Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Google Search"

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Google Search, offered by Google, is the most widely used search engine on the World Wide Web as of 2024, with over three billion searches a day. This page covers key events in the history of Google's search service.

For a history of Google the company, including all of Google's products, acquisitions, and corporate changes, see the history of Google page.

Big picture

Time period	Development
1996–1997	Development of basic technology, launch of search engine
2000	Internationalization: search is launched in 13 new languages.
2001–2004	Google launches many new search categories, such as Google News, Google Books, and Google Scholar.
2002 onward	The beginning of explicitly announced search algorithm updates.
2008–2010	Faster search experience for user: Google Suggest (experimental launch 2004, integrated into main search engine 2008), Google Instant (2010), and Google Instant Previews.
2005, 2009, 2012	Google starts using web histories to help in searches (2005), experimentally launches social search (2009), and launches Search Plus Your World (2012).
2009–2010	Caffeine update for faster indexing of the web and fresher and on-topic search results.
2011–2014	Google Panda (an update to some parts of Google's search algorithm) is released in 2011, with announced updates continuing till September 2014 (Panda 4.1). Stated goals include cracking down on spam, content farms, scrapers, and websites with a high ad-to-content ratio.
2012–2014	Google Penguin (an update to some parts of Google's search algorithm) is released in 2012, with the goal of concentrating on webspam. The last named update is in October 2014. Starting December 2014, Penguin moves to continuous updates (Penguin Everflux).
2012 onward	Google integrates the Knowledge Graph into its search results.
2013	Google releases Google Hummingbird, an update that may enable semantic search in the future and integrate better with the Knowledge Graph.
2014 onward	Google makes a major update to its algorithm for local search. The update gets the name Google Pigeon.
2015 onward	Google alerts webmasters to mobile usability issues in January, and announces a major update to its search algorithm, to be rolled out starting April 21, 2015, that will heavily demote mobile-unfriendly sites for web searches on mobile devices.

Full timeline

NOTE: Some search updates in recent years (including core updates starting 2019) are covered in the later section #List of search updates made in later years.

