Difference between revisions of "Timeline of endocrinology"

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This is a '''timeline of endocrinology''', the branch of biology and medicine concerned with endocrine glands and hormones.
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This is a '''timeline of endocrinology''', the branch of biology and medicine concerned with {{w|endocrine gland}}s and {{w|hormone}}s.
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
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! Time period !! Development summary   
 
! Time period !! Development summary   
 
|-
 
|-
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| 20th century || The 1910s and 1920s is considered the era of purification of hormones. The 1930s is the era of steroid hormone discovery, the 1940s is the era of endocrine disease, description and therapeutic advances, the 1950s is the era of synthetic hormone production, the 1960s and 1970s is the era of releasing hormones and hormone receptor signaling pathways, 1980s is the era of peptide hormone gene cloning and advent of recombinant hormone therapy, the 1990s is the era of hormone and soluble factor production by many tissues.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/>  
+
| 19th century || The field of endocrinology begins to be studied late in the century, when the concept of chemical messengers that exert systemic effects throughout the entire body is initially introduced.<ref name="Endocrinology Historyvvv">{{cite web |title=Endocrinology History |url=https://www.news-medical.net/health/Endocrinology-History.aspx |website=news-medical.net |accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 20th century || The 1910s and 1920s are considered the era of purification of hormones. The 1930s is the era of steroid hormone discovery, the 1940s is the era of endocrine disease, description and therapeutic advances, the 1950s is the era of synthetic hormone production, the 1960s and 1970s is the era of releasing hormones and hormone receptor signaling pathways, 1980s is the era of peptide hormone gene cloning and advent of recombinant hormone therapy, the 1990s is the era of hormone and soluble factor production by many tissues.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/>  
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 21st century || The 2000s is the era of genetics and endocrine physiology and disease, the 2010s is the era of integration of endocrine physiology and pathophysiology.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/>
 
| 21st century || The 2000s is the era of genetics and endocrine physiology and disease, the 2010s is the era of integration of endocrine physiology and pathophysiology.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/>
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|}
 
|}
  
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==Full timeline==
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== Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 
 +
=== Google Scholar ===
 +
 
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 27, 2021.
  
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 
{| class="sortable wikitable"
−
! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Location
+
! Year
 +
! endocrinology
 +
! clinical endocrinology
 +
! reproductive endocrinology
 +
! pediatric endocrinology
 +
! endocrinology diabetes
 +
|-
 +
| 1980 || 19,800 || 9,060 || 2,680 || 735 || 5,060
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || 23,900 || 11,600 || 3,560 || 1,380 || 6,030
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 30,700 || 13,500 || 4,420 || 1,530 || 6,710
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || 43,200 || 18,900 || 5,640 || 2,130 || 10,100
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 86,600 || 42,900 || 9,240 || 4,510 || 19,100
 +
|-
 +
| 2002 || 91,800 || 51,100 || 10,700 || 5,290 || 22,300
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || 105,000 || 64,400 || 12,300 || 6,880 || 29,600
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || 118,000 || 69,200 || 13,700 || 8,100 || 32,100
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || 123,000 || 75,500 || 15,500 || 9,570 || 40,100
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 130,000 || 80,000 || 17,000 || 10,900 || 47,900
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || 165,000 || 106,000 || 21,800 || 14,500 || 69,100
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 4th century BC || Scientific development || The Ayur Veda of Susruta describes "sugarcream" urine which attracts ants.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> || {{w|India}}
+
| 2014 || 142,000 || 97,900 || 23,100 || 14,100 || 70,000
 
|-
 
|-
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| 3dr century BC || Scientific development || Demetrius of Apameiz describes a condition resulting in {{w|diabetes}}.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 2016 || 117,000 || 77,500 || 23,100 || 16,800 || 58,500 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 30 BC–50 AD || Scientific development || Greek philosopher {{w|Celsus}} describes {{w|polyuria}}.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 2017 || 93,700 || 68,100 || 23,600 || 16,900 || 58,100
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 131 AD–201 AD || Scientific development || Galen regards diabetes as due to weakness of the kidneys (diarrhoea urinosa). The "kallikreas" (pancreas) is a protective organ guarding the great veins.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
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| 2018 || 78,800 || 63,000 || 25,000 || 18,400 || 53,800
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 5th century AD || Scientific development || {{w|Furunculosis}} and {{w|tuberculosis}} are noted as complications of diabetes mellitus.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 2019 || 70,500 || 54,100 || 24,400 || 19,400 || 47,200 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 7th century AD || Scientific development || Cheng Chuan in {{w|China}} records "sweet urine" in {{w|diabetes mellitus}}, and Li Hsuan writes a monograph.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> || {{w|China}}
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| 2020 || 57,900 || 47,500 || 26,200 || 19,400 || 37,700   
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 860–932 || Medical development || Persian polymath {{w|Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi}} introduces a regime of treatment in {{w|diabetes mellitus}}.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
|}
 +
 
 +
[[File:Endocinology tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Endocrinology (Branch of medicine) and Endocrinology (Search term), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Endocrinology |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F02jvq,Endocrinology |website=Google Trends |access-date=15 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Endocrinology gt.jpg|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Endocrinology, from 1800 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Endocrinology |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Endocrinology&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=16 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
[[File:Endocrinology ngram.jpg|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
 
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Endocrinology}}, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015  to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Endocrinology |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Endocrinology&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=21 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 
 +
[[File:HTTPS wv.png|thumb|center|400px]]
 +
 
 +
==Full timeline==
 +
 
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Location
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1020 || Scientific development || Persian polymath  {{w|Avicenna}} mentions a multitude of urine and notes the occurrence of impotence and furunculosis in diabetes mellitus.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
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| 4th century BC || Scientific development || The Ayur Veda of Susruta describes "sugarcream" urine which attracts ants.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> || {{w|India}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| c.1530 || Scientific development || {{w|Paracelsus}} regards diabetes mellitus as a generalized disease.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
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| 30 BC–50 AD || Scientific development || Greek philosopher {{w|Celsus}} describes {{w|polyuria}}.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1563 || Scientific development || Italian anatomist {{w|Bartolomeo Eustachi}} publishes his ''Opuscula Anatomica'', which contains the first description of the adrenal glands, labeled “glandulae quae renibus incumbent”.<ref>{{cite web |title=Landmarks in the history of adrenal surgery |url=http://www.hormones.gr/8586/article/landmarks-in-the-history-of-adrenal%E2%80%A6.html |website=hormones.gr |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
 
| 1563 || Scientific development || Italian anatomist {{w|Bartolomeo Eustachi}} publishes his ''Opuscula Anatomica'', which contains the first description of the adrenal glands, labeled “glandulae quae renibus incumbent”.<ref>{{cite web |title=Landmarks in the history of adrenal surgery |url=http://www.hormones.gr/8586/article/landmarks-in-the-history-of-adrenal%E2%80%A6.html |website=hormones.gr |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
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|-
 
|-
 
| 1627 || Scientific development || Flemish anatomist {{w|Adriaan van den Spiegel}} talks of the ''capsulae renales''.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1627 || Scientific development || Flemish anatomist {{w|Adriaan van den Spiegel}} talks of the ''capsulae renales''.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
−
|-
 
−
| 1624–1689 || Scientific development || Sydenham regards diabetes mellitus a general disease with its main site in the blood.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1651 || Scientific development || Highmore suggests that the suprarenals have an absorbent function of exudates from the large vessels.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1651 || Scientific development || Highmore suggests that the suprarenals have an absorbent function of exudates from the large vessels.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
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| 1865 || Scientific development || French physiologist {{w|Claude Bernard}} publishes ''An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine'', which introduces the concept of ''{{w|milieu interieur}}'' (internal milieu) and the importance of endocrine systems in keeping this constant.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|France}}
 
| 1865 || Scientific development || French physiologist {{w|Claude Bernard}} publishes ''An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine'', which introduces the concept of ''{{w|milieu interieur}}'' (internal milieu) and the importance of endocrine systems in keeping this constant.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1885 || Scientific development || {{w|Claude Bernard}} coins the term ‘internal secretion’, showing that the body can both break down and build up, complex chemical substances"<ref name="History of Hormonesvv">{{cite web |title=History of Hormones |url=https://media.timetoast.com/timelines/history-of-hormones--2 |website=media.timetoast.com |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
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| 1885 || Scientific development || {{w|Claude Bernard}} coins the term ‘internal secretion’, showing that the body can both break down and build up, complex chemical substances.<ref name="History of Hormonesvv">{{cite web |title=History of Hormones |url=https://media.timetoast.com/timelines/history-of-hormones--2 |website=media.timetoast.com |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1894 || Scientific development || English physiologist {{w|Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer}} discovers and demonstrates the existence of {{w|adrenaline}} together with [[w:George Oliver (physician)|George Oliver]], and he also coins the term "{{w|endocrine}}" for the secretions of the ductless glands. Schafer's method of {{w|artificial respiration}} is named after him.<ref name="odnb">{{Cite journal | title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/35967 | year = 2004 | pmid =  | pmc = }}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1894 || Scientific development || English physiologist {{w|Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer}} discovers and demonstrates the existence of {{w|adrenaline}} together with [[w:George Oliver (physician)|George Oliver]], and he also coins the term "{{w|endocrine}}" for the secretions of the ductless glands. Schafer's method of {{w|artificial respiration}} is named after him.<ref name="odnb">{{Cite journal | title = The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography | doi = 10.1093/ref:odnb/35967 | year = 2004 | pmid =  | pmc = }}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1910 || Scientific development || Hungarian pathologist {{w|Arthur Biedl}} shows that the {{w|adrenal cortex}} is essential for life. His classic work ''Innere Sekretion'' (Internal Secretions) shows the rapid development of the knowledge of endocrinology.<ref name="History of Hormonesvv"/> ||
 
