trade and commerce. The establishment of a formal trading venue not only streamlines transactions but also highlights the importance of agricultural products and the grim reality of the slave trade in the burgeoning economy of colonial America. This market lays the groundwork for New York's evolution into a major commercial hub, influencing the future dynamics of trade and the development of more diverse markets in the region.^[1]	United States
1755	Publication	Japanese rice trader Honma Munehisa publishes The Fountain of Gold, a seminal work that outlines his trading strategies for the rice markets. Homma’s book introduces the concept of buying when prices decline and selling when they rise, a principle that would remain central to trading strategies. Known as one of the pioneers of technical analysis, Homma also develops candlestick charting techniques to track price movements, which provides insights into market psychology. His work lays the foundation for modern technical analysis tools, and his methods would continue to influence traders worldwide, particularly in the interpretation of price patterns and market trends.^[1]^[7]^[6]^[3]	Japan
1790	Establishment	Philadelphia becomes the site of the first formal stock exchange in the United States, known as the Philadelphia Stock Exchange. This exchange is established to facilitate the trading of government securities, including bonds issued to fund the Revolutionary War, and later expanded to include stocks and other securities. It provides a structured platform for buyers and sellers, promoting liquidity and transparency in financial markets. The PHLX sets a precedent for the development of other exchanges across the United States, including the New York Stock Exchange, and plays a crucial role in the early growth of the U.S. financial system.^[13]^[1]	United States
1792	Formation	The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is established under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street, quickly rising in prominence.^[13]
1884	Development of Dow Theory	Charles Dow, co-founder of The Wall Street Journal, studies stock market data and creates an average of the daily closing prices of 11 important stocks. This leads to the development of Dow Theory, which correlates market patterns with the Dow Jones Industrial Average, laying the foundation for modern technical analysis. Dow believes stock price movements reflect the composite knowledge of all market participants and can predict future business conditions.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[2]^[4]^[5]^[9]	United States
1897	Introduction of Dow Averages	Charles Dow introduces the Dow–Jones Averages, initially comprising two separate averages: one for 20 railroad stocks and another for 12 industrial stocks. These averages were designed to represent the general market trend and have since evolved, with the Industrial Average expanded to 30 stocks in 1928. Over time, stocks included in these averages have been adjusted to remain representative of their respective groups.^[9]	United States
1902	Dow Theory Expansion and Editorial	Charles Dow considers the relationship between volume and price in The Wall Street Journal.^[1] After his death, his followers would expand on his ideas and develop chart-based trading strategies.^[4]	United States
Early 20th century	Dow Theory Expansion	William Hamilton refines Dow Theory, explaining market trends using a metaphor of ocean waves.^[6]^[8]	United States
Early 20th century	Use of ticker tape	Traders like Jesse Livermore use ticker tape to track market prices and anticipate market movements.^[4]	United States
1916	Expansion of Industrial Average	The Dow–Jones Industrial Average is expanded from 12 to 20 stocks, reflecting the growth and diversification of the industrial sector.^[9]	United States
1922	Publication	William Peter Hamilton publishes "The Stock Market Barometer," formalizing and expanding on Dow's ideas. This work lays the groundwork for the Dow Theory, emphasizing the predictive power of stock market averages.^[9]	United States
1920s	Development	William P. Hamilton applies Dow Theory, forecasting market trends and identifying short-term waves.^[5]	United States
1928	Further Expansion of Industrial Average	The Dow–Jones Industrial Average is further expanded to 30 stocks, a composition that continues to date.^[9]	United States
1929	Introduction of Utility Average	All public utility companies are removed from the Industrial Average, and a new Utility Average of 20 issues is established.^[9]	United States
1920s-1930s	Development of Technical Analysis	Richard W. Schabacker, a former financial editor of Forbes Magazine, builds on the work of Charles Dow and William Peter Hamilton by systematizing methods and identifying significant technical patterns in individual stock charts. His influential books, including "Stock Market Theory and Practice," "Technical Market Analysis," and "Stock Market Profits," become foundational texts in the field.^[7]^[9]	United States
1930s	Development and Practical Application	Edson Gould uses technical analysis to predict Dow Jones Index movements, gaining widespread recognition. Over the following decades, he would make accurate market predictions and develop indicators like the Senti-Meter, earning a reputation as a market wizard.^[5]^[8]	United States
1930		Richard W. Schabacker publishes Stock Market Theory and Practice, a comprehensive guide on stock market fundamentals, technical analysis, and risk management. Covering market history, trends, charting, and investment strategies, this book would remain a key text in understanding market intricacies and making informed investment decisions.^[17]
1932	Publication and Development	Robert Rhea publishes The Dow Theory, providing further insight into Dow's work. In the following years, he would enhance the Dow Theory and popularize technical analysis through newsletters in his series Dow Theory Comments.^[6]^[8]^[5]	United States
1935	Market Prediction	American accountant Ralph Nelson Elliott makes a significant prediction regarding the stock market's bottom using what would be known as Elliott wave principle. Based on his analysis of market price patterns, Elliott theorizes that markets move in predictable, repeating cycles influenced by collective investor psychology. His prediction of the market bottom that year demonstrates the practical application of his theory, which involves identifying wave patterns within price movements to forecast future trends. Elliott's work provides a foundation for technical analysis, as traders begin to apply wave principles to anticipate market shifts, solidifying his impact on financial forecasting and market analysis techniques.^[6]^[8]	United States
