Difference between revisions of "Timeline of cardiovascular disease"
From Timelines
| (15 intermediate revisions by the same user not shown) | |||
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | |||
==Full timeline== | ==Full timeline== | ||
| Line 25: | Line 26: | ||
! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !!Location | ! Year/period !! Type of event !! Event !!Location | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1628|| | + | | 1628 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:English people|English]] physician [[wikipedia:William Harvey|William Harvey]] describes in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1658|| | + | | 1658 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Swiss people|Swiss]] physician [[wikipedia:Jakob Wepfer|Jakob Wepfer]] describes for the first time [[wikipedia:Thrombosis|carotid thrombosis]], extracranially and intracranially, in a patient with a completely occluded and calcified right internal [[wikipedia:carotid artery|carotid artery]].<ref name=ahajournals>{{cite web|url=http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/27/8/1427.full|title=The Evolution of Surgery for the Treatment and Prevention of Stroke |author=|date=|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1681–1742|| | + | | 1681–1742 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:German people|German]] physician [[wikipedia:Friedrich Hoffmann|Friedrich Hoffmann]] notes that coronary heart disease starts in the “reduced passage of the blood within the coronary arteries."<ref name=healthline/>||[[wikipedia:Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg|Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1733 | + | |1733 || Medical development || English clergyman and scientist [[wikipedia:Stephen Hales|Stephen Hales]] measures blood pressure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=O.|date=1994-12-01|title=Stephen Hales and the measurement of blood pressure|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7884783|journal=Journal of Human Hypertension|volume=8|issue=12|pages=865–871|issn=0950-9240|pmid=7884783}}</ref> ||[[wikipedia:Teddington|Teddington]], [[wikipedia:England|England]] |
| − | | | ||
| − | |English clergyman and scientist [[wikipedia:Stephen Hales|Stephen Hales]] measures blood pressure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=O.|date=1994-12-01|title=Stephen Hales and the measurement of blood pressure|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7884783|journal=Journal of Human Hypertension|volume=8|issue=12|pages=865–871|issn=0950-9240|pmid=7884783}}</ref> | ||
| − | |[[wikipedia:Teddington|Teddington]], [[wikipedia:England|England]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1768|| | + | | 1768 || Scientific development || English physician [[wikipedia:William Heberden|William Heberden]] describes [[wikipedia:angina|angina pectoris]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rwjms1.umdnj.edu/shindler/heberden.html|title=Description of Angina Pectoris by William Heberden |author=|date=|accessdate=29 July 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Royal College of Physicians|Royal College of Physicians]], [[wikipedia:London|London]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1785|| | + | | 1785 || Medical development || English physician [[wikipedia:William Withering|William Withering]] publishes an account of medical use of [[wikipedia:digitalis|digitalis]], which are used for the treatment of heart conditions.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1803|| | + | | 1803 || Medical development || [[wikipedia:British people|British]] surgeon [[wikipedia:David Fleming (surgeon)|David Fleming]] performs the first successful ligation of a carotid artery.<ref name=ahajournals/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1812 || | + | | 1812 || Scientific development || French physician {{w|César Julien Jean Legallois}} proposes the idea of artificial circulation.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices">{{cite book|last1=Nawrat|first1=Zbigniew|title=Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=QWt2DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT9&dq=%22in+1955%22+The+first+artificial+cardiac+pacemaker&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwid_8eBicrZAhUruVkKHeYKDOQQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201955%22%20The%20first%20artificial%20cardiac%20pacemaker&f=false}}</ref> || |
|- | |- | ||
| 1819 || Development || [[wikipedia:French people|French]] physician [[wikipedia:René Laennec|René Laennec]] invents the [[wikipedia:stethoscope|stethoscope]], an acoustic device for listening internal sounds of an animal or human body.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||[[wikipedia:Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital|Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital]], [[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]] | | 1819 || Development || [[wikipedia:French people|French]] physician [[wikipedia:René Laennec|René Laennec]] invents the [[wikipedia:stethoscope|stethoscope]], an acoustic device for listening internal sounds of an animal or human body.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||[[wikipedia:Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital|Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital]], [[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]] | ||
| Line 50: | Line 48: | ||
| 1872-1919 || Development || [[wikipedia:Canadian|Canadian]] physician [[wikipedia:William Osler|William Osler]] works extensively on [[wikipedia:angina|angina]], and is one of the first to indicate that angina is a [[wikipedia:syndrome|syndrome]] rather than a [[wikipedia:disease|disease]] in itself.<ref name=healthline/> || | | 1872-1919 || Development || [[wikipedia:Canadian|Canadian]] physician [[wikipedia:William Osler|William Osler]] works extensively on [[wikipedia:angina|angina]], and is one of the first to indicate that angina is a [[wikipedia:syndrome|syndrome]] rather than a [[wikipedia:disease|disease]] in itself.<ref name=healthline/> || | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1882 || | + | | 1882 || Medical development (device) || German Von Schröder introduces the first bubble oxygenator.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1895|| | + | | 1895 || Scientific development || German physicist [[wikipedia:Wilhelm Röntgen|Wilhelm Röntgen]] discovers [[wikipedia:X-ray|X-ray]]s, which are used to diagnose heart disease.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1901|| | + | | 1901 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Dutch people|Dutch]] physiologist [[wikipedia:Willem Einthoven|Willem Einthoven]] invents the [[wikipedia:string galvanometer|string galvanometer]], which becomes the first practical electrocardiograph.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/> || [[wikipedia:Leiden|Leiden]], [[wikipedia:Netherlands|Netherlands]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1920|| | + | | 1920 || Medical development || [[wikipedia:Mercurial diuretic|Organomercurial diuretics]] are first used for treatment of heart failure.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1924||Organization||The [[wikipedia:American Heart Association|Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/General/History-of-the-American-Heart-Association_UCM_308120_Article.jsp#.V56Qh_mGMhk|title=History of the American Heart Association|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]] | + | | 1924 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:American Heart Association|Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease]] is established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/General/History-of-the-American-Heart-Association_UCM_308120_Article.jsp#.V56Qh_mGMhk|title=History of the American Heart Association|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]] |
|- | |- | ||
| 1926 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute|Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bakeridi.edu.au/|title=Baker |author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Melbourne|Melbourne]], [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]] | | 1926 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute|Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bakeridi.edu.au/|title=Baker |author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Melbourne|Melbourne]], [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1929 || | + | | 1929 || Medical development || German surgeon {{w|Werner Forssmann}} develops the technique of cardiac catheterization. For this achievement, Forssmann will receive the Nobel Prize in 1956.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1956/forssmann-bio.html|title=Werner Forssmann|author=|date=|accessdate=29 July 2016}}</ref><ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || [[wikipedia:Eberswalde|Eberswalde]], [[wikipedia:Germany|Germany]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1932 || | + | | 1932 || Medical development (device) || [[wikipedia:American people|American]] [[wikipedia:cardiac surgeon|cardiac surgeon]] [[wikipedia:Michael E. DeBakey|Michael E. DeBakey]] develops the [[wikipedia:roller pump|roller pump]], which later becomes an essential component of the [[wikipedia:heart-lung machine|heart-lung machine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biography.com/people/michael-debakey-9269009#synopsis|title=Michael DeBakey|author=|date=|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Tulane University|Tulane University]], [[wikipedia:New Orleans|New Orleans]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1937 || | + | | 1937 || Medical development (device) || An artificial heart designed by Soviet scientist W. P. Demichow is first successfully applied on a dog for 5.5 hours.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || {{w|Soviet Union}} |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1938 || | + | | 1938 || Medical development || American surgeon [[wikipedia:Robert Edward Gross|Robert Gross]] applies systematically the first modern [[wikipedia:Cardiac surgery|cardiovascular surgery]] when successfully closes a patent [[wikipedia:ductus arteriosus|ductus arteriosus]].<ref name=onlinejacc/> || [[wikipedia:Boston Children's Hospital|Boston Children's Hospital]], [[wikipedia:Boston|Boston]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1941|| | + | | 1941 || Medical development || [[wikipedia:French people|French]] physician [[wikipedia:André Cournand|André Cournand]] and American physician [[wikipedia:Dickinson Richards|Dickinson Richards]], use the [[wikipedia:Cardiac catheterization|cardiac catheter]] as a diagnostic tool for the first time, applying catheterization techniques to measure right-heart pressures and cardiac output. Both are awarded the [[wikipedia:Nobel Prize|Nobel Prize]] in 1956.<ref name=onlinejacc>{{cite journal |author=Eugene Braunwald |date= |title=Cardiology: the past, the present, and the future|url=http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1132857|journal=Journal of the American College of Cardiology|publisher= |volume= 42|issue= |pages= 2031–2041|doi=10.1016/j.jacc.2003.08.025 |