Year	Month and date (if available)	Event type	Subtype / affected aspect	Affected algorithm or specific entity	Event
1996	January–March	Prelude			Larry Page and Sergey Brin, graduate students in computer science at Stanford University, begin working on BackRub, the precursor to Google Search, as well as on the underlying technology for it that they call PageRank (a pun on Page's surname and the "page" in webpage). Page begins work alone initially, supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship, and Brin joins him shortly thereafter. The project is an outgrowth of their work on the Stanford Digital Library Project.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4] Web crawling begins in March.
1997	September 15	Domain			The domain Google.com is registered.^[5]
1999		Gaming of search results (Google bomb)			The first known instance of a Google bomb is reported around this time, with a search for "more evil than Satan itself" bringing up the Microsoft website. The perpetrators of the Google bomb are not known.^[6]
1999		Background search algorithm development			The Hilltop algorithm is developed by Krishna Bharat (at Compaq Systems Research Center at the time) and George A. Mihăilă (at University of Toronto). It would eventually be acquired by Google in 2003 (where Bharat would be working at the time) and used to power Google News.
2000	May 9	Internationalization			Google adds ten new languages: French, German, Italian, Swedish, Finnish, Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Norwegian and Danish.^[5]
2000	June	Partnership			Yahoo! switches its search engine from Inktomi to Google Search. An article on the switch in The Guardian says that the likely reasons are Google's technical superiority, larger and more comprehensive index, and its not taking money to boost search rankings. At this time, Yahoo! is a widely known brand while Google is still a more niche product used mainly by a more technically savvy audience.^[7] Some would claim retrospectively that this would play a key role in spreading the word about Google, given that as part of the deal, Yahoo! links to Google as the technology powering its search engine; however, the relative importance of this factor, compared to the role of word of mouth, is unclear.^[8]
2000	September 12	Internationalization			Google launches search services in Japanese, Chinese, and Korean.^[9]
2000	September	Gaming of search results (Google bomb)			A Google bomb is created around this time by Hugedisk Men's Magazine, an online humor magazine, with the search term "dumb motherfucker" linked to a website selling George W. Bush merchandise. A similar attempt for an Al Gore website is not successful.^[10]^[11]
2000	October 23	Advertising			Google AdWords launches with 350 customers.^[5] Historically, Google's search results were completely free of financial influence from the sites appearing on the page; with this change, the "organic" search results (the normal search results) continue to be free of financial influences, and the paid search advertisements are clearly delineated from the organic search results.^[12] AdWords is Google's second advertising program, after Premium Sponsorships that were launched in August 2000 (that would eventually be subsumed into AdWords).^[13]
2000	December	User experience			Google Toolbar is released, allowing people to search without visiting the Google homepage, and also offering them more information about the webpages they visit.^[5] Some commentators have argued that this marks the beginning of search engine optimization and the Google Dance.^[14]
2001	January 2	Web ecosystem			Wikipedia (specifically, English Wikipedia) launches as a side project of Nupedia and starts growing rapidly. Wikipedia would eventually launch in hundreds of languages and become the most widely used reference website on the Internet. Wikipedia results generally meet at least a minimum of quality standards and are not spam, and starting around the late 2000s, Google would often rank Wikipedia highly in many kinds of search results, thereby guaranteeing that it was offering at least one search result that was not spam and of at least moderately high quality. However, over time, as the web would expand to become home to a wider range of reference websites, Google's reliance on Wikipedia would reduce.
2001	April 6	Gaming of search results (Google bomb)			Adam Mathes coins the term talentless hack. He creates a Google bomb for the term "talentless hack" to the website of his friend Andy Pressman by recruiting fellow webloggers to link to his friend's page with the desired term.^[15]
2001	July	Search category			Google launches Google Image Search with over 250 million images in its search database.^[5]
2001	September 11				The September 11 attacks take place, with two planes flying into the Twin Towers in New York City. At this time, Google's index is updated monthly, so it does not pick up information about the attacks, so users searching for information about the Twin Towers are shown outdated search results about the Twin Towers rather than about the recent developments. Google addresses this by manually adding links to news websites that are covering recent developments. This leads Google to start focusing on more frequent crawling and indexing. It is also the impetus for Google engineer Krishna Bharat to get the idea for, and lead the development of, Google News.^[12]^[16]
2001	December	Review			Google releases its first annual Google Zeitgeist.^[5]
2002					The Googlefight website (unaffiliated with Google), that allows people to compare results of two search queries on Google, likely launches in this year. It is given permission by Google to use the name sometime during the year.^[17]
2002	January 8				The term Googlewhack is introduced by Gary Stock for a search query that has exactly two words, without quotes, and returns exactly one result.^[18]
2002	September	Search category			Google launches Google News,^[5] a year after the September 11, 2001 attacks that were the impetus for this launch.^[12]
2002	September	Search algorithm update	Ranking		Google makes the first publicly announced update to its search algorithm.^[14] A number of Internet commentators view this as the death of PageRank (the name for Google's system for ranking pages) and a significant decline in the quality of Google's search results.^[19]^[20]^[21]
2002	October	Partnership			Yahoo!, that had already been using Google, makes a switch to use Google's crawler-based search results as its primary search results, deprioritizing its directory listings (which are still available but no longer used to power the default search experience).^[22]
2002	December 12	Search category			Google launches Froogle (a play on "frugal"), a price comparison service whose index is built based on Google's web crawler. Froogle would later be renamed Google Product Search and eventually Google Shopping.
2003	February	Search algorithm update			Google acquires the patent for the Hilltop algorithm (developed in 1999) and implements it in Google News. Krishna Bharat, one of the developers of the Hilltop algorithm, is leading Google News at the time of the acquisition.
2003	February	Search algorithm update	Indexing, ranking		Google announces the Boston update at SES Boston. This is the oldest of Google's named search algorithm updates. Boston begins a trend of monthly updates that affect both indexing and ranking, with each update causing significant changes in search ranking (compared to very little change at other times), with SEOs watching closely, a phenomenon that would be dubbed the Google Dance. This would continue until the Fritz update in July 2003.^[14]
2003	April	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics	Google announces the Cassandra update. The update claims to crack down on link spam, including mutual links between co-owned websites, as well as hidden text and hidden links.^[14]^[23]
2003	May	Search algorithm update	Indexing, ranking		Google announces the Dominic update. Commentators believe that the update affects the way backlinks are counted, and many webmasters report new bots from Google that bounced.^[14]^[24]
2003	June	Search algorithm update			Google announces what will later turn out to have been the last of its regular monthly updates. This update is called the Esmeralda update.^[14]^[25]
2003	July	Search algorithm update	Indexing		Google announces the Fritz update, and also a change to its update policy, as it moves towards continuous rather than batch processing of updates to its index. While algorithm updates still happen in larger discrete batches, index updates are now continuous, which gets rid of the big swings (the "Google Dance") that occurred during big index updates in the past, while increasing day-over-day volatility in search results.^[14]^[26]^[27]
2003	September	Search algorithm update	Indexing		Google announces a "supplemental index" in order to be able to index some parts of the web more rapidly.^[28] The supplemental index would eventually be scrapped.
2003	November	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics	Google announces the Florida update, which commentators consider game-changing in that it completely destroys the value of 1990s SEO tactics and ushers in a new era of search engine optimization.^[29]^[30] The update is so significant that it would continue to be discussed and studied in the 2020s.^[31]^[32]
2003	December	Search category			Google launches Google Print, that would later become Google Books.^[5]
2004	January	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics	Google announces the Austin update, to continue with the work of combating SEO tactics that Florida had made good progress on.^[14]^[33]^[34]
2004	February 17–20	Search algorithm update	Indexing		Google announces the Brandy update, a massive index expansion, Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), increased attention to anchor text relevance, and the concept of link "neighborhoods."^[14]^[35]^[36]
2004	August 19	Parent company update			Google has its initial public offering (IPO) and becomes a public company.
2004	October	Search category			Google launches Google Scholar, its search service for academic publications.^[5]
2004	December	User experience	Search suggestions		Google Suggest is introduced as a Google Labs feature. This makes search suggestions as a person is typing a search query.^[37]^[38]
2005	January	Search algorithm update	Indexing	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics	To combat link spam, Google, Yahoo! and Microsoft collectively introduce the nofollow attribute.^[14]^[39]
2005	February 2	Search algorithm update			Google announces the Allegra update, whose effects are unclear.^[14]^[40]^[41]
2005	February 8	Search category			Google launches Google Maps, a web mapping platform. While different in appearance than a search engine, with more mapping-specific functionality such as street view, directions (walking, transit, driving), traffic conditions, etc., Google Maps would, with the launch of universal search and over the years, get integrated into the search experience, particularly for use cases such as local search.
2005	May	Search algorithm update			Google announces the Bourbon update.^[14]^[42]^[43]^[44]
2005	June	Tools for websites		Sitemaps	Google allows webmasters to submit XML sitemaps, bypassing the need for HTML sitemaps.^[14]^[45]
2005	June	User experience	Personalization		Google launches personalized search that automatically taps into users' web histories.^[46]^[47]
2005	June	User experience	Mobile search		Google launches Google Mobile Web Search.^[5]
2005	September	Search algorithm update	Ranking		Although Google denies running an update, Matt Cutts clarifies that PageRank was refreshed for some pages recently (with a three-month refresh cycle) causing changes to many site ranks. Observers call this the Gilligan update.^[14]^[48]^[49]
2005	September–November	Search algorithm update			Google announces and rolls out the Jagger update in three stages, one in September, one in October, one in November.^[14]^[50]^[51]
2005	December (rollout continues till March 2006)	Search algorithm update	Indexing		Google begins rolling out the Big Daddy update, continuing for the next few months until March 2006. The update changes URL canonization, site redirects, and related items.^[14]^[52]
2006	March 21	Web ecosystem			Twitter launches. Twitter would grow into one of the leading sources of public, real-time information, helping create a more real-time public web and informing Google's efforts to make its own search more real-time.
2006	April 26	Tools for websites	Private communication between websites and Google	Google Search Console	Building on the sitemaps functionality it had introduced last year, Google launches Webmaster Tools.^[53] This would eventually morph into Google Search Console in 2015.^[54]
2006	May	Analytics	Public information on search trends		Google releases Google Trends to make it easy to visualize the popularity of searches over time.^[5]
2006	October 5	Search category			Google launches Google Code Search as part of Google Labs. This searches through open-source code repositories and allows the use of regular expressions in search, making it similar to a grep tool. The discontinuation of the service would be announced in October 2011 and the service would remain online until March 2013.
2006	October 23	Customized search			Google publicly launches Google Custom Search. The main part of this is Custom Search Engine, a functionality that allows users to build search engines with their own custom modifications of Google Search, specifically, restriction of the search queries to a subset of the web (e.g., a specific set of domains).^[55] This would eventually be renamed Google Programmable Search Engine.
2006	December 14	Search category			Google launches Google Patents, a search engine that indexes patents and patent applications.
2007	May 16	Search algorithm update	Ranking, presentation		Google launches Universal Search, integrating traditional search results with results from Google News, Google Image Search, Google Video Search, and other verticals. This is believed to be a major milestone in the user experience.^[5]^[14]^[56]^[57]
2007	June	Search algorithm update			The Buffy update happens. It is not considered a deliberate update, but rather an accumulation of many smaller changes.^[14]^[58]^[59]
2008	March 14	Transparency	Quality raters guidelines		For the first time on record, Google's quality raters guidelines are leaked.^[60] Updated versions of the guidelines would continue to be leaked for several years until Google finally decides to make the guidelines publicly available in November 2015.^[61]
2008	March 24	User experience	Iterative search		The New York Times reports that Google now offers "search within search": when people search for names of websites, the top search result, which links to the website, may include a search box to further search within the website.^[62]
2008	March/April	Search algorithm update	Ranking		The Dewey update seems to lead to a large-scale shuffling of results. Some observers believe that Google is pushing its own properties, such as Google Books, but evidence of this is limited.^[14]^[63]
2008	August 25	User experience	Search suggestions		Google Suggest (later called Autocomplete), originally launched as a Labs feature in December 2004, now becomes part of Google's main site.^[5]^[37]^[38]
2008	September 2	Parent company update, complementary product	Browser		Google releases Google Chrome in beta for Windows (XP and newer). This marks Google's entry into the web browser space. Chrome would eventually get to a market share of over 50% and become the default browser on most Android phones. The relationship of Chrome with Google Search would be multi-fold. First, right from the outset, Google uses an "omnibox" where the address bar serves the dual purpose of being a search bar, so that people can type in either urls or search queries, with the search queries being run using the user's selected search engine (with Google Search being the default selection). Second, and in the reverse direction, information that Google collects from Chrome, suitably anonymized, gives Google a better picture of websites and users' web browsing patterns, which informs its search strategy. For instance, starting in 2021, Google uses core web vitals data collected anonymously through Chrome as part of its page experience signal that is a ranking signal.^[64]
2008	September 23	Parent company update, complementary product	Operating system		Google introduced Android at a press conference.^[65] Android would grow to become one of two major mobile operating systems, with iOS being the other one. The default browser on most Android devices would be Chrome and the default search engine would be Google Search, and the collection of Google apps would come preinstalled on most Android phones, helping cement Google's influence on mobile phone use, which would grow over time.
2009	February	Search algorithm update			The Vince update happens. Matt Cutts calls it a minor change, but some SEO commentators consider it major.^[14]^[66]
2009	February	Tools for websites	Indexing	Markup syntax	Google, Microsoft, and Yahoo! announce joint support for tags that help bots identify canonical versions of webpages without affecting human visitors.^[67]^[68]
2009	August 10 (announced), rollout completed and made live June 8, 2010	Search algorithm update	Indexing, ranking	Faster updates to search results	Named Caffeine, this update is announced on August 10, 2009. It promises faster crawling, expansion of the index, and a near-real-time integration of indexing and ranking.^[14]^[69]^[70]^[71]^[72] The rollout is made live on June 8, 2010.^[73]^[74]^[75]
2009	October 26	Search category	Social search		Google introduces Social Search as a Google Labs feature.^[76] The feature is expanded further in late January 2010.^[77]
2009	December 7	Search category		Real-time search	Google launches real-time search for real-time Twitter feeds, Google News, and other freshly indexed content.^[14]^[78]^[79]
2010	Late April, early May	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics	The update, named May Day, is an algorithm change affecting the long tail. Foreshadowing Google Panda, the update penalizes sites with large amounts of thin content.^[14]^[80]^[81]
2010	September 8	User experience	Search suggestions		Google launches Google Instant, described as a search-before-you-type feature: as users are typing, Google predicts the user's whole search query (using the same technology as in Google Suggest, later called the autocomplete feature) and instantaneously shows results for the top prediction.^[82]^[83]^[84] Google claims that this is estimated to save 2–5 seconds per search query.^[85] SEO commentators initially believe that this will have a major effect on search engine optimization, but soon revise downward their estimate of the impact.^[14]^[86] Google Instant would eventually be retired on July 26, 2017, in light of Google's increasing focus on mobile search, since instant search results don't play well with mobile search.^[87]
2010	November 9	User experience	Information in SERPs		Google launches Instant Previews, a feature where users can view previews of the ranked pages by hovering over the links in the search engine results page.^[14]^[88]^[89]^[90] The feature would be dropped in April 2013 due to low usage.^[91]
2010	December 1	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics	Google updates its algorithm to penalize websites that provide a bad experience to users. The update is prompted by a November 26 New York Times story about a fraudulent company called DecorMyEyes that used the publicity generated by negative customer reviews to rise in the search engine rankings.^[14]^[92]^[93]
2010	December	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Social signals	Both Google and Microsoft's Bing indicate that they use social signals, including signals from Twitter and Facebook, to rank search results.^[14]^[94]^[95]
2011	January–February	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics	Foreshadowing Google Panda, Google penalizes Overstock.com and JCPenney for the use of SEO tactics.^[14]^[96]^[97]
2011	January 28	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics	Google launches its Attribution algorithm change to better sieve out websites that scrape content. Matt Cutts claims that slightly over 2% of search queries are affected, but less than 0.5% of results change noticeably.^[14]^[98]^[99]
2011	February 23–24	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google launches Google Panda, a major update affecting 12% of search queries. The update continues with the earlier work of cracking down on spam, content farms, scrapers, and websites with a high ad-to-content ratio.^[14]^[100]^[101]^[102] The rollout is gradual over several months, and Panda will see many further updates.
2011	March 30	User experience, incorporation of user feedback			Google launches the +1 button so that users can offer feedback on search results.^[103] Commentators liken this to the like button seen on Facebook.^[104]^[105]
2011	April 11	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google rolls out Panda to all English queries worldwide (not limited to English-speaking countries) and integrates new signals into its ranking algorithm.^[14]^[106]^[107]
2011	May 9	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google rolls out further minor updates to Panda but does not discuss them in detail, saying they are more like Panda 2.1 than Panda 3.0.^[14]^[108]^[109]
2011	June 2	Tools for websites	Indexing	Markup syntax	Google, Yahoo!, and Microsoft announce Schema.org, a joint initiative that supports a richer range of tags that websites can use to convey better information.^[14]^[110]^[111]^[112]
2011	June 21	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google rolls out Panda 2.2.^[14]^[113]^[114]^[115]
2011	July 23	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google rolls out Panda 2.3.^[14]^[116]
2011	August 12	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google rolls out Panda 2.4, making Panda available in all languages around the world, except Chinese, Japanese, and Korean.^[14]^[117]^[118]
2011	August 16	User experience	Information in SERPs		Google rolls out expanded sitelinks, starting with 12-pack links (but later reducing to 6-pack).^[14]^[119]^[120]
2011	September 15	Tools for websites	Indexing	Markup syntax	Google rolls out pagination elements for websites to communicate to Google that various webpages are different pages of the same article.^[14]^[121]^[122]
2011	September 21	Bias concerns in search results	Ranking		In hearings before the United States Senate, Jeremy Stoppelman of Yelp and Jeffrey Katz of Nextag claim that Google search results are biased against competing offering s such as the reviews on Yelp, while Google still benefits from the information in these reviews. Eric Schmidt of Google claims that Google search results are not biased, and Google aims to offer search results that best meet the needs of users.^[123]
2011	September 30	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google rolls out Panda 2.5.^[14]^[124] Although the specifics of the update are unclear, a few sites gain significantly and a few others lose significantly.^[125] Other minor flux updates occur on October 3, October 5 and October 13, and some commentators call these Panda 3.0 and 3.1.^[14]^[126]
2011	October 18	User experience	Privacy of search queries		Google announces that they will start encrypting all search queries for security purposes.^[127] This disrupts organic keyword referral data for many websites, making search engine optimization harder.^[128] By this point, Google makes search query data available at daily granularity for websites through Webmaster Tools, and encourages websites to make use of that information; however, this data is only at daily granularity and does not allow websites to determine what search queries led to a particular user session.^[127]
2011	November 3	Search algorithm update	Indexing, ranking	Faster updates to search results	Google announces a Freshness update that would give priority to fresher, more recent search results, and claims this could affect 35% of search queries.^[129]^[130]^[131] The algorithm largely affects time-sensitive queries. A number of sites gain and many others lose as a result of the update.^[132]
2011	November 14	Search algorithm update			Google announces a 10-pack of updates, and says that this begins a series of monthly announcements of packs of updates.^[14]^[133]
2011	November 18	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google releases an allegedly minor Panda update, which SEO commentators label as Panda 3.1, despite the lack of a generally agreed upon update named Panda 3.0.^[14]^[134]^[135]
2012	December 2011-January 2012 (announced January 5)	Search algorithm update, user experience			A 30-change pack of updates, including landing-page quality detection, more relevant site-links, more rich snippets, and related-query improvements.^[136]
2012	January 10	Search algorithm update, user experience			Google launches Search Plus Your World, a deep integration of one's social data into search.^[137]^[138] SEO commentators are critical of how the search results favor Google+ and push it to users, compared to more widely used social networks such as Facebook and Twitter.^[139]^[140]^[141]^[142]
2012	January 19	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating bad user experiences (heavy content, slow content, bad user experience)	Google updates its algorithm to introduce a penalty for websites with too many ads "above the fold". The update has no name, but some SEOs use "Top Heavy" to describe the update.^[14]^[143]
2012	February 27	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Local search	The update, codenamed Venice, is announced as part of Google's end-of-February 40-pack update. Venice seems to give substantially increased weightage to local results (location inferred from the user's IP and other signals) for many search queries, such as those looking for businesses of various types in the vicinity.^[14]^[144]^[145] On the same date, Google rolls out Panda 3.3, which it bills as a data refresh rather than an algorithm change.^[146]
2012	March 23, April 19, April 27	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	March 23: Google rolls out Panda 3.4, which is claimed to affect 1.6% of search queries.^[147] Google quietly rolls out Panda 3.5 (April 19) and Panda 3.6 (April 27), with minimal impact.^[148]^[149]
2012	April 24	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin)	Google launches its "Webspam update" which would soon become known as Google Penguin.^[14]^[150]^[151]^[152]^[153]
2012	May 16	Search algorithm update, user experience	Ranking, information in SERPs	Knowledge Graph	Google starts rolling out Knowledge Graph, used by Google internally to store semantic relationships between objects. Google now begins displaying supplemental information about objects related to search queries on the side.^[14]^[154]^[155]^[156]
2012	May 25	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin)	Google rolls out an update of Google Penguin, variously called Penguin 1.1 and Penguin 2.^[157]
2012	June–September	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google rolls out updates to Google Panda: 3.7 (June 8),^[158]^[159] 3.8 (June 25),^[160]^[161] 3.9 (July 24),^[162] 3.9.1 (August 20),^[14] and 3.9.2 (September 18).^[14]
2012	July 26	Third-party tracking	SERP volatility measurement		Moz launches MozCast, the "Google weather report". The tool, available online at mozcast.com, tracks the "temperature" of changes to Google's search algorithm and rankings on a day-to-day basis, helping provide better context to search algorithm changes beyond just the biggest ones.^[163]^[164]^[165]
2012	August 10	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating policy violations (copyright)	Google announces that it will start penalizing websites with repeat copyright infringements, possibly as measured by DMCA takedown requests.^[166] Some SEO commentators call this the Pirate update.^[167]
2012	September 27	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google rolls out a major update to Google Panda (the update is to the underlying algorithm, rather than merely being a data refresh), that would be dubbed Panda 4.0, but SEO commentators decide to simply call it Panda #20. The change is estimated to have affected 2.4% of search queries.^[14]^[168]
2012	September 27	Search algorithm update	Ranking		Google announces changes in the way it handles Exact-Match Domains. The change is estimated to have affected 0.6% of search queries.^[169]^[170]
2012	October 5	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin)	Google releases minor tweaks to Penguin, affecting about 0.3% of search queries. SEO commentators call it Penguin #3, following the lead of Panda in ditching the use of 1.x notation in favor of labeling updates by number.^[14]^[171]^[172]
2012-13	November 2012-January 2013	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google releases updates to Google Panda: #21 (November 5, affecting 1.1% of queries), #22 (November 21, data refresh only), #23 (December 21, data refresh only, affecting 1.3% of queries), and #24 (January 22, affecting 1.2% of queries).^[14]
2012	December 4	Search algorithm update		Knowledge Graph	Google adds Knowledge Graph to non-English queries, and says that the change goes beyond translation and also adds enhanced Knowledge Graph capabilities.^[14]^[173]^[174]
2013	March	Third-party tracking	SERP volatibility measurement		Algoroo, a tool to track changes in Google Search rankings and identify algorithm changes, launches, initially in pre-alpha.^[175]^[176]^[165]
2013	March 13–14	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google rolls out Panda #25. Remarks by Matt Cutts at SMX West give people the impression that this is the last update to Panda as a distinct entity and it will thereafter be integrated into the core algorithm.^[14]^[177]^[178] On June 11, 2013, Cutts clarifies that Panda updates roll out over 10-day periods every month and are not continuous.^[179]
2013	April 25	User experience	Information in SERPs		Google drops Instant Previews, citing low usage.^[91]
2013	May 22	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin)	Google rolls out a new version of Google Penguin that it calls Penguin 2.0, which SEO commentators call Penguin #4.^[180]^[181]
2013	July (or earlier)	User experience	Information in SERPs		"Answer boxes" (an early name for featured snippets) are spotted and discussed by SEO experts. These build upon Google's knowledge graph capabilities, to show a box containing the key "answer" to the search query, usually right above the search results. These are distinct from the knowledge graph cards (also known as knowledge cards or knowledge panels) that appear on the right.^[182]
2013	August 6	Search algorithm update, user experience	Ranking		Google adds a new feature called "in-depth articles" in its search results to feature long-form content of long-lasting value.^[14]^[183]^[184]
2013	August 21–22 (approximate date for rollout), September 26 (announcement)	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Core	Google releases Google Hummingbird, a core algorithm update that may enable more semantic search and more effective use of the Knowledge Graph in the future.^[14]^[185]^[186]
2013	October 4	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin)	Google announces what it calls Penguin 2.1, its fifth version of Penguin, claiming to affect 1% of searches. The effect seems minor.^[14]^[187]^[188]
2014	May 16	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics	Payday Loans 2.0 algorithm change is purely low quality external link related and over-optimization. This specifically goes after high search, spammy queries such as “Payday Loans”. Google is trying to devalue sites that perform in link buying and other black hat methods to game the algorithm.^[189]
2014	May 20	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Panda 4.0 is implemented to devalue sites that contained poor / low quality content. This has been an ongoing battle that Google has been chipping away at for years. Google has claimed that the algorithm change has impacted roughly 7.5% of all search queries.^[190]
2014	July 3	Team			Matt Cutts, a Distinguished Engineer at Google who has been heading the web spam team since 2004, goes on leave till October.^[191] He later extends his leave through 2015.^[192]
2014	July 24	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Local search (Pigeon)	Google announces the rollout of Google Pigeon, a major update to its search algorithm for "local" searches such as searches related to events or businesses near one. The Pigeon update gives more weight to various search signals to deliver more relevant local results.^[14]^[193]^[194]
2014	August 6	Search algorithm update	Ranking	HTTPS boost	Google announces search results will give preference to sites using HTTP Secure and SSL encryption. This added ranking signal would be a "lightweight" ranking boost.^[195]
2014	August 28	User experience	Information in SERPs		Google Authorship is removed completely from search results, as already on December 2013 it reduced number of images showing in SERP's. Now it's totally gone to extinction due to lower adaptation rate by authors, to reduce mobile bandwidth and to improve user experience.^[14]^[196]^[197]^[198]
2014	September 23 (rollout begins), September 25 (announcement)	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google announces that a significant update to Google Panda is rolling out over the next few weeks. The update is dubbed Panda 4.1.^[14]^[199]^[200] An analysis reveals that the update was heavy on attacking affiliate marketing, keyword stuffing, security warnings, and deception.^[201]^[202]
2014	October 17	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin)	Penguin 3.0 is implemented as a refresh to re-evaluate sites demoted in the last update due to webspam tactics and demote sites using black hat SEO tactics. This refresh is rolled out globally over several weeks impacting roughly 1% of English-language queries.^[14]^[203]
2014	October 21	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating policy violations (copyright)	Pirate 2.0 update dubbed by SEO commentators following the similar update in 2012 which penalized sites deemed as violators of copyright laws. This refresh targets a relatively small number of known sites causing dramatic drops in ranking. In tandem with this Google introduces a new Ad Format for queries where people may be searching for copyrighted media, requiring publishers to purchase ads to promote original content over the unauthorized copies.^[14]^[204]^[205]^[206]
2014	December 10	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin)	Google announces that Google Penguin will switch to continuous updates, also known as "Penguin Everflux".^[14]^[207]
2014	December 22	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Local search (Pigeon)	Google Pigeon, the local search algorithm update, is rolled out to the United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia.^[14]^[208]
2015	February 4	User experience	Information in SERPs		Direct action links and expanded text in answer boxes are spotted for searches for content beyond Google's own documentation (in November 2014, these had been spotted but only for Google's own documentation).^[209] This leads to further discussion around optimizing for one's content to show up in the answer box.^[210] Possibly related: many independent sources report significant fluctuations in Google Search results, but Google does not officially confirm any changes.^[14]^[211]
2015	April 21 (pre-announced February 26)	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Mobile usability	On January 19, 2015, Google sends emails to webmasters about mobile usability issues on the websites, leading people to speculate that a major mobile usability update for search rankings is underway.^[212] On February 26, 2015, Google announces that demotion of mobile-unfriendly sites for searches on mobile devices will commence on April 21, 2015.^[213]^[214]^[215]^[216]
2015	May 3	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Core	Google says it has made a core algorithm change impacting "quality signals". Before the official announcement, commentators had dubbed the changes as "Phantom 2".
2015	May 20	Tools for websites	Private communication between websites and Google	Google Search Console	Google rebrands Webmaster Tools as Google Search Console. Google Search Console offers websites various pieces of information regarding how Google is seeing their site. The rebranding reflects the observation that the tool is used by a much wider range of people than those who would traditionally be considered webmasters.^[54]
2015	July 17	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)	Google announces an update to Google Panda, dubbed as Panda 4.2 by commentators. Google says that the change affects between 2% and 3% of search queries. Search engine commentators do not notice any sharp changes to search traffic, and expect the changes to be rolled in gradually.^[217]^[218] By September, it appears that many websites that had seen gains due to Panda 4.2 are seeing those gains reversed.^[219]
2015	October 26	Search algorithm update	Ranking		Google announces that RankBrain, a machine learning-based engine (using neural networks), has been the third most influential factor in its search rankings for the last few months. The actual rollout date is not confirmed, but commentators pin the launch time to Spring 2015. It is most useful for new search queries, that account for about 15% of search queries.^[14]^[220]^[221] Later discussions of Google search quality would mark the introduction of Rankbrain as a turning point (for the worse) in Google's helpfulness with obscure searches, arguing that Google incorrecty approximates the search query to a related, more mainstream search query rather than trying to literallly address the obscure search query.^[222]
2015	November 12			Navboost	The first public mention of Navboost, a system to collect click feedback, seems to be from this date; however, this mention is not from Google but from Pinterest, describing their own systems.^[223]^[224]
2015	November 19	Transparency	Quality raters guidelines		Google releases the full versions of its search quality raters guidelines (QRG), a 160-page-long handbook that it previously only gave human evaluators to rate websites. The guidelines help websites understand what qualities Google Search would like to see in websites, although ratings made by raters based on these guidelines do not directly change search engine rankings. The release follows a leak in October 2015 of the same guidelines.^[61] Two important pieces of jargon that gain currency in the SEO world due to these guidelines are: YMYL (your money or your life), a term for websites that offer information or allow people to take actions that have the potential to negatively impact the end user's health and wealth (examples include sites related to e-commerce, financial advice, medical advice, and legal advice), and E-A-T (expertise, authoritativeness, and trust), factors that are important to Google Search for ranking sites, and even more important for YMYL sites.^[225]
2016	February 3	Team			Amit Singhal steps down from his position as Vice President of Search at Google after 15 years in that role. He is replaced by John Giannandrea who works in artificial intelligence at Alphabet, Google's parent company.^[226]^[227] There is speculation that this will lead to more incorporation of machine learning and AI techniques in Google Search.^[228]
2016	February 18 and 23	Advertising			Google makes changes to Google AdWords, removing right-column ads and rolling out 4-ad top blocks on searches with commercial intent. The change has implications on organic search CTRs for such searches, since it pushes the organic search results further down the page, potentially reducing organic search CTRs.^[229] Up to three additional ads may be shown below the 10 organic search results, and additional ads may be shown on the second page.^[14]^[230]^[231]^[232]
2016	May 12 (announced March 16)	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Mobile usability	Google rolls out a ranking signal boost to benefit mobile-friendly websites on mobile devices. This is the second update of this sort, with the previous update in April 2015.^[14]^[233]^[234]
2016	September 1	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Local search	SEO commentators note massive changes to the algorithm for local searches, the biggest since Pigeon. The update is labeled Possum, indicating that some business listings have been filtered rather than actually disappearing. This is attributed to an updated, smarter deduplication algorithm, finer geolocation-awareness, and more decoupling of algorithms used for local search results from the main search results.^[14]^[235] The implications of Possum on local SEO would be discussed for months to come.^[236]^[237]^[238]
2016	September 23	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin)	Google announces a Penguin update, and says that Penguin is now part of Google's core ranking algorithm. Commentators dub this Penguin 4.0.^[14]^[239]^[240] SEOMOz identifies likely dates for phase 1 and phase 2 rollouts as September 27 and October 6.^[14]
2017	January 10	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating bad user experiences (heavy content, slow content, bad user experience)	Google announces that it will crack down on intrusive interstitials on mobile web pages, such as popups that cover the main content, standalone interstitials that the user has to dismiss, and above-the-fold content that looks like an interstitial.^[14]^[241] The plan to introduce this penalty was announced in August 2016.^[242]
2017	February 21	Customized search			Google announces that it is deprecating Google Site Search, its offering for websites that offers a highly site-customized site search solution. Starting April 1, 2017, it will discontinue sales of Google Site Search. The product will be completely shut down by April 1, 2018.^[243]^[244]^[245]
2017	April 25	User experience, incorporation of user feedback			Google announces quality improvements to search and more direct feedback options for users for search results and Featured Snippets (the new, official name for what the SEO community had previously called "answer boxes").^[246]
2017	July 26	User experience	Search suggestions		In light of its increasing focus on mobile search, Google drops Google Instant, its instant search feature where it shows the top results for the expected completion of the search query even before the user presses Enter. This is because instant search results don't play well with mobile search.^[87]
2017	late October and November	User experience	Information in SERPs		Search engine trackers notice a decrease in the percentage of search queries showing featured snippets from ~16% to ~14%, after a mostly steady increase for two years. This is also accompanied by an increase in the percentage of knowledge panels, mostly for the same queries.^[14]^[247]^[248]
2017	November	Transparency	Communication of algorithm updates		The Twitter account @searchliaison is created, through which Google's search liaison Danny Sullivan can officially communicate updates related to Google Search algorithm updates. Sullivan would continue to use his own Twitter handle @dannysullivan for updates that are not official communications.^[249]
2017	December 1	User experience	Information in SERPs		Google increases the length of the snippets it includes for each search result.^[14]^[250]
2018	March	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Core	Google makes a core algorithm update that affects the rankings of a number of websites, some positively, some negatively. The update is labeled the "brackets" update by Glenn Gabe. Google as well as SEO commentators say that websites adversely affected should not be looking to make quick fixes, but rather should continue improving their site over the long term.^[14]^[251]^[252]
2018	January 15	Review			A blog post by Tim Bray titled "Google Memory Loss" provides evidence suggesting that Google can no longer reliably be used to find old content even with exact keyword searches. In comparison, in the specific examples he checked, Bray was able to find the pages using both Bing and DuckDuckGo.^[253] Bray's post is shared to Hacker News where it gets an unusually large number of view and comments from users who share their frustrations around Google and its alleged decline. The RankBrain update is cited as a turning point (for the worse) in Google's helpfulness for obscure searches by many commenters.^[222]
2018	March 14	User experience	Information in SERPs		For one week, Google experiments with defaulting to show no search results for simple queries such as mathematical expressions and date/time lookups, with the search results available through a button that needs to be clicked to show them. Most real-world queries are not affected, but there is discussion of what this experiment means for the future of search.^[254]
2018	March 26	Search algorithm update	Indexing		Google announces that it is rolling out its switch to mobile-first indexing at a wider scale; the version of a page that Google will keep in its index and use to make ranking decisions will be the mobile version.^[14]^[255]^[256]
2019	May	Search algorithm update, user experience	Personalization		Google announces Incognito mode for Google Maps and Google search.^[257]^[258]^[259]^[260]
2018	May 13	User experience	Information in SERPs		Google reduces the average length of snippets included with each search result from about 300 characters to 150-160 characters, similar to the level prior to the increase in snippet length at the end of November 2017.^[14]^[261]
2018	June 14	User experience	Information in SERPs		Google moves videos in its desktop search results from organic-like results to a dedicated carousel, and the number of search engine results pages with videos increases significantly.^[14] This has unexpected impact on some e-commerce retailers, because videos showing up in carousel mean that the site no longer appears in the organic search results.^[262]
2018	July 9	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Mobile usability	Google finishes rolling out to all users the incorporation of mobile speed into its ranking of webpages. The update affects only extremely slow webpages, and thus does not affect the majority of webpages.^[14]^[263]
2019	May 7	Search algorithm update, user experience			Google announces feature to be integrated into Google search that utilizes Google Lens and augmented reality. Google Lens adds new features like visual language translation of signs, audio reading of text, video demonstrations of recipes seen in magazines and scanning restaurant menus to show the most popular dishes. Also, Google Assistant is upgraded to be 10-times faster in responding to spoken requests. The company also introduces a newly designed Android Auto dashboard to make the in-car platform easier to use without distracting drivers.^[264]^[265]^[266]^[267]
2019	July 26	Analytics			Google announces addition of "AMP On Image Result", a new search area with aim at allowing publishers to view their traffic data from AMP in Google Images in a Search Console’s performance report for Google Images.^[268]^[269]
2018	August 1	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Core	Google rolls out a core algorithm update dubbed "Medic" by SEO observers.^[14] The algorithm largely affects your money or your life (YMYL) sites, in particular health/medical websites, with some sites seeing significant improvements and others seeing significant declines.^[270]^[271]^[272]
2019	April 5 and April 7	Search algorithm update	Indexing	Bug fix	Due to a bug, Google seems to drop about 4% of pages from its search index on April 5 and April 7.^[14]^[273]
2019	August 1	Search algorithm update			"Featured snippets are surely one of the most useful features that Google added to its search engine in recent years. Today, the company announced that it has recently updated the algorithm that powers these snippets to prioritize more recent information."^[274]^[275]^[276]
2019	August 2	Competition			Google announces that, some time in 2020, it will make available a Choice Screen on Android devices that will allow users to select a search provider from among Google and three others. The three options shown are to be selected based on a per-country auction conducted periodically.^[277]
2019	August 14	Transparency	Leak of internal documents on how search works	Navboost	Project Veritas, a right-wing political advocacy group in the United States, receives leaked internal documents from former Google software engineer Zachary Vorhies. While Project Veritas frames the leak as evidence of Google's bias against conservatives, others studying the leaked documents do not find such evidence.^[278] However, the leaked documents do contain some information on Navboost, Google's click feedback system, that generates some discussion at the time, though it would get way more attention in 2023 and 2024.^[279]^[224]
2019	September 5				"Google has added TV and movie recommendations to its search app in an attempt to solve the increasingly tricky problem of knowing what to watch."^[280] "Google on Thursday said it wants to make it easier for people to find shows and movies on its search engine. If you type in a phrase like "good show to watch," the Google app will let you open up a new feature to swipe left or right on show recommendations (yes, like a dating app)."^[281]^[282]
2019	September 9	Tools for websites	Private communication between websites and Google	Google Search Console	Google announces shut down of its old Search Console.^[283]^[284]
2019	September 10	Tools for websites	Indexing	Markup syntax	Google announces two new link attributes, sponsored and ugc, that are treated by Google as hints and may be used to replace nofollow in some cases.^[285]
2019	September 20	Analytics			Google adds new structured data report, allowing site owners to quickly check whether breadcrumb markup has been implemented correctly.^[286]
2019	September 23	Analytics			Google announces update in its Search Console, giving it the ability to return fresher data in the Search Performance report. "The Performance report helps webmasters and site owners better understand how their site performs on Google search".^[287]^[288]^[289]
2019	October	Search algorithm update	Understanding query intent	BERT	Google introduces the BERT search algorithm. BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is an open-sourced technique for natural language understanding aimed at improving the search engine’s understanding of queries — particularly longer spoken or written ones.^[290]^[291]^[292]^[293] The algorithm is expected to change results rankings for up to one in 10 queries.^[294]^[295]^[296]^[297]
2019	October	Userbase			As of date, Google search controls 88.3% of the search market in the United States.^[298]
2019	October 28	Search algorithm update	Indexing		Google announces that Search would stop supporting Adobe Flash by the end of the year. In web pages with Flash content, Google would ignore the Flash content. Search would also stop indexing standalone SWF files.^[299]^[300]
2019	November 14				Google Search launches a new feature that lets users check their pronunciation of unfamiliar words with the help of machine learning.^[301]^[302]^[303]
2019	November 26				Google Search introduces new features: automatic updations of listings on Google My Business and local language support on the shopping experience.^[304]^[305]
2019	December 5				"Google Search to Integrate Package Tracking" "A good example of this is the track package feature, a feature that incorporates a lot of different companies that you can check out and make sure that you are able to track the package that is shipping the product that you have purchased from said company." "This feature is going to be integrated into Google search, which means that now there will be a card below the search bar that can be used to find specific tracking details. All you would have to do is enter the company name followed by “package tracking”. For example, if the product you have purchased is from Amazon then your search query is going to be “Amazon package tracking”."^[306]^[307]^[308]^[309]
2019	December 5	Transparency	Quality raters guidelines		Google updates its search quality evaluator guidelines. The revisions emphasized diversity, impartiality and pertained to language referring to users."^[310]
2019	December 9	Search algorithm update	Understanding query intent	BERT	Google announces that its natural language processing algorithm BERT would be released in over 70 languages globally. Until then, the algorithm was only applied to featured snippets in languages other than English.^[311]^[312]^[313]^[314]
2019	December 10	Analytics			"Google has this week launched a new listing of the top 100 product trends in a range of categories based on Google search volume increases over the past year. Called the Google Shopping 100, the data collection has its own mini-site and provides some interesting, and potentially valuable insight into what the key product and consumer trends were over the course of 2019."^[315]^[316]^[317]^[318]
2019	December 16				Google Search and Google Maps introduce the ability to order food in Australia. Customers can order from fast food chains including Domino's Pizza, Boost Juice, Chatime, Guzman y Gomez, Pizza Hut and Grill’d, as well as local restaurants and cafes via HeyYou.^[319]^[320]^[321]
2019	December 17	Analytics			Google announces that fresher Discover data is now available within Google Search Console Performance reports. This allows site owners view data as recent as less than a day old.^[322]^[323]
2019	December 27				Google search launches a 'Watchlist' service that lets users track shows and movies across platforms. The feature is only available on the Google app for Android and iOS.^[324]^[325]^[326]^[327]^[328]
2019	Year round				Google announces Disney Plus as its top trending search term of 2019.^[329]^[330]
2020	000000002024-04-23-0000April 23	Search algorithm update (presentation)			Google announces that it is starting the rollout of a feature that will tell the user if there aren't great matches for the search, potentially with suggestions for how to improve the search query.^[331]^[332]
2020	000000002024-10-20-0000October 20	Review			An article in the Washington Post talks about how Google Search has been getting worse. Three points are made: (1) increasing proliferation of ads, pushing organic results farther down the page (and a continued blending of ads into content making them visually harder to distinguish), (2) inaccurate featured snippets that might push a political agenda, and (3) promotion of Google's own products (such as Google Maps, YouTube, Google Flights) even when inferior to other products.^[333]
2021	000000002024-02-01-0000February 1	Insight			Google announces the launch of an "About this result" available for individual search results that provides more information about the source, including entity information on the source (similar to a knowledge panel), and whether the result is a search result or an ad.^[334]^[335] "About this result" would evolve in the coming months to include more information.^[336]^[337]
2021	000000002024-05-18-0000May 18	Search algorithm update	Understanding query intent	MUM	Google announces its Multitask Unified Model (MUM) tool, that uses transformers / neural nets to understand human language and other information such as audio and video. MUM's understanding of text uses the T5 text-to-text framework.^[338]^[339] The first real-world application of MUM, to COVID vaccine names, would be announced on June 29 as having been released.^[340]^[341]
2021	000000002024-06-08-0000June 8	Competition			Google removes the participation fee for search engines to be shown in its Android Choice Screen program in Europe, and increases the number of search engines listed from three to a higher number, with five on screen at a given time.^[342]^[343]
2021	000000002024-06-15-0000June 15	Analytics			Google announces the release of Search Console Insights, a tool that surfaces insights by joining data from Search Console and Google Analytics.^[344]
2021	000000002024-06-15-0000June 15 – end of August	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating bad user experiences (heavy content, slow content, bad user experience) (page experience)	The rollout of Google's "page experience on mobile" update happens during this period. The update is limited to mobile searches, and gives weight to a "page experience" factor that includes performance on core web vitals, mobile usability, security issues, whether the site is HTTPS, and ads experience.^[64]^[345]
2021	000000002024-06-01-0000June (around middle of the month)	User experience	Information in SERPs		Google starts testing a new feature that notifies searchers if the search results for the search query are changing rapidly; the idea is to warn users about stories that are actively evolving.^[346]^[347]
2021	000000002024-06-23-0000June 23, June 28	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics	Google releases a two-part update to deal with spam; the first part is released on June 23 and the second part on June 28.^[348]^[349]
2021	000000002024-07-22-0000July 22	Transparency	Explanation of search results		Google announces that its "About this result" panel will now include reasons a particular search result was shown. Types of reasons spotted include: search terms that appear in the result, search terms related to your search, other websites with your search terms link to this result, this result has images related to your search, this result is in your language, this result is relevant for searches in your region.^[336]^[334]
2022	000000002024-02-22-0000February 22 – 000000002024-03-03-0000March 3	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating bad user experiences (heavy content, slow content, bad user experience) (page experience)	As previously announced on November 4, 2021, Google executes on the rollout of using page experience as a ranking factor on desktop during this period. Page experience on desktop includes all the core web vitals as well as all the other page experience signals on mobile except mobile-friendliness.^[350]^[351]^[352]
2022	000000002024-08-25-0000August 25 – 000000002024-09-09-0000September 9	Search algorithm update	Ranking	Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics	Google releases a "helpful content" update that is intended to demote content that is written primarily for search engines, and promote content that it deems to be helpful to humans. The determination of whether content is helpful is done through machine learning, and validated via quality raters.^[353]
2022	000000002024-12-15-0000December 15	Transparency	Quality raters guidelines		Google releases an update to its quality raters guidelines (QRG) with a major change: it replaces E-A-T (expertise, authoritativeness, and trustworthiness) with E-E-A-T (experience, expertise, authoritativeness, and trustworthiness). The newly added E is experience, which Google clarifies to mean first-hand experience, such as "actual use of a product, having actually visited a place or communicating what a person experienced". Google explains how the relative importance of experience and expertise can depend on context: "For example, if you're looking for information on how to correctly fill out your tax returns, that's probably a situation where you want to see content produced by an expert in the field of accounting. But if you're looking for reviews of a tax preparation software, you might be looking for a different kind of information—maybe it's a forum discussion from people who have experience with different services."^[354] SEOs review and comment on both E-E-A-T and other aspects of the updated guidelines.^[355]^[356]
2023	000000002024-05-25-0000May 25	Search algorithm update	Presentation	AI overviews (Search Generative Experience)	Google officially launches (in beta, to only select users) the Search Generative Experience (SGE) that integrates text from a generative model into search results (in the form of AI overviews at the top of search results; thes would later be named "AI Overviews"). This launch comes about six months after the release of ChatGPT by OpenAI had raised the profile of generative models, apparently inducing Google to accelerate its plans to add generative experience to search results. The feature had been annouced by Google at the Google I/O event on May 10.^[357]^[358]
2023	000000002024-10-18-0000October 18	Transparency	Testimony on how search works	Core (Navboost, Glue, Tangram, RankBrain, RankEmbed BERT, DeepRank (with an emphasis in all of these on the role of click feedback))	Pandu Nayak, Vice President of Search at Google, who works on various aspects of search quality, gives testimony in United States v. Google.^[359] Analysis of the testimony by AJ Kohn, published on November 16, highlights the importance of feedback data from users (what they click on in the search results) for training the algorithm -- both in terms of the direct feedback for specific results clicked on, and in terms of training data for the models so that they can learn the general features of results users click on. The testimony goes over various subsystems of Google's core systems (these are the subsystems that get updated as part of "core updates"). The testimony calls Navboost (Google's click feedback signal that keeps track of what search result the user clicks on and whether they navigate back quickly) one of Google's strongest ranking signals and mentions it 54 times. The testimony also reveals that Navboost click data is now preserved for 13 months (it used to be 18 months back in 2017). Glue is described as the equivalent of Navboost for results other than web results. Tangram is described as the equivalent system for other search features. RankBrain is described as the algorithm used to finally rank within the top 20 to 30 results, as it is expensive to run on a much larger dataset; it is also trained on click and query data. RankEmbed BERT and DeepRank complement and support RankBrain. The testimony also covers Information Satisfaction (IS) scores and the use of interleaving for A/B testing (where results from different algorithms are interleaved together in the same set of search results).^[360] The testimony as well as Kohn's analysis are linked and discussed further in Search Engine Land, with focus on slightly different parts.^[361]
2024	000000002024-03-12-0000March 12 (original commit), May / June (wider awareness)	Transparency	Leak of internal documents on how search works	Core (Navboost and others) and many other facets	A commit made (seemingly accidentally) by a code bot to a public GitHub repository includes a bunch of internal documentation related to Google Search.^[362] On May 5, an anonymous source shares the commit with Rand Fishkin, founder and CEO of SparkToro. Fishkin vets the documents by speaking with three Googlers, two of whom confirm that the leak looks legitimate. Fishkin and Mike King study the leak together, and on May 27, they publish their separate analyses of the leak, both of them highlighting the importance of Google's click feedback systems including Navboost.^[363]^[364] On May 29, Google confirms the leak, but advises caution in interpreting it given that the information may be outdated and out-of-context: "We would caution against making inaccurate assumptions about Search based on out-of-context, outdated, or incomplete information. We’ve shared extensive information about how Search works and the types of factors that our systems weigh, while also working to protect the integrity of our results from manipulation."^[365]