| 1910 || Scientific development || Hungarian pathologist {{w|Arthur Biedl}} shows that the {{w|adrenal cortex}} is essential for life. His classic work ''Innere Sekretion'' (Internal Secretions) shows the rapid development of the knowledge of endocrinology.<ref name="History of Hormonesvv"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1912 || || {{w|Harvey Cushing}} publishes ''The Pituitary Body and its Disorders'', showcasing the innovative operative techniques that would lead to odern surgical procedures to remove pituitary tumors.<ref name="The Hormone Factor in Mental Health: Bridging the Mind-Body Gap"/> ||
+
| 1912 || Literature || {{w|Harvey Cushing}} publishes ''The Pituitary Body and its Disorders'', showcasing the innovative operative techniques that would lead to odern surgical procedures to remove pituitary tumors.<ref name="The Hormone Factor in Mental Health: Bridging the Mind-Body Gap"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1914 || Scientific development || American biochemist {{w|Edward Calvin Kendall}} isolates {{w|thyroxine}} in crystalline form.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline">{{cite web |title=Century of Endocrinology Timeline |url=https://www.endocrine.org/timeline/ |website=endocrine.org |accessdate=15 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1914 || Scientific development || American biochemist {{w|Edward Calvin Kendall}} isolates {{w|thyroxine}} in crystalline form.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline">{{cite web |title=Century of Endocrinology Timeline |url=https://www.endocrine.org/timeline/ |website=endocrine.org |accessdate=15 January 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
 
|-
 
| 1916 || Organization || The {{w|Endocrine Society}} is founded. It is a professional, international medical organization in the field of endocrinology and {{w|metabolism}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Endocrine Society |url=https://www.endocrine.org/about-us/history |website=endocrine.org |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1916 || Organization || The {{w|Endocrine Society}} is founded. It is a professional, international medical organization in the field of endocrinology and {{w|metabolism}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the Endocrine Society |url=https://www.endocrine.org/about-us/history |website=endocrine.org |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
−
|-
 
−
| 1916 || Literature ||  Elliott Joslin publishes ''Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus''. ||
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1917 || Literature (journal) || Scientific journal [[w:Endocrinology (journal)|Endocrinology]] is launched by the {{w|Endocrine Society}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Endocrine Society The First Forty Years (1917-1957) |url=https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/80/1/5/2695892 |website=academic.oup.com |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1917 || Literature (journal) || Scientific journal [[w:Endocrinology (journal)|Endocrinology]] is launched by the {{w|Endocrine Society}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Endocrine Society The First Forty Years (1917-1957) |url=https://academic.oup.com/endo/article-abstract/80/1/5/2695892 |website=academic.oup.com |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1921 || Scientific development || Evans and Long show the effect of anterior lobe extract on the growth rate of rats.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1921 || Scientific development || Evans and Long show the effect of anterior lobe extract on the growth rate of rats.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1921 || Scientific development || {{w|Frederick Banting}} and [[w:John Macleod (physiologist)|John Mcleod]] and [[w:Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]] succeeded in lowering the level of blood-sugar when using insulin to control the carbohydrate metabolism.<ref name="History of Hormonesvv"/> ||
+
| 1921 || Scientific development || {{w|Frederick Banting}} and [[w:John Macleod (physiologist)|John Mcleod]] and [[w:Charles Best (medical scientist)|Charles Best]] succeed in lowering the level of blood-sugar when using insulin to control the carbohydrate metabolism.<ref name="History of Hormonesvv"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1923 || || Canadian medical scientist {{w|Frederick Banting}} and [[w:John Macleod (physiologist)|John Mcleod]] are awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} "for the discovery of {{w|insulin}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1923/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> ||
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| 1923 || Award || Canadian medical scientist {{w|Frederick Banting}} and [[w:John Macleod (physiologist)|John Mcleod]] are awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} "for the discovery of {{w|insulin}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1923/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1923 || Organization || The {{w|American Thyroid Association}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Thyroid Association Timeline |url=https://www.thyroid.org/about-american-thyroid-association/clark-t-sawin-history-resource-center/american-association-timeline/ |website=thyroid.org |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> It is a non-profit, all-volunteer professional organization with over 1,700 members from 43 countries around the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Thyroid Association |url=https://www.touchendocrinology.com/articles/presidential-reflection |website=touchendocrinology.com |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1923 || Organization || The {{w|American Thyroid Association}} is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Thyroid Association Timeline |url=https://www.thyroid.org/about-american-thyroid-association/clark-t-sawin-history-resource-center/american-association-timeline/ |website=thyroid.org |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> It is a non-profit, all-volunteer professional organization with over 1,700 members from 43 countries around the world.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Thyroid Association |url=https://www.touchendocrinology.com/articles/presidential-reflection |website=touchendocrinology.com |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1926 || Scientific development || Foster and P.E. Smith find that atrophy of the thyroid and lowered BMR in hypophysectomized animals could be restored by using pituitary homoplastic implants.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> In the same year, Smith shows that hypophysectomy causes atrophy of the adrenals, which Evans prevents by administration of pituitary extracts.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1926 || Scientific development || Foster and P.E. Smith find that atrophy of the thyroid and lowered BMR in hypophysectomized animals could be restored by using pituitary homoplastic implants.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> In the same year, Smith shows that hypophysectomy causes atrophy of the adrenals, which Evans prevents by administration of pituitary extracts.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1927 || || P.E. Smith and Engle demonstrate that gonadal activity is maintained by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 1927 || Scientific development || P.E. Smith and Engle demonstrate that gonadal activity is maintained by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1928 || || Bernhard Zondek and Aschheim isolate the gonadotrophic hormones (prolan A and B) of the anterior pituitary.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 1928 || Scientific development || Israeli gynecologist {{w|Bernhard Zondek}} and German gynecologist {{w|Selmar Aschheim}} isolate the gonadotrophic hormones (prolan A and B) of the anterior pituitary.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1929 || Scientific development || {{w|Walter Bradford Cannon}} coins the term "{{w|homeostasis}}" for "same" and "steady". This important concept highlights the critical role of negative feedback in governing endocrine physiology.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
| 1929 || Scientific development || {{w|Walter Bradford Cannon}} coins the term "{{w|homeostasis}}" for "same" and "steady". This important concept highlights the critical role of negative feedback in governing endocrine physiology.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1929 || || Putnam, Benedict and Teel produce experimental acromegaly in dogs by anterior lobe extract injection.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 1929 || Scientific development || Putnam, Benedict and Teel produce experimental {{w|acromegaly}} in dogs by anterior lobe extract injection.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1929 || Scientific development || Stricker and Grueter discover {{w|prolactin}}.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1929 || Scientific development || Stricker and Grueter discover {{w|prolactin}}.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
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| 1946 || Organization || The {{w|Society for Endocrinology}} is founded. It is an international membership organization, supporting scientists, clinicians and nurses who work with hormones throughout their careers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Society for Endocrinology |url=https://www.endocrinology.org/grants-and-awards/prizes-and-awards/medals/ |website=endocrinology.org |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1946 || Organization || The {{w|Society for Endocrinology}} is founded. It is an international membership organization, supporting scientists, clinicians and nurses who work with hormones throughout their careers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Society for Endocrinology |url=https://www.endocrinology.org/grants-and-awards/prizes-and-awards/medals/ |website=endocrinology.org |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1947 || || The {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} is awarded to American biochemists [[w:Carl Ferdinand Cori|Carl]] and {{w|Gerty Cori}} "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen", and to Argentine biochemist {{w|Bernardo Houssay}} "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1947/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> ||
+
| 1947 || Award || The {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} is awarded to American biochemists [[w:Carl Ferdinand Cori|Carl]] and {{w|Gerty Cori}} "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen", and to Argentine biochemist {{w|Bernardo Houssay}} "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1947/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=5 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1948 || || Hench and his colleagues discover the antiinflamatory effect of cortisone (Kendall's compound-E).<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 1948 || Scientific development || Hench and his colleagues discover the antiinflamatory effect of {{w|cortisone}} (Kendall's compound-E).<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1949 || || Choh Hao Li and Evans isolate follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 1949 || Scientific development || Choh Hao Li and Evans isolate follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1949 || Scientific development || {{w|Edward Calvin Kendall}} discovers that {{w|cortisone}} could relieve symptoms of {{w|rheumatoid arthritis}}.<ref name="History of Hormonesvv"/> ||
 