| − | |pmc= |pmid= }}</ref><ref name=20th-Century>{{cite journal |author=Nirav J. Mehta, Ijaz A. Khan |date= |title=Cardiology's 10 Greatest Discoveries of the 20th Century |journal= Tex Heart Inst J|publisher=NCBI |volume= 29|issue= |pages= 164–71|doi= |pmc=124754 |pmid= 12224718 |year=2002}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Bellevue Hospital|Bellevue Hospital]], [[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]] | + | |pmc= |pmid= }}</ref><ref name=20th-Century>{{cite journal |author=Nirav J. Mehta, Ijaz A. Khan |date= |title=Cardiology's 10 Greatest Discoveries of the 20th Century |journal= Tex Heart Inst J|publisher=NCBI |volume= 29|issue= |pages= 164–71|doi= |pmc=124754 |pmid= 12224718 |year=2002}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Bellevue Hospital|Bellevue Hospital]], [[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1948|| | + | | 1948 || Scientific development || The [[wikipedia:Framingham Heart Study|Framingham Heart Study]] is initiated under the direction of the [[wikipedia:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|National Heart Institute]] to better understand [[wikipedia:atherosclerosis|atherosclerosis]] and cardiovascular disease. 1,980 male and 2,421 female volunteers are recruited. The study identifies several factors that put a person at risk for atherosclerosis: among them, high levels of [[wikipedia:cholesterol|cholesterol]]. Over 1000 medical papers will have been published related to the Framingham Heart Study.<ref name=heartt>{{cite web|url=http://dev.nsta.org/evwebs/2645a/history.html|title=A History of Heart Disease Treatment|author=|date=|accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/about-fhs/history.php|title=Framingham Heart Study|author=|date=|accessdate=27 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Framingham|Framingham]], [[wikipedia:Massachusetts|Massachusetts]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1949 || || {{w|IBM}} develops the Gibbon Model I heart-lung machine. It consists of DeBakey pumps and film oxygenator.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || {{w|United States}} | + | | 1949 || Medical development (device) || {{w|IBM}} develops the Gibbon Model I heart-lung machine. It consists of DeBakey pumps and film oxygenator.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1949–1958|| | + | | 1949–1958 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Scottish people|Scottish]] [[wikipedia:epidemiologist|epidemiologist]] [[wikipedia:Jerry Morris|Jerry Morris]] performs studies on cardiovascular health, later establishing the importance of [[wikipedia:physical activity|physical activity]] in preventing [[wikipedia:cardiovascular disease|cardiovascular disease]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Ashton JR|journal=J Epidemiol Comm Health|title=Professor J N "Jerry" Morris|year=2000|volume=54|pages=881a| doi=10.1136/jech.54.12.881a }}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1950||Organization||The First [[wikipedia:World Congress of Cardiology|World Congress of Cardiology]] (WCC) is held.<ref name=world-heart-federation>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-heart-federation.org/about-us/history/|title= World Heart Federation|author=|date=|accessdate=30 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]] | + | | 1950 || Organization || The First [[wikipedia:World Congress of Cardiology|World Congress of Cardiology]] (WCC) is held.<ref name=world-heart-federation>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-heart-federation.org/about-us/history/|title= World Heart Federation|author=|date=|accessdate=30 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Paris|Paris]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1950|| | + | | 1950 || Scientific development || Team led by American scientist [[wikipedia:John Gofman|John Gofman]] demonstrates the role of [[wikipedia:lipoproteins|lipoproteins]] in the causation of heart disease.<ref name=heartt/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2007/09/04_GofmanObit.shtml|title=John Gofman|author=|date=|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:University of California, Berkeley|University of California, Berkeley]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1950-1958 || | + | | 1950-1958 || Medical development || Scientists Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of [[wikipedia:Merck and Co.|Merck and Co]] develop thiazides for treatment of [[wikipedia:hypertension|hypertension]] and [[wikipedia:heart failure|heart failure]]. || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1950–1959|| | + | | 1950–1959 || Medical development (drug) || [[wikipedia:Scottish people|Scottish]] [[wikipedia:pharmacology|pharmacologist]] [[wikipedia:James Black (pharmacologist)|James Black]] develops [[wikipedia:propranolol|propranolol]], a [[wikipedia:beta blocker|beta blocker]] used for the treatment of heart disease. Black is awarded the [[wikipedia:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] in 1988 for this work.<ref name=onlinejacc/>||[[wikipedia:Imperial Chemical Industries|Imperial Chemical Industries]], [[wikipedia:London|London]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1950–1959|| | + | | 1950–1959 || Scientific development || American scientist [[wikipedia:Ancel Keys|Ancel Keys]] discovers that heart disease is rare in some Mediterranean populations where fat diet has slow consumption.<ref name=healthline>{{cite web|url=http://www.healthline.com/health/heart-disease/history#3|title=The History of Heart Disease |
|author=Colleen Story,Kristeen Cherney|date=|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Southern Europe|Southern Europe]] | |author=Colleen Story,Kristeen Cherney|date=|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Southern Europe|Southern Europe]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1952|| | + | | 1952 || MEdical development (device) || [[wikipedia:Swedes|Swedish]] cardiologist [[wikipedia:Inge Edler|Inge Edler]] and German physicist [[wikipedia:Carl Hellmuth Hertz|Carl Hellmuth Hertz]] adapt for human use a sonar device for detecting submarines in [[wikipedia:World War II|World War II]] and record echoes from the walls of a human heart, thereby launching the field of [[wikipedia:echocardiography|echocardiography]].<ref name=onlinejacc/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1952 || | + | | 1952 || Medical development (device) || American cardiologist [[wikipedia:Paul Zoll|Paul Zoll]] develops the first external [[wikipedia:cardiac pacemaker|cardiac pacemaker]].<ref name=onlinejacc/><ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/>||[[wikipedia:Harvard University|Harvard University]], [[wikipedia:Cambridge|Cambridge]], [[wikipedia:Massachusetts|Massachusetts]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1952 || || American surgeon {{w|Charles A. Hufnagel}} sews an artificial valve into a patient's aorta.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || | + | | 1952 || Medical development || American surgeon {{w|Charles A. Hufnagel}} sews an artificial valve into a patient's aorta.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | 1953 || | + | | 1953 || Medical development || American surgeon [[wikipedia:John Heysham Gibbon|John Gibbon]] performs the first open-heart operation using cardiopulmonary bypass.<ref name=onlinejacc/> || [[wikipedia:Thomas Jefferson Hospital|Thomas Jefferson Hospital]], [[wikipedia:Philadelphia|Philadelphia]] |
|- | |- | ||
| 1953 || || Dr Michael DeBakey implants a seamless, knit Dacron tube for surgical repairs and/or replacement of occluded vessels of vascular aneurysms.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || {{w|United States}} | | 1953 || || Dr Michael DeBakey implants a seamless, knit Dacron tube for surgical repairs and/or replacement of occluded vessels of vascular aneurysms.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || {{w|United States}} | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | |1958|| | + | | 1958 || Medical development (drug) || [[wikipedia:Thiazide|Thiazide]] [[wikipedia:diuretics|diuretics]] are introduced for treating [[wikipedia:hypertension|hypertension]].<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>|| |