1938	Gartley’s annotations	H.M. Gartley publishes a series of detailed annotated charts aimed at educating readers on the common features and patterns found in market trends. These charts, presented in his influential book Profits in the Stock Market, analyzes recurring market movements and introduced what would later become known as the “Gartley pattern”—a specific harmonic pattern used to predict price reversals. Gartley’s work emphasized the importance of technical analysis and pattern recognition, offering traders tools to better understand and anticipate market behavior. His contributions lay foundational concepts for future developments in technical analysis and harmonic trading strategies.^[4]	United States
1942	Collaboration	Robert D. Edwards joins his brother-in-law Richard Schabacker in furthering technical analysis research. Edwards continues Schabacker's work after his death, contributing to the development and refinement of technical analysis techniques.^[9]	United States
1946	Elliott Wave Theory	Ralph Nelson Elliott publishes Nature’s Law: The Secret of the Universe, his final and most comprehensive work, just two years before his death. This book encapsulates Elliott theories on how social behavior and market movements are interconnected through predictable wave patterns. Elliott argues that these waves, governed by natural laws, reflect human psychology and can be observed across various fields, not just in trading. Nature's Law would remain a pivotal text for those studying market cycles, technical analysis, and the broader implications of Elliott's theory on human behavior.^[6]	United States
1948	Publication	John Magee, along with Robert D. Edwards, publishes Technical Analysis of Stock Trends, establishing comprehensive charting methods and defining chart patterns and technical indicators for trading. This work consolidates and advances technical analysis methods, making the process more scientific and precise, and becomes a definitive authority in the field.^[8]^[5]^[9]^[7]	United States
1949	Futures Inc founded	Richard Donchian founds Futures Inc., the first publicly available managed futures fund, marking a pioneering moment in investment strategy and fund management. Donchian’s fund introduces diversified, trend-following strategies, which focus on identifying and capitalizing on long-term market trends across various commodity futures. This approach helps mitigate risk by spreading investments over multiple assets and highlighted the benefits of systematic trading rules. Donchian's work lays the groundwork for modern trend-following techniques and is considered foundational in the development of managed futures funds, significantly influencing the practice of technical analysis and the trading systems used in today’s financial markets.^[4]	United States
1949	Founding of the first hedge fund	Alfred Winslow Jones establishes the first hedge fund, pioneering a new approach to investing by combining both long and short positions to hedge against market fluctuations. Jones's strategy involves leveraging his investments and using tactical short selling to mitigate risk while maximizing returns, which allows him to “surf” the market’s mood swings and capitalize on market inefficiencies. This innovative model sets the foundation for modern hedge funds, influencing future investment strategies focused on risk management and strategic positioning to achieve consistent returns, regardless of market conditions.^[18]^[4]	United States
1951	Retirement	Robert D. Edwards retires from his work as a stock analyst. John Magee continues research independently and later as Chief Technical Analyst at an investment counseling firm, focusing on discovering new technical devices.^[9]	United States
1951	Development	John Magee initiates the Delta Studies, an extension and refinement of the technical method. These studies introduce new concepts that enhance the ability to interpret and predict market situations, proving successful in practical market operations.^[9]	United States
1971	Technological Advancement	The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations (Nasdaq) is established as the world’s first electronic stock market. This groundbreaking technological advancement transforms the way stocks are traded by replacing the traditional trading floor with a computerized system, allowing for faster and more efficient trading. Nasdaq introduces automated price quotations for over-the-counter stocks, increasing transparency and accessibility for investors. Its creation marks a significant shift in financial markets, paving the way for electronic trading and influencing the development of other global exchanges. Today, Nasdaq is known as one of the largest stock exchanges in the world.^[13]	United States
1970s and 1980s	Popularization	Chart patterns such as head and shoulders, double tops and bottoms, and triangles, along with Fibonacci retracements, become popular.^[2]^[10]	United States
1984	Championship	Robert Prechter wins the U.S. Trading Championship using Elliott Wave strategy, re-introducing the theory to the public.^[6]	United States
1980s	Introduction of empirical rigor	Michael Adam, David Harding, and Martin Lueck use computers to analyze historical price data, introducing empirical rigor to technical analysis.^[4]	United States
1990s	Popularization of candlestick charts in the US	Steve Nison popularizes Japanese candlestick charts in the United States with a series of articles and books.^[4]	United States
Digital age	Accessibility	Online trading platforms and sophisticated charting software make technical analysis accessible to retail traders. Machine learning and AI open new frontiers in the field.^[2]	Global
Recent years	Real-time Computation	The values of the Dow–Jones Averages are now computed in real time and are available over the Internet. These hourly and daily figures are published in The Wall Street Journal and other financial media, reflecting the modern necessity for real-time data in options and futures trading.^[9]	Global