| 1949 || Scientific development || {{w|Edward Calvin Kendall}} discovers that {{w|cortisone}} could relieve symptoms of {{w|rheumatoid arthritis}}.<ref name="History of Hormonesvv"/> ||
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| 1955 || Scientific development || American surgeon {{w|Robert Milton Zollinger}} and E. H. Ellison describe the later called {{w|Zollinger–Ellison syndrome}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=A case of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome associated with hyperplasia of salivary and Brunner's glands |url=https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/11/10/837.full.pdf |website=gut.bmj.com |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 1955 || Scientific development || American surgeon {{w|Robert Milton Zollinger}} and E. H. Ellison describe the later called {{w|Zollinger–Ellison syndrome}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=A case of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome associated with hyperplasia of salivary and Brunner's glands |url=https://gut.bmj.com/content/gutjnl/11/10/837.full.pdf |website=gut.bmj.com |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1956 || || "In 1956, Roitt and Doniach found that patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis had circulating autoantibodies reacting to thyroid self antigens. In the same year, Adams and Purves recognized that patients with Graves’ disease had a serum factor defined as long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS), later found to be an immunoglobulin G binding to the TSH receptor. Also in 1956, Rose and Witebsky demonstrated that a lymphocytic thyroiditis similar to the spontaneous human disease can be induced in animals by immunization with autologous thyroid extracts in Freund adjuvant.  This led to the general concept of autoimmune gland failure."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1956 || Scientific development || Swiss clinical immunologist {{w|Deborah Doniach}} and British immunologist {{w|Ivan Roitt}} find that patients with {{w|Hashimoto's thyroiditiss}} have circulating autoantibodies reacting to thyroid self antigens.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1956 || Scientific development || Adams and Purves recognize that patients with {{w|Graves’ disease}} have a serum factor defined as long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS), later found to be an immunoglobulin G binding to the {{w|thyroid-stimulating hormone}} receptor.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||  
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1956 || || Cohn describes primary aldosteronism.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 1956 || Scientific development || Noel R. Rose and {{w|Ernst Witebsky}} demonstrate that a {{w|lymphocytic thyroiditis}} similar to the spontaneous human disease can be induced in animals by immunization with autologous thyroid extracts in Freund adjuvant.  This would lead to the general concept of autoimmune gland failure.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Autoimmune Diseases |edition=Ian R. Mackay, Noel R Rose |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PTMTAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15&dq=Noel+R.+Rose+Witebsky+%221956%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC3_O6ld_gAhXmHrkGHUk7D5cQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=Noel%20R.%20Rose%20Witebsky%20%221956%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Meurant |first1=Gerard |title=The Autoimmune Diseases |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=i-J1783i8bsC&pg=PA162&dq=Noel+R.+Rose+Witebsky+%221956%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC3_O6ld_gAhXmHrkGHUk7D5cQ6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=Noel%20R.%20Rose%20Witebsky%20%221956%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bier |first1=O.G. |last2=Dias Da Silva |first2=W. |last3=Goetze |first3=D. |last4=Mota |first4=I. |title=Fundamentals of Immunology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=opvTBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA413&dq=Noel+R.+Rose+Witebsky+%221956%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC3_O6ld_gAhXmHrkGHUk7D5cQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=Noel%20R.%20Rose%20Witebsky%20%221956%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stern |first1=Judith S. |last2=Kazaks |first2=Alexandra |title=Obesity: A Reference Handbook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=e3c_qS7JWnoC&pg=PA240&dq=Noel+R.+Rose+Witebsky+%221956%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC3_O6ld_gAhXmHrkGHUk7D5cQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=Noel%20R.%20Rose%20Witebsky%20%221956%22&f=false}}</ref>||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1957 || Medical development || "In 1957, Enovid was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment for menstrual disorders, not as a contraceptive, although the drug had been developed as an oral contraceptive.  The FDA mandated a warning on the label that it would prevent ovulation.  It was not until 1960 that the FDA approved the Pill's use for method of birth control in 1960."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1956 || Scientific development || Cohn describes {{w|primary aldosteronism}}.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1957 || || Raben develops a method for the extraction of human GH grom the pituitaries of cadavers.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 1957 || Scientific development || Maurice S. Raben develops a method for the extraction of human {{w|growth hormone}} grom the pituitaries of cadavers.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1958 || || "In 1958, Elwood Jensen (Society President, 1980-1981) discovered the estrogen receptor, the first receptor found for any hormone. Using a radioactive marker, Jensen showed that only the tissues that respond to estrogen, such as those of the female reproductive tract, were able to concentrate injected estrogen from the blood. This specific uptake suggested that these cells must contain binding proteins, which he called “estrogen receptors.”"<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1958 || Medical development || American medical researcher {{w|Elwood V. Jensen}} discovers the {{w|estrogen receptor}}, the first receptor found for any {{w|hormone}}. Using a radioactive marker, Jensen shows that only the tissues that respond to estrogen, such as those of the female reproductive tract, are able to concentrate injected estrogen from the blood. This specific uptake suggests that these cells must contain binding proteins, which Jensen calls “estrogen receptors.”<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1958 || Award || {{w|Frederick Sanger}} recieves the {{w|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin". || {{w|Sweden}}
 
| 1958 || Award || {{w|Frederick Sanger}} recieves the {{w|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin". || {{w|Sweden}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1958 || || Verner-Morrison describe the watery diarrhoea hypokalaemic achlorhydric syndrome.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 1958 || Scientific development || John V. Verner and Ashton B. Morrison describe the watery diarrhoea hypokalaemic achlorhydric syndrome.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Cruickshank |first1=Alan H. |last2=Benbow |first2=Emyr W. |title=Pathology of the Pancreas |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=PUYyBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT520&dq=%22verner%22+%22morrison%22+%221958%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRv5yTod3gAhVWKLkGHe3qD1oQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22verner%22%20%22morrison%22%20%221958%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hormonal Actions in Non-endocrine Systems |edition=W.B. Essman |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_gsrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA71&dq=%22verner%22+%22morrison%22+%221958%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRv5yTod3gAhVWKLkGHe3qD1oQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=%22verner%22%20%22morrison%22%20%221958%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nVh7DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA52&dq=%22verner%22+%22morrison%22+%221958%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRv5yTod3gAhVWKLkGHe3qD1oQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22verner%22%20%22morrison%22%20%221958%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kannan |first1=C.R. |title=Essential Endocrinology: A Primer for Nonspecialists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2v8xBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA495&dq=%22verner%22+%22morrison%22+%221958%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRv5yTod3gAhVWKLkGHe3qD1oQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=%22verner%22%20%22morrison%22%20%221958%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1958 || Medical development || Gross suggests {{w|angiotensin}} to control aldosterone secretion.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1958 || Medical development || Gross suggests {{w|angiotensin}} to control aldosterone secretion.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
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| 1963 || Scientific development || Glick, Roth, Berson and Yallow describe a radioimmunological assay (RIA) method for the measurement of human GH.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1963 || Scientific development || Glick, Roth, Berson and Yallow describe a radioimmunological assay (RIA) method for the measurement of human GH.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1963 || || Hirsch finds {{w|calcitonin}} in the mammal thyroid.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 1963 || Scientific development || Hirsch finds {{w|calcitonin}} in the mammal thyroid.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1964 || Award || British chemist {{w|Dorothy Hodgkin}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances".  Hodgkin's most significant scientific contributions are the determination of the structures of {{w|penicillin}}, {{w|insulin}}, and {{w|vitamin B12}}.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
| 1964 || Award || British chemist {{w|Dorothy Hodgkin}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances".  Hodgkin's most significant scientific contributions are the determination of the structures of {{w|penicillin}}, {{w|insulin}}, and {{w|vitamin B12}}.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
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| 1966 || Scientific development || British physiologist {{w|Roderic Alfred Gregory}} isolates {{w|gastrin}} and defines its structure.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1966 || Scientific development || British physiologist {{w|Roderic Alfred Gregory}} isolates {{w|gastrin}} and defines its structure.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1966 || || Canadian-American physician {{w|Charles Brenton Huggins}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer".<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
+
| 1966 || Award || Canadian-American physician {{w|Charles Brenton Huggins}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer".<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1967 || Scientific development || Immunological methods are introduced for the estimation of serum calcitonin.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1967 || Scientific development || Immunological methods are introduced for the estimation of serum calcitonin.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1969 || || "In 1969, a group led by Roger Guillemin (Society President, 1986-1987) and another by Andrew V. Schally (Society member) announced that the hypothalamic substance that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) is L-pyroglutamyL-L-histidyl-L-prolineamide (L-pGlu-L-His-L-ProNH2). This tripeptide is now called thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). "<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1969 || Scientific development || Group led by French-born American neuroscientist {{w|Roger Guillemin}} and another by American endocrinologist {{w|Andrew Schally}} announce that the {{w|hypothalamic}} substance that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release {{w|thyrotropin}} (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) is L-pyroglutamyL-L-histidyl-L-prolineamide (L-pGlu-L-His-L-ProNH2). This {{w|tripeptide}} is now called {{w|thyrotropin-releasing hormone}}.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1969 || Scientific development || A. G. Everson Pearse introduces the amine uptake and peptide hormone secretion (APUD) concept.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1969 || Scientific development || A. G. Everson Pearse introduces the amine uptake and peptide hormone secretion (APUD) concept.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1970 || || "T4 to T3 Conversion in Periphery Demonstrated by Lewis E. Braverman, Sidney H. Ingbar (Society President, 1985-1986), and Kenneth Sterling. Conversion of Thyroxine (T4) to Triiodothyronine (T3) in Athyreotic Human Subjects"<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1970 || Scientific development || Lewis E. Braverman, Sidney H. Ingbar, and Kenneth Sterling demonstrate T4 to T3 conversion in periphery.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1970 || Award || Argentine physician {{w|Luis Federico Leloir}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
| 1970 || Award || Argentine physician {{w|Luis Federico Leloir}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
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| 1970 || Scientific development || Mitchell and colleagues introduce the {{w|glucagon}} stimulation test to detect {{w|Growth hormone deficiency}}.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1970 || Scientific development || Mitchell and colleagues introduce the {{w|glucagon}} stimulation test to detect {{w|Growth hormone deficiency}}.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1971 || Award || "Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. was awarded the Nobel Prize n Physiology or Medicine in 1971 for his discoveries concerning "the mechanisms of the action of hormones". Sutherland's discovery that the action of cyclic AMP was a biochemical, rather than a physiological demonstration of receptor activity, was one of the first times receptors were thought of in biochemical terms." || {{w|Sweden}}
+
| 1971 || Award || American pharmacologist {{w|Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr.}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize n Physiology or Medicine}} for his discoveries concerning "the mechanisms of the action of hormones". || {{w|Sweden}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1971 || Scientific development || Hughes, Kosterlitz and colleagues determine the structure of the {{w|thyroid-stimulating hormone}}.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1971 || Scientific development || Hughes, Kosterlitz and colleagues determine the structure of the {{w|thyroid-stimulating hormone}}.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1971–1975 || || Hughes, Kosterlitz and colleagues identify the pentapeptides from the brain to posses potent opiate agonist activity.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
+
| 1971–1975 || Scientific development || Hughes, Kosterlitz and colleagues identify the pentapeptides from the brain to posses potent opiate agonist activity.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1971–1979 || Scientific development || Present day ideas on the mechanism of hormonal action are formulated.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1971–1979 || Scientific development || Present day ideas on the mechanism of hormonal action are formulated.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1972-1978 || || "From 1972- 1978 screening began for neonatal congenital hypothyroidism in the USA, Canada, England, Japan and some other countries. In most cases of congenital hypothyroidism, problems with the thyroid start in the womb. Because the gland is missing, incomplete, or in the wrong place, the body does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Missing or low levels of the hormone lead to abnormal growth and development, as well as slower intellectual functioning. Simply providing thyroid hormone at normal levels can prevent the effects and health problems of congenital hypothyroidism. Source:  NICHD Mission and Scientific Accomplishments: Congenital Hypothyroidism"<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1972-1978 || Medical development || Screening begins for neonatal congenital hypothyroidism in the United States, Canada, England, Japan and some other countries. In most cases of congenital hypothyroidism, problems with the thyroid start in the {{w|womb}}.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}, {{w|Canada}}, {{w|England}}, {{w|Japan}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1975 || Scientific development || A.F. Bradbury, D.G. Smyth and C.R. Snell isolate {{w|beta-endorphin}} and describe its structure.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
| 1975 || Scientific development || A.F. Bradbury, D.G. Smyth and C.R. Snell isolate {{w|beta-endorphin}} and describe its structure.<ref name="A History of Endocrinologys"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1977 || || "The discovery led to an increased interest in the role of peptides in the nervous system. Guillemin and Schally each received one-quarter of the 1977 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.  The other half the prize was awarded to Rosalyn Yalow (Society President, 1978-1979) for her contribution to the development of the radioimmune assay as a system for the detection of minute amounts of biological substances, including peptides."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
+
| 1977 || Award || Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally share half of the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" with the other half awarded to {{w|Rosalyn Yalow}} "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1977/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=28 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
−
|-
 