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1959 || Program || The [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] establishes [[wikipedia:Cardiovascular Disease|Cardiovascular Disease]] program.<ref name=cardiovascular_diseases/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1960 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Framingham Study|Framingham Study]]: [[wikipedia:Tobacco smoking|Cigarette smoking]] is found to increase the risk of heart disease.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy>{{cite web|url=https://www.framinghamheartstudy.org/about-fhs/research-milestones.php|title=Research Milestones|author=|date=|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:U.S.A|U.S.A]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1960 || Medical development || The first successful coronary artery bypass operation (anastomosis) is performed by German surgeon [[wikipedia:Robert H. Goetz|Robert H. Goetz]].<ref name=greatest-discoveries>{{cite journal |author=Jordan D. Haller, Andrew S. Olearchyk |date= |title=Cardiology's 10 Greatest Discoveries |journal= Tex Heart Inst J|publisher= National Center for Biotechnology Information |volume= 29|issue= |pages= 342–4|doi= |pmc=140304 |pmid= 12484626 |year=2002}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Albert Einstein College of Medicine|Albert Einstein College of Medicine]], [[wikipedia:New York City|New York City]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1961 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Cholesterol|Cholesterol]] level, [[wikipedia:blood pressure|blood pressure]], and [[wikipedia:Electrocardiography|electrocardiogram]] abnormalities are found to increase the risk of heart disease.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||[[wikipedia:U.S.A|U.S.A]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1961 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:British Heart Foundation|British Heart Foundation]] (BHF) is established as a charity organization in order to fund research on cardiovascular disease.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bhf.org.uk/|title=British Heart Foundation|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:London|London]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1963 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo|Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo]] is founded as a center specializing in [[wikipedia:cardiology|cardiology]], [[wikipedia:cardiovascular medicine|cardiovascular medicine]] and [[wikipedia:cardiovascular surgery|cardiovascular surgery]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.incor.usp.br/sites/incor2013/|title=incor|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Sao Paulo|Sao Paulo]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1964 || Medical development || [[wikipedia:Russians|Russian]] cardiac surgeon [[wikipedia:Vasiliy Kolesov|Vasiliy Kolesov]] performs the first successful coronary bypass using a standard suture technique.<ref name=greatest-discoveries/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1964 || Medical development || American [[wikipedia:interventional radiologist|interventional radiologist]] [[wikipedia:Charles Dotter|Charles Dotter]] describes [[wikipedia:angioplasty|angioplasty]] for the first time.<ref>{{cite journal |vauthors =Dotter CT, Judkins MP |title=Transluminal treatment of arteriosclerotic obstruction |journal=Circulation |volume=30 |pages=654–70 |date=November 1964 |pmid=14226164 |url=http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=14226164 |doi=10.1161/01.CIR.30.5.654 |issue=5 }}</ref>|| | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1967 || Medical development || [[wikipedia:South African people|South African]] cardiac surgeon [[wikipedia:Christiaan Barnard|Christiaan Barnard]] performs the first successful human-to-human heart transplant.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>||[[wikipedia:Groote Schuur Hospital|Groote Schuur Hospital]], [[wikipedia:Cape Town|Cape Town]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1967 || Medical development || [[wikipedia:Argentine|Argentine]] [[wikipedia:cardiac surgeon|cardiac surgeon]] [[wikipedia:René Favaloro|René Favaloro]] performs the first documented [[wikipedia:Coronary artery bypass surgery|saphenous aortocoronary bypass]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Denton A. Cooley |date= |title=In Memoriam: Tribute to René Favaloro, Pioneer of Coronary Bypass |journal= Tex Heart Inst J|publisher= |volume= 27|issue= |pages= 231–2|doi= |pmc=101069 |pmid= 11225585 |year=2000}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Cleveland Clinic|Cleveland Clinic]], [[wikipedia:Ohio|Ohio]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1967 || Dcientific development || [[wikipedia:Sedentary lifestyle|Physical inactivity]] and [[wikipedia:obesity|obesity]] are found to increase the risk of heart disease.<ref name=cardiovascular_diseases>{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/cardiovascular_diseases/en/cvd_atlas_27_MILS_1856_1967.pdf|title=who cardiovascular diseases|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:U.S.A.|U.S.A.]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1968 || Medical development (device) || A. Kantrowitz et al. perform the first clinical trial in a man with intra-aortic balloon pumping.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1969 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:World Heart Federation|International Cardiology Foundation]] (ICF) is established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.epi.umn.edu/cvdepi/essay/the-international-society-of-cardiology-isc-and-cvd-epidemiology/|title=The International Society of Cardiology (ISC) and CVD Epidemiology|author=|date=|accessdate=29 July 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Geneva|Geneva]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1969 || Medical development (device) ||Argentine [[wikipedia:cardiac surgeon|cardiac surgeon]] [[wikipedia:Domingo Liotta|Domingo Liotta]] and [[wikipedia:Americans|American]] [[wikipedia:cardiac surgeon|cardiac surgeon]] [[wikipedia:Denton Cooley|Denton Cooley]] perform the first clinical implantation of a total [[wikipedia:artificial heart|artificial heart]] (TAH).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fdliotta.org/biography.htm|title=Professor Domingo Santo Liotta|author=|date=|accessdate=28 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:The Texas Heart Institute|The Texas Heart Institute]], [[wikipedia:Houston|Houston]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1970 || Organization || The Sixth [[wikipedia:World Congress of Cardiology|World Congress of Cardiology]] is held. During this congress, the [[wikipedia:World Congress of Cardiology|International Cardiology Federation]] (ICF) is created.<ref name=world-heart-federation/>||[[wikipedia:London|London]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1970 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Atrial fibrillation|Atrial fibrillation]] is found to increase stroke risk 5-fold.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/> || U.S.A | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1971 || Medical development (device) || White– Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) are implemented on newborn babies using veno-venous bypass for up to 9 days.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1975 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Philippine Heart Center|Philippine Heart Center]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phc.gov.ph/|title=Philippine Heart Center|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Quezón City|Quezón City]], [[wikipedia:Philippines|Philippines]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1976 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Menopause|Menopause]] is found to increase the risk of heart disease<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||U.S.A | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1977 || Medical development || German [[wikipedia:radiology|radiologist]] [[wikipedia:Andreas Gruentzig|Andreas Gruentzig]] first develops [[wikipedia:coronary angioplasty|coronary angioplasty]] for treatment of [[wikipedia:coronary artery disease|coronary artery disease]].<ref>{{cite journal |author= Bernhard Meier, Dölf Bachmann, Thomas F Lüscher |date= February 2003|title=25 years of coronary angioplasty: almost a fairy tale|url=http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2803%2912470-1/fulltext|journal= The Lancet|publisher= |volume= 361|issue= |pages= 527|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12470-1|pmc= |pmid= 12583964}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Zurich|Zurich]], [[wikipedia:Switzerland|Switzerland]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1978 || Scientific development || Psychosocial factors are found to affect heart disease.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||[[wikipedia:U.S.A|U.S.A]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1978 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:World Congress of Cardiology|International Society of Cardiology]] and the [[wikipedia:World Congress of Cardiology|International Cardiology Federation]] merge to become the [[wikipedia:World Congress of Cardiology|International Society and Federation of Cardiology]].<ref name=world-heart-federation/>|| | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1979 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Heart Rhythm Society|Heart Rhythm Society]] (HRS) is founded as an international non-profit organization in order to promote education and advocacy for cardiac arrhythmia professionals and patients.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrsonline.org/About-HRS/|title=Heart Rhythm Society|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]] | ||
| + | |- | ||
