Difference between revisions of "Timeline of telephony in Sweden"

From Timelines
Jump to: navigation, search
 
(34 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
−
This is a '''timeline of telephony in Sweden'''.
+
This is a '''timeline of telephony in Sweden''', attempting to describe major events in the development of the service in the Nordic country.
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
Line 6: Line 6:
 
! Time period !! Development summary   
 
! Time period !! Development summary   
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1880s || The Telegraph Administration starts establiching networks all over the country. By the middle of the decade, Stockholm is already Europe’s largest telephone city.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
+
| 1880s – 1890s || The Telegraph Administration starts establiching networks all over the country. By the middle of the decade, Stockholm is already Europe’s largest telephone city.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/> Competition between SAT and Telegrafverket turns the Swedish telephon market the most accessible in Europe, with the lowest telephone charges in the continent as well as the highest teledensity.<ref name="The Worldwide History of Telecommunications"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1950s || A basic system of mobile radiophones starts operating.<ref name="The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology">{{cite book|last1=Mercer|first1=David|title=The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KUHgxpR5K4QC&pg=PA113&lpg=PA113&dq=%22sweden%22+%22telephone%22+%221950s%22&source=bl&ots=WI8Pfktk5o&sig=XITUOgkV9Q8uTtEuKJKcLhO2Mxs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjexZiOlNHXAhWSl5AKHduFA4MQ6AEIYzAP#v=onepage&q=%22sweden%22%20%22telephone%22%20%221950s%22&f=false|accessdate=22 November 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1960s || Ericsson releases one of the world's first hands-free speaker telephones.<ref name="Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1"/> Swedish Telecom is active in promoting international efforts in the ITU to standardise modems intended for sending digital signals as tones over the analogue telephone network.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>  
 
| 1960s || Ericsson releases one of the world's first hands-free speaker telephones.<ref name="Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1"/> Swedish Telecom is active in promoting international efforts in the ITU to standardise modems intended for sending digital signals as tones over the analogue telephone network.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1970s || The digital era opens up.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
+
| 1970s || The digital era opens up.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/> Ericsson begins testing cellular technology and starts designing equipment that would facilitate commercial service provision in the market.<ref name="Global Competitiveness of U.S. Advanced-Technology Industries: Cellular Communications">{{cite book|title=Global Competitiveness of U.S. Advanced-Technology Industries: Cellular Communications|edition=Information Gatekeepers Inc|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gpiukAVsQNkC&pg=SA2-PA3&lpg=SA2-PA3&dq=%22sweden%22+%221970s%22+%22telephone%22&source=bl&ots=w-_VIbYWYD&sig=E1rDsXquXCK7GTVGQhau9GBNUy8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj5oaeo1NDXAhWLjZAKHRViC-oQ6AEIWzAO#v=onepage&q=%22sweden%22%20%221970s%22%20%22telephone%22&f=false|accessdate=21 November 2017}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 1980s || The Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) network is launched in Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia. It is the first fully automatic cellular phone system.
 +
|-
 +
| 1990s || Swedish {{w|Ericsson}} becomes a huge global player with an estimated 40% share of the world’s mobile market at its peak.
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
  
 
==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
Line 19: Line 27:
 