List of search updates made in later years

Some of these search updates would clutter the full timeline, and many of them have specialized pieces of information that are brought out more effectively in a more customized table structure. We cover these search updates in this section.

Core updates starting 2019

Google uses the shorthand "core updates" for what it describes as broad updates to its search algorithms, that are not targeted at a specific use case but change the core systems used within search. For such updates, Google says that websites have nothing in particular to "fix" and should just work on general best practices and creating great content.^[366]^[367]

A few notes:

Starting 2019, Google has pushed the naming convention where an update is named based on the month and year it started rolling out. For instance, the update that rolled out from June 3, 2019 to June 8, 2019 is the June 2019 core update. The update that rolled out from May 25, 2022 to June 9, 2022 is termed the May 2022 core update based on the month when it started rolling out. The SEO community has adopted this convention. This convention also makes sense in light of the fact (discussed in a later bullet point) that Google doesn't reveal any other details of the core update, so it's hard to give a more semantically meaningful name.
Google has been getting better over time in terms of communicating core updates.
- Historically, Google would often either fail to confirm core updates or confirm then only after the fact.
- Starting in 2019, Google has been more proactive about announcing core updates, initially via the Search Liaison Twitter handle (@searcliaison) once the update starts (and sometimes even prior to it). The account used for later announcements was the Google Search Central Twitter handle (@googlesearchc). By 2022, the announcement of core updates was now happening on the Google Search Central blog, with an update to the blog post indicating the completion of the rollout.
- By 2021, Google was also usually announcing the end of rollout of each core update, generally through a reply message to the Twitter (now X) message where it had announced the original rollout.
- By September 2022, Google had made available a search status history page that covers all officially announced Google algorithm updates, including all core updates, going back to January 2020. This includes the start date and duration of each update.^[368]
- Starting 2023, Google has been providing the duration of updates at a granularity of hours, for instance "13 days, 7 hours" reflecting the fact that the Google Search Status dashboard is now updated close to real-time to reflect the status of search updates.
Google rarely reveals details of the kinds of changes made in its core updates, which is consistent with Google's view that websites have nothing to "fix" in response to these updates. Google does not even provide insight into how big an update is, how it relates to previous updates, and what parts of the rollout period are expected to see the most flux.
- However, Google has confirmed one important tidbit: that it has multiple core systems, and that different core updates may touch on different core systems. For instance, Google revealed that its October 2023 and November 2023 core updates were for different core systems.^[369]
A note on the duration calculation and its relationship to start and end dates: generally, based on the timing of announcement, it seems that Google starts and ends its updates during US daytime hours (generally working hours or close). Therefore, the difference between the end and start date is a rough estimate of the duration in days. Had the updates started early in the morning and ended late at night, the duration could be rounded to one more than the difference of dates, and if it were the other way around, the duration could be rounded to one less. Fortunately, the narrow time-of-day range means that the duration is relatively easy to interpret.
While there is a lot of variation from update to update, the general trend has been for core updates to get bigger in terms of the overall flux they create, and also for them to have a longer rollout period (this can be seen by how the "Duration in days" column is generally increasing as we go down the table). The longer rollout period means that core updates can have much greater overall flux while still having comparable peak volatility.
In the absence of clear guidance from Google, SEO commentators and data providers collect and publish their own data. For each core update, Search Engine Land generally does a roundup post collating what different data providers are expected. Data providers often draw different conclusions as the use different methologies and have different sets of search queries and domains that they monitor. However, aggregating the information from data providers as well as SEO chatter generally provides a decent picture of (a) when in the rollout period the flux in results was greatest, (b) roughly how this update compares in magnitude to other updates. In some cases, there are also insights into what categories are most affected, or what kinds of domains have gained or lost traction. For instance, some updates tend to help reference websites, while others tend to hurt reference websites.

Start date	End date	Duration in days	Duration in days plus hours (only available 2023 onward)	SEO consensus on when the peak effect was seen (if there is consensus) (absolute date)	SEO consensus on when the peak effect was seen (day index, starting with 1 for the start date of the update)	Strength and characteristics of the update (based on commentary by data providers and SEOs)	Overlapping updates	Other notes
000000002019-03-12-0000March 12, 2019^[370]^[371]	000000002019-03-12-0000March 12, 2019	1		000000002019-03-12-0000March 12, 2019	1	SEO chatter suggests the update is targeted at YMYL sites.	N/A	Google confirms the update on Twitter via the official @searchliaison handle, claims that the algorithm is a broad core algorithm update and not targeted at any category, and argues for calling the update a core update rather than giving it another name, given that it targets the core search algorithm and is not tied to a specific facet (such as speed or spam).^[14]^[372]
000000002019-06-03-0000June 3, 2019^[373]	000000002019-06-08-0000June 8, 2019^[374]	5				SEO chatter suggests that a wider range of domains is affected than with previous core updates; some suggest a revert of March changes, with some health domains seeing a comeback.^[375]	Diversity update (2019-06-04 to 2019-06-06)	The update is pre-announced by Google on June 2 by the @searchliaison Twitter account via a tweet, a day before it started;^[376] both the start and end are announced via tweets; in fact, the update is announced one day prior to its start.
000000002019-09-24-0000September 24, 2019^[377]	000000002019-09-27-0000September 27, 2019	3				SEO chatter and data provider analysis suggests a strong effect within the YMYL category, with potential reversal of some changes with the last two 2019 core updates, but not as much overall volatility as the previous updates.^[378]	N/A	The end date is approximate as Google doesn't officially clarify the end time.^[379]
000000002020-01-13-0000January 13, 2020^[368]^[380]	000000002020-01-16-0000January 16, 2020^[368]^[381]	3				SEO chatter suggests that this is a huge update, with a big impact on YMYL sites.^[382]	N/A	At the time, the end date is framed as "approximate"; it is the date that Google reports being "mostly done" with the update, while saying that the full rollout may take up to two weeks. However, the Google Search Status dashboard does end up going with this end date and duration as part of the official record.
000000002020-05-04-0000May 4, 2020^[368]^[383]	000000002020-05-18-0000May 18, 2020^[368]^[384]	14				SEO chatter suggests that this is a "monster" of an update, even bigger than the January 2020 update.^[385]	N/A	This is one of the first times that the end of a core update is officially announced via the @searchliaison Twitter account; the past few times, the end date was only provided approximately or in terms of when the update is "mostly done". The rollout duration for this update (at 14 days) is much higher than the duration for the previous updates based on the more approximate methods.
000000002020-12-03-0000December 3, 2020^[368]^[386]	000000002020-12-16-0000December 16, 2020^[368]	13		000000002020-12-04-0000December 4, 2020	2	SEO commentators consider this update to be big, even bigger than the previous (May 2020) update, which was already bigger than preceding updates.^[14]^[387]^[388]	N/A	No official end date seems to be provided at the time, but the Goole Search Status history shows a duration of 13 days.
000000002021-06-02-0000June 2, 2021^[368]^[389]	000000002021-06-12-0000June 12, 2021^[368]^[390]	10		000000002021-06-04-0000June 4, 2021 to 000000002021-06-06-0000June 6, 2021	3 to 5	This is the first of a series of two core updates, with the second one in July 2021. SEO commentators find the effects of this update spread out over time, with the bulk of the effect from June 4 to June 6. The majority view among SEOs is that this is a smaller update than the December 2020 update, but some data providers and SEO analysts consider it a bigger update.^[391]^[392]	N/A, but quickly followed by spam updates and the page experience update
000000002021-07-01-0000July 1, 2021^[368]^[393]	000000002021-07-12-0000July 12, 2021^[368]^[394]	11		000000002021-07-02-0000July 2, 2021	2	This is the second of a series of two core updates, with the first update being in June 2021. SEO commentators note that the update propagated quickly with the effects beginning to be seen shortly after Google's announcement of the rollout, in contrast with the June update that started a little later and had a longer period of increased volatility. Overall, SEO commentators and data providers consider the July 2021 core update to be smaller than the June 2021 core update.^[395]	page experience update rolling out from mid-June to late August
000000002021-11-17-0000November 17, 2021^[368]^[396]	000000002021-11-30-0000November 30, 2021^[368]^[397]	13		000000002021-11-18-0000November 18, 2021	2	SEO companies generally find that the bulk of the impact of the update is within its first 24 hours, unlike some past core algorithm updates for which the high rankings flux continued for a few days.^[398]	N/A, but immediately followed by the product reviews update
000000002022-05-25-0000May 25, 2022^[368]^[399]^[400]	000000002022-06-09-0000June 9, 2022^[368]^[399]	15		000000002022-05-26-0000May 26, 2022	2	According to Search Engine Land, the update "was significant and hit fast" based on volatility-tracking tools.^[401]^[402] According to an article in Search Engine Journal, the winners include big e-commerce brands (such as Amazon, eBay, and Etsy) and video sites (such as YouTube, TikTok, Disney Plus, Hulu, and Twitch) while the losers include news and media publishers and reference websites. New SERP features related to visual SERPs are also spotted.^[403]	N/A
000000002022-09-12-0000September 12, 2022^[368]^[404]	000000002022-09-26-0000September 26, 2022^[368]	14		000000002022-09-13-0000September 13, 2022	2	According to Search Engine Land, the update "hit fast but was less significant than previous updates" based on volatility-tracking tools; Semrush has a similar assessment.^[405]^[406]	product reviews update on 2022-09-20 while this core update was still rolling out (though after the bulk of its impact)
000000002023-03-15-0000March 15, 2023^[368]	000000002023-03-28-0000March 28, 2023^[368]	13	13 days, 7 hours^[368]	000000002023-03-16-0000March 16, 2023	2	SEO data providers have varying takes on the volatility of the update, with Semrush finding it to be more volatile and impactful than the September 2022 update, and RankRanger finding it to be comparably volatile.^[407]	N/A
000000002023-08-22-0000August 22, 2023^[368]	000000002023-09-07-0000September 7, 2023^[368]	16	16 days, 3 hours^[368]	000000002023-08-25-0000August 25, 2023	4	Both Semrush and RankRanger consider this a high-volatility update, whereas Sistrix calls it a "quiet" update. August 25 is singled out as a high-volatility day by multiple data providers as well as SEO commentators, but unlike some other core updates, this core update also seems to have had high volatility in the middle and end parts according to some of the data providers.^[408]	N/A
000000002023-10-05-0000October 5, 2023^[368]	000000002023-10-19-0000October 19, 2023^[368]	14	13 days, 23 hours^[368]	000000002023-10-10-0000October 10, 2023	6	Confusingly, a spam update is released around the same time, from October 4 to October 10. The overall volatility appears to peak on October 10 according to multiple data providers (but the contributions of the core update versus the spam update are unclear). This update has a few high-volatility days but is otherwise calm, unlike the August 2023 update that was high-volatility throughout. Sistrix notes that one category of established sites that was hit harder was reference sites.^[409]	spam update (2023-10-04 to 2023-10-10)
000000002023-11-02-0000November 2, 2023^[368]	000000002023-11-28-0000November 28, 2023^[368]	26	25 days, 21 hours^[368]			Data providers suggest that this update had higher overall volatility than the October 2023, and more days of increased volatility (i.e., a more spread-out update than the October 2023 update, and similar to the August 2023 update in that respect).^[410]	product reviews update (2023-11-08 to 2023-12-07)	In Q&A published along with the start of the update, Google says: "We have different systems that are considered core to our ranking process; this month's core update involves an improvement to a different core system than last month."^[369]
000000002024-03-05-0000March 5, 2024^[368]	000000002024-04-26-0000April 26, 2024^[368]	45				The long rollout duration of the update, as well as its overlap with Google's spam update (starting on the same day and rolling out over two weeks) makes this update much harder for SEOs and data providers to study. Overall, SEOs and data providers agree that the combined effect of the core update and the spam update is massive, particularly in terms of eliminating a bunch of sites completely (specifically, sites Google deems as spam, AI-generated, error-prone, and overly focused on search engines rather than humans), and massively switching around the rankings in the bottom half of the SERPs.^[411]	spam update (2024-03-05 to 2024-03-19)	In a very uncharacteristic move, Google has two blog posts describing its goals with this core update (and the concurrent spam update), namely: "This update involves refining some of our core ranking systems to help us better understand if webpages are unhelpful, have a poor user experience or feel like they were created for search engines instead of people. This could include sites created primarily to match very specific search queries." Starting with this core update, helpful content updates become part of core updates.^[412]^[413]
000000002024-08-15-0000August 15, 2024^[368]	000000002024-09-03-0000September 3, 2024^[368]	19	19 days, 4 hours^[368]			Data providers consider this update to be more volatile on a per-day basis than the March 2024 update, but given the shorter duration, the overall change is lower than (but still comparable to) the March 2024 update.	ranking issue from 2024-08-15 to 2024-08-20, overlapping with the initial rollout of the core update	Uncharacteristically, Google provides some context on its goals with the core update: "This update is designed to continue our work to improve the quality of our search results by showing more content that people find genuinely useful and less content that feels like it was made just to perform well on Search. This latest update takes into account the feedback we've heard from some creators and others over the past few months. As always, we aim to connect people with a range of high quality sites, including small or independent sites that are creating useful, original content, when relevant to users' searches. This is an area we'll continue to address in future updates. This update also aims to better capture improvements that sites may have made, so we can continue to show the best of the web."^[414]

Numerical and visual data

Mentions on Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 31, 2021.

Year	Google Search
1997	261,000
1998	342,000
1999	383,000
2000	467,000
2001	490,000
2002	546,000
2003	567,000
2004	595,000
2005	643,000
2006	664,000
2007	697,000
2008	679,000
2009	720,000
2010	730,000
2011	728,000
2012	674,000
2013	726,000
2014	690,000
2015	665,000
2016	602,000
2017	505,000
2018	366,000
2019	238,000
2020	120,000

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Google Search (Topic) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[415]

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Google Search from 1997 to 2019.^[416]

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Google Search on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider,mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to January 2021.^[417]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The timeline was originally written by Vipul on Wikipedia at Timeline of Google Search. It was subsequently expanded by both Vipul and Sebastian.

What the timeline is still missing

Speed and index size for search queries:
Environmental cost of search
- https://qz.com/1267709/every-google-search-results-in-co2-emissions-this-real-time-dataviz-shows-how-much (linked from next point as well)
- https://qz.com/1267709/every-google-search-results-in-co2-emissions-this-real-time-dataviz-shows-how-much and linked stuff
Join and leave dates, and key contributions and philosophy, of: Marissa Mayer, Krishna Bharat (no leave date), Amit Singhal (leave date covered)
Evolution of "I'm Feeling Lucky"
The ChatGPT effect
Let me Google that for you
Google as a verb, trademark considerations
Legal and monopoly concerns
Google/Wikipedia relationship
Google/Reddit relationship (And also cover launch of Reddit)
Google/Twitter relationship

Big picture stuff:

Breakdown of the different phases of Google updates
Internet and world trends: size of WWW, computing speed, number of users searching, computing efficiency, environmental concerns

References

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[may-2022-core-update-rollout-official-announcement-399] 399.0 ^399.1 Sullivan, Danny (May 25, 2022). "May 2022 core update releasing for Google Search". Google Search Central Blog. Retrieved June 2, 2023.