| + | | 1982 || Medical development (device) || The [[wikipedia:Jarvik 7|Jarvik 7]] total [[wikipedia:artificial heart|artificial heart]], named for its designer, Dr. [[wikipedia:Robert Jarvik|Robert Jarvik]], is implanted in a patient.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texasheart.org/Research/Devices/j7tah.cfm|title=Jarvik 7|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:University of Utah|University of Utah]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1984 || Medical development || American surgeon {{w|Leonard L Bailey}} transplants a baboon heart into {{w|Baby Fae}}, at Loma Linda Medical Center. The baby survives for three weeks.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || {{w|United States}} |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1984 || Medical development (device) || Oyer and Portner use the Novacor electronically powered implantable left ventricular assist device as the first successful bridge to transplant.<ref>{{cite book|title=Textbook of Organ Transplantation Set|edition=Allan D. Kirk, Stuart J. Knechtle, Christian P. Larsen, Joren C. Madsen, Thomas C. Pearson, Steven A. Webber|url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GzMWBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA555&dq=%22in+1984%22+%22novacor%22+%22transplant%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3n6nkm8rZAhVPrVkKHasDCg0Q6AEILDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201984%22%20%22novacor%22%20%22transplant%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1986 || Medical development (device) || French physician [[wikipedia:Jacques Puel|Jacques Puel]] and German [[wikipedia:cardiologist|cardiologist]] [[wikipedia:Ulrich Sigwart|Ulrich Sigwart]] are attributed to be the first to use the [[wikipedia:coronary stent|coronary stent]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Roguin|first1=Ariel|title=Historical Perspectives in Cardiology|journal=Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventsions|date=2011|volume=4|pages=206–209|doi=10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.110.960872|url=http://circinterventions.ahajournals.org/content/4/2/206.full|issue=2}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Toulouse|Toulouse]], [[wikipedia:France|France]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1986 || Medical development (device) || The first atherectomy devices that remove material from the vessel wall are introduced.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1987 || Medical development || Study done by [[wikipedia:Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study|Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study]] (CONSENSUS), shows unequivocal survival benefit of [[wikipedia:angiotensin|angiotensin]] converting enzyme inhibitors in severe heart failure.<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1988 || Medical development (device) || [[wikipedia:Hemopump|Hemopump]], a temporary left ventricular assist blood pump, is put to clinical use. It is designed to allow for temporary support of a failing heart.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texasheart.org/Research/Devices/hemopump.cfm|title=Hemopump|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:The Texas Heart Institute|The Texas Heart Institute]], [[wikipedia:Houston|Houston]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1988 || Medical development (device) || The first successful long-term implantation of an artificial [[wikipedia:Ventricular assist device|Ventricular assist device]] LVAD is conducted by Dr. [[wikipedia:William F. Bernhard|William F. Bernhard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.joomag.com/magazine/lvad-living-august-2014/0872428001402630896?page=10|title=LVAD |author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Boston Children's Hospital|Boston Children's Hospital]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1993|| Organization || the [[wikipedia:American Society of Nuclear Cardiology|American Society of Nuclear Cardiology]] (ASNC) is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asnc.org/|title=ASNC|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1994 || Scientific development || Enlarged left [[wikipedia:Ventricle (heart)|ventricle]] (one of two lower chambers of the heart) is shown to increase the risk of stroke.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||[[wikipedia:U.S.A|U.S.A]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1995 || Publication || The [[wikipedia:European Society of Cardiology|European Society of Cardiology]] publishes guidelines for diagnosing [[wikipedia:heart failure|heart failure]].<ref name=history-and-epidemiology/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1996 || Scientific development || Progression from hypertension to heart failure is described.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||[[wikipedia:U.S.A|U.S.A]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1997 || Medical development (device) ||The [[wikipedia:Thoratec|Thoratec]] [[wikipedia:Ventricular Assist Device|Ventricular Assist Device]] (VAD) is put to clinical use to support patients with acute and chronic heart failure.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texasheart.org/Research/Devices/thoratec.cfm|title=Thoratec VAD|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:The Texas Heart Institute|The Texas Heart Institute]], [[wikipedia:Houston|Houston]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1998 || Scientific development || [[wikipedia:Framingham Study|Framingham Study]]: [[wikipedia:Atrial fibrillation|Atrial fibrillation]] is found to be associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||U.S.A |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1998 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:World Congress of Cardiology|International Society and Federation of Cardiology]] board approves the change of name to [[wikipedia:World Heart Federation|World Heart Federation]] (WHF).<ref name=world-heart-federation/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1999 || Scientific development || Lifetime risk at age 40 years of developing coronary heart disease is found to be one in two for men and one in three for women.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||[[wikipedia:U.S.A|U.S.A]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2000 || Organization || The World Heart Federation launches '''World Heart Day''' as an annual event on the last Sunday of each September.<ref name=world-heart-federation/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2000 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Krishna Heart Institute|Krishna Heart Institute]] is founded as a high-end medical facility, specializing in [[wikipedia:heart diseases|heart diseases]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indiaheartbeat.com/hospital/profile/30849/KRISHNA-HEART-SUPER-SPECIALTY-INSTITUTE.html|title=Krishna Heart Institute|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Ahmedabad|Ahmedabad]], [[wikipedia:India|India]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2000 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Blood Pressure Association|Blood Pressure Association]] is founded as a [[wikipedia:charitable organization|charitable organization]] to provide information and support to people with [[wikipedia:hypertension|hypertension]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blood-pressure-monitoring.org/|title=Blood Pressure Association|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:London|London]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2001 || Scientific development || High-normal [[wikipedia:blood pressure|blood pressure]] is found to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, emphasizing the need to determine whether lowering high-normal blood pressure can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/>||[[wikipedia:U.S.A|U.S.A]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2001 || Medical development (device) || [[wikipedia:AbioCor|AbioCor]] total [[wikipedia:artificial heart|artificial heart]] is implanted in a 59-year-old man. The TAH is developed by company [[wikipedia:AbioMed|AbioMed]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.texasheart.org/Research/Devices/abiocor.cfm|title=AbioCor|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Jewish Hospital (Louisville, Kentucky)|Jewish Hospital]], [[wikipedia:Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]], [[wikipedia:Kentucky|Kentucky]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2002 || Medical development || Alain Cribier performs the first percutaneous aortic valve replacement.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2004 || Scientific development || Serum [[wikipedia:aldosterone|aldosterone]] levels are found to predict future risk of hypertension in non-hypertensive individuals.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Ramachandran S. Vasan, M.D., Jane C. Evans, D.Sc., Martin G. Larson, Sc.D., Peter W.F. Wilson, M.D., James B. Meigs, M.D., M.P.H., Nader Rifai, Ph.D., Emelia J. Benjamin, M.D., Daniel Levy, M.D. |date= |title=Serum Aldosterone and the Incidence of Hypertension in Nonhypertensive Persons|url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa033263#t=article|journal= New England Journal of Medicine|publisher= |volume= 351|issue= |pages= 33–41|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa033263 |pmc= |pmid= }}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Boston Medical Center|Boston Medical Center]], [[wikipedia:U.S.A|U.S.A]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2004 || Medical development || The CardioWest TAH-t becomes the world's first temporary total artificial heart (TAH-t). It is indicated for use as a bridge to transplant in cardiac transplant patients at risk of imminent death from nonreversible biventricular failure.<ref name="Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices"/> || |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2006 || Organization || The [[wikipedia:Multan Institute of Cardiology|Multan Institute of Cardiology]] is founded.