! Year !! Event type !! Details
 
! Year !! Event type !! Details
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1878 || || Swedish {{w|inventor}} {{w|Lars Magnus Ericsson}} begins making and selling his own telephone equipment. Ericsson would become a major supplier of telephone equipment to {{w|Scandinavia}}.<ref name="Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1">{{cite web|title=Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1|website=uros.com|url=https://uros.com/insights/how-scandinavia-created-mobile-telephony-part1.html|accessdate=28 October 2017}}</ref>  
+
| 1853 || Organization (government company) || Swedish Telecom is established by the Swedish government as Kongl. Elektriska Telegraf-Verket when an electric telegraph line using the {{w|Morse system}} is opened between {{w|Stockholm}} and {{w|Uppsala}}.<ref name="Swedish Telecom">{{cite web|title=Swedish Telecom|url=http://www.company-histories.com/SWEDISH-TELECOM-Company-History.html|website=company-histories.com|accessdate=21 November 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1879 || || Three telegraph "commissioners" ask for and obtain authority to establish a Stockholm Telephone Company. Hardly been set up, the company would be taken over by the International Bell Company (ITBC) and become Stockholm Bell Telephone Company (SBTC).<ref name="100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1">{{cite book|last1=Chapuis|first1=Robert J.|last2=Joel|first2=Amos E.|title=100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=EaVSbjsaBfMC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=Erik+Storckenfeldt&source=bl&ots=Im2t4GoSBe&sig=I8Vq0fxfm_o59UgJy_IIg1fPMHk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmrLftjc7XAhVJG5AKHSH_CakQ6AEIVzAL#v=onepage&q=Erik%20Storckenfeldt&f=false|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref>
+
| 1860 || Organization || Elektriska Telegraf-Verket is renamed Telegrafverket.<ref name="Swedish Telecom"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1880 || || The Stockholm Bell Telephone Company (SBTC) opens the first Swedish telephone exchange in {{w|Stockholm}} (Västerlanggatan) serving 121 subscribers. Over the next year, this installation would be followed by the exchanges of {{w|Göteborg}}, {{w|Malmö}} and {{w|Sundsvall}}, also under auspices of the ITBC.<ref name="100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1"/>
+
| 1877 || Infrastructure || The first telephone line is installed in the country, only one year after {{w|Alexander Graham Bell}}'s invention.<ref name="Swedish Telecom"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1878 || Technology || Swedish {{w|inventor}} {{w|Lars Magnus Ericsson}} begins making and selling his own telephone equipment. Ericsson would become a major supplier of telephone equipment to {{w|Scandinavia}}.<ref name="Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1">{{cite web|title=Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1|website=uros.com|url=https://uros.com/insights/how-scandinavia-created-mobile-telephony-part1.html|accessdate=28 October 2017}}</ref>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1880 – 1882 || || A number of private associations form cooperatives to seet up telephone networks in smaller Swedish towns, including {{w|Gävle}}.<ref name="100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1"/>
+
| 1879 || Organization || Three telegraph "commissioners" ask for and obtain authority to establish a Stockholm Telephone Company. Hardly been set up, the company would be taken over by the International Bell Company (ITBC) and become Stockholm Bell Telephone Company (SBTC).<ref name="100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1">{{cite book|last1=Chapuis|first1=Robert J.|last2=Joel|first2=Amos E.|title=100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=EaVSbjsaBfMC&pg=PA122&lpg=PA122&dq=Erik+Storckenfeldt&source=bl&ots=Im2t4GoSBe&sig=I8Vq0fxfm_o59UgJy_IIg1fPMHk&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmrLftjc7XAhVJG5AKHSH_CakQ6AEIVzAL#v=onepage&q=Erik%20Storckenfeldt&f=false|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1881 || || A dedicated telephone network is installed in {{w|Stockholm}} by the Swedish Telegraph Administration, for central government and government agencies use. Local telephone networks are then started by a mix of organizations in the private and the public sectors.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
+
| 1880 || Network || The Stockholm Bell Telephone Company (SBTC) opens the first Swedish telephone exchange in {{w|Stockholm}} (Västerlanggatan) serving 121 subscribers. Over the next year, this installation would be followed by the exchanges of {{w|Göteborg}}, {{w|Malmö}} and {{w|Sundsvall}}, also under auspices of the ITBC.<ref name="100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1884 || || {{w|Lars Magnus Ericsson}} is the first to combine {{w|microphone}} and receiver into a handset extremely convenient for the user. From 1894, the handset would become the {{w|Ericsson}}'s trademark.<ref name="100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1"/>
+
| 1880 – 1882 || Organization (company) || A number of private associations form cooperatives to seet up telephone networks in smaller Swedish towns, including {{w|Gävle}}.<ref name="100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1889 || || [[w:Televerket (Sweden)|Rikstelefon]], a long distance service, is initiated by the Swedish Telegraph Administration, with the purpose of linking local telephone networks nationally.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
+
| 1881 || Network || A dedicated telephone network is installed in {{w|Stockholm}} by the Swedish Telegraph Administration, for central government and government agencies use. Local telephone networks are then started by a mix of organizations in the private and the public sectors.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1889 || || Telegrafverket extends the Stockholm network and opens it to the public (initially only opened to various ministries).<ref name="100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1"/>
+
| 1883 || Organization (Company) || The Stockholm Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag (SAT, Stockholm Public Telephone Company) is founded. This company would begin a strong competition with Telegrafverket.<ref name="The Worldwide History of Telecommunications">{{cite journal|last1=Huurdeman|first1=Anton A.|title=The Worldwide History of Telecommunications|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=SnjGRDVIUL4C&pg=PA176&lpg=PA176&dq=%22Telegrafverket+%22+%22in+1889%22&source=bl&ots=qKaOgFd0Oc&sig=vRSTq6RJWZFYAcw1BRqnwmQ_ygc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjR2O2m3s7XAhVCGJAKHf7gDaMQ6AEIMDAD#v=onepage&q=%22Telegrafverket%20%22%20%22in%201889%22&f=false|accessdate=21 November 2017}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 1884 || Technology || {{w|Lars Magnus Ericsson}} is the first to combine {{w|microphone}} and receiver into a handset extremely convenient for the user. Years later, the handset would become the {{w|Ericsson}}'s trademark.<ref name="100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1"/><ref>{{cite web|title=The telephone handset – a successful introduction|url=https://www.ericsson.com/en/about-us/history/products/the-telephones/the-telephone-handset--a-successful-introduction|website=ericsson.com|accessdate=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Chapuis|first1=Robert J.|last2=Joel|first2=Amos E.|title=100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1|pages=124|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=EaVSbjsaBfMC&pg=PA124&lpg=PA124&dq=%221884%22+%22ericsson%22+%22microphone%22&source=bl&ots=Im2t4IpUGd&sig=1LU_0WATtv_KOjFoGnnnw3QQKhU&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiVgoKC3c7XAhWBkJAKHVsxCNoQ6AEIQTAI#v=onepage&q=%221884%22%20%22ericsson%22%20%22microphone%22&f=false|accessdate=21 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Museo 1884 Ericsson Trade Mark Telephone|url=http://www.classicbuys.net/Museo-1884-Ericsson-Trade-Mark-Telephone-1934.htm|website=classicbuys.net|accessdate=21 November 2017}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 1885 || Statistics || Stockholm has more telephones than any other city in the world.<ref name="Swedish Telecom"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1889 || Service || [[w:Televerket (Sweden)|Rikstelefon]], a long distance service, is initiated by the Swedish Telegraph Administration, with the purpose of linking local telephone networks nationally.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1889 || Network || Telegrafverket extends the Stockholm network and opens it to the public (initially only opened to various ministries).<ref name="100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1890 || || Erik Storckenfeldt, a railway man, becomes director general for the Swedish Telegraph Administration. Storckenfeldt would energetically push ahead with [[w:Televerket (Sweden)|Rikstelefon]], the national telephone service.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
 