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Base literature:

The Evolution of Technical Analysis: Financial Prediction from Babylonian Tablets to Bloomberg Terminals, by Andrew W. Lo and Jasmina Hasanhodzic.

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References

↑ ^1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 ^1.17 ^1.18 ^1.19 ^1.20 ^1.21 ^1.22 ^1.23 ^1.24 ^1.25 ^1.26 ^1.27 ^1.28 ^1.29 ^1.30 ^1.31 ^1.32 ^1.33 ^1.34 ^1.35 ^1.36 ^1.37 ^1.38 ^1.39 ^1.40 ^1.41 ^1.42 ^1.43 ^1.44 ^1.45 ^1.46 ^1.47 ^1.48 ^1.49 ^1.50 ^1.51 ^1.52 ^1.53 ^1.54 ^1.55 ^1.56 ^1.57 ^1.58 ^1.59 ^1.60 ^1.61 ^1.62 ^1.63 ^1.64 ^1.65 ^1.66 ^1.67 ^1.68 ^1.69 ^1.70 ^1.71 ^1.72 Andrew W. Lo, Jasmina Hasanhodzic (2011). The Evolution of Technical Analysis. Bloomberg Press.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 "A Short History of Technical Analysis". Composer. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 "An Introduction to Technical Analysis". Tradimo. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
↑ ^4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 "Reading Between the Lines". Winton. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 "Technical Analysis". Earn2Trade. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
↑ ^6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 "The History of Technical Analysis". Quantified Strategies. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 "Technical Analysis". HowTheMarketWorks. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 ^8.6 ^8.7 ^8.8 "Pioneers of Technical Analysis". Investopedia. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
↑ ^9.00 ^9.01 ^9.02 ^9.03 ^9.04 ^9.05 ^9.06 ^9.07 ^9.08 ^9.09 ^9.10 ^9.11 ^9.12 ^9.13 Robert D. Edwards, John Magee, W.H.C. Bassetti (2001). Technical Analysis of Stock Trends, Eighth Edition (Hardcover)|format= requires |url= (help). Taylor & Francis. p. 709. ISBN 9781574442922.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 ^10.6 ^10.7 ^10.8 "The History of Technical Analysis". Quantified Strategies. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
↑ "From Medieval Corporatism to Civic Humanism: Merchant and Guild Culture in Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century Florence". Academia.edu. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
↑ "Creation of the First Stock Exchange". Citéco. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 ^13.5 ^13.6 ^13.7 "Stock Exchange History". Investopedia. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
↑ "Determinants of Corporate Debt Maturity Structure" (PDF). Econstor. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
↑ "The Bank of Amsterdam". Beursgeschiedenis. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
↑ Cowles, ch. II, IV (esp. pp. 151, 168–169 for share prices)
↑ George Edward Roberts (1927). Stock Market Theory and Practice. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 26 June 2024.
↑ "About Us". A.W. Jones. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

[Hasanhodzic-1] 1.00 ^1.01 ^1.02 ^1.03 ^1.04 ^1.05 ^1.06 ^1.07 ^1.08 ^1.09 ^1.10 ^1.11 ^1.12 ^1.13 ^1.14 ^1.15 ^1.16 ^1.17 ^1.18 ^1.19 ^1.20 ^1.21 ^1.22 ^1.23 ^1.24 ^1.25 ^1.26 ^1.27 ^1.28 ^1.29 ^1.30 ^1.31 ^1.32 ^1.33 ^1.34 ^1.35 ^1.36 ^1.37 ^1.38 ^1.39 ^1.40 ^1.41 ^1.42 ^1.43 ^1.44 ^1.45 ^1.46 ^1.47 ^1.48 ^1.49 ^1.50 ^1.51 ^1.52 ^1.53 ^1.54 ^1.55 ^1.56 ^1.57 ^1.58 ^1.59 ^1.60 ^1.61 ^1.62 ^1.63 ^1.64 ^1.65 ^1.66 ^1.67 ^1.68 ^1.69 ^1.70 ^1.71 ^1.72 Andrew W. Lo, Jasmina Hasanhodzic (2011). The Evolution of Technical Analysis. Bloomberg Press.