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cpeic.gop.pk/|title=Multan Institute of Cardiology|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Multan|Multan]], [[wikipedia:Pakistan|Pakistan]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2007 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Atrial Fibrillation Association|Atrial Fibrillation Association]] is established as an international charity that provides information and support for patients with [[wikipedia:atrial fibrillation|atrial fibrillation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.heartrhythmalliance.org/afa/uk/about|title=Atrial Fibrillation Association|author=|date=|accessdate=31 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Shipston-on-Stour|Shipston-on-Stour]], [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2008 || Epidemiology || The total number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease reads 17.3 million worldwide a year according to the [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|WHO]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-heart-federation.org/cardiovascular-health/global-facts-map/|title=Deaths due to cardiovascular disease|author=|date=|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2008 || Organization || The Sixteenth [[wikipedia:World Congress of Cardiology|World Congress of Cardiology]] is held. From then on, the WCC moves from a 4-year to a 2-year cycle.<ref name=world-heart-federation/>||[[wikipedia:Buenos Aires|Buenos Aires]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2010 || Scientific development ||[[wikipedia:Sleep apnea|Sleep apnea]] is found to be tied to increased risk of stroke.<ref name=framinghamheartstudy/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/news/press-releases/2010/sleep-apnea-tied-to-increased-risk-of-stroke|title=Sleep apnea tied to increased risk of stroke|author=|date=|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute|National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute]], [[wikipedia:Maryland|Maryland]], [[wikipedia:U.S.A|U.S.A]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2011 || Medical development (drug) || pCMV-''vegf165'' is registered in [[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]] as the first-in-class gene therapy drug for treatment of [[wikipedia:peripheral artery disease|peripheral artery disease]], including the advanced stage of [[wikipedia:critical limb ischemia|critical limb ischemia]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Gene Therapy for PAD Approved|url=http://www.dddmag.com/news/2011/12/gene-therapy-pad-approved|accessdate=28 July 2016|date=6 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Deev|first1=R.|last2=Bozo|first2=I.|last3=Mzhavanadze|first3=N.|last4=Voronov|first4=D.|last5=Gavrilenko|first5=A.|last6=Chervyakov|first6=Yu.|last7=Staroverov|first7=I.|last8=Kalinin|first8=R.|last9=Shvalb|first9=P.|last10=Isaev|first10=A.|title=pCMV-vegf165 Intramuscular Gene Transfer is an Effective Method of Treatment for Patients With Chronic Lower Limb Ischemia|journal=Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics|date=13 March 2015|doi=10.1177/1074248415574336|url=http://cpt.sagepub.com/content/early/2015/03/12/1074248415574336.abstract|accessdate=28 July 2016|pmid=25770117|volume=20|pages=473–82}}</ref>||[[wikipedia:Russia|Russia]] |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2011 || Update || The [[wikipedia:United Nations|UN]] declaration on [[wikipedia:Non-communicable disease|Non-communicable disease]]s change the global approach to NCD’s of which cardiovascular disease is the greatest contributor.<ref name=world-heart-federation/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2012 || Epidemiology || [[wikipedia:Ischemic heart disease|Ischemic heart disease]] and [[wikipedia:stroke|stroke]] are found to be the leading causes of death worldwide, with 7.4 million deaths due to ischemic heart disease and 6.7 million deaths for stroke.<ref name=factsheets>{{cite web|url=http://who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/|title=The top 10 causes of death|author=|date=|accessdate=1 July 2016}}</ref>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2013 || Program || World Heart Federation board adopts the [[wikipedia:United Nations|United Nations]] and [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]] targets for cardiovascular disease, launching the '''25 x 25 campaign''' to reduce premature death from CVD by 25% by 2025.<ref name=world-heart-federation/>|| |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | |} |
| + | |||
| + | == Numerical and visual data == | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Mentions on Google Scholar === | ||
| + | |||
| + | The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 20, 2021. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {| class="sortable wikitable" | ||
| + | ! Year | ||
| + | ! Cardiovascular disease | ||
| + | ! Diabetes cardiovascular disease | ||
| + | ! Hypertensive cardiovascular disease | ||
| + | ! Cardiovascular disease prevention | ||
| + | ! Cardiac arrest | ||
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1980 || 11,000 || 2,540 || 6,900 || 2,740 || 2,920 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1985 || 18,100 || 3,670 || 10,300 || 4,400 || 4,290 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1990 || 29,300 || 5,750 || 14,000 || 6,520 || 5,540 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 1995 || 61,600 || 11,200 || 18,600 || 13,800 || 7,270 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | |2000|| | + | | 2000 || 161,000 || 36,500 || 24,300 || 46,200 || 11,700 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2002 || 209,000 || 57,700 || 26,700 || 61,700 || 14,100 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2004 || 310,000 || 86,500 || 31,600 || 86,300 || 17,700 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2006 || 429,000 || 119,000 || 36,200 || 110,000 || 20,300 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2008 || 548,000 || 159,000 || 43,000 || 132,000 || 25,000 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2010 || 735,000 || 206,000 || 49,000 || 160,000 || 27,300 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2012 || 771,000 || 276,000 || 64,300 || 212,000 || 34,200 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2014 || 718,000 || 273,000 || 67,500 || 218,000 || 37,100 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2016 || 520,000 || 215,000 || 69,800 || 184,000 || 39,300 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2017 || 407,000 || 203,000 || 68,800 || 161,000 || 40,100 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2018 || 292,000 || 151,000 || 66,400 || 126,000 || 38,900 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2019 || 172,000 || 123,000 || 64,700 || 115,000 || 37,000 |
|- | |- | ||
| − | | | + | | 2020 || 126,000 || 105,000 || 64,600 || 98,300 || 32,200 |
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Cardiovascular disease tb.png|thumb|center|700px]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Google Trends === | ||
| + | |||
| + | The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Cardiovascular disease (disease) from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cardiovascular disease |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F02k6hp |website=trends.google.com |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Cardio gt.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Google Ngram Viewer === | ||
| + | |||
| + | The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Cardiovascular disease from 1700 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cardiovascular disease |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Cardiovascular+disease&year_start=1700&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=15 January 2021}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Cardio ngram.jpeg|thumb|center|800px]] | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Wikipedia views === | ||
| + | |||
| + | The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Cardiovascular disease}} on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from June 2015; to December 2020.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cardiovascular disease |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Cardiovascular+disease&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=19 January 2021}}</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | [[File:Cardiovascular disease wv.jpeg|thumb|center|600px]] | ||
| + | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| + | |||
* [[wikipedia:Cardiovascular disease|Cardiovascular disease]] | * [[wikipedia:Cardiovascular disease|Cardiovascular disease]] | ||
| − | == | + | ==Meta information on the timeline== |
| − | {{ | + | |
| + | ===How the timeline was built=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Sebastian]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{funding info}} is available. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Feedback and comments=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places: | ||
| + | |||
| + | * FIXME | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===What the timeline is still missing=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Timeline update strategy=== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==See also== | ||
| − | + | ==External links== | |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | + | ==References== | |
| − | {{ | + | {{Reflist|30em}} |
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 21:05, 30 June 2023
The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of cardiovascular disease". The original page still exists at Timeline of cardiovascular disease. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license.