| 1890 || || Erik Storckenfeldt, a railway man, becomes director general for the Swedish Telegraph Administration. Storckenfeldt would energetically push ahead with [[w:Televerket (Sweden)|Rikstelefon]], the national telephone service.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1893 || || Over 50 percent of the telephones in Sweden are state owned.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
+
| 1893 || Statistics || Over 50 percent of the telephones in Sweden are state owned.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1894 || || Revenues from the telephone service ror the Swedish Telegraph Administration for the first time surpass those from the telegraph service.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
+
| 1894 || Revenue || Revenues from the telephone service for the Swedish Telegraph Administration for the first time surpass those from the telegraph service.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1895 || || A telephone call is three to seven times more expensive in {{w|Great Britain}}, {{w|France}}, {{w|Austria–Hungary}}, {{w|Italy}}, {{w|Spain}} and {{w|Romania}} than in {{w|Sweden}}.<ref name="100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1"/>
+
| 1895 || Accessibility || A telephone call is three to seven times more expensive in {{w|Great Britain}}, {{w|France}}, {{w|Austria–Hungary}}, {{w|Italy}}, {{w|Spain}} and {{w|Romania}} than in {{w|Sweden}}.<ref name="100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1902 || || The share of telephones outside Stockholm is 97 percent at the time.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
+
| 1902 || Statistics || The share of telephones outside Stockholm is 97 percent at the time.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1905 || || After clandestine lines are revealed, permits are issued for telephone lines for local cross border traffic between {{w|Tornio}} in {{w|Finland}} and {{w|Haparanda}} in {{w|Sweden}}.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>  
+
| 1905 || Network || After clandestine lines are revealed, permits are issued for telephone lines for local cross border traffic between {{w|Tornio}} in {{w|Finland}} and {{w|Haparanda}} in {{w|Sweden}}.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1907 || || SAT, Stockholm General Telephone merges its network with {{w|Bell Telephone}} and forms Stockholmstelefon, which operates the major network in the capital. The Telegraph Administration would achieve control of most of the national telephone network but not in Stockholm, where long takeover negotiations fail to reach a result.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
+
| 1907 || Organization (merge) || SAT, Stockholm General Telephone merges its network with {{w|Bell Telephone}} and forms Stockholmstelefon, which operates the major network in the capital. The Telegraph Administration would achieve control of most of the national telephone network but not in Stockholm, where long takeover negotiations fail to reach a result.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1911 || || {{w|Wireless telegraphy}} to shipping in the North Sea is provided by the Swedish Telegraph Administration’s first coastal radio station in {{w|Gothenburg}}.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony">{{cite web|title=1880 – 1920 Manual telephony|url=http://www.teliacompanyhistory.com/timeline-article/1880-1920-manual-telephony/|website=teliacompanyhistory.com|accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref>
+
| 1911 || Infrastructure || {{w|Wireless telegraphy}} to shipping in the North Sea is provided by the Swedish Telegraph Administration’s first coastal radio station in {{w|Gothenburg}}.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony">{{cite web|title=1880 – 1920 Manual telephony|url=http://www.teliacompanyhistory.com/timeline-article/1880-1920-manual-telephony/|website=teliacompanyhistory.com|accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1916 || || A coastal telephone line is established to Tornio at the border with {{w|Finland}}.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
+
| 1916 || Network || A coastal telephone line is established to Tornio at the border with {{w|Finland}}.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1918 || Acquisition || The Swedish Telegraph Administration acquires the Stockholmstelefon’s network. A merger of the two large telephone networks in {{w|Stockholm}} takes place. A national de facto monopoly on telephone service is established.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
 