[composer.trade-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 ^2.5 ^2.6 ^2.7 "A Short History of Technical Analysis". Composer. Retrieved 2024-06-26.

[news.tradimo.com-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 "An Introduction to Technical Analysis". Tradimo. Retrieved 2024-06-26.

[winton.com-4] 4.00 ^4.01 ^4.02 ^4.03 ^4.04 ^4.05 ^4.06 ^4.07 ^4.08 ^4.09 ^4.10 ^4.11 ^4.12 ^4.13 "Reading Between the Lines". Winton. Retrieved 2024-06-26.

[earn2trade.com-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 ^5.3 ^5.4 ^5.5 ^5.6 ^5.7 ^5.8 "Technical Analysis". Earn2Trade. Retrieved 2024-06-26.

[quantifiedstrategies.com-6] 6.00 ^6.01 ^6.02 ^6.03 ^6.04 ^6.05 ^6.06 ^6.07 ^6.08 ^6.09 ^6.10 ^6.11 "The History of Technical Analysis". Quantified Strategies. Retrieved 2024-06-26.

[howthemarketworks.com-7] 7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 ^7.4 ^7.5 "Technical Analysis". HowTheMarketWorks. Retrieved 2024-06-26.

[investopedia.com-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 ^8.5 ^8.6 ^8.7 ^8.8 "Pioneers of Technical Analysis". Investopedia. Retrieved 2024-06-26.

[Robert_D._Edwards-9] 9.00 ^9.01 ^9.02 ^9.03 ^9.04 ^9.05 ^9.06 ^9.07 ^9.08 ^9.09 ^9.10 ^9.11 ^9.12 ^9.13 Robert D. Edwards, John Magee, W.H.C. Bassetti (2001). Technical Analysis of Stock Trends, Eighth Edition (Hardcover)|format= requires |url= (help). Taylor & Francis. p. 709. ISBN 9781574442922.

[quantifiedstrategies-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 ^10.5 ^10.6 ^10.7 ^10.8 "The History of Technical Analysis". Quantified Strategies. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

[11] "From Medieval Corporatism to Civic Humanism: Merchant and Guild Culture in Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century Florence". Academia.edu. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

[12] "Creation of the First Stock Exchange". Citéco. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

[investopedia-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 ^13.4 ^13.5 ^13.6 ^13.7 "Stock Exchange History". Investopedia. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

[14] "Determinants of Corporate Debt Maturity Structure" (PDF). Econstor. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

[15] "The Bank of Amsterdam". Beursgeschiedenis. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

[16] Cowles, ch. II, IV (esp. pp. 151, 168–169 for share prices)

[17] George Edward Roberts (1927). Stock Market Theory and Practice. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved 26 June 2024.

[18] "About Us". A.W. Jones. Retrieved 29 September 2024.