This is a timeline of cardiovascular disease, focusing on scientific development and major worldwide organizations and events concerning CVD.
Contents
Big picture
| Year/period | Key developments |
|---|---|
| Prior to 1400s | Descriptions of heart failure exist from Ancient Egypt, Greece, and India. The Romans are known to use the foxglove as medicine.[1] |
| 1400s–1700s | Early discoveries of coronary artery disease start to happen. Among the most important works, are those made by William Harvey and Friedrich Hoffmann.[2] |
| 1700s–1800s | Angina is described and studied extensively in the 18th and 19th centuries. Work by cardiologist William Osler stands out.[2] |
| 1900s | Period of increased interest, study, and understanding of heart disease. Catheters start to be used to explore coronary arteries.[2] |
| 1940s–1950s | The International Society of Cardiology is designed, and the World Congress of Cardiology starts to be held. The link between heart disease and diet is discovered.[2] |
| 1960s–Present | Bypass surgery, angioplasty, and stents are developed. As a result of these treatment advances, a diagnosis of heart disease today is no longer necessarily a death sentence. Still, cardiovascular diseases remain by far the main cause of death worldwide.[2][3] |
Full timeline
| Year/period | Type of event | Event | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1628 | Scientific development | English physician William Harvey describes in detail the systemic circulation and properties of blood being pumped to the brain and body by the heart.[1] | |
| 1658 | Scientific development | Swiss physician Jakob Wepfer describes for the first time carotid thrombosis, extracranially and intracranially, in a patient with a completely occluded and calcified right internal carotid artery.[4] | |
| 1681–1742 | Scientific development | German physician Friedrich Hoffmann notes that coronary heart disease starts in the “reduced passage of the blood within the coronary arteries."[2] | Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg |
| 1733 | Medical development | English clergyman and scientist Stephen Hales measures blood pressure.[5] | Teddington, England |
| 1768 | Scientific development | English physician William Heberden describes angina pectoris for the first time.[6] | Royal College of Physicians, London |
| 1785 | Medical development | English physician William Withering publishes an account of medical use of digitalis, which are used for the treatment of heart conditions.[1] | |
| 1803 | Medical development | British surgeon David Fleming performs the first successful ligation of a carotid artery.[4] | |
| 1812 | Scientific development | French physician César Julien Jean Legallois proposes the idea of artificial circulation.[7] | |
| 1819 | Development | French physician René Laennec invents the stethoscope, an acoustic device for listening internal sounds of an animal or human body.[1] | Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris |
| 1831 | Discovery | English physician Richard Bright describes high blood pressure and heart disease in association with kidney disease (Bright's disease).[8] | |
| 1872-1919 | Development | Canadian physician William Osler works extensively on angina, and is one of the first to indicate that angina is a syndrome rather than a disease in itself.[2] | |
| 1882 | Medical development (device) | German Von Schröder introduces the first bubble oxygenator.[7] | |
| 1895 | Scientific development | German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X-rays, which are used to diagnose heart disease.[1] | |
| 1901 | Scientific development | Dutch physiologist Willem Einthoven invents the string galvanometer, which becomes the first practical electrocardiograph.[1] | Leiden, Netherlands |
| 1920 | Medical development | Organomercurial diuretics are first used for treatment of heart failure.[1] | |
| 1924 | Organization | The Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease is established.[9] | New York City |
| 1926 | Organization | The Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute is founded.[10] | Melbourne, Australia |
| 1929 | Medical development | German surgeon Werner Forssmann develops the technique of cardiac catheterization. For this achievement, Forssmann will receive the Nobel Prize in 1956.[11][7] | Eberswalde, Germany |
| 1932 | Medical development (device) | American cardiac surgeon Michael E. DeBakey develops the roller pump, which later becomes an essential component of the heart-lung machine.[12] | Tulane University, New Orleans |
| 1937 | Medical development (device) | An artificial heart designed by Soviet scientist W. P. Demichow is first successfully applied on a dog for 5.5 hours.[7] | Soviet Union |
| 1938 | Medical development | American surgeon Robert Gross applies systematically the first modern cardiovascular surgery when successfully closes a patent ductus arteriosus.[13] | Boston Children's Hospital, Boston |
| 1941 | Medical development | French physician André Cournand and American physician Dickinson Richards, use the cardiac catheter as a diagnostic tool for the first time, applying catheterization techniques to measure right-heart pressures and cardiac output. Both are awarded the Nobel Prize in 1956.[13][14] | Bellevue Hospital, New York City |
| 1948 | Scientific development | The Framingham Heart Study is initiated under the direction of the National Heart Institute to better understand atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. 1,980 male and 2,421 female volunteers are recruited. The study identifies several factors that put a person at risk for atherosclerosis: among them, high levels of cholesterol. Over 1000 medical papers will have been published related to the Framingham Heart Study.[15][16] | Framingham, Massachusetts |
| 1949 | Medical development (device) | IBM develops the Gibbon Model I heart-lung machine. It consists of DeBakey pumps and film oxygenator.[7] | United States |
| 1949–1958 | Scientific development | Scottish epidemiologist Jerry Morris performs studies on cardiovascular health, later establishing the importance of physical activity in preventing cardiovascular disease.[17] | |
| 1950 | Organization | The First World Congress of Cardiology (WCC) is held.[18] | Paris |
| 1950 | Scientific development | Team led by American scientist John Gofman demonstrates the role of lipoproteins in the causation of heart disease.[15][19] | University of California, Berkeley |
| 1950-1958 | Medical development | Scientists Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co develop thiazides for treatment of hypertension and heart failure. | |
| 1950–1959 | Medical development (drug) | Scottish pharmacologist James Black develops propranolol, a beta blocker used for the treatment of heart disease. Black is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1988 for this work.[13] | Imperial Chemical Industries, London |
| 1950–1959 | Scientific development | American scientist Ancel Keys discovers that heart disease is rare in some Mediterranean populations where fat diet has slow consumption.[2] | Southern Europe |
| 1952 | MEdical development (device) | Swedish cardiologist Inge Edler and German physicist Carl Hellmuth Hertz adapt for human use a sonar device for detecting submarines in World War II and record echoes from the walls of a human heart, thereby launching the field of echocardiography.[13] | |
| 1952 | Medical development (device) | American cardiologist Paul Zoll develops the first external cardiac pacemaker.[13][7] | Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts |
| 1952 | Medical development | American surgeon Charles A. Hufnagel sews an artificial valve into a patient's aorta.[7] | |
| 1953 | Medical development | American surgeon John Gibbon performs the first open-heart operation using cardiopulmonary bypass.[13] | Thomas Jefferson Hospital, Philadelphia |
| 1953 | Dr Michael DeBakey implants a seamless, knit Dacron tube for surgical repairs and/or replacement of occluded vessels of vascular aneurysms.[7] | United States | |
| 1958 | Medical development (drug) | Thiazide diuretics are introduced for treating hypertension.[1] | |
| 1959 | Program | The World Health Organization establishes Cardiovascular Disease program.[20] | |
| 1960 | Scientific development | Framingham Study: Cigarette smoking is found to increase the risk of heart disease.[21] | U.S.A |
| 1960 | Medical development | The first successful coronary artery bypass operation (anastomosis) is performed by German surgeon Robert H. Goetz.[22] | Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York City |
| 1961 | Scientific development | Cholesterol level, blood pressure, and electrocardiogram abnormalities are found to increase the risk of heart disease.[21] | U.S.A |
| 1961 | Organization | The British Heart Foundation (BHF) is established as a charity organization in order to fund research on cardiovascular disease.[23] | London |