| 1918 || Acquisition || The Swedish Telegraph Administration acquires the Stockholmstelefon’s network. A merger of the two large telephone networks in {{w|Stockholm}} takes place. A national de facto monopoly on telephone service is established.<ref name="1880 – 1920 Manual telephony"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1920 || || The Swedish Parliament decides to start automating the telephone call switching, to install a nationwide long distance telephone cable transmission system and to install a transatlantic wireless telegraph station for reliable communications with the {{w|United States}}.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting">{{cite web|title=1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting|url=http://www.teliacompanyhistory.com/timeline-article/1920-1980-automatic-telephony-and-broadcasting/|website=teliacompanyhistory.com|accessdate=28 October 2017}}</ref>  
+
| 1920 || Program launch || The Swedish Parliament decides to start automating the telephone call switching, to install a nationwide long distance telephone cable transmission system and to install a transatlantic wireless telegraph station for reliable communications with the {{w|United States}}.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting">{{cite web|title=1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting|url=http://www.teliacompanyhistory.com/timeline-article/1920-1980-automatic-telephony-and-broadcasting/|website=teliacompanyhistory.com|accessdate=28 October 2017}}</ref>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1920 || || A link at Swedish {{w|border town}} {{w|Haparanda}} opens telephony to Northern Finland.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
+
| 1920 || Network || A link at Swedish {{w|border town}} {{w|Haparanda}} opens telephony to Northern Finland.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1924 || || The first large automatic telephone exchange opens in Stockholm. Equipped with LM Ericsson 500 point selector switches, it is developed from designs by engineers of the Telegraph Administration. A rotary dial is added to the tele­phones so that subscribers can set up their own calls.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/> ||
+
| 1924 || Infrastructure || The first large automatic telephone exchange opens in Stockholm. Equipped with LM Ericsson 500 point selector switches, it is developed from designs by engineers of the Telegraph Administration. A rotary dial is added to the tele­phones so that subscribers can set up their own calls.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1928 || || The first telephone cable across the {{w|Baltic Sea}} via {{w|Åland}} facilitates telephony between {{w|Sweden}} and South and {{w|Central Finland}}.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
+
| 1928 || Network || The first telephone cable across the {{w|Baltic Sea}} via {{w|Åland}} facilitates telephony between {{w|Sweden}} and South and {{w|Central Finland}}.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1934 || || The Swedish Telegraph Administration develops and introduces small crossbar stations. Chosen due to their robustness and little maintenance requirements, the small crossbar stations provide with rural automation to the Swedish telephone network.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
+
| 1934 || Infrastructure || The Swedish Telegraph Administration develops and introduces small crossbar stations. Chosen due to their robustness and little maintenance requirements, the small crossbar stations provide with rural automation to the Swedish telephone network.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1936 || || Sweden introduces marine radio telephony via short wave. It can be connected to the telephone network, so that sailors at sea can call home. Fixed telephone service to most of the world via short wave radio would become possible towards the end of the decade.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
+
| 1936 || Technology || Sweden introduces marine radio telephony via short wave. It can be connected to the telephone network, so that sailors at sea can call home. Fixed telephone service to most of the world via short wave radio would become possible towards the end of the decade.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1938 || || A second telephone cable between Sweden and Finland is installed for the {{w|Olympic Games}}.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
+
| 1938 || Network || A second telephone cable between Sweden and Finland is installed for the {{w|Olympic Games}}.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1946 || || Telex opens as a new digital service in Sweden which links customer teleprinters through an automatic switched network.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>  
+
| 1946 || Technology || Telex opens as a new digital service in Sweden which links customer teleprinters through an automatic switched network.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1953 || || The Swedish Telegraph Administration changes its name from Telegrafverket to Televerket (Swedish Telecom) amidst the celebration of its centenary.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
+
| 1953 || Organization || The Swedish Telegraph Administration changes its name from Telegrafverket to Televerket (Swedish Telecom) amidst the celebration of its centenary.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/><ref name="Swedish Telecom"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1956 || || {{w|Ericcson}} introduces the world's first fully automatic mobile telephone system is introduced in {{w|Sweden}}. Named MTA ([[w:MTD (mobile network)|Mobiltelefonisystem A]]), it allows calls to be made and received in a car using a rotary dial.<ref name="Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1"/>  
+
| 1956 || Network || {{w|Ericcson}} introduces the world's first fully automatic mobile telephone system in {{w|Sweden}}. Named MTA ([[w:MTD (mobile network)|Mobiltelefonisystem A]]), it allows calls to be made and received in a car using a rotary dial.<ref name="Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1"/> Introduced in {{w|Stockholm}} and {{w|Gothenburg}}, the system would eventually reach 150 subscribers and last until 1969.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1956 || || The first fully automatic mobile telephone system for automobiles, MTA, is introduced in {{w|Stockholm}} and {{w|Gothenburg}}. The system would eventually reach 150 subscribers and last until 1969.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
+
| 1962 || Upgrade || {{w|Ericsson}} upgrades the [[w:MTD (mobile network)|MTA]] and the [[w:MTD (mobile network)|Mobile System B]] (MTB) is introduced.<ref name="Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1962 || || {{w|Ericsson}} upgrades the [[w:MTD (mobile network)|MTA]] and the [[w:MTD (mobile network)|Mobile System B]] (MTB) is introduced.<ref name="Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1"/>
+
| 1962 || Service || The Datel service is introduced in Sweden, providing modems for the transmission of digital information via the telephone network on leased and switched lines.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1962 || || The Datel service is introduced in Sweden, providing modems for the transmission of digital information via the telephone network on leased and switched lines.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
+
| 1965 || Infrastructure || Fully automatic international telephone traffic is introduced from Sweden to the Nordic countries.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1965 || || Fully automatic international telephone traffic is introduced from Sweden to the Nordic countries.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
+
| 1965 || Service || Data communications service is introduced in Sweden.<ref name="Swedish Telecom"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1971 || || The [[w:MTD (mobile network)|Mobile System D]] (MTD) version is launched, opening for several different brands of equipment. The MTD would gain commercial success.<ref name="Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1"/><ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
+
| 1971 || Network || The [[w:MTD (mobile network)|Mobile System D]] (MTD) version is launched, opening for several different brands of equipment. The MTD would gain commercial success.<ref name="Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1"/><ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1971 || || A joint Nordic satellite station for Intelsat is opened at {{w|Tanum Municipality}}.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
+
| 1971 || Facility || A joint Nordic satellite station for Intelsat is opened at {{w|Tanum Municipality}}, as part of Intelsat (International Telecommunications Satellite Organization), which owns and operates satellites used for public international telecommunications. Known as the Nordic earth station, it is a joint undertaking between {{w|Sweden}}, {{w|Norway}}, {{w|Finland}}, and {{w|Denmark}} to provide themselves with an international network.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/><ref name="Swedish Telecom"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1972 || || The last manual exchange in the Swedish fixed telephone network is closed at {{w|Arjeplog}} in {{w|Lapland}}. This brings an almost 50 year long automation period to an end. The automation of the electromechanical and analogue telephone system is then completed.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
 