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 |-
 | 14th century - 20th century || Modern Market Systems || The bourse is established in {{w|Bruges}}, becoming a key financial institution for traders. {{w|Hideyoshi Toyotomi}} ends the currency economy in {{w|Japan}}, leading to the development of sophisticated trading methods. Traders in the {{w|Dutch East India Company}} plot changes in stock prices, marking the beginning of technical analysis. Amsterdam-based merchant {{w|Joseph de la Vega}} documents Dutch financial markets. Rice futures market is established in {{w|Osaka}}, Japan, with the development of {{w|candlestick chart}}ing. A Record of the Customs of Wu describes the increase in market towns and commerce. Japanese rice traders develop candlestick charting. Munehisa Homma writes ''The Fountain of Gold'' and other works documenting early Japanese technical analysis. Charles Dow studies stock market data, leading to the development of {{w|Dow Theory}}. The emergence of price charts for visualizing the market becomes prevalent in {{w|France}}, {{w|England}}, and {{w|Bavaria}}. {{w|William Hamilton}} refines Dow Theory, explaining market trends using a metaphor of ocean waves. Towards the 20th century, traders like {{w|Jesse Livermore}} use ticker tape to track market prices and anticipate market movements.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/><ref name="composer.trade">{{cite web | title = A Short History of Technical Analysis | url = https://www.composer.trade/learn/a-short-history-of-technical-analysis | website = Composer | access-date = 2024-06-26}}</ref><ref name="news.tradimo.com">{{cite web | title = An Introduction to Technical Analysis | url = https://news.tradimo.com/an-introduction-to-technical-analysis/ | website = Tradimo | access-date = 2024-06-26}}</ref><ref name="winton.com">{{cite web | title = Reading Between the Lines | url = https://www.winton.com/news/reading-between-the-lines | website = Winton | access-date = 2024-06-26}}</ref><ref name="earn2trade.com">{{cite web | title = Technical Analysis | url = https://www.earn2trade.com/blog/technical-analysis/ | website = Earn2Trade | access-date = 2024-06-26}}</ref><ref name="quantifiedstrategies.com">{{cite web | title = The History of Technical Analysis | url = https://www.quantifiedstrategies.com/the-history-of-technical-analysis/ | website = Quantified Strategies | access-date = 2024-06-26}}</ref><ref name="howthemarketworks.com">{{cite web | title = Technical Analysis | url = https://www.howthemarketworks.com/technical-analysis/ | website = HowTheMarketWorks | access-date = 2024-06-26}}</ref><ref name="investopedia.com">{{cite web | title = Pioneers of Technical Analysis | url = https://www.investopedia.com/articles/financial-theory/10/pioneers-technical-analysis.asp | website = Investopedia | access-date = 2024-06-26}}</ref><ref name="Robert D. Edwards">{{cite book | title = Technical Analysis of Stock Trends, Eighth Edition | author = Robert D. Edwards, John Magee, W.H.C. Bassetti | year = 2001 | isbn = 9781574442922 | publisher = Taylor & Francis | format = Hardcover | language = English | pages = 709}}</ref>
+|-
+| Digital Age || Accessibility of Analysis || Online trading platforms and charting software democratized access to technical analysis tools for retail traders.<ref name="quantifiedstrategies"/>
+|-
+| Present || Integration of AI and Machine Learning || Advanced technologies are enhancing technical analysis, allowing for more sophisticated market predictions.<ref name="quantifiedstrategies"/>
+|}
+|-
 |}
@@ Line 47: / Line 53: @@
 |-
 | 9th century || Background || The world's first known printed book, a Buddhist sutra, is produced in China.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || China
-|-
-| 10th century || Printing || The classics are printed in China.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || Various regions
 |-
 | 12th-13th century || Golden Age of Champagne Fairs, Literature || The Champagne fairs attract traders from various countries, dealing in textiles, leather, and financial transactions.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> Wang Chih writes A Further Collection of Miscellaneous Items, highlighting the market jargon and practices of brokers.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || Champagne, France, China
 |-
 | 13th century || Merchants, Historical || Sophisticated traveling merchants and sedentary merchants conduct international trade and communicate through land mail. The market economy and urban growth peak in China; Marco Polo describes Su-chou and Hang-chou.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || Various regions
-|-
-| 14th century || Institution || The bourse is established in Bruges, becoming a key financial institution for traders.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || Bruges
 |-
 | 16th century || Political Change || Hideyoshi Toyotomi ends the currency economy in Japan, leading to the development of sophisticated trading methods.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || Japan
@@ Line 122: / Line 124: @@
 |-
 | Early Roman Empire || Seasonal Patterns || Price data exhibits seasonal patterns, leading to arbitrage opportunities based on these patterns. Recognizing and capitalizing on seasonal trends would become a key strategy in technical analysis.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/>  || Rome
-|-
-| 868 || Background || The world's first known printed book, a Buddhist sutra, is produced in China.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || China
 |-
 | 1150-1300 || Golden Age of Champagne Fairs || The {{w|Champagne fairs}} in France flourish, marking a "Golden Age" of trade fairs that become central to European commerce. Held in the {{w|Champagne}} region, these fairs attract merchants from across Europe, facilitating the exchange of textiles, leather, spices, and other goods sold by weight. Beyond tangible goods, the fairs are also hubs for financial transactions, including currency exchange and credit arrangements, laying early groundwork for modern financial practices. The Champagne fairs' well-organized schedules and secure environments foster a network of reliable trade, which contribute to economic growth and the spread of commercial techniques that would later influence the development of technical analysis in market transactions.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || {{w|France}}
@@ Line 130: / Line 130: @@
 |-