[400] Mueller, John (May 25, 2022). "May 2022 core update". Retrieved June 2, 2023.

[401] Schwartz, Barry (May 31, 2022). "Google's May 2022 core update was significant and hit fast. The data is in early from the tracking tools and here is what these tools are showing with the latest Google algorithm update.". Retrieved June 2, 2023.

[402] Oberstein, Mordy (June 1, 2022). "The May 2022 Core Update: The Initial Impact". Retrieved June 2, 2023.

[403] Larkin, Kayle (July 11, 2022). "Google's May 2022 Core Update: What's the Impact So Far? We analyzed the impact of Google's May 2022 core update to determine what you can learn from spikes and drops in search rankings across industries.". Search Engine Land. Retrieved June 2, 2023.

[404] {{cite web|url = https://x.com/googlesearchc/status/1569346698769571841%7Ctitle = Today we released the September 2022 core update. We'll update our ranking release history page when the rollout is complete: https://developers.google.com/search/updates/ranking%7Cdate = September 12, 2022|accessdate = November 24, 2024

[405] Schwartz, Barry (September 21, 2022). "Google's September 2022 core update hit fast but was less significant than previous updates. The data is in from the tracking tools and here is what these tools are showing with the latest Google algorithm update.". Search Engine Land. Retrieved June 2, 2023.

[406] Oberstein, Mordy (September 26, 2022). "September 2022 Core Update Impact". Semrush Blog. Retrieved June 2, 2023.

[407] Schwartz, Barry (March 29, 2023). "How the March 2023 Google core update compared to previous core updates. We asked some of the Google tracking data providers for data on the latest Google algorithm update.". Search Engine Land. Retrieved November 15, 2024.

[408] Schwartz, Barry (September 12, 2023). "How the August 2023 Google core update compared to March 2023 core updates. We asked some of the Google tracking data providers for data on the latest Google algorithm update.". Retrieved November 15, 2024.

[409] Schwartz, Barry (October 25, 2023). "Data providers on the Google October 2023 core and spam update. This was a very big set of Google updates, here is an analysis.". Search Engine Land. Retrieved November 15, 2024.

[410] Schwartz, Barry (December 6, 2023). "Data providers: Google November 2023 core update was more volatile than the October 2023 core update. Keep in mind, the November 2023 Reviews update overlapped with this core update and is still rolling out.". Search Engine Land. Retrieved November 24, 2024.

[411] Oberstein, Mordy (May 3, 2024). "3 key observations about the Google March 2024 core update. Uncover the unique characteristics of the March 2024 core update, from its prolonged rollout to its heavy-handed impact on certain sites.". Search Engine Land. Retrieved November 25, 2024.

[412] Tucker, Elizabeth (March 5, 2024). "New ways we're tackling spammy, low-quality content on Search. We're enhancing Search so you see more useful information, and fewer results that feel made for search engines.". The Keyword (blog.google). Retrieved November 25, 2024.

[413] Nelson, Chris (March 5, 2024). "What web creators should know about our March 2024 core update and new spam policies". Google Search Central Blog. Retrieved November 25, 2024.

[414] Mueller, John (August 15, 2024). "What to know about our August 2024 core update". Google Search Central Blog. Retrieved November 25, 2024.

[415] "Google Search". trends.google.com. Retrieved 23 February 2021.

[416] "Google Search". books.google.com. Retrieved 23 February 2021.

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Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Google Search"