−
| 1977 || || "In 1977, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was divided, with one half jointly awarded to Roger Guillemin (Society President, 1986-1987) and Andrew V. Schally (Society member), "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" and the other half to Rosalyn Yalow (Society President, 1978-1979) "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"." || {{w|Sweden}}
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1978 || Medical development || {{w|Louise Brown}} becomes the world’s first test tube baby. After numerous attempts to impregnate her mother, British medical researcher [[w:Robert Edwards (physiologist)|Robert Edwards]] and British gynecologist {{w|Patrick Steptoe}} tried fertilizing her eggs in a {{w|Petri dish}} before implanting a two-and-a-half-day-old embryo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Louise Brown |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louise-Brown |website=britannica.com |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref>  || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1978 || Medical development || {{w|Louise Brown}} becomes the world’s first test tube baby. After numerous attempts to impregnate her mother, British medical researcher [[w:Robert Edwards (physiologist)|Robert Edwards]] and British gynecologist {{w|Patrick Steptoe}} tried fertilizing her eggs in a {{w|Petri dish}} before implanting a two-and-a-half-day-old embryo.<ref>{{cite web |title=Louise Brown |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louise-Brown |website=britannica.com |accessdate=7 February 2019}}</ref>  || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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|-
 
|-
 
| 1979 || Organization || The {{w|Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology}} is founded. ||
 
| 1979 || Organization || The {{w|Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology}} is founded. ||
−
|-
 
−
| 1980 || Organization || "{{w|BIRDEM}}, the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders" || {{w|Bangladesh}}
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1980 || Literature (book) || "First published in 1980, Endocrine Reviews is an enduring and high impact factor resource.  Comprehensive reviews cover clinical and research topics, including thyroid disorders, pediatric endocrinology, growth factors, and reproductive medicine.  Each issue provides translational and basic research articles with knowledge, understanding, and perspective in diabetes, endocrinology, and metabolism."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
| 1980 || Literature (book) || "First published in 1980, Endocrine Reviews is an enduring and high impact factor resource.  Comprehensive reviews cover clinical and research topics, including thyroid disorders, pediatric endocrinology, growth factors, and reproductive medicine.  Each issue provides translational and basic research articles with knowledge, understanding, and perspective in diabetes, endocrinology, and metabolism."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1982 || || "In 1982, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"." || {{w|Sweden}}
+
| 1982 || Award || {{w|Sune Bergström}}, {{w|Bengt I. Samuelsson}} and {{w|John Vane}} share the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} "for their discoveries concerning {{w|prostaglandin}}s and related biologically active substances".<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1982/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=28 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1983–1993 || || "The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) was a major clinical study conducted from 1983 to 1993 and funded by the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). The study showed that keeping blood glucose levels as close to normal as possible slows the onset and progression of the eye, kidney, and nerve damage caused by diabetes."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1986 || Award || American biochemist [[w:Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]] and Italian neurobiologist {{w|Rita Levi-Montalcini}} are awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} "for their discoveries of growth factors". The nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor are the first of many growth-regulating signal substances to be discovered and characterized.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
−
|-
 
−
| 1986 || || "In 1986, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 was awarded jointly to Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini "for their discoveries of growth factors". Through Rita Levi-Montalcini's discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) and Stanley Cohen's discovery of epidermal growth factor (EFG), it was shown how the growth and differentiation of a cell is regulated.  NGF and EGF were the first of many growth-regulating signal substances to be discovered and characterized."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1987 || Literature (journal) || Peer-reviewed journal ''{{w|Molecular Endocrinology}}'' is first issued.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldberg |first1=Mark A. |last2=Kaiser |first2=Ursula B. |title=Editorial: The Rise of the Asterisk: One Step to Facilitate Team Science |doi=10.1210/me.2015-1140 |pmid=26132706 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4484782/ |pmc=4484782}}</ref> ||
 
| 1987 || Literature (journal) || Peer-reviewed journal ''{{w|Molecular Endocrinology}}'' is first issued.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldberg |first1=Mark A. |last2=Kaiser |first2=Ursula B. |title=Editorial: The Rise of the Asterisk: One Step to Facilitate Team Science |doi=10.1210/me.2015-1140 |pmid=26132706 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4484782/ |pmc=4484782}}</ref> ||
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| 1987 || Scientific development || William I. Wood clones the {{w|growth hormone receptor}}.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
| 1987 || Scientific development || William I. Wood clones the {{w|growth hormone receptor}}.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1988 || || "Theo Colborn's 1988 research on the state of the environment of the Great Lakes revealed that top predator female birds, fish, mammals, and reptiles transferred persistent, man-made chemicals to their offspring, which undermined the development and programming of their youngsters’ organs before they were born or hatched."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1988 || Scientific development || Theo Colborn's research on the state of the environment of the Great Lakes reveals that top predator female birds, fish, mammals, and reptiles transfer persistent, man-made chemicals to their offspring, which undermines the development and programming of their youngsters’ organs before they are born or hatched.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1990 || || "1990: David Barker Proposes Causal Relationship Between Fetal Development and Adult Disease
+
| 1990 || Scientific development || English physician [[w:David Barker (epidemiologist)|David Barker]] proposes the concept later called {{w|Barker Hypothesis}}, suggesting that in utero environmental conditions, such as {{w|undernutrition}}, can permanently alter {{w|metabolism}} and other functions in ways that dramatically affect health later in life and cause e.g., heart disease. This concept would be expanded to include chemical exposures such as EDCs and is called the Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease (DOHaD).<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||  
−
In 1990, David Barker proposed the concept, originally called the "Barker Hypothesis" that in utero environmental conditions, such as undernutrition, can permanently alter metabolism and other functions in ways that dramatically affect health later in life and cause e.g., heart disease. This concept has been expanded in recent years to include chemical exposures such as EDCs and is called the Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease (DOHaD). "<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1991 || Scientific development || The term “[[w:endocrine disruptor|Endocrine Disruption]]” is first used.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
| 1991 || Scientific development || The term “[[w:endocrine disruptor|Endocrine Disruption]]” is first used.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1992 || || "1992: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Shown to Affect Cognitive Function in Children
+
| 1992 || Scientific development || {{w|Polychlorinated Biphenyl}}s (PCBs) are shown to affect cognitive function in children. Jacobson et. al., link PCB exposure to impairment in cognitive functioning and show that impairments are predominantly due to developmental, intrauterine exposure, rather than postnatal effects.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
−
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were used in a variety of materials through the 1970s before they were banned.  However, low levels of contamination in fish and wildlife continued to serve as sources of human exposure. Jacobson et. al., linked PCB exposure to impairment in cognitive functioning and showed that impairments were predominantly due to developmental, intrauterine exposure, rather than postnatal effects. "<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1992 || Literature (book) || "In 1992 a book followed, Chemically Induced Alterations in Sexual and Functional Development: The Wildlife/Human Connection, which is a collection of technical manuscripts by those who attended the session."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||  
+
| 1994 || Scientific development || American molecular geneticist {{w|Jeffrey M. Friedman}} discovers {{w|leptin}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Leptin: Regulation and Clinical Applications |edition=Sam Dagogo-Jack, MD |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_KF3BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA38&dq=%22Friedman%22+%22leptin%22+%221994%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNrr2a5t7gAhVaGbkGHRKPBgMQ6AEIOzAD#v=onepage&q=%22Friedman%22%20%22leptin%22%20%221994%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Reproduction and Fertility: Supplement, Issue 54 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MWEVAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Friedman%22+%22leptin%22+%221994%22&dq=%22Friedman%22+%22leptin%22+%221994%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNrr2a5t7gAhVaGbkGHRKPBgMQ6AEIRDAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stern |first1=Judith S. |last2=Kazaks |first2=Alexandra |title=Obesity: A Reference Handbook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=DaaRl5BZFLgC&pg=PA161&dq=%22Friedman%22+%22leptin%22+%221994%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiNrr2a5t7gAhVaGbkGHRKPBgMQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22Friedman%22%20%22leptin%22%20%221994%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1992 || || "In 1992, a study of Danish men showed that dramatic increases in testicular cancer after exposure to chemicals with estrogenic activity and linked to declines in male reproductive health. "<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
+
| 1996 || Literature (book) || Dianne Dumanoski and John Peterson Myers ''Our Stolen Future'', which describes the low-dose and/or ambient exposure effects of endocrine disruptors.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
−
|-
 
−
| 1994 || || "1994: Discovery of Leptin
 
−
Jeffrey Friedman  cloned the ob gene in mice and its homolog in humans in 1994.  In 1995, Friedman purified the gene product, a hormone he called leptin.  Friedman’s discovery of leptin showed that there is a robust physiologic system that regulates food intake and metabolism, that fat is an endocrine organ, and that obesity is a problem of biology.  Leptin acts to maintain homeostatic control of fat mass as follows. Source:  "The Discovery of Leptin, the Hormone that Regulates Body Weight." The Rockefeller University Hospital."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
−
|-
 