 | 1278 || Publication || The compilation of the ''Memoria de tucte le mercantile'' in Italy marks a significant advancement in the realm of business literature. This instructional manual provides merchants with guidelines on various commercial practices, including trade techniques, financial management, and market strategies. Notably, it includes an astrological appendix, reflecting the contemporary belief in astrology’s influence on market conditions and decision-making. The integration of astrological insights with practical business advice illustrates the era's attempt to blend empirical and mystical approaches to commerce. This manual not only serves as a resource for merchants but also contributes to the evolving understanding of market dynamics, influencing future practices in trade and technical analysis.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/><ref>{{cite web |title=From Medieval Corporatism to Civic Humanism: Merchant and Guild Culture in Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century Florence |url=https://www.academia.edu/7104776/From_Medieval_Corporatism_to_Civic_Humanism_Merchant_and_Guild_Culture_in_Fourteenth_and_Fifteenth_Century_Florence |website=Academia.edu |accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
+|-
+| 1309 || Institution || The city of {{w|Bruges}} establishes one of the earliest formal bourses, or financial exchanges, which becomes a central meeting place for traders across Europe. Named after the Van der Beurze family, whose residence hosts these gatherings, the Bruges bourse enables merchants to conduct business, negotiate contracts, and settle payments. This institution marks a shift towards organized financial markets, allowing for more efficient trade of goods, currencies, and securities. The Bruges bourse sets a precedent for similar exchanges in cities like Antwerp and Amsterdam, laying the foundation for modern stock exchanges.<ref>{{cite web |title=Creation of the First Stock Exchange |url=https://www.citeco.fr/10000-years-history-economics/antiquity-to-middle-ages/creation-of-the-first-stock-exchange |website=Citéco |accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
 |-
 | 1300s || Origins of Trading || The Merchants of Venice begin trading debts, acting similarly to modern brokers.<ref name="investopedia">{{cite web |title=Stock Exchange History |url=https://www.investopedia.com/articles/07/stock-exchange-history.asp |website=Investopedia |accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref>
-|-
-| 1409 || Establishment || The bourse (stock exchange) is established in {{w|Bruges}}, Belgium, becoming a key financial institution for traders. Originating as a meeting place for merchants and bankers, the Bruges Bourse facilitates trading activities, including commodities and financial instruments, shaping early financial markets in Europe.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || {{w|Belgium}}
 |-
 | 1531 || Establishment || The world’s first official stock exchange is established in {{w|Antwerp}}, {{w|Belgium}}, where merchants gather to trade promissory notes, bonds, and other financial instruments. Unlike modern exchanges, this early bourse does not involve trading company stocks; instead, it facilitates transactions in government debt and other financial contracts. The [[w:Bourse at Antwerp|Antwerp exchange]] introduces a structured marketplace for buyers and sellers, promoting transparency and reliability in financial dealings.<ref name="investopedia"/> || {{w|Belgium}}
@@ Line 147: / Line 147: @@
 | 1602 || Company Shares || Shares of the {{w|Dutch East India Company}} (VOC) begin trading on the Amsterdam Bourse, marking a milestone as the first publicly traded company. This event introduces the concept of joint-stock ownership, allowing investors to buy and sell shares in the company and share in its profits. The Amsterdam Bourse thus becomes the world's first stock exchange where company shares are actively traded, fostering the development of investment practices and shareholder rights. The VOC’s public listing helps establish a framework for equity trading, which would later drive the evolution of financial markets.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/><ref name="investopedia"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}
 |-
-| 1609 || Institution || The {{w|Bank of Amsterdam}} is founded, enhancing capital availability and economic growth.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}
+| 1609 || Institution || The {{w|Bank of Amsterdam}} is founded as northern Europe’s first exchange bank. It aims primarily to curb the circulation of debased coins, rather than to guard against private bank failures. By accepting only high-quality coinage, the Wisselbank is able to stabilize the Dutch currency system, maintaining a consistent coinage standard for about 150 years. Its stability and trustworthiness establishes Wisselbank money as a cornerstone of European commerce and finance. {{w|Adam Smith}}, in ''The Wealth of Nations'' (1776), would commend the bank’s money for its superior reliability compared to other forms of currency, underscoring its pivotal role in the region’s economy.  This institution sets a model for modern banking practices and would influence the development of financial systems across Europe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Determinants of Corporate Debt Maturity Structure |url=https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/101021/1/wp0516.pdf |website=Econstor |accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="Hasanhodzic"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The Bank of Amsterdam |url=https://www.beursgeschiedenis.nl/en/moment/the-bank-of-amsterdam/ |website=Beursgeschiedenis |accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
 |-
 | 1621 || Company Shares and Settlement || Shares of the {{w|West India Company}} begin trading on the {{w|Amsterdam Bourse}}. Commodities trading, such as that facilitated by the West India Company, introduces price volatility and trading patterns observed in technical analysis.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> In the same year, Dutch colonists establish New Amsterdam in New Netherlands, laying the groundwork for what would become a major financial center.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}
@@ Line 174: / Line 174: @@
 |-
 | 1776 || Publication || Adam Smith's visionary work sets the competitive spirit completely free to thrive.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> ||