Latest revision as of 15:01, 1 December 2024

Contents

Big picture

Full timeline

List of search updates made in later years

Core updates starting 2019

Numerical and visual data

Mentions on Google Scholar

Google Trends

Google Ngram Viewer

Wikipedia Views

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

What the timeline is still missing

See also

References

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

Views

More

Search

Navigation

Tools

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{Attribute English Wikipedia|original-exists=yes|substantial-edits=yes}}
-{{w|Google Search}}, offered by {{w|Google}}, is the most widely used search engine on the {{w|World Wide Web}} as of 2014, with over three billion searches a day. This page covers key events in the history of Google's search service.
+{{w|Google Search}}, offered by {{w|Google}}, is the most widely used search engine on the {{w|World Wide Web}} as of 2024, with over three billion searches a day. This page covers key events in the history of Google's search service.
 For a history of Google the company, including all of Google's products, acquisitions, and corporate changes, see the {{w|history of Google}} page.
@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
 | 2000 || Internationalization: search is launched in 13 new languages.
 |-
-| 2001–2004 || Google launches many new search categories, such as [[wikipedia:Google News|Google News]], [[wikipedia:Google Books|Google Books]], and [[wikipedia:Google Scholar|Google Scholar]].
+| 2001–2004 || Google launches many new search categories, such as {{w|Google News}}, {{w|Google Books}}, and {{w|Google Scholar}}.
 |-
 | 2002 onward || The beginning of explicitly announced search algorithm updates.
@@ Line 38: / Line 38: @@
 ==Full timeline==
+NOTE: Some search updates in recent years (including core updates starting 2019) are covered in the later section [[#List of search updates made in later years]].
 {| class="wikitable sortable"
-! Year !! Month and date (if available) !! Event type !! Event
+! Year !! Month and date (if available) !! Event type !! Subtype / affected aspect !! Affected algorithm or specific entity !! Event
 |-
-| 1996 || January–March || Prelude || [[wikipedia:Larry Page|Larry Page]] and [[wikipedia:Sergey Brin|Sergey Brin]], graduate students in computer science at [[wikipedia:Stanford University|Stanford University]], begin working on [[wikipedia:BackRub|BackRub]], the precursor to Google Search. Page begins work alone initially, supported by a [[wikipedia:National Science Foundation|National Science Foundation]] Graduate Fellowship, and Brin joins him shortly thereafter. The project is an outgrowth of their work on the [[wikipedia:Stanford Digital Library Project|Stanford Digital Library Project]].<ref name="Anatomy">{{Cite journal
+| 1996 || January–March || Prelude || || || [[wikipedia:Larry Page|Larry Page]] and [[wikipedia:Sergey Brin|Sergey Brin]], graduate students in computer science at [[wikipedia:Stanford University|Stanford University]], begin working on [[wikipedia:BackRub|BackRub]], the precursor to Google Search, as well as on the underlying technology for it that they call {{w|PageRank}} (a pun on Page's surname and the "page" in webpage). Page begins work alone initially, supported by a [[wikipedia:National Science Foundation|National Science Foundation]] Graduate Fellowship, and Brin joins him shortly thereafter. The project is an outgrowth of their work on the [[wikipedia:Stanford Digital Library Project|Stanford Digital Library Project]].<ref name="Anatomy">{{Cite journal
 | volume = 35
 | page = 3
@@ Line 52: / Line 54: @@
 | accessdate = July 24, 2008
 | year = 1996
-| url = http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.109.4049 | doi = 10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X
+| url = https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.109.4049 | doi = 10.1016/S0169-7552(98)00110-X
 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal
 | volume = 21
@@ Line 63: / Line 65: @@
 | accessdate = July 24, 2009
 | year = 1998
-| url = http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.107.7614
+| url = https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.107.7614
-}}</ref><ref>[http://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=9411306 The Stanford Integrated Digital Library Project], Award Abstract #9411306, September 1, 1994 through August 31, 1999 (Estimated), award amount $521,111,001</ref><ref>{{cite journal
+}}</ref><ref>[https://www.nsf.gov/awardsearch/showAward.do?AwardNumber=9411306 The Stanford Integrated Digital Library Project], Award Abstract #9411306, September 1, 1994 through August 31, 1999 (Estimated), award amount $521,111,001</ref><ref>{{cite journal
 | doi = 10.1126/science.323.5910.54
 | volume = 323
@@ Line 77: / Line 79: @@
 }}</ref> Web crawling begins in March.
 |-
-| 1997 || September 15 || Domain || The domain Google.com is registered.<ref name=official-google-history>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/about/company/history/|title = Our history in depth|publisher = [[wikipedia:Google|Google]]|date = September 15, 1997|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+| 1997 || September 15 || Domain || || || The domain Google.com is registered.<ref name=official-google-history>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/about/company/history/|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140401144119/https://www.google.com/about/company/history/|archive-date = April 1, 2014|title = Our history in depth|publisher = Google}}</ref>
+|-
+| 1999 || || Gaming of search results (Google bomb) || || || The first known instance of a {{w|Google bomb}} is reported around this time, with a search for "more evil than Satan itself" bringing up the Microsoft website. The perpetrators of the Google bomb are not known.<ref name=google-bomb>{{Cite web|url = https://www.clickz.com/google-bombs-arent-so-scary/61942/|title = Google Bombs Aren't So Scary. Based on some articles out there, you might think it's easy to manipulate the results on Google. It's not as simple as it may seem.|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = May 1, 2002|accessdate = June 2, 2019|publisher = ClickZ}}</ref>
+|-
+| 1999 || || Background search algorithm development || || || The {{w|Hilltop algorithm}} is developed by {{w|Krishna Bharat}} (at {{w|Compaq Systems Research Center}} at the time) and {{w|George A. Mihăilă}} (at {{w|University of Toronto}}). It would eventually be acquired by Google in 2003 (where Bharat would be working at the time) and used to power Google News.
+|-
+| 2000 || May 9 || Internationalization || || || Google adds ten new languages: [[w:French language|French]], [[w:German language|German]], [[w:Italian language|Italian]], [[w:Swedish language|Swedish]], [[w:Finnish language|Finnish]], [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[w:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[w:Danish language|Danish]].<ref name=official-google-history/>
+|-
+| 2000 || June || Partnership || || || {{w|Yahoo!}} switches its search engine from {{w|Inktomi}} to {{w|Google Search}}. An article on the switch in ''{{w|The Guardian}}'' says that the likely reasons are Google's technical superiority, larger and more comprehensive index, and its not taking money to boost search rankings. At this time, Yahoo! is a widely known brand while Google is still a more niche product used mainly by a more technically savvy audience.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2000/jul/02/searchengines.columnists|title = Why's Yahoo gone to Google? Search me|date = July 2, 2000|accessdate = November 30, 2024|last = Naughton|first = John|publisher = The Guardian}}</ref> Some would claim retrospectively that this would play a key role in spreading the word about Google, given that as part of the deal, Yahoo! links to Google as the technology powering its search engine; however, the relative importance of this factor, compared to the role of word of mouth, is unclear.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/2000-in-review-adwords-launches-yahoo-partners-with-google-34831|title = 2000 In Review: AdWords Launches; Yahoo Partners With Google; GoTo Syndicates. This article is part of a series, a review of the 2000 decade and search developments. Below, major events from the year 2000 in consumer search. For the complete series, see the introduction, The Google Decade: Search In Review, 2000 To 2009. Google Launches AdWords To me, the big story of 2000 was Google’s launch|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = November 30, 2024}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2000 || September 12 || Internationalization || || || Google launches search services in [[wikipedia:Japanese language|Japanese]], [[wikipedia:Chinese language|Chinese]], and [[wikipedia:Korean language|Korean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/09/google-launches-new-japanese-chinese.html|title =  Google Launches New Japanese, Chinese, and Korean Search Services: Company Continues Aggressive Global Expansion To Bring Award-Winning Search Engine To Internet Users Worldwide|publisher = Google|date = September 12, 2000|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2000 || September || Gaming of search results (Google bomb) || || || A Google bomb is created around this time by ''Hugedisk Men's Magazine'', an online humor magazine, with the search term "dumb motherfucker" linked to a website selling {{w|George W. Bush}} merchandise. A similar attempt for an {{w|Al Gore}} website is not successful.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,41401,00.html |last=Manjoo |first=Fahrad |title=Google Link is Bush League |date=January 25, 2001 |work=Wired News |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010405062025/https://www.wired.com/news/technology/0%2C1282%2C41401%2C00.html |archivedate=April 5, 2001 |accessdate=January 26, 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://blog.wired.com/monkeybites/2007/01/earlier_today_m.html|title=Remembering the First Google Bomb|first=Michael|last=Calore|author2=Scott Gilbertson|date=January 26, 2001|work=Wired News|accessdate=January 27, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070225081940/https://blog.wired.com/monkeybites/2007/01/earlier_today_m.html |archivedate = February 25, 2007}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2000 || October 23 || Advertising || || || {{w|Google AdWords}} launches with 350 customers.<ref name=official-google-history/> Historically, Google's search results were completely free of financial influence from the sites appearing on the page; with this change, the "organic" search results (the normal search results) continue to be free of financial influences, and the paid search advertisements are clearly delineated from the organic search results.<ref name=evolution-of-search-video>{{cite web|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mTBShTwCnD4|title = The Evolution of Search|publisher = Google|date = November 27, 2011|accessdate = November 30, 2024}}</ref> AdWords is Google's second advertising program, after Premium Sponsorships that were launched in August 2000 (that would eventually be subsumed into AdWords).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-adwords-turns-15-a-look-back-at-the-origins-of-a-60-billion-business-234579|title = Google AdWords Turns 15: A Look Back At The Origins Of A $60 Billion Business. AdWords launched with 350 advertisers in 2000. Today, more than 1 million advertisers generate tens of billions in revenue for the company.|last = Marvin|first = Ginny|date = October 28, 2015|accessdate = November 30, 2024|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2000 || December || User experience || || || {{w|Google Toolbar}} is released, allowing people to search without visiting the Google homepage, and also offering them more information about the webpages they visit.<ref name=official-google-history/> Some commentators have argued that this marks the beginning of [[wikipedia:search engine optimization|search engine optimization]] and the [[wikipedia:Google Dance|Google Dance]].<ref name=moz>{{cite web|url=https://moz.com/google-algorithm-change|title = Google Algorithm Change History|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2001 || January 2 || Web ecosystem || || || {{w|Wikipedia}} (specifically, English Wikipedia) launches as a side project of Nupedia and starts growing rapidly. Wikipedia would eventually launch in hundreds of languages and become the most widely used reference website on the Internet. Wikipedia results generally meet at least a minimum of quality standards and are not spam, and starting around the late 2000s, Google would often rank Wikipedia highly in many kinds of search results, thereby guaranteeing that it was offering at least one search result that was not spam and of at least moderately high quality. However, over time, as the web would expand to become home to a wider range of reference websites, Google's reliance on Wikipedia would reduce.
+|-
+| 2001 || April 6 || Gaming of search results (Google bomb) || || || Adam Mathes coins the term ''talentless hack''. He creates a Google bomb for the term "talentless hack" to the website of his friend Andy Pressman by recruiting fellow webloggers to link to his friend's page with the desired term.<ref>{{cite web|first=Adam|last=Mathes|url=https://uber.nu/2001/04/06/|title=Filler Friday: Google Bombing|date=April 6, 2001|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050715083840/https://uber.nu/2001/04/06/|archivedate=July 15, 2005|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2001 || July || Search category || || || Google launches {{w|Google Image Search}} with over 250 million images in its search database.<ref name=official-google-history/>
+|-
+| 2001 || September 11 || || || || The {{w|September 11 attacks}} take place, with two planes flying into the Twin Towers in New York City. At this time, Google's index is updated monthly, so it does not pick up information about the attacks, so users searching for information about the Twin Towers are shown outdated search results about the Twin Towers rather than about the recent developments. Google addresses this by manually adding links to news websites that are covering recent developments. This leads Google to start focusing on more frequent crawling and indexing. It is also the impetus for Google engineer {{w|Krishna Bharat}} to get the idea for, and lead the development of, {{w|Google News}}.<ref name=evolution-of-search-video/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.teknicks.com/blog/how-9-11-changed-google-forever/|title = How 9/11 Changed Google Forever|last = Bahto|first = Alyssa|publisher = teknicks|date = September 11, 2013|accessdate = November 30, 2024}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2001 || December || Review || || || Google releases its first annual {{w|Google Zeitgeist}}.<ref name=official-google-history/>
+|-
+| 2002 || || || || || The {{w|Googlefight}} website (unaffiliated with Google), that allows people to compare results of two search queries on Google, likely launches in this year. It is given permission by Google to use the name sometime during the year.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.googlefight.com/about.php|title = About us|publisher = Googlefight|accessdate = June 8, 2019}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2002 || January 8 || || || || The term {{w|Googlewhack}} is introduced by Gary Stock for a search query that has exactly two words, without quotes, and returns exactly one result.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://unblinking.com/heh/googlewhack.htm|title = Googlewhacking: The Search for 'The One'|last = Stock|first = Gary|date = January 8, 2002|accessdate = June 8, 2019}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2002 || September || Search category || || || Google launches {{w|Google News}},<ref name=official-google-history/> a year after the September 11, 2001 attacks that were the impetus for this launch.<ref name=evolution-of-search-video/>
+|-
+| 2002 || September || Search algorithm update || Ranking || || Google makes the first publicly announced update to its search algorithm.<ref name=moz/> A number of Internet commentators view this as the death of {{w|PageRank}} (the name for Google's system for ranking pages) and a significant decline in the quality of Google's search results.<ref name=webmasterworld>{{cite web|url=https://www.webmasterworld.com/forum3/5688.htm|title = September, 2002 Google Update Discussion - Part 1|publisher = Google News Archive Forum|date = February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://level343.com/article_archive/2011/03/14/dancing-the-google-dance-one-algo-change-two-algo-change-go/|title = Dancing the Google Dance: And a One Algo Change, Two Algo Change, Go!|publisher = Level343.com|date = March 14, 2011|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2002/10/55597|title = Google Degraded? Geeks Aghast|date = October 5, 2002|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Wired Magazine|Wired Magazine]]''|last = Boutin|first = Paul}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2002 || October || Partnership || || || Yahoo!, that had already been using Google, makes a switch to use Google's crawler-based search results as its primary search results, deprioritizing its directory listings (which are still available but no longer used to power the default search experience).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.searchenginewatch.com/2003/03/04/where-are-they-now-search-engines-weve-known-loved/|title = Where Are They Now? Search Engines We've Known and Loved|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = March 4, 2003|accessdate = November 30, 2024|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2002 || December 12 || Search category || || || Google launches Froogle (a play on "frugal"), a price comparison service whose index is built based on Google's web crawler. Froogle would later be renamed Google Product Search and eventually Google Shopping.
+|-
+| 2003 || February || Search algorithm update || || || Google acquires the patent for the {{w|Hilltop algorithm}} (developed in 1999) and implements it in Google News. Krishna Bharat, one of the developers of the Hilltop algorithm, is leading Google News at the time of the acquisition.
+|-
+| 2003 || February || Search algorithm update || Indexing, ranking || || Google announces the ''Boston'' update at SES Boston. This is the oldest of Google's named search algorithm updates. Boston begins a trend of monthly updates that affect both indexing and ranking, with each update causing significant changes in search ranking (compared to very little change at other times), with SEOs watching closely, a phenomenon that would be dubbed the Google Dance. This would continue until the Fritz update in July 2003.<ref name=moz/>
+|-
+| 2003 || April || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics || Google announces the ''Cassandra'' update. The update claims to crack down on link spam, including mutual links between co-owned websites, as well as hidden text and hidden links.<ref name=moz/><ref name="WebmasterWorld forum">{{cite web|url=https://www.webmasterworld.com/forum3/11622.htm|title = Cassandra: Google update algo analysis thread. NO whining or cheering about how your site is doing in this one.|publisher = WebmasterWorld (forum)|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2003 || May || Search algorithm update || Indexing, ranking || || Google announces the ''Dominic'' update. Commentators believe that the update affects the way backlinks are counted, and many webmasters report new bots from Google that bounced.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.webmasterworld.com/forum3/13088-1-30.htm?highlight=dominic#msg160172|title = Understanding Dominic - Part 2|publisher = WebmasterWorld (forum)|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2003 || June || Search algorithm update || || || Google announces what will later turn out to have been the last of its regular monthly updates. This update is called the ''Esmeralda'' update.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2003/6/23/201523/090|title = Google Update Esmeralda|date = June 24, 2003|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2003 || July || Search algorithm update || Indexing || || Google announces the ''Fritz'' update, and also a change to its update policy, as it moves towards continuous rather than batch processing of updates to its index. While algorithm updates still happen in larger discrete batches, index updates are now continuous, which gets rid of the big swings (the "Google Dance") that occurred during big index updates in the past, while increasing day-over-day volatility in search results.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mattcutts.com/blog/explaining-algorithm-updates-and-data-refreshes/|title = Explaining algorithm updates and data refreshes|last = Cutts|first = Matt|date = December 23, 2006|accessdate = November 30, 2024}}</ref><ref name=wired-search-history>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/02/ff_google_algorithm/all/1|title = Exclusive: How Google’s Algorithm Rules the Web|last = Levy|first = Steven|date = February 22, 2010|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Wired Magazine|Wired Magazine]]''}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2003 || September || Search algorithm update || Indexing || || Google announces a "supplemental index" in order to be able to index some parts of the web more rapidly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchenginewatch.com/article/2067049/Search-Engine-Size-Wars-Googles-Supplemental-Results|title = Search Engine Size Wars & Google's Supplemental Results|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = September 2, 2003|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref> The supplemental index would eventually be scrapped.
+|-
+| 2003 || November || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics || Google announces the ''Florida'' update, which commentators consider game-changing in that it completely destroys the value of 1990s SEO tactics and ushers in a new era of search engine optimization.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchenginewatch.com/article/2066309/What-Happened-To-My-Site-On-Google|title = What Happened To My Site On Google?|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = December 7, 2003|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.webmasterworld.com/google_archive/18347.htm|title = Update Florida - Nov 2003 Google Update. Looks like an Old Fashioned Dance Baby!|date = November 14, 2003|accessdate = November 30, 2024|publisher = Webmaster World}}</ref> The update is so significant that it would continue to be discussed and studied in the 2020s.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-florida-update-434540|title = Google’s Florida update: 20 years since the SEO ‘volcanic eruption’ Dive into the 2003 Google algorithm update's seismic impact on SEO and its lasting effects on the industry.|last = Grehan|first = Mike|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = November 14, 2023|accessdate = November 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-algorithm-history/florida-update/|title = Google Florida: The First Major Algorithm Update. A catastrophic Google algorithm update dubbed Florida hit the SEO world with a vengeance in 2003. Here's why it still matters today.|last = Montti|first = Roger|publisher = Search Engine Journal|date = May 11, 2020|accessdate = November 30, 2024}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2003 || December || Search category || || || Google launches Google Print, that would later become {{w|Google Books}}.<ref name=official-google-history/>
+|-
+| 2004 || January || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics || Google announces the ''Austin'' update, to continue with the work of combating SEO tactics that ''Florida'' had made good progress on.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/the-latest-on-update-austin-googles-january-update/237/|title = The latest on update Austin (Google’s January update)|date = January 31, 2004|publisher = Search Engine Journal|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.search-marketing.info/newsletter/articles/austin-florida.htm|title = Google Update Austin: Google Update Florida Again|last = Wall|first = Aaron|date = January 2004|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Marketing Journal}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2004 || February 17–20 || Search algorithm update || Indexing || || Google announces the ''Brandy'' update, a massive index expansion, Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), increased attention to anchor text relevance, and the concept of link "neighborhoods."<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.webpronews.com/googles-brandy-update-exposed-2004-02|title = Google’s Brandy Update Exposed|last = French|first = Garrett|date = February 17, 2004|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:WebProNews|WebProNews]]''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sitepoint.com/brandy-google-update/|title = How To Beat Google’s ‘Brandy’ Update|publisher = Sitepoint|date = March 8, 2004|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2004 || August 19 || Parent company update || || || Google has its initial public offering (IPO) and becomes a public company.
+|-
+| 2004 || October || Search category || || || Google launches {{w|Google Scholar}}, its search service for academic publications.<ref name=official-google-history/>
+|-
+| 2004 || December || User experience || Search suggestions || || {{w|Google Suggest}} is introduced as a {{w|Google Labs}} feature. This makes search suggestions as a person is typing a search query.<ref name=suggest-sel>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/googlecom-finally-gets-google-suggest-feature-14626|title = Google.com Finally Gets Google Suggest Feature|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|date = August 25, 2008|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name=suggest-official>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/08/at-loss-for-words.html|title = At a loss for words?|date = August 25, 2008|publisher = Official Google Blog|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2005 || January || Search algorithm update || Indexing || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics || To combat link spam, Google, [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]] and [[wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]] collectively introduce the [[wikipedia:nofollow|nofollow]] attribute.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://searchenginewatch.com/article/2062985/Google-Yahoo-MSN-Unite-On-Support-For-Nofollow-Attribute-For-Links|title = Google, Yahoo, MSN Unite On Support For Nofollow Attribute For Links|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = January 18, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2005 || February 2 || Search algorithm update || || || Google announces the ''Allegra'' update, whose effects are unclear.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchenginewatch.com/article/2047678/Googles-Feb.-2005-Update|title = Google's Feb. 2005 Update|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = February 10, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.webmasterworld.com/forum30/27801.htm|title = Update Allegra - Google Update 2-2-2005|publisher = Webmaster World (forum)|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2005 || February 8 || Search category || || || Google launches {{w|Google Maps}}, a web mapping platform. While different in appearance than a search engine, with more mapping-specific functionality such as street view, directions (walking, transit, driving), traffic conditions, etc., Google Maps would, with the launch of universal search and over the years, get integrated into the search experience, particularly for use cases such as local search.
 |-
-| 1999 || || Gaming of search results (Google bomb) || The first known instance of a {{w|Google bomb}} is reported around this time, with a search for "more evil than Satan itself" bringing up the Microsoft website. The perpetrators of the Google bomb are not known.<ref name=google-bomb>{{Cite web|url = https://www.clickz.com/google-bombs-arent-so-scary/61942/|title = Google Bombs Aren't So Scary. Based on some articles out there, you might think it's easy to manipulate the results on Google. It's not as simple as it may seem.|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = May 1, 2002|accessdate = June 2, 20219|publisher = ClickZ}}</ref>
+| 2005 || May || Search algorithm update || || || Google announces the ''Bourbon'' update.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://battellemedia.com/archives/2005/06/google_update_bourbon.php|title = Google Update "Bourbon"|date = June 1, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Battelle Media|last = Battelle|first = John|authorlink = John Battelle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/archives/002130.html|title = Bourbon Update Survival Kit|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = June 27, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchenginewatch.com/article/2061927/GoogleGuy-Shares-Advice-About-May-2005-Bourbon-Update|title = GoogleGuy Shares Advice About May 2005 "Bourbon" Update|date = June 1, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|last = Price|first = Gary|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2000 || May 9 || Internationalization || Google adds ten new languages: [[wikipedia:French language|French]], [[wikipedia:German language|German]], [[wikipedia:Italian language|Italian]], [[wikipedia:Swedish language|Swedish]], [[wikipedia:Finnish language|Finnish]], [[wikipedia:Spanish language|Spanish]], [[wikipedia:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[wikipedia:Dutch language|Dutch]], [[wikipedia:Norwegian language|Norwegian]] and [[wikipedia:Danish language|Danish]].<ref name=official-google-history/>
+| 2005 || June || Tools for websites || || Sitemaps || Google allows webmasters to submit XML sitemaps, bypassing the need for HTML sitemaps.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchenginewatch.com/article/2061916/New-Google-Sitemaps-Web-Page-Feed-Program|title = New "Google Sitemaps" Web Page Feed Program|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = June 2, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2000 || September 12 || Internationalization || Google launches search services in [[wikipedia:Japanese language|Japanese]], [[wikipedia:Chinese language|Chinese]], and [[wikipedia:Korean language|Korean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2000/09/google-launches-new-japanese-chinese.html|title =  Google Launches New Japanese, Chinese, and Korean Search Services: Company Continues Aggressive Global Expansion To Bring Award-Winning Search Engine To Internet Users Worldwide|publisher = Google|date = September 12, 2000|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2005 || June || User experience || Personalization || || Google launches personalized search that automatically taps into users' [[w:Google Web History|web histories]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2005/06/search-gets-personal.html|title = Search gets personal|date = June 28, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Google blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://searchenginewatch.com/article/2061728/Google-Relaunches-Personal-Search-This-Time-It-Really-Is-Personal|title = Google Relaunches Personal Search - This Time, It Really Is Personal|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = June 28, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2000 || September || Gaming of search results (Google bomb) || A Google bomb is created around this time by ''Hugedisk Men's Magazine'', an online humor magazine, with the search term "dumb motherfucker" linked to a website selling {{w|George W. Bush}} merchandise. A similar attempt for an {{w|Al Gore}} website is not successful.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,1282,41401,00.html |last=Manjoo |first=Fahrad |title=Google Link is Bush League |date=January 25, 2001 |work=Wired News |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010405062025/http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0%2C1282%2C41401%2C00.html |archivedate=April 5, 2001 |accessdate=January 26, 2007 |deadurl=yes |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://blog.wired.com/monkeybites/2007/01/earlier_today_m.html|title=Remembering the First Google Bomb|first=Michael|last=Calore|author2=Scott Gilbertson|date=January 26, 2001|work=Wired News|accessdate=January 27, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070225081940/http://blog.wired.com/monkeybites/2007/01/earlier_today_m.html |archivedate = February 25, 2007}}</ref>
+| 2005 || June || User experience || Mobile search || || Google launches Google Mobile Web Search.<ref name=official-google-history/>
 |-
-| 2000 || October || Advertising || [[wikipedia:Google AdWords|Google AdWords]] launches with 350 customers.<ref name=official-google-history/>
+| 2005 || September || Search algorithm update || Ranking || || Although Google denies running an update, {{w|Matt Cutts}} clarifies that [[wikipedia:PageRank|PageRank]] was refreshed for some pages recently (with a three-month refresh cycle) causing changes to many site ranks. Observers call this the ''Gilligan'' update.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mattcutts.com/blog/whats-an-update/|title = What’s an update?|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts|date = September 8, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchenginewatch.com/article/2061165/Googles-Cutts-Says-Not-An-Update-I-Say-An-Update-Just-Not-A-Dance|title = Google's Cutts Says Not An Update - I Say An Update, Just Not A Dance|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = September 9, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2000 || December || User experience || [[wikipedia:Google Toolbar|Google Toolbar]] is released, allowing people to search without visiting the Google homepage, and also offering them more information about the webpages they visit.<ref name=official-google-history/> Some commentators have argued that this marks the beginning of [[wikipedia:search engine optimization|search engine optimization]] and the [[wikipedia:Google Dance|Google Dance]].<ref name=moz>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/google-algorithm-change|title = Google Algorithm Change History|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2005 || September–November || Search algorithm update || || || Google announces and rolls out the ''Jagger'' update in three stages, one in September, one in October, one in November.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/archives/002711.html|title = A Review Of The Jagger 2 Update|date = October 26, 2005|last= Pfeiffer|first = Ben|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.webmasterworld.com/forum30/32004.htm|title = Dealing With Consequences of Jagger Update: Your site dropped? Lost rankings? What to do now?|publisher = Webmaster World (forum)|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2001 || April 6 || Gaming of search results (Google bomb) || Adam Mathes coins the term ''talentless hack''. He creates a Google bomb for the term "talentless hack" to the website of his friend Andy Pressman by recruiting fellow webloggers to link to his friend's page with the desired term.<ref>{{cite web|first=Adam|last=Mathes|url=http://uber.nu/2001/04/06/|title=Filler Friday: Google Bombing|date=April 6, 2001|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050715083840/http://uber.nu/2001/04/06/|archivedate=July 15, 2005|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
+| 2005 || December (rollout continues till March 2006) || Search algorithm update || Indexing || || Google begins rolling out the ''Big Daddy'' update, continuing for the next few months until March 2006. The update changes URL canonization, site redirects, and related items.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mattcutts.com/blog/indexing-timeline/|title = Indexing timeline|date = May 16, 2006|accessdate = February 1, 2014|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2001 || July || Search category || Google launches [[wikipedia:Google Image Search|Google Image Search]] with over 250 million images in its search database.<ref name=official-google-history/>
+| 2006 || March 21 || Web ecosystem || || || {{w|Twitter}} launches. Twitter would grow into one of the leading sources of public, real-time information, helping create a more real-time public web and informing Google's efforts to make its own search more real-time.
 |-
-| 2001 || December || Review || Google releases its first annual [[wikipedia:Google Zeitgeist|Google Zeitgeist]].<ref name=official-google-history/>
+| 2006 || April 26 || Tools for websites || Private communication between websites and Google || Google Search Console || Building on the sitemaps functionality it had introduced last year, Google launches Webmaster Tools.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2006/04/whole-new-look-and-lot-more_26|title = A whole new look and a lot more|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|publisher = Google Search Central Blog|date = April 26, 2006|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref> This would eventually morph into {{w|Google Search Console}} in 2015.<ref name=webmaster-tools-becomes-search-console/>