−
| 1995 || || "1995: NIEHS Launches First EDC Initiative: EDCs and Women’s Health Outcomes
 
−
Research on the health effects of chemicals and other exposures suspected to disrupt the endocrine system was a recognized high priority of the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) and the Office of Research on Women's Health (ORWH) of the National Institutes of Health. Exposure to chemicals affecting a person’s endocrine system can have broad systemic effects in reproductive, neurologic, and immunologic health including an increase the risk of hormone-related cancers. The goal of the first NIEHC EDC initiative outlined in the 1995 Request for Applications (RFA) was to encourage the fields of toxicology and epidemiology to pursue research on the human health effects of exposure to chemicals that mimic, antagonize, or indirectly alter the activity of hormones. This initiative was the first to support research studying the health effects on women, a particularly high risk group because of the potential to affect the woman herself and future offspring."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
−
|-
 
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| 1996 || Literature (book) || " The information from this volume and numerous subsequent scientific publications on the result of low-dose and/or ambient exposure effects of endocrine disruptors was popularized in her 1996 book, Our Stolen Future, co-authored with Dianne Dumanoski and John Peterson Myers published in 18 languages. Colborn’s work has prompted the enactment of new laws around the world and redirected the research of independent scientists, governments, and the private sector. "<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
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| 1996 || || "Later work by Larsen, et. al. (1996), built upon this and other studies and further showed increases in testicular cancer, hypospadias, and cryptorchidism.  Increasing evidence linked estrogenic factors to emerging trends in male reproductive health, both in humans and wildlife."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
 
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| 1997 || Organization || The {{w|Endocrine Society}} establishes the Hormone Foundation as a public education affiliate.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
| 1997 || Organization || The {{w|Endocrine Society}} establishes the Hormone Foundation as a public education affiliate.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
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| 1998 || Award || "In 1998, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Robert F. Furchgott, Louis J. Ignarro and Ferid Murad (Society member) "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system". "<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
+
| 1998 || Award || American biochemist {{w|Robert F. Furchgott}}, American pharmacologist {{w|Louis J. Ignarro}} and American physician {{w|Ferid Murad}} are awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system."<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1998/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=28 February 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
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| 2001 || Literature || "2001: Endocrine News First Published
+
| 2001 || Literature || the Endocrine Society first publishes ''Endocrine News'', a monthly news and feature magazine providing information on trends in the field of endocrinology as well as a closer look at recently published research.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
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Endocrine News is a monthly news and feature magazine published by the Endocrine Society as a benefit for members and other interested parties. The magazine provides an in-depth look at trends in the field of endocrinology as well as a closer look at recently published research. Additionally, the editorial content in Endocrine News provides its audience with helpful information, insight, and education about the field and practice of endocrinology and endocrine research. Endocrine News informs and engages the global endocrine community by delivering timely, accurate, and trusted content covering the practice, research, and profession of endocrinology." ||
 
 
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| 2009 || || "2009: Endocrine Society Publishes Position Statement on Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
+
| 2009 || Scientific development || The {{w|Endocrine Society}} creates a task force charged with summarizing current knowledge about [[w:Endocrine disruptor|endocrine disrupting chemicals]], including possible mechanisms of action and potential health risks. The task force’s work results in the landmark Scientific Statement on EDCs published in the same year. In 2015, the Endocrine Society published a second Scientific Statement on EDCs, building on the groundbreaking first statement and summarizing additional research connecting EDC exposures to infertility, hormone-related cancers, neurological issues, and other disorders."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
−
In 2008, the Endocrine Society created a task force charged with summarizing current knowledge about EDCs, including possible mechanisms of action and potential health risks, and with recommending actions the Endocrine Society could take to promote EDC research. The task force’s work resulted in the landmark Scientific Statement on EDCs published in 2009. In 2015, the Endocrine Society published a second Scientific Statement on EDCs, building on the groundbreaking first statement and summarizing additional research connecting EDC exposures to infertility, hormone-related cancers, neurological issues, and other disorders."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
 
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| 2010 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''{{w|Hormones and Cancer}}'' is first issued.<ref name>{{cite web |title=Hormones and Cancer |url=https://link.springer.com/journal/12672 |website=link.springer.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
| 2010 || Literature (journal) || Medical journal ''{{w|Hormones and Cancer}}'' is first issued.<ref name>{{cite web |title=Hormones and Cancer |url=https://link.springer.com/journal/12672 |website=link.springer.com |accessdate=11 February 2019}}</ref> ||
 
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| 2010 || || "World’s first test tube baby, Louise Brown, was born by caesarean section on July 25, 1978.  Robert Edwards was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of human in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy." || {{w|Sweden}}
+
| 2010 || Award || English physiologist [[w:Robert Edwards (physiologist)|Robert Edwards]] is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} "for the development of {{w|in vitro fertilization}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2010/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
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| 2010 || || "In 2010, Robert G. Edwards received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of in vitro fertilization". Edwards believed that in vitro fertilization could be used as a treatment for infertility beginning in the 1950s. He worked systematically to realize his goal. Through his research Edwards discovered important principles for human fertilization, and succeeded in accomplishing fertilization of human egg cells in cell culture dishes.  The efforts of Edwards were proved a success when the first "test tube baby" was born on July 25, 1978.  In the following years, Edwards and his colleagues continued to research and refine IVF technology and share it with scientists and physicians throughout the world."<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
 
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| 2012 || || "The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Robert J. Lefkowitz (Society member) and Brian K. Kobilka "for studies of G-protein–coupled receptors." "G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) form a remarkable modular system that allows transmission of a wide variety of signals over the cell membrane, between cells and over long distances in the body. Today, we understand the molecular mechanism of how these receptors work in intricate detail, in large part because of the studies by Kobilka and Lefkowitz." (Source:  THE ROYAL SWEDISH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES)"<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
+
| 2012 || Award || American physician {{w|Robert Lefkowitz}} and American physiologist {{w|Brian Kobilka}} are awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Chemistry}} "for studies of {{w|G-protein-coupled receptor}}s.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012 |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2012/summary/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=1 March 2019}}</ref> || {{w|Sweden}}
 
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| 2015 || || "2015: Endocrine Society Issues Position Statement on Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals in the EU
+
| 2015 || Scientific development || The {{w|Endocrine Society}} publishes a second Scientific Statement on [[w:Endocrine disruptor|endocrine disrupting chemicals]], summarizing additional research connecting EDC exposures to {{w|infertility}}, hormone-related cancers, neurological issues, and other disorders.<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
−
Public interest in health threats posed by EDCs lead to the development of policies, laws, and regulations designed to mitigate health risks due to EDCs.  In the European Union, relevant policy activities included Europe’s Strategy on EDCs, and Regulation on Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH).  In 2015, the Endocrine Society issued a statement with positions for policymakers in the European Union to consider in the development of criteria to define EDCs and establish science-based regulatory frameworks. Photo by Stéphane Horel"<ref name="Century of Endocrinology Timeline"/> ||
 
 
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Latest revision as of 09:00, 5 June 2021

This is a timeline of endocrinology, the branch of biology and medicine concerned with endocrine glands and hormones.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
19th century The field of endocrinology begins to be studied late in the century, when the concept of chemical messengers that exert systemic effects throughout the entire body is initially introduced.[1]
20th century The 1910s and 1920s are considered the era of purification of hormones. The 1930s is the era of steroid hormone discovery, the 1940s is the era of endocrine disease, description and therapeutic advances, the 1950s is the era of synthetic hormone production, the 1960s and 1970s is the era of releasing hormones and hormone receptor signaling pathways, 1980s is the era of peptide hormone gene cloning and advent of recombinant hormone therapy, the 1990s is the era of hormone and soluble factor production by many tissues.[2]
21st century The 2000s is the era of genetics and endocrine physiology and disease, the 2010s is the era of integration of endocrine physiology and pathophysiology.[2]

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 27, 2021.

Year endocrinology clinical endocrinology reproductive endocrinology pediatric endocrinology endocrinology diabetes
1980 19,800 9,060 2,680 735 5,060
1985 23,900 11,600 3,560 1,380 6,030
1990 30,700 13,500 4,420 1,530 6,710
1995 43,200 18,900 5,640 2,130 10,100
2000 86,600 42,900 9,240 4,510 19,100
2002 91,800 51,100 10,700 5,290 22,300
2004 105,000 64,400 12,300 6,880 29,600
2006 118,000 69,200 13,700 8,100 32,100
2008 123,000 75,500 15,500 9,570 40,100
2010 130,000 80,000 17,000 10,900 47,900
2012 165,000 106,000 21,800 14,500 69,100
2014 142,000 97,900 23,100 14,100 70,000
2016 117,000 77,500 23,100 16,800 58,500
2017 93,700 68,100 23,600 16,900 58,100
2018 78,800 63,000 25,000 18,400 53,800
2019 70,500 54,100 24,400 19,400 47,200
2020 57,900 47,500 26,200 19,400 37,700
Endocinology tb.png

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Endocrinology (Branch of medicine) and Endocrinology (Search term), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[3]

Endocrinology gt.jpg

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Endocrinology, from 1800 to 2019.[4]

Endocrinology ngram.jpg

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Endocrinology, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015 to January 2021.[5]