| 1972 || || The last manual exchange in the Swedish fixed telephone network is closed at {{w|Arjeplog}} in {{w|Lapland}}. This brings an almost 50 year long automation period to an end. The automation of the electromechanical and analogue telephone system is then completed.<ref name="1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1981 || || The {{w|Nordic Mobile Telephone}} (NMT) network opens in Sweden and {{w|Norway}}. It is the first fully automatic cellular phone system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evolution of Mobile Communication from 1(G) to 4G, 5G, 6G, 7G|url=http://vitorr.com/post-details.php?postid=2615|website=vitorr.com|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref>
+
| 1979 || Service || Swedish Telecom establishes its own videotext trial service.<ref name="Swedish Telecom"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1981 || Network || The {{w|Nordic Mobile Telephone}} (NMT) network opens in Sweden and {{w|Norway}}. It is the first fully automatic cellular phone system.<ref>{{cite web|title=Evolution of Mobile Communication from 1(G) to 4G, 5G, 6G, 7G|url=http://vitorr.com/post-details.php?postid=2615|website=vitorr.com|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Mobile telephone"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1982 (December) || || The first official meeting of the GSM group is held at Televerket in {{w|Farsta}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nordic advantage|url=http://www.teliacompanyhistory.com/sources/svenolof-karlssons-the-pioneers/the-pioneers-page-20/|website=teliacompanyhistory.com|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
 
| 1982 (December) || || The first official meeting of the GSM group is held at Televerket in {{w|Farsta}}.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nordic advantage|url=http://www.teliacompanyhistory.com/sources/svenolof-karlssons-the-pioneers/the-pioneers-page-20/|website=teliacompanyhistory.com|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1983 || || The [[w:MTD (mobile network)|MTD]] becomes obsolete.
+
| 1984 || Policy || Swedish Telecom is separated from the national budget and forced to seek funding on the open market.<ref name="Swedish Telecom"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1987 || Policy || The European Commission issues a "green paper", establishing the need for a long-term modernization of the European telecom market.<ref name="Liberalization of the telephony markets">{{cite web|title=Liberalization of the telephony markets|url=http://www.teliacompanyhistory.com/building-the-company/article-list/deregulation-of-the-telephony-markets/|website=teliacompanyhistory.com|accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1987 || || The European Commission issues a "green paper", establishing the need for a long-term modernization of the European telecom market.<ref name="Liberalization of the telephony markets">{{cite web|title=Liberalization of the telephony markets|url=http://www.teliacompanyhistory.com/building-the-company/article-list/deregulation-of-the-telephony-markets/|website=teliacompanyhistory.com|accessdate=27 October 2017}}</ref>
+
| 1989 || Policy || The deregulation of the Swedish telecommunications market is virtually completed, with the abolition of Swedish Telecom's monopoly on large and medium-sized PABXs (private automatic branch exchanges). This would result in one of the most open telecommunications markets in the world.<ref name="Swedish Telecom"/>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1992 1993 || || Swedish Telecom becomes a state-owned limited company.<ref name="Effects of research on Swedish Mobile Telephone Developments: THE GSM STORY">{{cite web|title=Effects of research on Swedish Mobile Telephone Developments: THE GSM STORY|url=https://www.vinnova.se/contentassets/2a912b1b665446d3b4a3b3e878d518b3/va-08-04.pdf|website=vinnova.se|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref>
+
| 1991 (October) || Organization (company)  || Swedish Telecom International AB is formed as a wholly owned subsidiary of Teleinvest AB, which would market the company's international network services.<ref name="Swedish Telecom"/>  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1993 || || [[w:Televerket (Sweden)|Televerket]] becomes [[w:Telia company|Telia AB]].<ref name="Liberalization of the telephony markets"/>
+
| 1992 – 1993 || || Swedish Telecom becomes a state-owned limited company.<ref name="Effects of research on Swedish Mobile Telephone Developments: THE GSM STORY">{{cite web|title=Effects of research on Swedish Mobile Telephone Developments: THE GSM STORY|url=https://www.vinnova.se/contentassets/2a912b1b665446d3b4a3b3e878d518b3/va-08-04.pdf|website=vinnova.se|accessdate=20 November 2017}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 1993 || Organization (company) || [[w:Televerket (Sweden)|Televerket]] becomes [[w:Telia company|Telia AB]].<ref name="Liberalization of the telephony markets"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1993 || Organization (company) || {{w|Tele2}} is founded as a telecom company.<ref name="List of mobile network operators in Sweden"/>
 +
|-
 +
| 1997 || Statistics || Ericsson has an estimated 40% share of the world’s mobile market, with around 54 million subscribers. The Swedish company becomes a leading player in networks and the production of mobile telephones, sharing top place with {{w|Nokia}} and {{w|Motorola}} during the year.<ref name="Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1"/>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2000 || || After a failed merger with the Norwegian telecom operator {{w|Telenor}}, almost 30% of the Swedish state´s Telia shares are sold on the {{w|Stockholm Stock Exchange}}.
 