 |-
-| 2002 || || || The {{w|Googlefight}} website (unaffiliated with Google), that allows people to compare results of two search queries on Google, likely launches in this year. It is given permission by Google to use the name sometime during the year.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.googlefight.com/about.php|title = About us|publisher = Googlefight|accessdate = June 8, 2019}}</ref>
+| 2006 || May || Analytics || Public information on search trends || || Google releases {{w|Google Trends}} to make it easy to visualize the popularity of searches over time.<ref name=official-google-history/>
 |-
-| 2002 || January 8 || || The term {{w|Googlewhack}} is introduced by Gary Stock for a search query that has exactly two words, without quotes, and returns exactly one result.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://unblinking.com/heh/googlewhack.htm|title = Googlewhacking: The Search for 'The One'|last = Stock|First = Gary|date = January 8, 2002|accessdate = June 8, 2019}}</ref>
+| 2006 || October 5 || Search category || || || Google launches {{w|Google Code Search}} as part of {{w|Google Labs}}. This searches through open-source code repositories and allows the use of regular expressions in search, making it similar to a {{w|grep}} tool. The discontinuation of the service would be announced in October 2011 and the service would remain online until March 2013.
 |-
-| 2002 || September || Search category || Google launches [[wikipedia:Google News|Google News]].<ref name=official-google-history/>
+| 2006 || October 23 || Customized search || || || Google publicly launches Google Custom Search. The main part of this is Custom Search Engine, a functionality that allows users to build search engines with their own custom modifications of Google Search, specifically, restriction of the search queries to a subset of the web (e.g., a specific set of domains).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Power of Google Search is Now Customizable|url=https://googlepress.blogspot.com/2006/10/power-of-google-search-is-now_23.html|publisher=Google|date = October 23, 2006|accessdate = July 13, 2019}}</ref> This would eventually be renamed {{w|Google Programmable Search Engine}}.
 |-
-| 2002 || September || Search algorithm update || Google makes the first publicly announced update to its search algorithm.<ref name=moz/> A number of Internet commentators view this as the death of [[wikipedia:PageRank|PageRank]] (the name for Google's system for ranking pages) and a significant decline in the quality of Google's search results.<ref name=webmasterworld>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmasterworld.com/forum3/5688.htm|title = September, 2002 Google Update Discussion - Part 1|publisher = Google News Archive Forum|date = February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://level343.com/article_archive/2011/03/14/dancing-the-google-dance-one-algo-change-two-algo-change-go/|title = Dancing the Google Dance: And a One Algo Change, Two Algo Change, Go!|publisher = Level343.com|date = March 14, 2011|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2002/10/55597|title = Google Degraded? Geeks Aghast|date = October 5, 2002|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Wired Magazine|Wired Magazine]]''|last = Boutin|first = Paul}}</ref>
+| 2006 || December 14 || Search category || || || Google launches {{w|Google Patents}}, a search engine that indexes patents and patent applications.
 |-
-| 2003 || February || Search algorithm update || Google announces the ''Boston'' update at SES Boston.<ref name=moz/>
+| 2007 || May 16 || Search algorithm update || Ranking, presentation || || Google launches Universal Search, integrating traditional search results with results from {{w|Google News}}, {{w|Google Image Search}}, Google Video Search, and other verticals. This is believed to be a major milestone in the user experience.<ref name=official-google-history/><ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/05/universal-search-best-answer-is-still.html|title = Universal search: The best answer is still the best answer|date = May 16, 2007|last = Mayer|first = Marissa|authorlink = Marissa Mayer|publisher = Official Google Blog|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-20-google-universal-search-11232|title = Google Launches "Universal Search" & Blended Results|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|date = May 16, 2007|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2003 || April || Search algorithm update || Google announces the ''Cassandra'' update. The update claims to crack down on link spam, including mutual links between co-owned websites, as well as hidden text and hidden links.<ref name=moz/><ref name="WebmasterWorld forum">{{cite web|url=http://www.webmasterworld.com/forum3/11622.htm|title = Cassandra: Google update algo analysis thread. NO whining or cheering about how your site is doing in this one.|publisher = WebmasterWorld (forum)|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2007 || June || Search algorithm update || || || The ''Buffy'' update happens. It is not considered a deliberate update, but rather an accumulation of many smaller changes.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mattcutts.com/blog/smx-seattle-wrap-up/|last = Cutts|first = Matt|title = SMX Seattle wrap-up|authorlink = Matt Cutts|date = June 17, 2007|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/archives/013882.html|title = Google "Buffy" Update - June Google.com Update|date = June 18, 2007|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2003 || May || Search algorithm update || Google announces the ''Dominic'' update. Commentators believed that the update affected the way backlinks were counted, and many webmasters reported new bots from Google that bounced.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmasterworld.com/forum3/13088-1-30.htm?highlight=dominic#msg160172|title = Understanding Dominic - Part 2|publisher = WebmasterWorld (forum)|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2008 || March 14 || Transparency || Quality raters guidelines || || For the first time on record, Google's quality raters guidelines are leaked.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/the-google-quality-raters-handbook-13575|title = The Google Quality Raters Handbook|date = March 14, 2008|accessdate = January 20, 2019|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref> Updated versions of the guidelines would continue to be leaked for several years until Google finally decides to make the guidelines publicly available in November 2015.<ref name=qrg-release/>
 |-
-| 2003 || June || Search algorithm update || Google announces what will later turn out to have been the last of its regular monthly updates. This update is called the ''Esmeralda'' update.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2003/6/23/201523/090|title = Google Update Esmeralda|date = June 24, 2003|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2008 || March 24 || User experience || Iterative search || || The ''New York Times'' reports that Google now offers "search within search": when people search for names of websites, the top search result, which links to the website, may include a search box to further search within the website.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/24/business/media/24ecom.html|title = A New Tool From Google Alarms Sites|date = March 24, 2008|accessdate = June 2, 2019|publisher = New York Times}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2003 || July || Search algorithm update || Google announces the ''Fritz'' update, and also a change to its update policy, as it moves towards continuous rather than batch processing of updates.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/explaining-algorithm-updates-and-data-refreshes/|title = Explaining algorithm updates and data refreshes}}</ref><ref name=wired-search-history>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/magazine/2010/02/ff_google_algorithm/all/1|title = Exclusive: How Google’s Algorithm Rules the Web|last = Levy|first = Steven|date = February 22, 2010|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Wired Magazine|Wired Magazine]]''}}</ref>
+| 2008 || March/April || Search algorithm update || Ranking || || The ''Dewey'' update seems to lead to a large-scale shuffling of results. Some observers believe that Google is pushing its own properties, such as {{w|Google Books}}, but evidence of this is limited.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/archives/016754.html|title = Google's Cutts Asking for Feedback on March/April '08 Update (The "Dewey" Update)|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = April 2, 2008|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2003 || September || Search algorithm update || Google announces a "supplemental index" in order to be able to index some parts of the web more rapidly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2067049/Search-Engine-Size-Wars-Googles-Supplemental-Results|title = Search Engine Size Wars & Google's Supplemental Results|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = September 2, 2003|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref> The supplemental index would eventually be scrapped.
+| 2008 || August 25 || User experience || Search suggestions || || {{w|Google Suggest}} (later called Autocomplete), originally launched as a Labs feature in December 2004, now becomes part of Google's main site.<ref name=official-google-history/><ref name=suggest-sel/><ref name=suggest-official/>
 |-
-| 2003 || November || Search algorithm update || Google announces the ''Florida'' update, which commentators consider game-changing in that it completely destroyed the value of 1990s SEO tactics and ushered in a new era of search engine optimization.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2066309/What-Happened-To-My-Site-On-Google|title = What Happened To My Site On Google?|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = December 6, 2003|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
+| 2008 || September 2 || Parent company update, complementary product || Browser || || Google releases {{w|Google Chrome}} in beta for Windows (XP and newer). This marks Google's entry into the web browser space. Chrome would eventually get to a market share of over 50% and become the default browser on most Android phones. The relationship of Chrome with Google Search would be multi-fold. First, right from the outset, Google uses an "omnibox" where the address bar serves the dual purpose of being a search bar, so that people can type in either urls or search queries, with the search queries being run using the user's selected search engine (with Google Search being the default selection). Second, and in the reverse direction, information that Google collects from Chrome, suitably anonymized, gives Google a better picture of websites and users' web browsing patterns, which informs its search strategy. For instance, starting in 2021, Google uses core web vitals data collected anonymously through Chrome as part of its page experience signal that is a ranking signal.<ref name=page-experience-rollout-twitter/>
 |-
-| 2003 || December || Search category || Google launches Google Print, that would later become [[wikipedia:Google Books|Google Books]].<ref name=official-google-history/>
+| 2008 || September 23 || Parent company update, complementary product || Operating system || || Google introduced Android at a press conference.<ref>{{Citation |title=T-Mobile launches G1, first Google Android phone – Video |url=https://www.cnet.com/videos/t-mobile-launches-g1-first-google-android-phone/ |access-date=November 21, 2023 |language=en}}</ref> Android would grow to become one of two major mobile operating systems, with iOS being the other one. The default browser on most Android devices would be Chrome and the default search engine would be Google Search, and the collection of Google apps would come preinstalled on most Android phones, helping cement Google's influence on mobile phone use, which would grow over time.
 |-
-| 2004 || January || Search algorithm update || Google announces the ''Austin'' update, to continue with the work of combating SEO tactics that ''Florida'' had made good progress on.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.searchenginejournal.com/the-latest-on-update-austin-googles-january-update/237/|title = The latest on update Austin (Google’s January update)|date = January 31, 2004|publisher = Search Engine Journal|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.search-marketing.info/newsletter/articles/austin-florida.htm|title = Google Update Austin: Google Update Florida Again|last = Wall|first = Aaron|date = January 2004|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Marketing Journal}}</ref>
+| 2009 || February || Search algorithm update || || || The ''Vince'' update happens. {{w|Matt Cutts}} calls it a minor change, but some SEO commentators consider it major.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-searchs-vince-change-google-says-not-brand-push-16803|title = Google’s Vince Update Produces Big Brand Rankings; Google Calls It A Trust "Change"|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = March 5, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2004 || February 17–20 || Search algorithm update || Google announces the ''Brandy'' update, a massive index expansion, Latent Semantic Indexing (LSI), increased attention to anchor text relevance, and the concept of link "neighborhoods."<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webpronews.com/googles-brandy-update-exposed-2004-02|title = Google’s Brandy Update Exposed|last = French|first = Garrett|date = February 17, 2004|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:WebProNews|WebProNews]]''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sitepoint.com/brandy-google-update/|title = How To Beat Google’s ‘Brandy’ Update|publisher = Sitepoint|date = March 8, 2004|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2009 || February || Tools for websites || Indexing || Markup syntax || {{w|Google}}, {{w|Microsoft}}, and {{w|Yahoo!}} announce joint support for tags that help bots identify canonical versions of webpages without affecting human visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mattcutts.com/blog/canonical-link-tag/|title = Learn about the Canonical Link Element in 5 minutes|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts|date = February 15, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://moz.com/blog/canonical-url-tag-the-most-important-advancement-in-seo-practices-since-sitemaps|title = Canonical URL Tag - The Most Important Advancement in SEO Practices Since Sitemaps|last = Fishkin|first = Rand|date = February 13, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]}}</ref>
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-| 2004 || October || Search category || Google launches [[wikipedia:Google Scholar|Google Scholar]], its search service for academic publications.<ref name=official-google-history/>
+| 2009 || August 10 (announced), rollout completed and made live June 8, 2010 || Search algorithm update || Indexing, ranking || Faster updates to search results || Named ''[[w:Google Search#Google Caffeine|Caffeine]]'', this update is announced on August 10, 2009. It promises faster crawling, expansion of the index, and a near-real-time integration of indexing and ranking.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2009/08/help-test-some-next-generation|title = Help test some next-generation infrastructure|date = August 10, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2009/08/10/google-caffeine/|title = Google Caffeine: A Detailed Test of the New Google|last = Parr|first = Ben|authorlink = Ben Parr|date = August 10, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/08/10/caffeine-its-google-on-red-bull-or-something/|title = Caffeine: It's Google On Red Bull, Or Something|last = Siegler|first = MG|date = August 10, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2009/12/28/google-caffeine-faster-search-index/|title = Google Is About To Get Caffeinated With A Faster Search Index|last = Schoenfeld|first = Erick|date = December 28, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref> The rollout is made live on June 8, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/our-new-search-index-caffeine.html|title =  Our new search index: Caffeine|date = June 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/06/08/google-caffeine/|title = Caffeine: Google Finally Brews Its New Pot Of Web Results — 50% Fresher|date = June 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''|last = Siegler|first = MG}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/our-new-search-index-caffeine.html|title = Google’s New Indexing Infrastructure "Caffeine" Now Live|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|date = June 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2004 || December || User experience || [[wikipedia:Google Suggest|Google Suggest]] is introduced as a [[wikipedia:Google Labs|Google Labs]] feature.<ref name=suggest-sel>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/googlecom-finally-gets-google-suggest-feature-14626|title = Google.com Finally Gets Google Suggest Feature|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|date = August 25, 2008|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref name=suggest-official>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2008/08/at-loss-for-words.html|title = At a loss for words?|date = August 25, 2008|publisher = Official Google Blog|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2009 || October 26 || Search category || Social search || || Google introduces Social Search as a Google Labs feature.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/10/introducing-google-social-search-i.html|title = Introducing Google Social Search: I finally found my friend's New York blog!|date = October 26, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref> The feature is expanded further in late January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/search-is-getting-more-social.html|title = Search is getting more social|publisher = Official Google Blog|date = January 27, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last= Heymans|first = Maureen}}</ref>
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-| 2005 || January || Search algorithm update || To combat link spam, Google, [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]] and [[wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]] collectively introduce the [[wikipedia:nofollow|nofollow]] attribute.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2062985/Google-Yahoo-MSN-Unite-On-Support-For-Nofollow-Attribute-For-Links|title = Google, Yahoo, MSN Unite On Support For Nofollow Attribute For Links|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = January 18, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
+| 2009 || December 7 || Search category || || Real-time search || Google launches real-time search for real-time {{w|Twitter}} feeds, {{w|Google News}}, and other freshly indexed content.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/12/relevance-meets-real-time-web.html|title = Relevance meets the real-time web|date = December 7, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-launches-real-time-search-31355|title = Google Launches Real Time Search Results|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|date = December 7, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
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-| 2005 || February 2 || Search algorithm update || Google announces the ''Allegra'' update, whose effects are unclear.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2047678/Googles-Feb.-2005-Update|title = Google's Feb. 2005 Update|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = February 10, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmasterworld.com/forum30/27801.htm|title = Update Allegra - Google Update 2-2-2005|publisher = Webmaster World (forum)|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2010 || Late April, early May || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics || The update, named ''May Day'', is an algorithm change affecting the long tail. Foreshadowing {{w|Google Panda}}, the update penalizes sites with large amounts of thin content.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-confirms-mayday-update-impacts-long-tail-traffic-43054|title = Google Confirms "Mayday" Update Impacts Long Tail Traffic|date = May 27, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/archives/022293.html|title = Video: Google's Matt Cutts On May Day Update|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|date = May 30, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
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-| 2005 || May || Search algorithm update || Google announces the ''Bourbon'' update.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://battellemedia.com/archives/2005/06/google_update_bourbon.php|title = Google Update "Bourbon"|date = June 1, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Battelle Media|last = Battelle|first = John|authorlink = John Battelle}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/archives/002130.html|title = Bourbon Update Survival Kit|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = June 27, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2061927/GoogleGuy-Shares-Advice-About-May-2005-Bourbon-Update|title = GoogleGuy Shares Advice About May 2005 "Bourbon" Update|date = June 1, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|last = Price|first = Gary|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
+| 2010 || September 8 || User experience || Search suggestions || || Google launches {{w|Google Instant}}, described as a ''search-before-you-type'' feature: as users are typing, Google predicts the user's whole search query (using the same technology as in [[wikipedia:Google Suggest|Google Suggest]], later called the autocomplete feature) ''and'' instantaneously shows results for the top prediction.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/search-now-faster-than-speed-of-type.html|title = Search: now faster than the speed of type|date = September 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/09/08/google-instant-its-search-before-you-type/|title = Google Instant: It Searches Before You Type|last = Tsotsis|first = Alexia|date = September 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/google-instant-behind-scenes.html|title = Google Instant, behind the scenes |date = September 9, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref> Google claims that this is estimated to save 2–5 seconds per search query.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/insidesearch/features/instant/about.html|title = About Google Instant |publisher = [[wikipedia:Google|Google]]|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> SEO commentators initially believe that this will have a major effect on [[wikipedia:search engine optimization|search engine optimization]], but soon revise downward their estimate of the impact.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://moz.com/blog/google-instant-fewer-changes-to-seo-than-the-average-algo-update|last = Fishkin|first = Rand|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]|title = Google Instant: Fewer Changes to SEO than the Average Algo Update|date = September 21, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> Google Instant would eventually be retired on July 26, 2017, in light of Google's increasing focus on mobile search, since instant search results don't play well with mobile search.<ref name=google-drops-instant-search>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-dropped-google-instant-search-279674|title = Google has dropped Google Instant Search. Several years after Google launched Google Instant, they are killing the default search feature to bring search more inline with mobile devices.|date = July 26, 2017|accessdate = November 30, 2024|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
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-| 2005 || June || Webmaster tools || Google allows webmasters to submit XML sitemaps via Webmaster Tools, bypassing the need for HTML sitemaps.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2061916/New-Google-Sitemaps-Web-Page-Feed-Program|title = New "Google Sitemaps" Web Page Feed Program|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = June 2, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
+| 2010 || November 9 || User experience || Information in SERPs || || Google launches Instant Previews, a feature where users can view previews of the ranked pages by hovering over the links in the [[wikipedia:search engine results page|search engine results page]].<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/beyond-instant-results-instant-previews.html|title = Beyond Instant results: Instant Previews|date = November 9, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2010/11/09/google-instant-previews/|title = Google Now Lets You Preview Search Results Before You Click Them|last = Parr|first = Ben|authorlink = Ben Parr|date = November 9, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2010/11/09/google-instant-previews/|title = Google Instant Previews: Get Ready To Be 5% More Likely Satisfied With Google Search|date = November 9, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Siegler|first = MG|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref> The feature would be dropped in April 2013 due to low usage.<ref name=google-drops-instant-previews>{{cite web|url = https://www.seroundtable.com/google-instant-previews-gone-16699.html|title = Google Drops Instant Previews Over Low Usage|date = April 25, 2013|accessdate = November 30, 2024|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Roundtable}}</ref>
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-| 2005 || June || User experience || Google launches personalized search that automatically taps into users' [[wikipedia:Google Web History|web histories]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2005/06/search-gets-personal.html|title = Search gets personal|date = June 28, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Google blog}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2061728/Google-Relaunches-Personal-Search-This-Time-It-Really-Is-Personal|title = Google Relaunches Personal Search - This Time, It Really Is Personal|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = June 28, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
+| 2010 || December 1 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics || Google updates its algorithm to penalize websites that provide a bad experience to users. The update is prompted by a November 26 ''{{w|New York Times}}'' story about a fraudulent company called DecorMyEyes that used the publicity generated by negative customer reviews to rise in the search engine rankings.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/12/being-bad-to-your-customers-is-bad-for.html|title = Being bad to your customers is bad for business|date = December 1, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/28/business/28borker.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all&|title = A Bully Finds a Pulpit on the Web|last = Segal|first = David|date = November 26, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:New York Times|New York Times]]''}}</ref>
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-| 2005 || June || User experience || Google launches Google Mobile Web Search.<ref name=official-google-history/>
+| 2010 || December || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Social signals || Both {{w|Google}} and Microsoft's [[w:Bing (search engine)|Bing]] indicate that they use social signals, including signals from {{w|Twitter}} and {{w|Facebook}}, to rank search results.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/what-social-signals-do-google-bing-really-count-55389|title = What Social Signals Do Google & Bing Really Count?|date = December 1, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-webmaster-video-reconfirms-use-of-social-signals-59320|title = Google Webmaster Video Reconfirms Use Of Social Signals|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = December 20, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2005 || September || Search algorithm update || Although Google denies running an update, [[wikipedia:Matt Cutts|Matt Cutts]] clarifies that [[wikipedia:PageRank|PageRank]] was refreshed for some pages recently (with a three-month refresh cycle) causing changes to many site ranks. Observers call this the ''Gilligan'' update.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/whats-an-update/|title = What’s an update?|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts|date = September 8, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchenginewatch.com/article/2061165/Googles-Cutts-Says-Not-An-Update-I-Say-An-Update-Just-Not-A-Dance|title = Google's Cutts Says Not An Update - I Say An Update, Just Not A Dance|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = September 9, 2005|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = Search Engine Watch}}</ref>
+| 2011 || January–February || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics || Foreshadowing {{w|Google Panda}}, Google penalizes {{w|Overstock.com}} and {{w|JCPenney}} for the use of SEO tactics.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.webmasterworld.com/google/4252178.htm|title = Overstock.com's Google Rankings - Too Good?|date = January 12, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Google SEO News & Discussion Forum, Webmaster World}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704520504576162753779521700?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748704520504576162753779521700.html|title = Google Penalizes Overstock for Search Tactics|last= Efrati|first = Amir|date = February 24, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]''}}</ref>
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-| 2005 || September–November || Search algorithm update || Google announces and rolls out the ''Jagger'' update in three stages, one in September, one in October, one in November.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/archives/002711.html|title = A Review Of The Jagger 2 Update|date = October 26, 2005|last= Pfeiffer|first = Ben|accessdate = February 1, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmasterworld.com/forum30/32004.htm|title = Dealing With Consequences of Jagger Update: Your site dropped? Lost rankings? What to do now?|publisher = Webmaster World (forum)|accessdate = February 1, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2011 || January 28 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics || Google launches its ''Attribution'' algorithm change to better sieve out websites that scrape content. {{w|Matt Cutts}} claims that slightly over 2% of search queries are affected, but less than 0.5% of results change noticeably.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mattcutts.com/blog/algorithm-change-launched/|title = Algorithm change launched|last= Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts|date = January 28, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchnewscentral.com/20110131124/Latest/latest-google-algorithm-change.html|title = It's all about attribution|last = Harry|first = David|publisher = Search News Central|date = January 31, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
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-| 2005 || December (rollout continues till March 2006) || Search algorithm update || Google begins rolling out the '' Big Daddy'' update, continuing for the next few months until March 2006. The update changes URL canonization, site redirects, and related items.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/indexing-timeline/|title = Indexing timeline|date = May 16, 2006|accessdate = February 1, 2014|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts}}</ref>
+| 2011 || February 23–24 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google launches {{w|Google Panda}}, a major update affecting 12% of search queries. The update continues with the earlier work of cracking down on spam, content farms, [[w:scraper site|scrapers]], and websites with a high ad-to-content ratio.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/02/finding-more-high-quality-sites-in.html|title = Finding more high-quality sites in search|publisher = Official Google Blog|date = February 24, 2011|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal|last2 = Cutts|first2 = Matt|authorlink2 = Matt Cutts|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/business/2011/03/the-panda-that-hates-farms/|title = TED 2011: The ‘Panda’ That Hates Farms: A Q&A With Google’s Top Search Engineers|last = Levy|first = Steven|authorlink = Steven Levy|date = March 3, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Wired Magazine|Wired Magazine]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|url=https://searchengineland.com/how-google-panda-places-updates-created-a-rollercoaster-ride-for-iyp-traffic-101683|title=How Google Panda & Places Updates Created A Rollercoaster Ride For IYP Traffic|date = November 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> The rollout is gradual over several months, and Panda will see many further updates.
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-| 2006 || May || Review || Google releases [[wikipedia:Google Trends|Google Trends]] to make it easy to visualize the popularity of searches over time.<ref name=official-google-history/>
+| 2011 || March 30 || User experience, incorporation of user feedback || || || Google launches the +1 button so that users can offer feedback on search results.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/+/learnmore/+1/|title =  The +1 Button: Show appreciation for things you like on the web|publisher = Google|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> Commentators liken this to the {{w|like button}} seen on {{w|Facebook}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/meet-1-googles-answer-to-the-facebook-like-button-70569|title = Meet +1: Google’s Answer To The Facebook Like Button|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = March 30, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/03/30/google-plus-one/|title = With +1, Google Search Goes Truly Social — As Do Google Ads|last = Siegler|first = MG|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''|date = March 30, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
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-| 2006 || August 23 || Customized search || Google publicly launches {{w|Google Custom Search}}. The main part of this is Custom Search Engine, a functionality that allows users to build search engines with their own custom modifications of Google Search, specifically, restriction of the search queries to a subset of the web (e.g., a specific set of domains).<ref>{{cite web|title=The Power of Google Search is Now Customizable|url=http://googlepress.blogspot.com/2006/10/power-of-google-search-is-now_23.html|publisher=Google|date = August 23, 2006|accessdate = July 13, 2019}}</ref>
+| 2011 || April 11 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google rolls out Panda to all English queries worldwide (not limited to English-speaking countries) and integrates new signals into its ranking algorithm.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2011/04/high-quality-sites-algorithm-goes.html|title = High-quality sites algorithm goes global, incorporates user feedback|publisher = Google Webmaster Central blog|date = April 11, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-rolls-out-its-panda-update-internationally-and-begins-incorporating-searcher-blocking-data-72497|title = Panda 2.0: Google Rolls Out Panda Update Internationally & Incorporates Searcher Blocking Data|last = Fox|first= Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|date = April 11, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2007 || May 16 || Search algorithm update + user experience || Google launches Universal Search, integrating traditional search results with results from [[wikipedia:Google News|Google News]], [[wikipedia:Google Image Search|Google Image Search]], Google Video Search, and other verticals. This is believed to be a major milestone in the user experience.<ref name=official-google-history/><ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2007/05/universal-search-best-answer-is-still.html|title = Universal search: The best answer is still the best answer|date = May 16, 2007|last = Mayer|first = Marissa|authorlink = Marissa Mayer|publisher = Official Google Blog|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-20-google-universal-search-11232|title = Google Launches "Universal Search" & Blended Results|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|date = May 16, 2007|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2011 || May 9 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google rolls out further minor updates to Panda but does not discuss them in detail, saying they are more like Panda 2.1 than Panda 3.0.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/its-panda-update-2-not-3-google-says-76508|title = It’s Panda Update 2.1, Not Panda 3.0, Google Says|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan|date = May 10, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-3-13379.html|title = Google Panda 3.0|date = May 9, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref>