| 1963 | Organization | Instituto do Coração da Universidade de São Paulo is founded as a center specializing in cardiology, cardiovascular medicine and cardiovascular surgery.[24] | Sao Paulo |
| 1964 | Medical development | Russian cardiac surgeon Vasiliy Kolesov performs the first successful coronary bypass using a standard suture technique.[22] | |
| 1964 | Medical development | American interventional radiologist Charles Dotter describes angioplasty for the first time.[25] | |
| 1967 | Medical development | South African cardiac surgeon Christiaan Barnard performs the first successful human-to-human heart transplant.[1] | Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town |
| 1967 | Medical development | Argentine cardiac surgeon René Favaloro performs the first documented saphenous aortocoronary bypass.[26] | Cleveland Clinic, Ohio |
| 1967 | Dcientific development | Physical inactivity and obesity are found to increase the risk of heart disease.[20] | U.S.A. |
| 1968 | Medical development (device) | A. Kantrowitz et al. perform the first clinical trial in a man with intra-aortic balloon pumping.[7] | |
| 1969 | Organization | The International Cardiology Foundation (ICF) is established.[27] | Geneva |
| 1969 | Medical development (device) | Argentine cardiac surgeon Domingo Liotta and American cardiac surgeon Denton Cooley perform the first clinical implantation of a total artificial heart (TAH).[28] | The Texas Heart Institute, Houston |
| 1970 | Organization | The Sixth World Congress of Cardiology is held. During this congress, the International Cardiology Federation (ICF) is created.[18] | London |
| 1970 | Scientific development | Atrial fibrillation is found to increase stroke risk 5-fold.[21] | U.S.A |
| 1971 | Medical development (device) | White– Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) are implemented on newborn babies using veno-venous bypass for up to 9 days.[7] | |
| 1975 | Organization | The Philippine Heart Center is founded.[29] | Quezón City, Philippines |
| 1976 | Scientific development | Menopause is found to increase the risk of heart disease[21] | U.S.A |
| 1977 | Medical development | German radiologist Andreas Gruentzig first develops coronary angioplasty for treatment of coronary artery disease.[30] | Zurich, Switzerland |
| 1978 | Scientific development | Psychosocial factors are found to affect heart disease.[21] | U.S.A |
| 1978 | Organization | The International Society of Cardiology and the International Cardiology Federation merge to become the International Society and Federation of Cardiology.[18] | |
| 1979 | Organization | The Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) is founded as an international non-profit organization in order to promote education and advocacy for cardiac arrhythmia professionals and patients.[31] | Washington, D.C. |
| 1982 | Medical development (device) | The Jarvik 7 total artificial heart, named for its designer, Dr. Robert Jarvik, is implanted in a patient.[32] | University of Utah |
| 1984 | Medical development | American surgeon Leonard L Bailey transplants a baboon heart into Baby Fae, at Loma Linda Medical Center. The baby survives for three weeks.[7] | United States |
| 1984 | Medical development (device) | Oyer and Portner use the Novacor electronically powered implantable left ventricular assist device as the first successful bridge to transplant.[33][7] | |
| 1986 | Medical development (device) | French physician Jacques Puel and German cardiologist Ulrich Sigwart are attributed to be the first to use the coronary stent.[34] | Toulouse, France |
| 1986 | Medical development (device) | The first atherectomy devices that remove material from the vessel wall are introduced.[7] | |
| 1987 | Medical development | Study done by Cooperative North Scandinavian Enalapril Survival Study (CONSENSUS), shows unequivocal survival benefit of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors in severe heart failure.[1] | |
| 1988 | Medical development (device) | Hemopump, a temporary left ventricular assist blood pump, is put to clinical use. It is designed to allow for temporary support of a failing heart.[35] | The Texas Heart Institute, Houston |
| 1988 | Medical development (device) | The first successful long-term implantation of an artificial Ventricular assist device LVAD is conducted by Dr. William F. Bernhard.[36] | Boston Children's Hospital |
| 1993 | Organization | the American Society of Nuclear Cardiology (ASNC) is founded.[37] | |
| 1994 | Scientific development | Enlarged left ventricle (one of two lower chambers of the heart) is shown to increase the risk of stroke.[21] | U.S.A |
| 1995 | Publication | The European Society of Cardiology publishes guidelines for diagnosing heart failure.[1] | |
| 1996 | Scientific development | Progression from hypertension to heart failure is described.[21] | U.S.A |
| 1997 | Medical development (device) | The Thoratec Ventricular Assist Device (VAD) is put to clinical use to support patients with acute and chronic heart failure.[38] | The Texas Heart Institute, Houston |
| 1998 | Scientific development | Framingham Study: Atrial fibrillation is found to be associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality.[21] | U.S.A |
| 1998 | Organization | The International Society and Federation of Cardiology board approves the change of name to World Heart Federation (WHF).[18] | |
| 1999 | Scientific development | Lifetime risk at age 40 years of developing coronary heart disease is found to be one in two for men and one in three for women.[21] | U.S.A |
| 2000 | Organization | The World Heart Federation launches World Heart Day as an annual event on the last Sunday of each September.[18] | |
| 2000 | Organization | The Krishna Heart Institute is founded as a high-end medical facility, specializing in heart diseases.[39] | Ahmedabad, India |
| 2000 | Organization | The Blood Pressure Association is founded as a charitable organization to provide information and support to people with hypertension.[40] | London |
| 2001 | Scientific development | High-normal blood pressure is found to be associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, emphasizing the need to determine whether lowering high-normal blood pressure can reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease.[21] | U.S.A |
| 2001 | Medical development (device) | AbioCor total artificial heart is implanted in a 59-year-old man. The TAH is developed by company AbioMed.[41] | Jewish Hospital, Louisville, Kentucky |
| 2002 | Medical development | Alain Cribier performs the first percutaneous aortic valve replacement.[7] | |
| 2004 | Scientific development | Serum aldosterone levels are found to predict future risk of hypertension in non-hypertensive individuals.[21][42] | Boston Medical Center, U.S.A |
| 2004 | Medical development | The CardioWest TAH-t becomes the world's first temporary total artificial heart (TAH-t). It is indicated for use as a bridge to transplant in cardiac transplant patients at risk of imminent death from nonreversible biventricular failure.[7] | |
| 2006 | Organization | The Multan Institute of Cardiology is founded.[43] | Multan, Pakistan |
| 2007 | Organization | Atrial Fibrillation Association is established as an international charity that provides information and support for patients with atrial fibrillation.[44] | Shipston-on-Stour, United Kingdom |
| 2008 | Epidemiology | The total number of deaths due to cardiovascular disease reads 17.3 million worldwide a year according to the WHO.[45] | |
| 2008 | Organization | The Sixteenth World Congress of Cardiology is held. From then on, the WCC moves from a 4-year to a 2-year cycle.[18] | Buenos Aires |
| 2010 | Scientific development | Sleep apnea is found to be tied to increased risk of stroke.[21][46] | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Maryland, U.S.A |
| 2011 | Medical development (drug) | pCMV-vegf165 is registered in Russia as the first-in-class gene therapy drug for treatment of peripheral artery disease, including the advanced stage of critical limb ischemia.[47][48] | Russia |
| 2011 | Update | The UN declaration on Non-communicable diseases change the global approach to NCD’s of which cardiovascular disease is the greatest contributor.[18] | |
| 2012 | Epidemiology | Ischemic heart disease and stroke are found to be the leading causes of death worldwide, with 7.4 million deaths due to ischemic heart disease and 6.7 million deaths for stroke.[3] | |
| 2013 | Program | World Heart Federation board adopts the United Nations and World Health Organization targets for cardiovascular disease, launching the 25 x 25 campaign to reduce premature death from CVD by 25% by 2025.[18] |
Numerical and visual data
Mentions on Google Scholar
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 20, 2021.