| 2000 || || After a failed merger with the Norwegian telecom operator {{w|Telenor}}, almost 30% of the Swedish state´s Telia shares are sold on the {{w|Stockholm Stock Exchange}}.
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2001 || || VINNOVA is established as a [[w:Government agencies in Sweden|Swedish government agency]] that administers state funding for research and development. It is the third generation innovation agency in Sweden.<ref name="Effects of research on Swedish Mobile Telephone Developments: THE GSM STORY"/>  
+
| 2003 || Organization (company) || [[w:Telia Company|Telia Company AB]] is founded as a telecom company, merged from Swedish and Finnish telecommunications companies, Telia and Sonera. Headquartered near {{w|Stockholm}}, it has operations in other countries in [[w:Northern Europe|Northern]] and {{w|Eastern Europe}}, and in {{w|Central Asia}} and {{w|South Asia}}.<ref name="List of mobile network operators in Sweden">{{cite web|title=List of mobile network operators in Sweden|url=http://www.telcomatraining.com/list-of-mobile-network-operators-in-sweden/|website=telcomatraining.com|accessdate=21 November 2017}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2009 || Network || [[w:Telia Company|TeliaSonera]] introduces the first 4G LTE network in {{w|Stockholm}}.<ref name="Mobile telephone">{{cite web|title=Mobile telephone|url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/mobile-telephone|website=britannica.com|accessdate=21 November 2017}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
  
 +
== Visual data ==
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data ({{w|Sweden}}) for Telia (Company), Telenor (Telecommunications company) and Tele2 (Telecommunications company), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by state and displayed on map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Telia, Telenor and Tele2 |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&geo=SE&q=%2Fg%2F124xvyrq9,%2Fm%2F0j89k,%2Fm%2F05bxbn |website=Google Trends |access-date=27 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Telia, Telenor and Tele2 gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Rikstelefon, from 1880 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rikstelefon |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Rikstelefon&year_start=1880&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2CRikstelefon%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2CRikstelefon%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=27 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Rikstelefon ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Nordic Mobile Telephone and Televerket, from 1950 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nordic Mobile Telephone and Televerket |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Nordic+Mobile+Telephone%2CTeleverket&year_start=1950&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2CNordic%20Mobile%20Telephone%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CTeleverket%3B%2Cc0#t1%3B%2CNordic%20Mobile%20Telephone%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CTeleverket%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=27 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Nordic Mobile Telephone and Televerket ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
  
Line 116: Line 164:
  
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
 
===What the timeline is still missing===
−
 
−
[http://www.teliacompanyhistory.com/timeline-article/1920-1980-automatic-telephony-and-broadcasting/]
 
−
[https://uros.com/insights/how-scandinavia-created-mobile-telephony-part1.html]
 
−
[http://www.telcomatraining.com/list-of-mobile-network-operators-in-sweden/]
 
−
[http://www.company-histories.com/SWEDISH-TELECOM-Company-History.html]
 
−
[https://www.britannica.com/technology/mobile-telephone]
 
−
[http://ejc.net/media_landscapes/sweden]
 
−
[https://www.vinnova.se/contentassets/2a912b1b665446d3b4a3b3e878d518b3/va-08-04.pdf]
 
  
 
===Timeline update strategy===
 
===Timeline update strategy===

Latest revision as of 20:36, 10 April 2024

This is a timeline of telephony in Sweden, attempting to describe major events in the development of the service in the Nordic country.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
1880s – 1890s The Telegraph Administration starts establiching networks all over the country. By the middle of the decade, Stockholm is already Europe’s largest telephone city.[1] Competition between SAT and Telegrafverket turns the Swedish telephon market the most accessible in Europe, with the lowest telephone charges in the continent as well as the highest teledensity.[2]
1950s A basic system of mobile radiophones starts operating.[3]
1960s Ericsson releases one of the world's first hands-free speaker telephones.[4] Swedish Telecom is active in promoting international efforts in the ITU to standardise modems intended for sending digital signals as tones over the analogue telephone network.[5]
1970s The digital era opens up.[5] Ericsson begins testing cellular technology and starts designing equipment that would facilitate commercial service provision in the market.[6]
1980s The Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) network is launched in Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia. It is the first fully automatic cellular phone system.
1990s Swedish Ericsson becomes a huge global player with an estimated 40% share of the world’s mobile market at its peak.