HTTPS wv.png

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Location
4th century BC Scientific development The Ayur Veda of Susruta describes "sugarcream" urine which attracts ants.[6] India
30 BC–50 AD Scientific development Greek philosopher Celsus describes polyuria.[6]
1563 Scientific development Italian anatomist Bartolomeo Eustachi publishes his Opuscula Anatomica, which contains the first description of the adrenal glands, labeled “glandulae quae renibus incumbent”.[7] Italy
1567 Medical development Dutch physician Johannes Wier publishes the first attempt at a medical description of the pituitary disorder.[8]
1586–1588 Scientific development Piccolomineus and Bauhin mention the suprarenal glands.[6]
1621–1675 Scientific development English doctor Thomas Willis observes the sweetness of diabetic urine which has a honied taste.[6][9][10] United Kingdom
1627 Scientific development Flemish anatomist Adriaan van den Spiegel talks of the capsulae renales.[6]
1651 Scientific development Highmore suggests that the suprarenals have an absorbent function of exudates from the large vessels.[6]
1742 Scientific development French doctor Joseph Lieutaud discovers the pituitary-portal blood system, known today as the hypothalamo-hypophysial axis.[8]
1805 Scientific development French naturalist Georges Cuvier defines medulla and cortex of the adrenal gland.[6] France
1838 Scientific development German anatomist Martin Rathke becomes the first to describe the formation of the pituitary gland itself.[8] Rathke describes the human hypophysis cerebri as being derived from two parts: an ectodermal dorsal invagination of the oral epithelium, which becomes the adenohypophysis, and a ventral process arising from the floor of the diencephalon, constituting the neurohypophysis or posterior pituitary gland.[11] Germany
1838 Scientific development Scottish physician Robert Willis describes several forms of DI ("hydruria", "anazoturia", and "azoturia") according to associated excretion of urea.
1855 Scientific development English physician Thomas Addison talks "On the constitutional and local effects of disease of the suprarenal capsules".[6][12] United Kingdom
1856 Scientific development Mauritian physiologist Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard proves in animal experiments that the adrenals are essential for the maintenance of life.[6]
1856 Scientific development French physician Alfred Vulpian introduces the staining method for adrenaline.[6] France
1865 Scientific development French physiologist Claude Bernard publishes An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine, which introduces the concept of milieu interieur (internal milieu) and the importance of endocrine systems in keeping this constant.[2] France
1885 Scientific development Claude Bernard coins the term ‘internal secretion’, showing that the body can both break down and build up, complex chemical substances.[13] France
1894 Scientific development English physiologist Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer discovers and demonstrates the existence of adrenaline together with George Oliver, and he also coins the term "endocrine" for the secretions of the ductless glands. Schafer's method of artificial respiration is named after him.[14] United Kingdom
1895 Scientific development Adrenaline becomes the first hormone to be isolated.[13]
1896 Scientific development Osler finds orally given adrenal extract temporarily effecive in the case of Addison's disease.[6]
1901 – 1908 Scientific development Schaefer and his team study the action of pituitary extract on the kidneys.[6]
1901 Scientific development Japanese chemist Takamine Jōkichi isolates adrenaline in crystalline form from the adrenal medulla.[13][15][16] Japan
1902 Scientific development British physiologists Ernest Starling and William Bayliss isolate secretin, the first substance to be called a hormone.[13] United Kingdom
1902 Scientific development Bayliss and Starling report on their discovery of "secretin" in the duodenum.[6]
1902 Scientific development Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov develops a theory of nerve regulation of salivary and alimentary glands, and includes the regulation of the pancreas in his theory.[13] Russia
1904 Scientific development Ernest Starling and William Bayliss develop the theory of hormonal control of internal secretion.[13] United Kingdom
1905 Medical development William Bulloch and JH Sequeira describe patients with adrenogenital syndrome.[6]
1905–1906 Scientific development Edkin describes gastric secretin.[6]
1906 Scientific development Dale describes the oxytocic action of posterior pituitary extract.
1910 Scientific development Hungarian pathologist Arthur Biedl shows that the adrenal cortex is essential for life. His classic work Innere Sekretion (Internal Secretions) shows the rapid development of the knowledge of endocrinology.[13]
1912 Literature Harvey Cushing publishes The Pituitary Body and its Disorders, showcasing the innovative operative techniques that would lead to odern surgical procedures to remove pituitary tumors.[8]
1914 Scientific development American biochemist Edward Calvin Kendall isolates thyroxine in crystalline form.[2] United States
1914 Scientific development German physician Morris Simmonds describes pituitary cachexia (Simmonds' disease) due to infraction of the gland.[17][18] Germany
1915 Scientific development American physiologist Walter Bradford Cannon shows the close connection between the endocrine glands and the emotions.[13]
1915 Scientific development Gaines demonstrates pituitary function in lactation.[6]
1915 Scientific development Keeton and Koch confirm the specific nature of gastrin.[6]
1916 Scientific development Erdheim describes pituitary dwarfism ("Nanosomia pituitaria").[6]
1916 Organization The Endocrine Society is founded. It is a professional, international medical organization in the field of endocrinology and metabolism.[19] United States
1917 Literature (journal) Scientific journal Endocrinology is launched by the Endocrine Society.[20] United States
1919 Scientific development Edward Calvin Kendall obtains pure thyroxine.[21]
1920 Scientific development American anatomist Herbert McLean Evans and Professor Joseph Long discover the human growth hormone.[22][23][24] United States
1921 Scientific development Evans and Long show the effect of anterior lobe extract on the growth rate of rats.[6]
1921 Scientific development Frederick Banting and John Mcleod and Charles Best succeed in lowering the level of blood-sugar when using insulin to control the carbohydrate metabolism.[13]
1923 Award Canadian medical scientist Frederick Banting and John Mcleod are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of insulin.[25]
1923 Organization The American Thyroid Association is founded.[26] It is a non-profit, all-volunteer professional organization with over 1,700 members from 43 countries around the world.[27] United States
1923 Medical development American pharmaceutical Eli Lilly and Company introduces the first commercial insulin.[28] United States
1925 Scientific development Canadian biochemist James Collip isolates parathyroid hormone and uses it in the treatment of tetany.[2]
1926 Scientific development British chemist Charles Harington successfully synthesizes thyroxine.[2][29][30] United Kingdom
1926 Scientific development Foster and P.E. Smith find that atrophy of the thyroid and lowered BMR in hypophysectomized animals could be restored by using pituitary homoplastic implants.[6] In the same year, Smith shows that hypophysectomy causes atrophy of the adrenals, which Evans prevents by administration of pituitary extracts.[6]
1927 Scientific development P.E. Smith and Engle demonstrate that gonadal activity is maintained by the anterior lobe of the pituitary.[6]
1928 Scientific development Israeli gynecologist Bernhard Zondek and German gynecologist Selmar Aschheim isolate the gonadotrophic hormones (prolan A and B) of the anterior pituitary.[6]
1929 Scientific development Walter Bradford Cannon coins the term "homeostasis" for "same" and "steady". This important concept highlights the critical role of negative feedback in governing endocrine physiology.[2]
1929 Scientific development Putnam, Benedict and Teel produce experimental acromegaly in dogs by anterior lobe extract injection.[6]
1929 Scientific development Stricker and Grueter discover prolactin.[6]
1929 Scientific development Carl Ferdinand Cori and Gerty Cori propose the theory of the Cori Cycle, which refers to the phases in the metabolism of carbohydrates in which muscles convert glycogen to lactic acid.[2]
1929 Scientific development Adolf Butenandt and American biochemist Edward Adelbert Doisy isolate estrone simultaneously but independently.[31][32][33][34] Germany, United States
1929 Scientific development Aron and, independently, Loeb and Basset describe the action of thyroid-stimulating hormone of the anterior pituitary.[6]
1930 Scientific development Argentine physiologist Bernardo Houssay proves the diabetogenic effect of extracts from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.[2] Houssay and Biasotti succeed in removing the pancreas in the hypophysectomized dog.[6] Argentina
1930 Medical development Rowntree and Greene successfully treat a patient with Addison's disease with Swingle and Pfiffner's extract.[6]
1931 Scientific development German biochemist Adolf Butenandt isolates the androgenic steroid androsterone.[35] Germany
1932 Scientific development Cushing connects the "polyglandular syndrome" of pituitary basophilism with pituitary-adrenal hyperactivity.[6]
1932 Scientific development Anderson and Collip describe the thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) of the anterior pituitary.[6]
1933 Medical development Loeb treats the abnormal serum electrolytes in Addison's disease with sodium chloride.[6]
1933 Scientific development American biologist Oscar Riddle and colleagues identify and isolate the pituitary hormone prolactin.[36][37][38] United States
1933 Scientific development Collip and his team isolate an impure "adrenotropic hormone".[6]
1934 Scientific development American endocrinologist Fuller Albright suggests a relationship between chronic renal disease and hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), in which an intrinsic abnormality of the parathyroid glands leads to overproduction of parathyroid hormone (PTH).[39] In the following years, Albright would describe the biochemistry of primary hyperparathyroidism and kidney stones as one of the important diagnostic features.[6][40] United States
1934 Scientific development Butenandt isolates progesterone from the corpus luteum.[2]
1935 Scientific development Dutch biochemist Ernst Laqueur in Amsterdam isolates testosterone, and determines its chemical structure.[41][42][43][35] Netherlands
1935 Scientific development American chemist Edward Calvin Kendall first isolates Compound E (later renamed cortisone) from bovine adrenal glands along with a series of structurally related steroids (including cortisol, then named compound F) capable of improving muscular strength when administered to adrenalectomised rats or dogs.[2] United States
1935–1953 Scientific development Austrian pathologist Friedrich Feyrter in Danzig describes the pheriferal paracrine endocrine glands in man. Feyrter is often described as the "Father of Neuroendocrinology".[44]
1936 Scientific development Hungarian-Canadian endocrinologist Hans Selye introduces the concept of stress.[6]
1936 Scientific development Evans and his group isolate the interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH).[6]
1937 Scientific development Croatian-Swiss scientist Leopold Ružička, German biochemist Adolf Butenandt and Gunicr Hanisch synthesize testosterone from cholesterol.[41][45]
1937 Scientific development F.G. Young describes the diabetogenic hormone.[6]
1937 Scientific development Lambie and Trikojus obtain purified thyroid-stimulating hormone.[46][47][48][49]
1939 Award The Nobel Prize in Chemistry is divided equally between Adolf Butenandt "for his work on sex hormones" and Leopold Ružička "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes.
1939 Scientific development Sheehan in Liverpool describes panhypopituitarism caused by pituitary necrosis after post-partum hemorrhage.[6]
1940 Scientific development Choh Hao Li isolates luteinizing hormone (LH).[6]
1941 Literature (journal) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology is launched.[50]
1942 Scientific development American endocrinologist Harry Klinefelter, Fuller Albright and Edward C. Reifenstein describe the later called Klinefelter syndrome in their article, Syndrome Characterized by Gynecomastia, Aspermatogenesis without A-Leydigism, and Increased Excretion of Follicle- Stimulating Hormone.[51][52][53] United States
1942 Scientific development Li and Sayers isolate the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH).[6]
1943 Scientific development Choh Hao Li and Evans isolate pure adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) from sheep pituitaries.[6]