-|-
-| 1776 || Background || The United States wins its independence, several years after the rice market in Osaka opened.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || United States
 |-
 | 1792 || Publication || Wu Zhongfu compiles The Merchant’s Guide from earlier manuals Essentials for Travelers and Essentials for Tradesmen.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || China
@@ Line 193: / Line 191: @@
 | 1710 || {{w|Futures contract}} || The Dojima Rice Exchange in Osaka, Japan, establishes a rice futures market where rice coupons representing future delivery are traded. This market marks the introduction of futures contracts and employs early technical analysis techniques, such as candlestick charting.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/><ref name="quantifiedstrategies.com"/><ref name="news.tradimo.com"/><ref name="winton.com"/> || Japan
 |-
-| 1752 || Market || New York’s first formal market is organized by merchants for dealings in slaves and cornmeal.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1752 || Market || New York establishes its first formal market, organized by local merchants for trading slaves and cornmeal. This market is a significant development in the city’s economic history, facilitating structured trade and commerce. The establishment of a formal trading venue not only streamlines transactions but also highlights the importance of agricultural products and the grim reality of the slave trade in the burgeoning economy of colonial America. This market lays the groundwork for New York's evolution into a major commercial hub, influencing the future dynamics of trade and the development of more diverse markets in the region.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1755 || Publication || Japanese rice trader {{w|Honma Munehisa}} publishes ''The Fountain of Gold'', a seminal work that outlines his trading strategies for the rice markets. Homma’s book introduces the concept of buying when prices decline and selling when they rise, a principle that would remain central to trading strategies. Known as one of the pioneers of technical analysis, Homma also develops {{w|candlestick chart}}ing techniques to track price movements, which provides insights into market psychology. His work lays the foundation for modern technical analysis tools, and his methods would continue to influence traders worldwide, particularly in the interpretation of price patterns and market trends.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/><ref name="howthemarketworks.com">{{cite web | title = Technical Analysis | url = https://www.howthemarketworks.com/technical-analysis/ | website = HowTheMarketWorks | access-date = 2024-06-26}}</ref><ref name="quantifiedstrategies.com"/><ref name="news.tradimo.com"/> || {{w|Japan}}
 |-
-| 1790 || Establishment || The Philadelphia Stock Exchange became the first stock exchange in the United States.<ref name="investopedia"/>
+| 1790 || Establishment || {{w|Philadelphia}} becomes the site of the first formal stock exchange in the United States, known as the {{w|Philadelphia Stock Exchange}}. This exchange is established to facilitate the trading of government securities, including bonds issued to fund the Revolutionary War, and later expanded to include stocks and other securities. It provides a structured platform for buyers and sellers, promoting liquidity and transparency in financial markets. The PHLX sets a precedent for the development of other exchanges across the United States, including the {{w|New York Stock Exchange}}, and plays a crucial role in the early growth of the U.S. financial system.<ref name="investopedia"/><ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 1790 || Exchange || {{w|Philadelphia}} becomes the home of the first real stock exchange in the USA.<ref name="Hasanhodzic"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1792 || Formation || The New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) is established under a buttonwood tree on Wall Street, quickly rising in prominence.<ref name="investopedia"/>
@@ Line 233: / Line 229: @@
 | 1935 || Market Prediction || American accountant {{w|Ralph Nelson Elliott}} makes a significant prediction regarding the stock market's bottom using what would be known as {{w|Elliott wave principle}}. Based on his analysis of market price patterns, Elliott theorizes that markets move in predictable, repeating cycles influenced by collective investor psychology. His prediction of the market bottom that year demonstrates the practical application of his theory, which involves identifying wave patterns within price movements to forecast future trends. Elliott's work provides a foundation for technical analysis, as traders begin to apply wave principles to anticipate market shifts, solidifying his impact on financial forecasting and market analysis techniques.<ref name="quantifiedstrategies.com"/><ref name="investopedia.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1938 || Gartley’s annotations || H.M. Gartley publishes intricate annotated charts to educate readers on common features of trends.<ref name="winton.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1938 || Gartley’s annotations || H.M. Gartley publishes a series of detailed annotated charts aimed at educating readers on the common features and patterns found in market trends. These charts, presented in his influential book ''Profits in the Stock Market'', analyzes recurring market movements and introduced what would later become known as the “Gartley pattern”—a specific harmonic pattern used to predict price reversals. Gartley’s work emphasized the importance of technical analysis and pattern recognition, offering traders tools to better understand and anticipate market behavior. His contributions lay foundational concepts for future developments in technical analysis and harmonic trading strategies.<ref name="winton.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 1938 || Adjustment of Utility Average || The number of stocks in the Utility Average is reduced from 20 to 15 to better represent the sector.<ref name="Robert D. Edwards"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1942 || Collaboration || Robert D. Edwards joins his brother-in-law Richard Schabacker in furthering technical analysis research. Edwards continues Schabacker's work after his death, contributing to the development and refinement of technical analysis techniques.<ref name="Robert D. Edwards"/> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 245: / Line 239: @@