Full timeline

Year Event type Details
1853 Organization (government company) Swedish Telecom is established by the Swedish government as Kongl. Elektriska Telegraf-Verket when an electric telegraph line using the Morse system is opened between Stockholm and Uppsala.[7]
1860 Organization Elektriska Telegraf-Verket is renamed Telegrafverket.[7]
1877 Infrastructure The first telephone line is installed in the country, only one year after Alexander Graham Bell's invention.[7]
1878 Technology Swedish inventor Lars Magnus Ericsson begins making and selling his own telephone equipment. Ericsson would become a major supplier of telephone equipment to Scandinavia.[4]
1879 Organization Three telegraph "commissioners" ask for and obtain authority to establish a Stockholm Telephone Company. Hardly been set up, the company would be taken over by the International Bell Company (ITBC) and become Stockholm Bell Telephone Company (SBTC).[8]
1880 Network The Stockholm Bell Telephone Company (SBTC) opens the first Swedish telephone exchange in Stockholm (Västerlanggatan) serving 121 subscribers. Over the next year, this installation would be followed by the exchanges of Göteborg, Malmö and Sundsvall, also under auspices of the ITBC.[8]
1880 – 1882 Organization (company) A number of private associations form cooperatives to seet up telephone networks in smaller Swedish towns, including Gävle.[8]
1881 Network A dedicated telephone network is installed in Stockholm by the Swedish Telegraph Administration, for central government and government agencies use. Local telephone networks are then started by a mix of organizations in the private and the public sectors.[1]
1883 Organization (Company) The Stockholm Allmänna Telefonaktiebolag (SAT, Stockholm Public Telephone Company) is founded. This company would begin a strong competition with Telegrafverket.[2]
1884 Technology Lars Magnus Ericsson is the first to combine microphone and receiver into a handset extremely convenient for the user. Years later, the handset would become the Ericsson's trademark.[8][9][10][11]
1885 Statistics Stockholm has more telephones than any other city in the world.[7]
1889 Service Rikstelefon, a long distance service, is initiated by the Swedish Telegraph Administration, with the purpose of linking local telephone networks nationally.[1]
1889 Network Telegrafverket extends the Stockholm network and opens it to the public (initially only opened to various ministries).[8]
1890 Erik Storckenfeldt, a railway man, becomes director general for the Swedish Telegraph Administration. Storckenfeldt would energetically push ahead with Rikstelefon, the national telephone service.[1]
1893 Statistics Over 50 percent of the telephones in Sweden are state owned.[1]
1894 Revenue Revenues from the telephone service for the Swedish Telegraph Administration for the first time surpass those from the telegraph service.[1]
1895 Accessibility A telephone call is three to seven times more expensive in Great Britain, France, Austria–Hungary, Italy, Spain and Romania than in Sweden.[8]
1902 Statistics The share of telephones outside Stockholm is 97 percent at the time.[1]
1905 Network After clandestine lines are revealed, permits are issued for telephone lines for local cross border traffic between Tornio in Finland and Haparanda in Sweden.[1]
1907 Organization (merge) SAT, Stockholm General Telephone merges its network with Bell Telephone and forms Stockholmstelefon, which operates the major network in the capital. The Telegraph Administration would achieve control of most of the national telephone network but not in Stockholm, where long takeover negotiations fail to reach a result.[1]
1911 Infrastructure Wireless telegraphy to shipping in the North Sea is provided by the Swedish Telegraph Administration’s first coastal radio station in Gothenburg.[1]
1916 Network A coastal telephone line is established to Tornio at the border with Finland.[1]
1918 Acquisition The Swedish Telegraph Administration acquires the Stockholmstelefon’s network. A merger of the two large telephone networks in Stockholm takes place. A national de facto monopoly on telephone service is established.[1]
1920 Program launch The Swedish Parliament decides to start automating the telephone call switching, to install a nationwide long distance telephone cable transmission system and to install a transatlantic wireless telegraph station for reliable communications with the United States.[5]
1920 Network A link at Swedish border town Haparanda opens telephony to Northern Finland.[5]
1924 Infrastructure The first large automatic telephone exchange opens in Stockholm. Equipped with LM Ericsson 500 point selector switches, it is developed from designs by engineers of the Telegraph Administration. A rotary dial is added to the tele­phones so that subscribers can set up their own calls.[5]
1928 Network The first telephone cable across the Baltic Sea via Åland facilitates telephony between Sweden and South and Central Finland.[5]
1934 Infrastructure The Swedish Telegraph Administration develops and introduces small crossbar stations. Chosen due to their robustness and little maintenance requirements, the small crossbar stations provide with rural automation to the Swedish telephone network.[5]
1936 Technology Sweden introduces marine radio telephony via short wave. It can be connected to the telephone network, so that sailors at sea can call home. Fixed telephone service to most of the world via short wave radio would become possible towards the end of the decade.[5]
1938 Network A second telephone cable between Sweden and Finland is installed for the Olympic Games.[5]
1946 Technology Telex opens as a new digital service in Sweden which links customer teleprinters through an automatic switched network.[5]
1953 Organization The Swedish Telegraph Administration changes its name from Telegrafverket to Televerket (Swedish Telecom) amidst the celebration of its centenary.[5][7]
1956 Network Ericcson introduces the world's first fully automatic mobile telephone system in Sweden. Named MTA (Mobiltelefonisystem A), it allows calls to be made and received in a car using a rotary dial.[4] Introduced in Stockholm and Gothenburg, the system would eventually reach 150 subscribers and last until 1969.[5]
1962 Upgrade Ericsson upgrades the MTA and the Mobile System B (MTB) is introduced.[4]
1962 Service The Datel service is introduced in Sweden, providing modems for the transmission of digital information via the telephone network on leased and switched lines.[5]
1965 Infrastructure Fully automatic international telephone traffic is introduced from Sweden to the Nordic countries.[5]
1965 Service Data communications service is introduced in Sweden.[7]
1971 Network The Mobile System D (MTD) version is launched, opening for several different brands of equipment. The MTD would gain commercial success.[4][5]
1971 Facility A joint Nordic satellite station for Intelsat is opened at Tanum Municipality, as part of Intelsat (International Telecommunications Satellite Organization), which owns and operates satellites used for public international telecommunications. Known as the Nordic earth station, it is a joint undertaking between Sweden, Norway, Finland, and Denmark to provide themselves with an international network.[5][7]
1972 The last manual exchange in the Swedish fixed telephone network is closed at Arjeplog in Lapland. This brings an almost 50 year long automation period to an end. The automation of the electromechanical and analogue telephone system is then completed.[5]
1979 Service Swedish Telecom establishes its own videotext trial service.[7]
1981 Network The Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) network opens in Sweden and Norway. It is the first fully automatic cellular phone system.[12][13]
1982 (December) The first official meeting of the GSM group is held at Televerket in Farsta.[14]
1984 Policy Swedish Telecom is separated from the national budget and forced to seek funding on the open market.[7]
1987 Policy The European Commission issues a "green paper", establishing the need for a long-term modernization of the European telecom market.[15]
1989 Policy The deregulation of the Swedish telecommunications market is virtually completed, with the abolition of Swedish Telecom's monopoly on large and medium-sized PABXs (private automatic branch exchanges). This would result in one of the most open telecommunications markets in the world.[7]
1991 (October) Organization (company) Swedish Telecom International AB is formed as a wholly owned subsidiary of Teleinvest AB, which would market the company's international network services.[7]
1992 – 1993 Swedish Telecom becomes a state-owned limited company.[16]
1993 Organization (company) Televerket becomes Telia AB.[15]
1993 Organization (company) Tele2 is founded as a telecom company.[17]
1997 Statistics Ericsson has an estimated 40% share of the world’s mobile market, with around 54 million subscribers. The Swedish company becomes a leading player in networks and the production of mobile telephones, sharing top place with Nokia and Motorola during the year.[4]
2000 After a failed merger with the Norwegian telecom operator Telenor, almost 30% of the Swedish state´s Telia shares are sold on the Stockholm Stock Exchange.
2003 Organization (company) Telia Company AB is founded as a telecom company, merged from Swedish and Finnish telecommunications companies, Telia and Sonera. Headquartered near Stockholm, it has operations in other countries in Northern and Eastern Europe, and in Central Asia and South Asia.[17]
2009 Network TeliaSonera introduces the first 4G LTE network in Stockholm.[13]