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-| 2007 || June || Search algorithm update || The ''Buffy'' update happens. It is not considered a deliberate update, but rather an accumulation of many smaller changes.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/smx-seattle-wrap-up/|last = Cutts|first = Matt|title = SMX Seattle wrap-up|authorlink = Matt Cutts|date = June 17, 2007|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/archives/013882.html|title = Google "Buffy" Update - June Google.com Update|date = June 18, 2007|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref>
+| 2011 || June 2 || Tools for websites || Indexing || Markup syntax || [[wikipedia:Google|Google]], [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]], and [[wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]] announce [[wikipedia:Schema.org|Schema.org]], a joint initiative that supports a richer range of tags that websites can use to convey better information.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/schema-org-google-bing-yahoo-unite-79554|title = Schema.org: Google, Bing & Yahoo Unite To Make Search Listings Richer Through Structured Data|last = Fox|first= Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|date = June 2, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/06/introducing-schemaorg-search-engines.html|title = Introducing schema.org: Search engines come together for a richer web|publisher = Official Google Blog|last = Guha|first = Ramanathan|date = June 2, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/06/02/google-yahoo-and-bing-collaborate-on-structured-data-to-make-search-listings-richer/|title = Google, Yahoo, And Bing Collaborate On Structured Data To Make Search Listings Richer|last = Empson|first = Rip|date = June 2, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref>
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-| 2008 || March 14 || Transparency (quality raters guidelines) || For the first time on record, Google's quality raters guidelines are leaked.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/the-google-quality-raters-handbook-13575|title = The Google Quality Raters Handbook|date = March 14, 2008|accessdate = January 20, 2019|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref> Updated versions of the guidelines would continue to be leaked for several years until Google finally decides to make the guidelines publicly available in November 2015.<ref name=qrg-release/>
+| 2011 || June 21 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google rolls out Panda 2.2.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/official-google-panda-update-2-2-is-live-82611|title = Official: Google Panda Update 2.2 Is Live|date = June 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/why-google-panda-is-more-a-ranking-factor-than-algorithm-update-82564|title = Why Google Panda Is More A Ranking Factor Than Algorithm Update|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = June 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stonetemple.com/a-holistic-look-at-panda-with-vanessa-fox/|title = A Holistic Look at Panda with Vanessa Fox|last = Enge|first = Eric|date = July 12, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Stone Temple}}</ref>
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-| 2008 || March 24 || User experience || The ''New York Times'' reports that Google now offers "search within search": when people search for names of websites, the top search result, which links to the website, may include a search box to further search within the website.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/24/business/media/24ecom.html|title = A New Tool From Google Alarms Sites|title = March 24, 2008|accessdate = June 2, 2019|publisher = New York Times}}</ref>
+| 2011 || July 23 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google rolls out Panda 2.3.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/official-google-panda-2-3-update-is-live-87230|title = Official: Google Panda 2.3 Update Is Live|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = July 26, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2008 || March/April || Search algorithm update || The ''Dewey'' update seems to lead to a large-scale shuffling of results. Some observers believe that Google is pushing its own properties, such as [[wikipedia:Google Books|Google Books]], but evidence of this is limited.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/archives/016754.html|title = Google's Cutts Asking for Feedback on March/April '08 Update (The "Dewey" Update)|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = April 2, 2008|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref>
+| 2011 || August 12 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google rolls out Panda 2.4, making Panda available in all languages around the world, except [[wikipedia:Chinese language|Chinese]], [[wikipedia:Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[wikipedia:Korean language|Korean]].<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2011/08/high-quality-sites-algorithm-launched.html|title = High-quality sites algorithm launched in additional languages|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal|date = August 12, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/googles-panda-update-launches-internationally-in-most-languages-89214|title = Google Panda Update 2.4: Panda Goes International, In Most Languages|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|date = August 12, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2008 || August 25 || User experience || [[wikipedia:Google Suggest|Google Suggest]] (later called Autocomplete), originally launched as a Labs feature in December 2004, now becomes part of Google's main site.<ref name=official-google-history/><ref name=suggest-sel/><ref name=suggest-official/>
+| 2011 || August 16 || User experience || Information in SERPs || || Google rolls out expanded sitelinks, starting with 12-pack links (but later reducing to 6-pack).<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2011/08/evolution-of-sitelinks-expanded-and.html|title = The evolution of sitelinks: expanded and improved|publisher = Inside Search (the official Google Search blog)|date = August 16, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Rocha|first = Daniel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/official-google-sitelinks-expands-to-12-pack-89555|title = Official: Google Sitelinks Expands To 12 Pack|date = August 16, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last= Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2009 || February || Search algorithm update || The ''Vince'' update happens. [[wikipedia:Matt Cutts|Matt Cutts]] calls it a minor change, but some SEO commentators consider it major.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-searchs-vince-change-google-says-not-brand-push-16803|title = Google’s Vince Update Produces Big Brand Rankings; Google Calls It A Trust "Change"|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = March 5, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2011 || September 15 || Tools for websites || Indexing || Markup syntax || Google rolls out pagination elements for websites to communicate to Google that various webpages are different pages of the same article.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2011/09/pagination-with-relnext-and-relprev.html|title = Pagination with rel="next" and rel="prev"|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog|date = September 15, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Li|first = Benjia|last2 = Kupke|first2 = Joachim}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-provides-new-options-for-paginated-content-92906|title = Google Provides New Options for Paginated Content|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|date = September 15, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2009 || February || Webmaster tools || [[wikipedia:Google|Google]], [[wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]], and [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]] announce joint support for tags that help bots identify canonical versions of webpages without affecting human visitors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/canonical-link-tag/|title = Learn about the Canonical Link Element in 5 minutes|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts|date = February 15, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/blog/canonical-url-tag-the-most-important-advancement-in-seo-practices-since-sitemaps|title = Canonical URL Tag - The Most Important Advancement in SEO Practices Since Sitemaps|last = Fishkin|first = Rand|date = February 13, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]}}</ref>
+| 2011 || September 21 || Bias concerns in search results || Ranking || || In hearings before the United States Senate, {{w|Jeremy Stoppelman}} of Yelp and Jeffrey Katz of Nextag claim that Google search results are biased against competing offering s such as the reviews on Yelp, while Google still benefits from the information in these reviews. Eric Schmidt of Google claims that Google search results are not biased, and Google aims to offer search results that best meet the needs of users.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/technology/google-takes-the-hot-seat-in-washington.html|title = Google’s Competitors Square Off Against Its Leader|last = Lohr|first = Steve|date = September 21, 2011|accessdate = June 2, 2019}}</ref>
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-| 2009 || August 10 (announced), rollout completed and made live June 8, 2010 || Search algorithm update || Named ''[[wikipedia:Google Search#Google Caffeine|Caffeine]]'', this update is announced on August 10, 2009. It promises faster crawling, expansion of the index, and a near-real-time integration of indexing and ranking.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2009/08/help-test-some-next-generation.html|title = Help test some next-generation infrastructure|date = August 10, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2009/08/10/google-caffeine/|title = Google Caffeine: A Detailed Test of the New Google|last = Parr|first = Ben|authorlink = Ben Parr|date = August 10, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2009/08/10/caffeine-its-google-on-red-bull-or-something/|title = Caffeine: It's Google On Red Bull, Or Something|last = Siegler|first = MG|date = August 10, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2009/12/28/google-caffeine-faster-search-index/|title = Google Is About To Get Caffeinated With A Faster Search Index|last = Schoenfeld|first = Erick|date = December 28, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref> The rollout is made live on June 8, 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/our-new-search-index-caffeine.html|title =  Our new search index: Caffeine|date = June 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2010/06/08/google-caffeine/|title = Caffeine: Google Finally Brews Its New Pot Of Web Results — 50% Fresher|date = June 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''|last = Siegler|first = MG}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/06/our-new-search-index-caffeine.html|title = Google’s New Indexing Infrastructure "Caffeine" Now Live|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|date = June 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2011 || September 30 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google rolls out Panda 2.5.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/confirmed-google-panda-2-5-update-arrived-this-week-95222|title = Confirmed: Google Panda 2.5 Update Arrived This Week|last = McGee|first = Matt|date = September 30, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref> Although the specifics of the update are unclear, a few sites gain significantly and a few others lose significantly.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-panda-losers-today-show-winners-youtube-95257|title = Google Panda 2.5: Losers Include Today Show, The Next Web; Winners Include YouTube, Fox News|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = October 1, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref> Other minor ''flux'' updates occur on October 3, October 5 and October 13, and some commentators call these Panda 3.0 and 3.1.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/taking-a-closer-look-at-the-googles-panda-2-5-flux-97603|title = Panda Update 3.0 Live & Panda "Flux"|date = October 19, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2009 || October 26 || Search category || Google introduces Social Search as a Google Labs feature.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/10/introducing-google-social-search-i.html|title = Introducing Google Social Search: I finally found my friend's New York blog!|date = October 26, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref> The feature is expanded further in late January 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/01/search-is-getting-more-social.html|title = Search is getting more social|publisher = Official Google Blog|date = January 27, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last= Heymans|first = Maureen}}</ref>
+| 2011 || October 18 || User experience || Privacy of search queries || || Google announces that they will start encrypting all search queries for security purposes.<ref name=google-switches-to-default-https>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/10/making-search-more-secure.html|title = Making search more secure|date = October 18, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog|last = Kao|first = Evelyn}}</ref> This disrupts organic keyword referral data for many websites, making search engine optimization harder.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moz.com/blog/google-hides-search-referral-data-with-new-ssl-implementation-emergency-whiteboard-friday|title = Google Hides Search Referral Data with New SSL Implementation - Emergency Whiteboard Friday|last= Wheeler|first = Aaron|date = October 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]}}</ref> By this point, Google makes search query data available at daily granularity for websites through Webmaster Tools, and encourages websites to make use of that information; however, this data is only at daily granularity and does not allow websites to determine what search queries led to a particular user session.<ref name=google-switches-to-default-https/>
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-| 2009 || December 7 || Search category || Google launches real-time search for real-time [[wikipedia:Twitter|Twitter]] feeds, [[wikipedia:Google News|Google News]], and other freshly indexed content.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/12/relevance-meets-real-time-web.html|title = Relevance meets the real-time web|date = December 7, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-launches-real-time-search-31355|title = Google Launches Real Time Search Results|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|date = December 7, 2009|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2011 || November 3 || Search algorithm update || Indexing, ranking || Faster updates to search results || Google announces a ''Freshness'' update that would give priority to fresher, more recent search results, and claims this could affect 35% of search queries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/11/giving-you-fresher-more-recent-search.html|title = Giving you fresher, more recent search results|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal|date = November 3, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-search-algorithm-change-for-freshness-to-impact-35-of-searches-99856|title = Google Search Algorithm Change For Freshness To Impact 35% Of Searches; Twitter Firehose Remains Off|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = November 3, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/11/03/googles-new-algorithm-update-impacts-35-of-searches/|title = Google’s New Algorithm Update Impacts 35% Of Searches|last = Perez|first = Sarah|date = November 3, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref> The algorithm largely affects time-sensitive queries. A number of sites gain and many others lose as a result of the update.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/11/07/the-winners-losers-of-googles-freshness-update-revealed/|title = The Winners & Losers Of Google’s Freshness Update Revealed|last = Perez|first = Sarah|date = November 7, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref>
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-| 2010 || Late April, early May || Search algorithm update || The update, named ''May Day'', is an algorithm change affecting the long tail. Foreshadowing [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]], the update penalizes sites with large amounts of thin content.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-confirms-mayday-update-impacts-long-tail-traffic-43054|title = Google Confirms "Mayday" Update Impacts Long Tail Traffic|date = May 27, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/archives/022293.html|title = Video: Google's Matt Cutts On May Day Update|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|date = May 30, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2011 || November 14 || Search algorithm update || || || Google announces a 10-pack of updates, and says that this begins a series of monthly announcements of packs of updates.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2011/11/ten-recent-algorithm-changes.html|title = Ten recent algorithm changes|date = November 14, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: the Official Google Search blog|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts}}</ref>
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-| 2010 || September 8 || User experience || Google launches [[wikipedia:Google Instant|Google Instant]], described as a ''search-before-you-type'' feature: as users are typing, Google predicts the user's whole search query (using the same technology as in [[wikipedia:Google Suggest|Google Suggest]], later called the autocomplete feature) ''and'' instantaneously shows results for the top prediction.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/search-now-faster-than-speed-of-type.html|title = Search: now faster than the speed of type|date = September 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2010/09/08/google-instant-its-search-before-you-type/|title = Google Instant: It Searches Before You Type|last = Tsotsis|first = Alexia|date = September 8, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/09/google-instant-behind-scenes.html|title = Google Instant, behind the scenes |date = September 9, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref> Google claims that this is estimated to save 2–5 seconds per search query.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/insidesearch/features/instant/about.html|title = About Google Instant |publisher = [[wikipedia:Google|Google]]|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> SEO commentators initially believe that this will have a major effect on [[wikipedia:search engine optimization|search engine optimization]], but soon revise downward their estimate of the impact.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/blog/google-instant-fewer-changes-to-seo-than-the-average-algo-update|last = Fishkin|first = Rand|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]|title = Google Instant: Fewer Changes to SEO than the Average Algo Update|date = September 21, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2011 || November 18 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda)|| Google releases an allegedly minor Panda update, which SEO commentators label as Panda 3.1, despite the lack of a generally agreed upon update named Panda 3.0.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/minor-google-panda-update-on-november-18th-101891|title = Google Panda Update 3.1: "Minor" One Made Live On November 18th|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = November 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-31-14348.html|title = Google Panda 3.1 Update : 11/18|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = November 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref>
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-| 2010 || November 9 || User experience || Google launches Instant Previews, a feature where users can view previews of the ranked pages by hovering over the links in the [[wikipedia:search engine results page|search engine results page]].<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/11/beyond-instant-results-instant-previews.html|title = Beyond Instant results: Instant Previews|date = November 9, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2010/11/09/google-instant-previews/|title = Google Now Lets You Preview Search Results Before You Click Them|last = Parr|first = Ben|authorlink = Ben Parr|date = November 9, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2010/11/09/google-instant-previews/|title = Google Instant Previews: Get Ready To Be 5% More Likely Satisfied With Google Search|date = November 9, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Siegler|first = MG|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref>
+| 2012 || December 2011-January 2012 (announced January 5) || Search algorithm update, user experience || || || A 30-change pack of updates, including landing-page quality detection, more relevant site-links, more rich snippets, and related-query improvements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/01/30-search-quality-highlights-with.html|title = 30 search quality highlights (with codenames!): December|date = January 5, 2012|last = Nayak|first = Pandu|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: The official Google Search blog}}</ref>
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-| 2010 || December 1 || Search algorithm update || Google updates its algorithm to penalize websites that provide a bad experience to users. The update is prompted by a November 26 ''[[wikipedia:New York Times|New York Times]]'' story about a fraudulent company called DecorMyEyes that used the publicity generated by negative customer reviews to rise in the search engine rankings.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2010/12/being-bad-to-your-customers-is-bad-for.html|title = Being bad to your customers is bad for business|date = December 1, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/11/28/business/28borker.html?_r=2&pagewanted=all&|title = A Bully Finds a Pulpit on the Web|last = Segal|first = David|date = November 26, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:New York Times|New York Times]]''}}</ref>
+| 2012 || January 10 || Search algorithm update, user experience || || || Google launches [[wikipedia:Search Plus Your World|Search Plus Your World]], a deep integration of one's social data into search.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/01/search-plus-your-world.html|title = Search, plus Your World|date = January 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2012/01/10/google-launches-social-search/|title = Google Merges Search and Google+ Into Social Media Juggernaut|last = Ulanoff|first = Lance|date = January 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref> SEO commentators are critical of how the search results favor [[wikipedia:Google+|Google+]] and push it to users, compared to more widely used social networks such as [[wikipedia:Facebook|Facebook]] and [[wikipedia:Twitter|Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/examples-google-search-plus-drive-facebook-twitter-crazy-107554|title = Real-Life Examples Of How Google’s "Search Plus" Pushes Google+ Over Relevancy|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = January 11, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://marketingland.com/twitter-google-wwe-bing-3206|title = Twitter Cries Foul Over Google "@WWE" Search, But Google Still Beats Bing|date = January 11, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Marketing Land|Marketing Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/01/10/search-google-plus-not-your-world/|title = "Search Plus Your World" Is Just About Google+, Not Your World|date = January 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Lardinois|first = Frederic|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://mashable.com/2012/01/13/google-social-search-too-much-too-soon/|title = Why Google's Social Search Is Too Much, Too Soon|last = Kessler|first = Sarah|date = January 13, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref>
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-| 2010 || December || Search algorithm update (announcement/confirmation) || Both [[wikipedia:Google|Google]] and Microsoft's [[wikipedia:Bing (search engine)|Bing]] indicate that they use social signals, including signals from [[wikipedia:Twitter|Twitter]] and [[wikipedia:Facebook|Facebook]], to rank search results.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/what-social-signals-do-google-bing-really-count-55389|title = What Social Signals Do Google & Bing Really Count?|date = December 1, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-webmaster-video-reconfirms-use-of-social-signals-59320|title = Google Webmaster Video Reconfirms Use Of Social Signals|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = December 20, 2010|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2012 || January 19 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating bad user experiences (heavy content, slow content, bad user experience) || Google updates its algorithm to introduce a penalty for websites with too many ads "above the fold". The update has no name, but some SEOs use "Top Heavy" to describe the update.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/01/page-layout-algorithm-improvement.html|title = Page layout algorithm improvement|date = January 19, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: The official Google Search blog|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || January–February || Search algorithm update || Foreshadowing [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]], Google penalizes [[wikipedia:Overstock.com|Overstock.com]] and [[wikipedia:JCPenney|JCPenney]] for the use of SEO tactics.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webmasterworld.com/google/4252178.htm|title = Overstock.com's Google Rankings - Too Good?|date = January 12, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Google SEO News & Discussion Forum, Webmaster World}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052748704520504576162753779521700?mg=reno64-wsj&url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB10001424052748704520504576162753779521700.html|title = Google Penalizes Overstock for Search Tactics|last= Efrati|first = Amir|date = February 24, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]]''}}</ref>
+| 2012 || February 27 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Local search || The update, codenamed ''Venice'', is announced as part of Google's end-of-February 40-pack update. Venice seems to give substantially increased weightage to local results (location inferred from the user's IP and other signals) for many search queries, such as those looking for businesses of various types in the vicinity.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/02/search-quality-highlights-40-changes.html|title = Search quality highlights: 40 changes for February|publisher = Inside Search: the Official Google Search blog|date = February 27, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://moz.com/blog/understand-and-rock-the-google-venice-update|title = Understand and Rock the Google Venice Update|date = March 12, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]|last = Ramsey|first = Mike}}</ref> On the same date, Google rolls out Panda 3.3, which it bills as a data refresh rather than an algorithm change.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-confirms-panda-update-link-evaluation-local-search-rankings-113078|title = Google Confirms Panda 3.3 Update, Plus Changes To How It Evaluates Links, Local Search Rankings & Much More|last = McGee|first = Matt|date = February 27, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || January 28 || Search algorithm update || Google launches its ''Attribution'' algorithm change to better sieve out websites that scrape content. [[wikipedia:Matt Cutts|Matt Cutts]] claims that slightly over 2% of search queries are affected, but less than 0.5% of results change noticeably.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mattcutts.com/blog/algorithm-change-launched/|title = Algorithm change launched|last= Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts|date = January 28, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchnewscentral.com/20110131124/Latest/latest-google-algorithm-change.html|title = It's all about attribution|last = Harry|first = David|publisher = Search News Central|date = January 31, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2012 || March 23, April 19, April 27 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || March 23: Google rolls out Panda 3.4, which is claimed to affect 1.6% of search queries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-says-panda-update-is-rolling-out-now-116444|title = Google Says Panda 3.4 Is ‘Rolling Out Now’|last = McGee|first = Matt|date = March 23, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><br>Google quietly rolls out Panda 3.5 (April 19) and Panda 3.6 (April 27), with minimal impact.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-35-15065.html|title = Google Mocks Me For Missing Panda 3.5|date = April 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/panda-update-3-6-on-april-27th-120227|title = Confirmed: Panda Update 3.6 Happened On April 27th|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = May 3, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || February 23–24 || Search algorithm update || Google launches [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]], a major update affecting 12% of search queries. The update continues with the earlier work of cracking down on spam, content farms, [[wikipedia:scraper site|scrapers]], and websites with a high ad-to-content ratio.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/02/finding-more-high-quality-sites-in.html|title = Finding more high-quality sites in search|publisher = Official Google Blog|date = February 24, 2011|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal|last2 = Cutts|first2 = Matt|authorlink2 = Matt Cutts|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wired.com/business/2011/03/the-panda-that-hates-farms/|title = TED 2011: The ‘Panda’ That Hates Farms: A Q&A With Google’s Top Search Engineers|last = Levy|first = Steven|authorlink = Steven Levy|date = March 3, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Wired Magazine|Wired Magazine]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|url=http://searchengineland.com/how-google-panda-places-updates-created-a-rollercoaster-ride-for-iyp-traffic-101683|title=How Google Panda & Places Updates Created A Rollercoaster Ride For IYP Traffic|date = November 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> The rollout is gradual over several months, and Panda will see many further updates.
+| 2012 || April 24 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin) || Google launches its "Webspam update" which would soon become known as [[wikipedia:Google Penguin|Google Penguin]].<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/04/another-step-to-reward-high-quality.html|title = Another step to reward high-quality sites|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts|date = April 24, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: The official Google Search blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/the-penguin-update-googles-webspam-algorithm-gets-official-name-119623|title = The Penguin Update: Google’s Webspam Algorithm Gets Official Name|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = April 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/penguin-update-recovery-tips-advice-119650|title = Google Penguin Update Recovery Tips & Advice|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = April 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-talks-penguin-update-recover-negative-seo-120463|title = Two Weeks In, Google Talks Penguin Update, Ways To Recover & Negative SEO|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = May 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || March 30 || User experience, incorporation of user feedback || Google launches the +1 button so that users can offer feedback on search results.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/+/learnmore/+1/|title =  The +1 Button: Show appreciation for things you like on the web|publisher = Google|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> Commentators liken this to the [[wikipedia:like button|like button]] seen on [[wikipedia:Facebook|Facebook]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/meet-1-googles-answer-to-the-facebook-like-button-70569|title = Meet +1: Google’s Answer To The Facebook Like Button|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = March 30, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/03/30/google-plus-one/|title = With +1, Google Search Goes Truly Social — As Do Google Ads|last = Siegler|first = MG|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''|date = March 30, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2012 || May 16 || Search algorithm update, user experience || Ranking, information in SERPs || Knowledge Graph || Google starts rolling out [[wikipedia:Knowledge Graph|Knowledge Graph]], used by Google internally to store semantic relationships between objects. Google now begins displaying supplemental information about objects related to search queries on the side.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html|title = Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings|last = Singhal|first= Amit|date = May 16, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = The Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-launches-knowledge-graph-121585|title = Google Launches Knowledge Graph To Provide Answers, Not Just Links|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = May 16, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/05/16/google-just-got-a-whole-lot-smarter-launches-its-knowledge-graph/|title = Google Just Got A Whole Lot Smarter, Launches Its Knowledge Graph|last = Lardinois|first = Frederic|date = May 16, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || April 11 || Search algorithm update || Google rolls out Panda to all English queries worldwide (not limited to English-speaking countries) and integrates new signals into its ranking algorithm.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2011/04/high-quality-sites-algorithm-goes.html|title = High-quality sites algorithm goes global, incorporates user feedback|publisher = Google Webmaster Central blog|date = April 11, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-rolls-out-its-panda-update-internationally-and-begins-incorporating-searcher-blocking-data-72497|title = Panda 2.0: Google Rolls Out Panda Update Internationally & Incorporates Searcher Blocking Data|last = Fox|first= Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|date = April 11, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2012 || May 25 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin) || Google rolls out an update of [[wikipedia:Google Penguin|Google Penguin]], variously called Penguin 1.1 and Penguin 2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-pushes-first-penguin-algorithm-update-122518|title = Google Releases Penguin Update 2|date = May 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = McGee|first = Matt}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || May 9 || Search algorithm update || Google rolls out further minor updates to Panda but does not discuss them in detail, saying they are more like Panda 2.1 than Panda 3.0.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/its-panda-update-2-not-3-google-says-76508|title = It’s Panda Update 2.1, Not Panda 3.0, Google Says|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan|date = May 10, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-3-13379.html|title = Google Panda 3.0|date = May 9, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref>