 | 1949 || Futures Inc founded || {{w|Richard Donchian}} founds Futures Inc., the first publicly available managed futures fund, marking a pioneering moment in investment strategy and fund management. Donchian’s fund introduces diversified, trend-following strategies, which focus on identifying and capitalizing on long-term market trends across various commodity futures. This approach helps mitigate risk by spreading investments over multiple assets and highlighted the benefits of systematic trading rules. Donchian's work lays the groundwork for modern trend-following techniques and is considered foundational in the development of managed futures funds, significantly influencing the practice of technical analysis and the trading systems used in today’s financial markets.<ref name="winton.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1949 || Founding of the first hedge fund || Alfred Winslow Jones establishes the first hedge fund, pioneering a new approach to investing by combining both long and short positions to hedge against market fluctuations. Jones's strategy involves leveraging his investments and using tactical short selling to mitigate risk while maximizing returns, which allows him to “surf” the market’s mood swings and capitalize on market inefficiencies. This innovative model sets the foundation for modern hedge funds, influencing future investment strategies focused on risk management and strategic positioning to achieve consistent returns, regardless of market conditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://awjones.com/about-us/firm/ |website=A.W. Jones |accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref>
+| 1949 || Founding of the first hedge fund || Alfred Winslow Jones establishes the first hedge fund, pioneering a new approach to investing by combining both long and short positions to hedge against market fluctuations. Jones's strategy involves leveraging his investments and using tactical short selling to mitigate risk while maximizing returns, which allows him to “surf” the market’s mood swings and capitalize on market inefficiencies. This innovative model sets the foundation for modern hedge funds, influencing future investment strategies focused on risk management and strategic positioning to achieve consistent returns, regardless of market conditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Us |url=https://awjones.com/about-us/firm/ |website=A.W. Jones |accessdate=29 September 2024}}</ref><ref name="winton.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
-<ref name="winton.com"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1951 || Retirement || Robert D. Edwards retires from his work as a stock analyst. John Magee continues research independently and later as Chief Technical Analyst at an investment counseling firm, focusing on discovering new technical devices.<ref name="Robert D. Edwards"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| Late 1951 || Development || John Magee initiates the Delta Studies, an extension and refinement of the technical method. These studies introduce new concepts that enhance the ability to interpret and predict market situations, proving successful in practical market operations.<ref name="Robert D. Edwards"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1951 || Development || John Magee initiates the Delta Studies, an extension and refinement of the technical method. These studies introduce new concepts that enhance the ability to interpret and predict market situations, proving successful in practical market operations.<ref name="Robert D. Edwards"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1971 || Technological Advancement || Nasdaq was formed as the first electronic stock market, revolutionizing trading.<ref name="investopedia"/>
+| 1971 || Technological Advancement || The National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotations ({{w|Nasdaq}}) is established as the world’s first electronic stock market. This groundbreaking technological advancement transforms the way stocks are traded by replacing the traditional trading floor with a computerized system, allowing for faster and more efficient trading. Nasdaq introduces automated price quotations for over-the-counter stocks, increasing transparency and accessibility for investors. Its creation marks a significant shift in financial markets, paving the way for electronic trading and influencing the development of other global exchanges. Today, Nasdaq is known as one of the largest stock exchanges in the world.<ref name="investopedia"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1970s and 1980s || Popularization || Chart patterns such as head and shoulders, double tops and bottoms, and triangles, along with Fibonacci retracements, become popular.<ref name="composer.trade"/><ref name="quantifiedstrategies"/> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 265: / Line 258: @@
 |-
 | Recent years || Real-time Computation || The values of the Dow–Jones Averages are now computed in real time and are available over the Internet. These hourly and daily figures are published in The Wall Street Journal and other financial media, reflecting the modern necessity for real-time data in options and futures trading.<ref name="Robert D. Edwards"/> || Global
-|-
-| 2024 || Market Capitalization || As of January 2024, the market capitalization of the NYSE and Nasdaq was $25.56 trillion and $23.41 trillion, respectively.<ref name="investopedia"/>
 |-
 |}
-{| class="sortable wikitable"
-! Year !! Event type !! Details
-| Digital Age || Accessibility of Analysis || Online trading platforms and charting software democratized access to technical analysis tools for retail traders.<ref name="quantifiedstrategies"/>
-|-
-| Present || Integration of AI and Machine Learning || Advanced technologies are enhancing technical analysis, allowing for more sophisticated market predictions.<ref name="quantifiedstrategies"/>
-|}
 ==Meta information on the timeline==
@@ Line 283: / Line 268: @@
 ===How the timeline was built===
-The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:FIXME|FIXME]].
+The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Sebastian|Sebastian]].
 {{funding info}} is available.

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Latest revision as of 10:18, 14 October 2024

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