Visual data

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data (Sweden) for Telia (Company), Telenor (Telecommunications company) and Tele2 (Telecommunications company), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by state and displayed on map.[18]

Telia, Telenor and Tele2 gt.png


Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Rikstelefon, from 1880 to 2019.[19]

Rikstelefon ngram.png

The comparative chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Nordic Mobile Telephone and Televerket, from 1950 to 2019.[20]

Nordic Mobile Telephone and Televerket ngram.png

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 "1880 – 1920 Manual telephony". teliacompanyhistory.com. Retrieved 27 October 2017. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Huurdeman, Anton A. "The Worldwide History of Telecommunications". Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  3. ↑ Mercer, David. The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology. Retrieved 22 November 2017. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 "Scandinavian heritage: From 0G to 5G – Part 1". uros.com. Retrieved 28 October 2017. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 "1920 – 1980 Automatic telephony and broadcasting". teliacompanyhistory.com. Retrieved 28 October 2017. 
  6. ↑ Global Competitiveness of U.S. Advanced-Technology Industries: Cellular Communications (Information Gatekeepers Inc ed.). Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 "Swedish Telecom". company-histories.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Chapuis, Robert J.; Joel, Amos E. 100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  9. ↑ "The telephone handset – a successful introduction". ericsson.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  10. ↑ Chapuis, Robert J.; Joel, Amos E. 100 Years of Telephone Switching, Part 1. p. 124. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  11. ↑ "Museo 1884 Ericsson Trade Mark Telephone". classicbuys.net. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  12. ↑ "Evolution of Mobile Communication from 1(G) to 4G, 5G, 6G, 7G". vitorr.com. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Mobile telephone". britannica.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  14. ↑ "Nordic advantage". teliacompanyhistory.com. Retrieved 30 October 2017. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Liberalization of the telephony markets". teliacompanyhistory.com. Retrieved 27 October 2017. 
  16. ↑ "Effects of research on Swedish Mobile Telephone Developments: THE GSM STORY" (PDF). vinnova.se. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "List of mobile network operators in Sweden". telcomatraining.com. Retrieved 21 November 2017. 
  18. ↑ "Telia, Telenor and Tele2". Google Trends. Retrieved 27 April 2021. 
  19. ↑ "Rikstelefon". books.google.com. Retrieved 27 April 2021. 
  20. ↑ "Nordic Mobile Telephone and Televerket". books.google.com. Retrieved 27 April 2021. 
Retrieved from "http://timelines.issarice.com/index.php?title=Timeline_of_telephony_in_Sweden&oldid=79471"