| Year | Cardiovascular disease | Diabetes cardiovascular disease | Hypertensive cardiovascular disease | Cardiovascular disease prevention | Cardiac arrest |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1980 | 11,000 | 2,540 | 6,900 | 2,740 | 2,920 |
| 1985 | 18,100 | 3,670 | 10,300 | 4,400 | 4,290 |
| 1990 | 29,300 | 5,750 | 14,000 | 6,520 | 5,540 |
| 1995 | 61,600 | 11,200 | 18,600 | 13,800 | 7,270 |
| 2000 | 161,000 | 36,500 | 24,300 | 46,200 | 11,700 |
| 2002 | 209,000 | 57,700 | 26,700 | 61,700 | 14,100 |
| 2004 | 310,000 | 86,500 | 31,600 | 86,300 | 17,700 |
| 2006 | 429,000 | 119,000 | 36,200 | 110,000 | 20,300 |
| 2008 | 548,000 | 159,000 | 43,000 | 132,000 | 25,000 |
| 2010 | 735,000 | 206,000 | 49,000 | 160,000 | 27,300 |
| 2012 | 771,000 | 276,000 | 64,300 | 212,000 | 34,200 |
| 2014 | 718,000 | 273,000 | 67,500 | 218,000 | 37,100 |
| 2016 | 520,000 | 215,000 | 69,800 | 184,000 | 39,300 |
| 2017 | 407,000 | 203,000 | 68,800 | 161,000 | 40,100 |
| 2018 | 292,000 | 151,000 | 66,400 | 126,000 | 38,900 |
| 2019 | 172,000 | 123,000 | 64,700 | 115,000 | 37,000 |
| 2020 | 126,000 | 105,000 | 64,600 | 98,300 | 32,200 |
Google Trends
The image below shows Google Trends data for Cardiovascular disease (disease) from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.[49]
Google Ngram Viewer
The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Cardiovascular disease from 1700 to 2019.[50]
Wikipedia views
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Cardiovascular disease on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from June 2015; to December 2020.[51]
See also
Meta information on the timeline
How the timeline was built
The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.
Funding information for this timeline is available.
Feedback and comments
Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:
- FIXME
What the timeline is still missing
Timeline update strategy
See also
External links
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 R C Davis, F D R Hobbs, G Y H Lip (2000). "History and epidemiology". BMJ. 320: 39–42. PMC 1117316
. PMID 10617530. doi:10.1136/bmj.320.7226.39.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Colleen Story,Kristeen Cherney. "The History of Heart Disease". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 "The top 10 causes of death". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "The Evolution of Surgery for the Treatment and Prevention of Stroke". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ↑ Lewis, O. (1994-12-01). "Stephen Hales and the measurement of blood pressure". Journal of Human Hypertension. 8 (12): 865–871. ISSN 0950-9240. PMID 7884783.
- ↑ "Description of Angina Pectoris by William Heberden". Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 Nawrat, Zbigniew. Handbook of Polymer Applications in Medicine and Medical Devices: 8. Review of Research in Cardiovascular Devices.
- ↑ Bright, Richard (1831). Reports of Medical Cases, Selected with a View of Illustrating the Symptoms and Cure of Diseases by a Reference to Morbid Anatomy, volume I. London: Longmans.
- ↑ "History of the American Heart Association". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ "Baker". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ "Werner Forssmann". Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ↑ "Michael DeBakey". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 Eugene Braunwald. "Cardiology: the past, the present, and the future". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 42: 2031–2041. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2003.08.025.
- ↑ Nirav J. Mehta, Ijaz A. Khan (2002). "Cardiology's 10 Greatest Discoveries of the 20th Century". Tex Heart Inst J. NCBI. 29: 164–71. PMC 124754. PMID 12224718.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 "A History of Heart Disease Treatment". Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ "Framingham Heart Study". Retrieved 27 July 2016.
- ↑ Ashton JR (2000). "Professor J N "Jerry" Morris". J Epidemiol Comm Health. 54: 881a. doi:10.1136/jech.54.12.881a.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 "World Heart Federation". Retrieved 30 July 2016.
- ↑ "John Gofman". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 "who cardiovascular diseases" (PDF). Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 "Research Milestones". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Jordan D. Haller, Andrew S. Olearchyk (2002). "Cardiology's 10 Greatest Discoveries". Tex Heart Inst J. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 29: 342–4. PMC 140304. PMID 12484626.
- ↑ "British Heart Foundation". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ "incor". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ Dotter CT, Judkins MP (November 1964). "Transluminal treatment of arteriosclerotic obstruction". Circulation. 30 (5): 654–70. PMID 14226164. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.30.5.654.
- ↑ Denton A. Cooley (2000). "In Memoriam: Tribute to René Favaloro, Pioneer of Coronary Bypass". Tex Heart Inst J. 27: 231–2. PMC 101069. PMID 11225585.
- ↑ "The International Society of Cardiology (ISC) and CVD Epidemiology". Retrieved 29 July 2016.
- ↑ "Professor Domingo Santo Liotta". Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ↑ "Philippine Heart Center". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ Bernhard Meier, Dölf Bachmann, Thomas F Lüscher (February 2003). "25 years of coronary angioplasty: almost a fairy tale". The Lancet. 361: 527. PMID 12583964. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12470-1.
- ↑ "Heart Rhythm Society". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ "Jarvik 7". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ Textbook of Organ Transplantation Set (Allan D. Kirk, Stuart J. Knechtle, Christian P. Larsen, Joren C. Madsen, Thomas C. Pearson, Steven A. Webber ed.).
- ↑ Roguin, Ariel (2011). "Historical Perspectives in Cardiology". Circulation: Cardiovascular Interventsions. 4 (2): 206–209. doi:10.1161/CIRCINTERVENTIONS.110.960872.
- ↑ "Hemopump". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ "LVAD". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ "ASNC". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ "Thoratec VAD". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ "Krishna Heart Institute". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ "Blood Pressure Association". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ "AbioCor". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ Ramachandran S. Vasan, M.D., Jane C. Evans, D.Sc., Martin G. Larson, Sc.D., Peter W.F. Wilson, M.D., James B. Meigs, M.D., M.P.H., Nader Rifai, Ph.D., Emelia J. Benjamin, M.D., Daniel Levy, M.D. "Serum Aldosterone and the Incidence of Hypertension in Nonhypertensive Persons". New England Journal of Medicine. 351: 33–41. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa033263.
- ↑ "Multan Institute of Cardiology". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ "Atrial Fibrillation Association". Retrieved 31 July 2016.
- ↑ "Deaths due to cardiovascular disease". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ↑ "Sleep apnea tied to increased risk of stroke". Retrieved 1 July 2016.
- ↑ "Gene Therapy for PAD Approved". 6 December 2011. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ↑ Deev, R.; Bozo, I.; Mzhavanadze, N.; Voronov, D.; Gavrilenko, A.; Chervyakov, Yu.; Staroverov, I.; Kalinin, R.; Shvalb, P.; Isaev, A. (13 March 2015). "pCMV-vegf165 Intramuscular Gene Transfer is an Effective Method of Treatment for Patients With Chronic Lower Limb Ischemia". Journal of cardiovascular pharmacology and therapeutics. 20: 473–82. PMID 25770117. doi:10.1177/1074248415574336. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
- ↑ "Cardiovascular disease". trends.google.com. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
- ↑ "Cardiovascular disease". books.google.com. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
- ↑ "Cardiovascular disease". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