1943 Medical development Bermudian-American endocrinologist Edwin B. Astwood uses thiourea and thiouracil in the medical treatment of Grave's disease.[2]
1943 Scientific development Sayers isolate ACTH from swine pituitaries.[6]
1946 Scientific development Hans Selye describes the general adaptation syndrome.[6]
1946 Organization The Society for Endocrinology is founded. It is an international membership organization, supporting scientists, clinicians and nurses who work with hormones throughout their careers.[54] United Kingdom
1947 Award The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to American biochemists Carl and Gerty Cori "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen", and to Argentine biochemist Bernardo Houssay "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar."[55]
1948 Scientific development Hench and his colleagues discover the antiinflamatory effect of cortisone (Kendall's compound-E).[6]
1949 Scientific development Choh Hao Li and Evans isolate follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).[6]
1949 Scientific development Edward Calvin Kendall discovers that cortisone could relieve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis.[13]
1950 Award Edward Calvin Kendall, Polish-Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein and American physician Philip Showalter Hench are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."[56] Sweden
1950 Scientific development American pediatric endocrinologist Lawson Wilkins reports the first documented demonstration of the pathophysiology of androgen insensitivity syndrome by administration of methyltestosterone to a 46, XY female patient, who shows no signs of virilization.[2] United States
1951 Scientific development Bulgarian-American chemist Carl Djerassi develops the first oral progestin, norethindrone, at Syntex, SA Laboratories located in Mexico City. The synthesis of norenindrone is a factor leading to the development of oral contraceptives.[2] Mexico
1951 Literature L'Hermite publishes Le Cerveau et la Pensée, stressing the regulation of mental life by the hormones.[6]
1953 Scientific development American biochemist Vincent du Vigneaud synthesizes the first peptide hormone (oxytocin).[57][58][59] United States
1955 Award Vincent du Vigneaud is awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"."[2] Sweden
1955 Scientific development E. Knobil and Roy O. Greep show that growth hormone extracts from monkeys are active in man and are species-specific.[60][61]
1955 Scientific development American surgeon Robert Milton Zollinger and E. H. Ellison describe the later called Zollinger–Ellison syndrome.[62]
1956 Scientific development Swiss clinical immunologist Deborah Doniach and British immunologist Ivan Roitt find that patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditiss have circulating autoantibodies reacting to thyroid self antigens.[2]
1956 Scientific development Adams and Purves recognize that patients with Graves’ disease have a serum factor defined as long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS), later found to be an immunoglobulin G binding to the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor.[2]
1956 Scientific development Noel R. Rose and Ernst Witebsky demonstrate that a lymphocytic thyroiditis similar to the spontaneous human disease can be induced in animals by immunization with autologous thyroid extracts in Freund adjuvant. This would lead to the general concept of autoimmune gland failure.[63][64][65][66]
1956 Scientific development Cohn describes primary aldosteronism.[6]
1957 Scientific development Maurice S. Raben develops a method for the extraction of human growth hormone grom the pituitaries of cadavers.[6]
1958 Medical development American medical researcher Elwood V. Jensen discovers the estrogen receptor, the first receptor found for any hormone. Using a radioactive marker, Jensen shows that only the tissues that respond to estrogen, such as those of the female reproductive tract, are able to concentrate injected estrogen from the blood. This specific uptake suggests that these cells must contain binding proteins, which Jensen calls “estrogen receptors.”[2]
1958 Award Frederick Sanger recieves the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin". Sweden
1958 Scientific development John V. Verner and Ashton B. Morrison describe the watery diarrhoea hypokalaemic achlorhydric syndrome.[67][68][69][70]
1958 Medical development Gross suggests angiotensin to control aldosterone secretion.[6]
1959 Scientific development Liddle and his group develop the metyrapone test for pituitary reserve.[6]
1959 Scientific development Rasmussen and Craig isolate the parathyroid hormone and define its structure as a polypeptide hormone.[6]
1961 Scientific development Choh Hao Li, Dixon and Chung describe the amino acid sequence of bovine adrenocorticopin.[6]
1963 Scientific development Glick, Roth, Berson and Yallow describe a radioimmunological assay (RIA) method for the measurement of human GH.[6]
1963 Scientific development Hirsch finds calcitonin in the mammal thyroid.[6]
1964 Award British chemist Dorothy Hodgkin is awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances". Hodgkin's most significant scientific contributions are the determination of the structures of penicillin, insulin, and vitamin B12.[2] Sweden
1965 Organization The European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) is founded in Copenhagen.[71] Denmark
1965 Scientific development Tenenhouse finds that the hypocalcaemic factor (calcitonin) is a polypeptide hormone.[6]
1966 Scientific development Schwyzer and Sieber synthesize beta-corticotrophim.[6]
1966 Scientific development British physiologist Roderic Alfred Gregory isolates gastrin and defines its structure.[6]
1966 Award Canadian-American physician Charles Brenton Huggins is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer".[2] Sweden
1967 Scientific development Immunological methods are introduced for the estimation of serum calcitonin.[6]
1969 Scientific development Group led by French-born American neuroscientist Roger Guillemin and another by American endocrinologist Andrew Schally announce that the hypothalamic substance that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) is L-pyroglutamyL-L-histidyl-L-prolineamide (L-pGlu-L-His-L-ProNH2). This tripeptide is now called thyrotropin-releasing hormone.[2]
1969 Scientific development A. G. Everson Pearse introduces the amine uptake and peptide hormone secretion (APUD) concept.[6]
1970 Scientific development Lewis E. Braverman, Sidney H. Ingbar, and Kenneth Sterling demonstrate T4 to T3 conversion in periphery.[2]
1970 Award Argentine physician Luis Federico Leloir is awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates."[2] Sweden
1970 Scientific development Mitchell and colleagues introduce the glucagon stimulation test to detect Growth hormone deficiency.[6]
1971 Award American pharmacologist Earl Wilbur Sutherland Jr. is awarded the Nobel Prize n Physiology or Medicine for his discoveries concerning "the mechanisms of the action of hormones". Sweden
1971 Scientific development Hughes, Kosterlitz and colleagues determine the structure of the thyroid-stimulating hormone.[6]
1971–1975 Scientific development Hughes, Kosterlitz and colleagues identify the pentapeptides from the brain to posses potent opiate agonist activity.[6]
1971–1979 Scientific development Present day ideas on the mechanism of hormonal action are formulated.[6]
1972-1978 Medical development Screening begins for neonatal congenital hypothyroidism in the United States, Canada, England, Japan and some other countries. In most cases of congenital hypothyroidism, problems with the thyroid start in the womb.[2] United States, Canada, England, Japan
1975 Scientific development A.F. Bradbury, D.G. Smyth and C.R. Snell isolate beta-endorphin and describe its structure.[6]
1977 Award Roger Guillemin and Andrew V. Schally share half of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" with the other half awarded to Rosalyn Yalow "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones."[72] Sweden
1978 Medical development Louise Brown becomes the world’s first test tube baby. After numerous attempts to impregnate her mother, British medical researcher Robert Edwards and British gynecologist Patrick Steptoe tried fertilizing her eggs in a Petri dish before implanting a two-and-a-half-day-old embryo.[73] United Kingdom
1978 Scientific development German neuropharmacologist Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg reports on the pharmacology of the central actions of endorphins.[6]
1979 Organization The Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology is founded.
1980 Literature (book) "First published in 1980, Endocrine Reviews is an enduring and high impact factor resource. Comprehensive reviews cover clinical and research topics, including thyroid disorders, pediatric endocrinology, growth factors, and reproductive medicine. Each issue provides translational and basic research articles with knowledge, understanding, and perspective in diabetes, endocrinology, and metabolism."[2]
1982 Award Sune Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson and John Vane share the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances".[74] Sweden
1986 Award American biochemist Stanley Cohen and Italian neurobiologist Rita Levi-Montalcini are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries of growth factors". The nerve growth factor and epidermal growth factor are the first of many growth-regulating signal substances to be discovered and characterized.[2] Sweden
1987 Literature (journal) Peer-reviewed journal Molecular Endocrinology is first issued.[75]
1987 Scientific development William I. Wood clones the growth hormone receptor.[2]
1988 Scientific development Theo Colborn's research on the state of the environment of the Great Lakes reveals that top predator female birds, fish, mammals, and reptiles transfer persistent, man-made chemicals to their offspring, which undermines the development and programming of their youngsters’ organs before they are born or hatched.[2]
1990 Scientific development English physician David Barker proposes the concept later called Barker Hypothesis, suggesting that in utero environmental conditions, such as undernutrition, can permanently alter metabolism and other functions in ways that dramatically affect health later in life and cause e.g., heart disease. This concept would be expanded to include chemical exposures such as EDCs and is called the Developmental Origins of Adult Health and Disease (DOHaD).[2]
1991 Scientific development The term “Endocrine Disruption” is first used.[2]
1992 Scientific development Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are shown to affect cognitive function in children. Jacobson et. al., link PCB exposure to impairment in cognitive functioning and show that impairments are predominantly due to developmental, intrauterine exposure, rather than postnatal effects.[2]
1994 Scientific development American molecular geneticist Jeffrey M. Friedman discovers leptin.[76][77][78]
1996 Literature (book) Dianne Dumanoski and John Peterson Myers Our Stolen Future, which describes the low-dose and/or ambient exposure effects of endocrine disruptors.[2]
1997 Organization The Endocrine Society establishes the Hormone Foundation as a public education affiliate.[2]
1998 Award American biochemist Robert F. Furchgott, American pharmacologist Louis J. Ignarro and American physician Ferid Murad are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system."[79] Sweden
2001 Literature the Endocrine Society first publishes Endocrine News, a monthly news and feature magazine providing information on trends in the field of endocrinology as well as a closer look at recently published research.[2]
2009 Scientific development The Endocrine Society creates a task force charged with summarizing current knowledge about endocrine disrupting chemicals, including possible mechanisms of action and potential health risks. The task force’s work results in the landmark Scientific Statement on EDCs published in the same year. In 2015, the Endocrine Society published a second Scientific Statement on EDCs, building on the groundbreaking first statement and summarizing additional research connecting EDC exposures to infertility, hormone-related cancers, neurological issues, and other disorders."[2]
2010 Literature (journal) Medical journal Hormones and Cancer is first issued.[80]
2010 Award English physiologist Robert Edwards is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of in vitro fertilization.[81] Sweden
2012 Award American physician Robert Lefkowitz and American physiologist Brian Kobilka are awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors.[82] Sweden
2015 Scientific development The Endocrine Society publishes a second Scientific Statement on endocrine disrupting chemicals, summarizing additional research connecting EDC exposures to infertility, hormone-related cancers, neurological issues, and other disorders.[2]

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References

  1. ↑ "Endocrinology History". news-medical.net. Retrieved 1 March 2019. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 2.22 2.23 2.24 2.25 2.26 2.27 2.28 2.29 2.30 2.31 2.32 2.33 2.34 2.35 "Century of Endocrinology Timeline". endocrine.org. Retrieved 15 January 2019. 
  3. ↑ "Endocrinology". Google Trends. Retrieved 15 February 2021. 
  4. ↑ "Endocrinology". books.google.com. Retrieved 16 February 2021. 
  5. ↑ "Endocrinology". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 21 February 2021. 
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 6.17 6.18 6.19 6.20 6.21 6.22 6.23 6.24 6.25 6.26 6.27 6.28 6.29 6.30 6.31 6.32 6.33 6.34 6.35 6.36 6.37 6.38 6.39 6.40 6.41 6.42 6.43 6.44 6.45 6.46 6.47 6.48 6.49 6.50 6.51 6.52 6.53 6.54 6.55 6.56 6.57 6.58 6.59 6.60 6.61 6.62 6.63 Medvei, V.C. A History of Endocrinology. 
  7. ↑ "Landmarks in the history of adrenal surgery". hormones.gr. Retrieved 7 February 2019. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Rio, Linda M. The Hormone Factor in Mental Health: Bridging the Mind-Body Gap. 
  9. ↑ "Sickening Sweet". sciencehistory.org. Retrieved 27 February 2019. 
  10. ↑ Ahmed, AM. "History of diabetes mellitus.". PMID 11953758. Retrieved 27 February 2019. 
  11. ↑ "The Posterior Pituitary Pathway". glowm.com. Retrieved 11 February 2019. 
  12. ↑ Pearce, J M S. "Thomas Addison (1793-1860)". PMC 1079500Freely accessible. PMID 15173338. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 13.8 13.9 "History of Hormones". media.timetoast.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  14. ↑ "The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography". 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/35967. 
  15. ↑ Parascandola, John. "Abel, Takamine, and the isolation of epinephrine". doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.11.044. 
  16. ↑ "Adrenalin and cherry trees". pubs.acs.org. Retrieved 27 February 2019. 
  17. ↑ Companion Encyclopedia of the History of Medicine (W. F. Bynum, Roy Porter ed.). 
  18. ↑ Cassell, Dana K.; Gleaves, David H. The Encyclopedia of Obesity and Eating Disorders, Third Edition. 
  19. ↑ "History of the Endocrine Society". endocrine.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  20. ↑ "The Endocrine Society The First Forty Years (1917-1957)". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  21. ↑ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 10. 
  22. ↑ Bliss, Michael. The Making of Modern Medicine: Turning Points in the Treatment of Disease. 
  23. ↑ Niazi, Sarfaraz K.; Brown, Justin L. Fundamentals of Modern Bioprocessing. 
  24. ↑ Pele, Maria; Cimpeanu, Carmen. Biotechnology: An Introduction. 
  25. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  26. ↑ "American Thyroid Association Timeline". thyroid.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  27. ↑ "American Thyroid Association". touchendocrinology.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  28. ↑ "Eli Lilly and Company". trumanlibrary.org. Retrieved 6 February 2019. 
  29. ↑ Science News. 
  30. ↑ Biochemical journal, Volume 129, Issue 3. 
  31. ↑ Laylin, James K. Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901-1992. 
  32. ↑ Huggins, Charles. Experimental Leukemia and Mammary Cancer: Induction, Prevention, Cure. 
  33. ↑ Fox, Daniel M.; Meldrum, Marcia; Rezak, Ira. Nobel Laureates in Medicine or Physiology: A Biographical Dictionary. 
  34. ↑ Siegel Watkins, Elizabeth. The Estrogen Elixir: A History of Hormone Replacement Therapy in America. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Testosterone: From Basic to Clinical Aspects (Alexandre Hohl ed.). 
  36. ↑ Office of the Home Secretary, National Academy of Sciences. 
  37. ↑ Medvei, V.C. A History of Endocrinology. 
  38. ↑ Die Drüsen mit innerer Sekretion: Ihre physiologische und therapeutische Bedeutung. Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry (American Medical Association). 
  39. ↑ Cameron, John L.; Cameron, Andrew M. Current Surgical Therapy E-Book. 
  40. ↑ Pasieka, Janice L.; Lee, James A. Surgical Endocrinopathies: Clinical Management and the Founding Figures. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Taylor, William N. Anabolic Steroids and the Athlete, 2d ed. 
  42. ↑ Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution (Eberhard Nieschlag, Hermann M. Behre, Susan Nieschlag ed.). 
  43. ↑ Wolf, Michael P.; Koons, Jeremy Randel. The Normative and the Natural. 
  44. ↑ Champaneria, M.C.; Modlin, I.M.; Kidd, M.; Eick, G.N. "Friedrich Feyrter: A Precise Intellect in a Diffuse System". doi:10.1159/000096050. 
  45. ↑ "ENCYCLOPEDIA OF ANTI-DOPING" (PDF). pilarmartinescudero.es. Retrieved 27 February 2019. 
  46. ↑ Emmens, C. W. Hormone Assay. 
  47. ↑ Vitamins and Hormones, Volume 24. 
  48. ↑ Medvei, V.C. The History of Clinical Endocrinology: A Comprehensive Account of Endocrinology from Earliest Times to the Present Day. 
  49. ↑ Lucas, John D. Annual survey of research in pharmacy and proceedings of National Conference on Pharmaceutical Research. 1938/39 : 6th. 
  50. ↑ Medvei, V.C. A History of Endocrinology. 
  51. ↑ Handbook of Pediatric Neuropsychology (Andrew S. Davis, PhD, Rik Carl D'Amato ed.). 
  52. ↑ Male Hypogonadism: Basic, Clinical and Therapeutic Principles (Stephen J. Winters, Ilpo T. Huhtaniemi ed.). 
  53. ↑ Beighton, Peter; Beighton, Greta. The Man Behind the Syndrome. 
  54. ↑ "Society for Endocrinology". endocrinology.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  55. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  56. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  57. ↑ Istvan, Hargittai; Balazs, Hargittai. Candid Science V: Conversations With Famous Scientists. 
  58. ↑ Rezende, Lisa. Chronology of Science. 
  59. ↑ Loriaux, D. Lynn. A Biographical History of Endocrinology. 
  60. ↑ Human Pituitary Hormones, Volume 13: Colloquia on Endocrinology (G. E. W. Wolstenholme, Cecilia M. O'Connor ed.). 
  61. ↑ The Hormones: Physiology, Chemistry, and Applications (Gregory Pincus, Kenneth V. Thimann, E. B. Astwood ed.). 
  62. ↑ "A case of the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome associated with hyperplasia of salivary and Brunner's glands" (PDF). gut.bmj.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019. 
  63. ↑ The Autoimmune Diseases (Ian R. Mackay, Noel R Rose ed.). 
  64. ↑ Meurant, Gerard. The Autoimmune Diseases. 
  65. ↑ Bier, O.G.; Dias Da Silva, W.; Goetze, D.; Mota, I. Fundamentals of Immunology. 
  66. ↑ Stern, Judith S.; Kazaks, Alexandra. Obesity: A Reference Handbook. 
  67. ↑ Cruickshank, Alan H.; Benbow, Emyr W. Pathology of the Pancreas. 
  68. ↑ Hormonal Actions in Non-endocrine Systems (W.B. Essman ed.). 
  69. ↑ Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. 
  70. ↑ Kannan, C.R. Essential Endocrinology: A Primer for Nonspecialists. 
  71. ↑ "The European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology". eurospe.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  72. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1977". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2019. 
  73. ↑ "Louise Brown". britannica.com. Retrieved 7 February 2019. 
  74. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1982". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2019. 
  75. ↑ Goldberg, Mark A.; Kaiser, Ursula B. "Editorial: The Rise of the Asterisk: One Step to Facilitate Team Science". PMC 4484782Freely accessible. PMID 26132706. doi:10.1210/me.2015-1140. 
  76. ↑ Leptin: Regulation and Clinical Applications (Sam Dagogo-Jack, MD ed.). 
  77. ↑ Journal of Reproduction and Fertility: Supplement, Issue 54. 
  78. ↑ Stern, Judith S.; Kazaks, Alexandra. Obesity: A Reference Handbook. 
  79. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1998". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 28 February 2019. 
  80. ↑ "Hormones and Cancer". link.springer.com. Retrieved 11 February 2019. 
  81. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2010". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 March 2019. 
  82. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2012". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 1 March 2019. 
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