+| 2012 || June–September || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google rolls out updates to [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]]: 3.7 (June 8),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-3-7-15281.html|title = Confirmed: Google Panda 3.7 Update|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = June 11, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://moz.com/blog/the-bigfoot-update-aka-dr-pete-goes-crazy|title = The Bigfoot Update (AKA Dr. Pete Goes Crazy)|last = Meyers|first = Peter|date = June 11, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]}}</ref> 3.8 (June 25),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/official-google-panda-update-version-3-8-on-june-25th-125945|title = Official Google Panda Update Version 3.8 On June 25th|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = June 25, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-3-8-15350.html|title = Google Panda 3.8 Live: June 25th & Refresh Only|date = June 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref> 3.9 (July 24),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-39-official-15480.html|title = Official: Google Panda 3.9 Refresh|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = July 25, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> 3.9.1 (August 20),<ref name=moz/> and 3.9.2 (September 18).<ref name=moz/>
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-| 2011 || June 2 || Webmaster tools || [[wikipedia:Google|Google]], [[wikipedia:Yahoo!|Yahoo!]], and [[wikipedia:Microsoft|Microsoft]] announce [[wikipedia:Schema.org|Schema.org]], a joint initiative that supports a richer range of tags that websites can use to convey better information.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/schema-org-google-bing-yahoo-unite-79554|title = Schema.org: Google, Bing & Yahoo Unite To Make Search Listings Richer Through Structured Data|last = Fox|first= Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|date = June 2, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/06/introducing-schemaorg-search-engines.html|title = Introducing schema.org: Search engines come together for a richer web|publisher = Official Google Blog|last = Guha|first = Ramanathan|date = June 2, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/06/02/google-yahoo-and-bing-collaborate-on-structured-data-to-make-search-listings-richer/|title = Google, Yahoo, And Bing Collaborate On Structured Data To Make Search Listings Richer|last = Empson|first = Rip|date = June 2, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref>
+| 2012 || July 26 || Third-party tracking || SERP volatility measurement || || Moz launches MozCast, the "Google weather report". The tool, available online at mozcast.com, tracks the "temperature" of changes to Google's search algorithm and rankings on a day-to-day basis, helping provide better context to search algorithm changes beyond just the biggest ones.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/announcing-mozcast-the-google-weather-report|title = Announcing MozCast - The Google Weather Report|last = Meyers|first = Peter|date = July 26, 2012|accessdate = 2 July 2020|publisher = [[wikipedia:Moz|Moz]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120715000000*/https://mozcast.com|title = Internet Archive's Wayback Machine results for mozcast.com in 2012|accessdate = May 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name=mozcast-v-algoroo>{{cite web|url = https://insideonline.co.uk/mozcast-vs-algoroo/|title = Mozcast Vs. Algoroo – Which Tool Should You Use?|last = Ryan|first = David|date = May 22, 2016|accessdate = May 1, 2017|publisher = Inside Online}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || June 21 || Search algorithm update || Google rolls out Panda 2.2.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/official-google-panda-update-2-2-is-live-82611|title = Official: Google Panda Update 2.2 Is Live|date = June 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/why-google-panda-is-more-a-ranking-factor-than-algorithm-update-82564|title = Why Google Panda Is More A Ranking Factor Than Algorithm Update|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = June 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stonetemple.com/a-holistic-look-at-panda-with-vanessa-fox/|title = A Holistic Look at Panda with Vanessa Fox|last = Enge|first = Eric|date = July 12, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Stone Temple}}</ref>
+| 2012 || August 10 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating policy violations (copyright) || Google announces that it will start penalizing websites with repeat copyright infringements, possibly as measured by [[wikipedia:DMCA|DMCA]] takedown requests.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/08/an-update-to-our-search-algorithms.html|title = An update to our search algorithms|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal|date = August 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: The official Google Search blog}}</ref> Some SEO commentators call this the ''Pirate'' update.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/dmca-requests-now-used-in-googles-ranking-algorithm-130118|title = The Pirate Update: Google Will Penalize Sites Repeatedly Accused Of Copyright Infringement|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = August 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || July 23 || Search algorithm update || Google rolls out Panda 2.3.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/official-google-panda-2-3-update-is-live-87230|title = Official: Google Panda 2.3 Update Is Live|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = July 26, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2012 || September 27 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google rolls out a major update to [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]] (the update is to the underlying algorithm, rather than merely being a data refresh), that would be dubbed Panda 4.0, but SEO commentators decide to simply call it Panda #20. The change is estimated to have affected 2.4% of search queries.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-20-15789.html|title = 20th Google Panda Algorithm Update: Fairly Major|date = October 4, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || August 12 || Search algorithm update || Google rolls out Panda 2.4, making Panda available in all languages around the world, except [[wikipedia:Chinese language|Chinese]], [[wikipedia:Japanese language|Japanese]], and [[wikipedia:Korean language|Korean]].<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2011/08/high-quality-sites-algorithm-launched.html|title = High-quality sites algorithm launched in additional languages|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal|date = August 12, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/googles-panda-update-launches-internationally-in-most-languages-89214|title = Google Panda Update 2.4: Panda Goes International, In Most Languages|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|date = August 12, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2012 || September 27 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || || Google announces changes in the way it handles Exact-Match Domains. The change is estimated to have affected 0.6% of search queries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://moz.com/blog/googles-emd-algo-update-early-data|title = Google's EMD Algo Update - Early Data|last = Meyers|first = Peter|date = September 29, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/low-quality-exact-match-domains-are-googles-next-target-134889|title = The EMD Update: Google Issues "Weather Report" Of Crack Down On Low Quality Exact Match Domains|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = September 28, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || August 16 || User experience || Google rolls out expanded sitelinks, starting with 12-pack links (but later reducing to 6-pack).<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2011/08/evolution-of-sitelinks-expanded-and.html|title = The evolution of sitelinks: expanded and improved|publisher = Inside Search (the official Google Search blog)|date = August 16, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Rocha|first = Daniel}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/official-google-sitelinks-expands-to-12-pack-89555|title = Official: Google Sitelinks Expands To 12 Pack|date = August 16, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last= Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2012 || October 5 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin) || Google releases minor tweaks to Penguin, affecting about 0.3% of search queries. SEO commentators call it Penguin #3, following the lead of Panda in ditching the use of 1.x notation in favor of labeling updates by number.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-penguin-update-3-135527|title = Google Penguin Update 3 Released, Impacts 0.3% Of English-Language Queries|last = McGee|first = Matt|date = October 5, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-penguin-3-15802.html|title = Google Released 3rd Penguin Update: Not Jarring Or Jolting|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = October 8, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || September 15 || Webmaster tools || Google rolls out pagination elements for websites to communicate to Google that various webpages are different pages of the same article.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2011/09/pagination-with-relnext-and-relprev.html|title = Pagination with rel="next" and rel="prev"|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog|date = September 15, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Li|first = Benjia|last2 = Kupke|first2 = Joachim}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-provides-new-options-for-paginated-content-92906|title = Google Provides New Options for Paginated Content|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|date = September 15, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2012-13 || November 2012-January 2013 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google releases updates to [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]]: #21 (November 5, affecting 1.1% of queries), #22 (November 21, data refresh only), #23 (December 21, data refresh only, affecting 1.3% of queries), and #24 (January 22, affecting 1.2% of queries).<ref name=moz/>
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-| 2011 || September 21 || Bias concerns in search results || In hearings before the United States Senate, {{w|Jeremy Stoppelman}} of Yelp and Jeffrey Katz of Nextag claim that Google search results are biased against competing offering s such as the reviews on Yelp, while Google still benefits from the information in these reviews. Eric Schmidt of Google claims that Google search results are not biased, and Google aims to offer search results that best meet the needs of users.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/22/technology/google-takes-the-hot-seat-in-washington.html|title = Google’s Competitors Square Off Against Its Leader|last = Lohr|first = Steve|date = September 21, 2011|accessdate = June 2, 2019}}</ref>
+| 2012 || December 4 || Search algorithm update || || Knowledge Graph || Google adds [[wikipedia:Knowledge Graph|Knowledge Graph]] to non-English queries, and says that the change goes beyond translation and also adds enhanced Knowledge Graph capabilities.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/12/get-smarter-answers-from-knowledge_4.html|title = Get smarter answers from the Knowledge Graph from Português to 日本語 to русский|last = Brown|first = Aaron|date = December 4, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: The official Google Search blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://techcrunch.com/2012/12/04/googles-knowledge-graph-expands-to-more-languages-including-italian-japanese-and-russian/|title = Google’s Knowledge Graph Expands To More Languages, Including Italian, French, Japanese And Russian|last = Lardinois|first = Frederic|date = December 4, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || September 30 || Search algorithm update || Google rolls out Panda 2.5.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/confirmed-google-panda-2-5-update-arrived-this-week-95222|title = Confirmed: Google Panda 2.5 Update Arrived This Week|last = McGee|first = Matt|date = September 30, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref> Although the specifics of the update are unclear, a few sites gain significantly and a few others lose significantly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-panda-losers-today-show-winners-youtube-95257|title = Google Panda 2.5: Losers Include Today Show, The Next Web; Winners Include YouTube, Fox News|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = October 1, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref> Other minor ''flux'' updates occur on October 3, October 5 and October 13, and some commentators call these Panda 3.0 and 3.1.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/taking-a-closer-look-at-the-googles-panda-2-5-flux-97603|title = Panda Update 3.0 Live & Panda "Flux"|date = October 19, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Fox|first = Vanessa|authorlink = Vanessa Fox|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2013 || March || Third-party tracking || SERP volatibility measurement || || Algoroo, a tool to track changes in Google Search rankings and identify algorithm changes, launches, initially in pre-alpha.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130318184550/https://algoroo.com|title = Wayback Machine for algoroo from March 18, 2013|accessdate = May 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.icrossing.com/uk/ideas/how-to-attribute-ranking-fluctuations-serps-volatility-to-google-updates|title = Correlating SERP Fluctuations & Volatility to Google Updates|publisher = iCrossing|date = July 17, 2013|accessdate = May 1, 2017|last = Siotos|first = Modestos}}</ref><ref name=mozcast-v-algoroo/>
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-| 2011 || October 18 || User experience, SEO data || Google announces that they will start encrypting all search queries for security purposes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/10/making-search-more-secure.html|title = Making search more secure|date = October 18, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog|last = Kao|first = Evelyn}}</ref> This disrupts organic keyword referral data for many websites, making search engine optimization harder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/blog/google-hides-search-referral-data-with-new-ssl-implementation-emergency-whiteboard-friday|title = Google Hides Search Referral Data with New SSL Implementation - Emergency Whiteboard Friday|last= Wheeler|first = Aaron|date = October 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]}}</ref>
+| 2013 || March 13–14 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google rolls out Panda #25. Remarks by [[wikipedia:Matt Cutts|Matt Cutts]] at [[wikipedia:SMX West|SMX West]] give people the impression that this is the last update to Panda as a distinct entity and it will thereafter be integrated into the core algorithm.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-25-16506.html|title = Google's Final Manual Panda Refresh Here? #25 |date = March 15, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-panda-update-25-seems-to-have-hit-151732|title = Google Panda Update 25 Seems To Have Hit|date = March 15, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref> On June 11, 2013, Cutts clarifies that Panda updates roll out over 10-day periods every month and are not continuous.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/googles-panda-dance-matt-cutts-confirms-panda-rolls-out-monthly-over-10-of-30-days-162950|title = Google’s Panda Dance: Matt Cutts Confirms Panda Rolls Out Monthly Over 10 Of 30 Days|date = June 11, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || November 3 || Search algorithm update || Google announces a ''Freshness'' update that would give priority to fresher, more recent search results, and claims this could affect 35% of search queries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2011/11/giving-you-fresher-more-recent-search.html|title = Giving you fresher, more recent search results|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal|date = November 3, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-search-algorithm-change-for-freshness-to-impact-35-of-searches-99856|title = Google Search Algorithm Change For Freshness To Impact 35% Of Searches; Twitter Firehose Remains Off|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = November 3, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/11/03/googles-new-algorithm-update-impacts-35-of-searches/|title = Google’s New Algorithm Update Impacts 35% Of Searches|last = Perez|first = Sarah|date = November 3, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref> The algorithm largely affects time-sensitive queries. A number of sites gain and many others lose as a result of the update.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2011/11/07/the-winners-losers-of-googles-freshness-update-revealed/|title = The Winners & Losers Of Google’s Freshness Update Revealed|last = Perez|first = Sarah|date = November 7, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref>
+| 2013 || April 25 || User experience || Information in SERPs || || Google drops Instant Previews, citing low usage.<ref name=google-drops-instant-previews/>
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-| 2011 || November 14 || Search algorithm update || Google announces a 10-pack of updates, and says that this begins a series of monthly announcements of packs of updates.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2011/11/ten-recent-algorithm-changes.html|title = Ten recent algorithm changes|date = November 14, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: the Official Google Search blog|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts}}</ref>
+| 2013 || May 22 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin) || Google rolls out a new version of [[wikipedia:Google Penguin|Google Penguin]] that it calls Penguin 2.0, which SEO commentators call Penguin #4.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/penguin-4-with-penguin-2-0-generation-spam-fighting-is-now-live-160544|title = Penguin 4, With Penguin 2.0 Generation Spam-Fighting, Is Now Live|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = May 22, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://moz.com/blog/penguin-2-were-you-jarred-and-or-jolted|title = Penguin 2.0/4 - Were You Jarred and/or Jolted?|date = May 24, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Meyers|first = Peter|publisher = [[wikipedia:Moz (marketing company)|Moz]]}}</ref>
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-| 2011 || November 18 || Search algorithm update || Google releases an allegedly minor Panda update, which SEO commentators label as Panda 3.1, despite the lack of a generally agreed upon update named Panda 3.0.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/minor-google-panda-update-on-november-18th-101891|title = Google Panda Update 3.1: "Minor" One Made Live On November 18th|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = November 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-31-14348.html|title = Google Panda 3.1 Update : 11/18|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = November 21, 2011|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref>
+| 2013 || July (or earlier) || User experience || Information in SERPs || || "Answer boxes" (an early name for featured snippets) are spotted and discussed by SEO experts. These build upon Google's knowledge graph capabilities, to show a box containing the key "answer" to the search query, usually right above the search results. These are distinct from the knowledge graph cards (also known as knowledge cards or knowledge panels) that appear on the right.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/101-google-answer-boxes-a-journey-into-the-knowledge-graph|title = 101 Google Answer Boxes: A Journey into the Knowledge Graph|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.|publisher = SEOMoz|date = August 8, 2013|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || December 2011-January 2012 (announced January 5) || Search algorithm update, user experience || A 30-change pack of updates, including landing-page quality detection, more relevant site-links, more rich snippets, and related-query improvements.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/01/30-search-quality-highlights-with.html|title = 30 search quality highlights (with codenames!): December|date = January 5, 2012|last = Nayak|first = Pandu|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: The official Google Search blog}}</ref>
+| 2013 || August 6 || Search algorithm update, user experience || Ranking || || Google adds a new feature called "in-depth articles" in its search results to feature long-form content of long-lasting value.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2013/08/in-depth-articles-in-search-results.html|title = In-depth articles in search results|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog|date = August 6, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Nayak|first = Pandu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://moz.com/blog/inside-indepth-articles|title = Inside In-depth Articles: Dissecting Google's Latest Feature|last = Meyers|first = Peter|date = August 13, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Moz (marketing company)|Moz]]}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || January 10 || Search algorithm update, user experience || Google launches [[wikipedia:Search Plus Your World|Search Plus Your World]], a deep integration of one's social data into search.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/01/search-plus-your-world.html|title = Search, plus Your World|date = January 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Official Google Blog|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2012/01/10/google-launches-social-search/|title = Google Merges Search and Google+ Into Social Media Juggernaut|last = Ulanoff|first = Lance|date = January 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref> SEO commentators are critical of how the search results favor [[wikipedia:Google+|Google+]] and push it to users, compared to more widely used social networks such as [[wikipedia:Facebook|Facebook]] and [[wikipedia:Twitter|Twitter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/examples-google-search-plus-drive-facebook-twitter-crazy-107554|title = Real-Life Examples Of How Google’s "Search Plus" Pushes Google+ Over Relevancy|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = January 11, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://marketingland.com/twitter-google-wwe-bing-3206|title = Twitter Cries Foul Over Google "@WWE" Search, But Google Still Beats Bing|date = January 11, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Marketing Land|Marketing Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2012/01/10/search-google-plus-not-your-world/|title = "Search Plus Your World" Is Just About Google+, Not Your World|date = January 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Lardinois|first = Frederic|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mashable.com/2012/01/13/google-social-search-too-much-too-soon/|title = Why Google's Social Search Is Too Much, Too Soon|last = Kessler|first = Sarah|date = January 13, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Mashable|Mashable]]''}}</ref>
+| 2013 || August 21–22 (approximate date for rollout), September 26 (announcement) || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Core || Google releases [[wikipedia:Google Hummingbird|Google Hummingbird]], a core algorithm update that may enable more semantic search and more effective use of the [[wikipedia:Knowledge Graph|Knowledge Graph]] in the future.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-hummingbird-172816|title = FAQ: All About The New Google "Hummingbird" Algorithm|date = September 26, 2013|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-update-17268.html|title = Some Reports Of An August 21/22 Google Update|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|date = August 23, 2013|last = Schwartz|first = Barry||accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || January 19 || Search algorithm update || Google updates its algorithm to introduce a penalty for websites with too many ads "above the fold". The update has no name, but some SEOs use "Top Heavy" to describe the update.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/01/page-layout-algorithm-improvement.html|title = Page layout algorithm improvement|date = January 19, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: The official Google Search blog|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts}}</ref>
+| 2013 || October 4 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin) || Google announces what it calls Penguin 2.1, its fifth version of Penguin, claiming to affect 1% of searches. The effect seems minor.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/penguin-2-1-and-5-live-173632|title = Penguin 5, With The Penguin 2.1 Spam-Filtering Algorithm, Is Now Live|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = October 4, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-penguin-21-big-17479.html|title = Google Penguin 2.1 Was A Big Hit|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|date = October 7, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || February 27 || Search algorithm update || The update, codenamed ''Venice'', is announced as part of Google's end-of-February 40-pack update. Venice seems to give substantially increased weightage to local results (location inferred from the user's IP and other signals) for many search queries, such as those looking for businesses of various types in the vicinity.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/02/search-quality-highlights-40-changes.html|title = Search quality highlights: 40 changes for February|publisher = Inside Search: the Official Google Search blog|date = February 27, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/blog/understand-and-rock-the-google-venice-update|title = Understand and Rock the Google Venice Update|date = March 12, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]|last = Ramsey|first = Mike}}</ref> On the same date, Google rolls out Panda 3.3, which it bills as a data refresh rather than an algorithm change.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-confirms-panda-update-link-evaluation-local-search-rankings-113078|title = Google Confirms Panda 3.3 Update, Plus Changes To How It Evaluates Links, Local Search Rankings & Much More|last = McGee|first = Matt|date = February 27, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2014 || May 16 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics || Payday Loans 2.0 algorithm change is purely low quality external link related and over-optimization.  This specifically goes after high search, spammy queries such as “Payday Loans”.  Google is trying to devalue sites that perform in link buying and other black hat methods to game the algorithm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tideinteractivegroup.com/google-algorithm-timeline.php|title = Payday Loans 2.0|last = Freeman|first = Josh|authorlink = Josh Freeman|publisher = [[wikipedia:Tide Interactive Group|Tide Interactive Group]]}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || March 23, April 19, April 27 || Search algorithm update || March 23: Google rolls out Panda 3.4, which is claimed to affect 1.6% of search queries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-says-panda-update-is-rolling-out-now-116444|title = Google Says Panda 3.4 Is ‘Rolling Out Now’|last = McGee|first = Matt|date = March 23, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><br>Google quietly rolls out Panda 3.5 (April 19) and Panda 3.6 (April 27), with minimal impact.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-35-15065.html|title = Google Mocks Me For Missing Panda 3.5|date = April 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/panda-update-3-6-on-april-27th-120227|title = Confirmed: Panda Update 3.6 Happened On April 27th|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = May 3, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2014 || May 20 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Panda 4.0 is implemented to devalue sites that contained poor / low quality content.  This has been an ongoing battle that Google has been chipping away at for years.  Google has claimed that the algorithm change has impacted roughly 7.5% of all search queries.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tideinteractivegroup.com/google-algorithm-timeline.php|title = Panda 4.0|last = Freeman|first = Josh|authorlink = Josh Freeman|publisher = [[wikipedia:Tide Interactive Group|Tide Interactive Group]]}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || April 24 || Search algorithm update || Google launches its "Webspam update" which would soon become known as [[wikipedia:Google Penguin|Google Penguin]].<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/04/another-step-to-reward-high-quality.html|title = Another step to reward high-quality sites|last = Cutts|first = Matt|authorlink = Matt Cutts|date = April 24, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: The official Google Search blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/the-penguin-update-googles-webspam-algorithm-gets-official-name-119623|title = The Penguin Update: Google’s Webspam Algorithm Gets Official Name|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = April 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/penguin-update-recovery-tips-advice-119650|title = Google Penguin Update Recovery Tips & Advice|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = April 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-talks-penguin-update-recover-negative-seo-120463|title = Two Weeks In, Google Talks Penguin Update, Ways To Recover & Negative SEO|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = May 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2014 || July 3 || Team || || || [[wikipedia:Matt Cutts|Matt Cutts]], a Distinguished Engineer at Google who has been heading the web spam team since 2004, goes on leave till October.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/matt-cutts-on-leave-195785|title = Head Of Google’s Web Spam Team Matt Cutts Is Going On Leave. After 14 years with Google -- and 10 years heading up the web spam team -- veteran says time for a break|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = July 3, 2014|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref> He later extends his leave through 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/will-matt-cutts-return-extends-leave-207159|title = Will He Ever Return? Head Of Google’s Web Spam Team Matt Cutts Extends Leave Into 2015. 14 year veteran of Google says web spam fighting has been running fine since he took leave in July.|date = October 31, 2014|accessdate = September 12, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || May 16 || Search algorithm update || Google starts rolling out [[wikipedia:Knowledge Graph|Knowledge Graph]], used by Google internally to store semantic relationships between objects. Google now begins displaying supplemental information about objects related to search queries on the side.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2012/05/introducing-knowledge-graph-things-not.html|title = Introducing the Knowledge Graph: things, not strings|last = Singhal|first= Amit|date = May 16, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = The Official Google Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-launches-knowledge-graph-121585|title = Google Launches Knowledge Graph To Provide Answers, Not Just Links|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = May 16, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2012/05/16/google-just-got-a-whole-lot-smarter-launches-its-knowledge-graph/|title = Google Just Got A Whole Lot Smarter, Launches Its Knowledge Graph|last = Lardinois|first = Frederic|date = May 16, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref>
+| 2014 || July 24 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Local search (Pigeon) || Google announces the rollout of [[wikipedia:Google Pigeon|Google Pigeon]], a major update to its search algorithm for "local" searches such as searches related to events or businesses near one. The Pigeon update gives more weight to various search signals to deliver more relevant local results.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-makes-significant-changes-local-search-ranking-algorithm-197778|title = Google "Pigeon" Updates Local Search Algorithm With Stronger Ties To Web Search Signal|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = July 24, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blumenthals.com/blog/2014/07/25/google-updates-local-algo-with-more-web-based-signals-turmoil-in-serps/|title = Google Updates Local Algo with More Web Based Signals – Turmoil in SERPS|last = Blumenthal|first = Mike|date = July 25, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || May 25 || Search algorithm update || Google rolls out an update of [[wikipedia:Google Penguin|Google Penguin]], variously called Penguin 1.1 and Penguin 2.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-pushes-first-penguin-algorithm-update-122518|title = Google Releases Penguin Update 2|date = May 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = McGee|first = Matt}}</ref>
+| 2014 || August 6 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || HTTPS boost || Google announces search results will give preference to sites using [[wikipedia:HTTP Secure|HTTP Secure]] and [[wikipedia:Transport Layer Security|SSL]] encryption.  This added ranking signal would be a "lightweight" ranking boost.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2014/08/https-as-ranking-signal.html |title=HTTPS as a ranking signal |publisher=www.google.com |accessdate=Dec 1, 2014}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || June–September || Search algorithm update || Google rolls out updates to [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]]: 3.7 (June 8),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-3-7-15281.html|title = Confirmed: Google Panda 3.7 Update|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = June 11, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/blog/the-bigfoot-update-aka-dr-pete-goes-crazy|title = The Bigfoot Update (AKA Dr. Pete Goes Crazy)|last = Meyers|first = Peter|date = June 11, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]}}</ref> 3.8 (June 25),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/official-google-panda-update-version-3-8-on-june-25th-125945|title = Official Google Panda Update Version 3.8 On June 25th|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = June 25, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-3-8-15350.html|title = Google Panda 3.8 Live: June 25th & Refresh Only|date = June 26, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)}}</ref> 3.9 (July 24),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-39-official-15480.html|title = Official: Google Panda 3.9 Refresh|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = July 25, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref> 3.9.1 (August 20),<ref name=moz/> and 3.9.2 (September 18).<ref name=moz/>
+| 2014 || August 28 || User experience || Information in SERPs || || Google Authorship is removed completely from search results, as already on December 2013 it reduced number of images showing in SERP's. Now it's totally gone to extinction due to lower adaptation rate by authors, to reduce mobile bandwidth and to improve user experience.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/u/0/+JohnMueller/posts/HZf3KDP1Dm8|title = Authorship removal|last = Mueller|first = John|publisher = [[wikipedia:Google Plus|Google Plus]]|date = August 28, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.webtechshare.com/google-authorship-ends-author-rank-still-remains/ |title=Google Authorship Ends |publisher=www.webtechshare.com |accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/goodbye-google-authorship-201975|title = It’s Over: The Rise & Fall Of Google Authorship For Search Results. Google has completely dropped all authorship functionality from the search results and webmaster tools.|last = Enge|first = Eric|date = August 28, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || July 26 || Third-party tracking || Moz launches MozCast, the "Google weather report". The tool, available online at mozcast.com, tracks the "temperature" of changes to Google's search algorithm and rankings on a day-to-day basis, helping provide better context to search algorithm changes beyond just the biggest ones.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/announcing-mozcast-the-google-weather-report|title = Announcing MozCast - The Google Weather Report|last = Meyers|first = Peter|date = July 26, 2012|accessdate = May 1, 2017|publisher = [[wikipedia:Moz|Moz]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120715000000*/http://mozcast.com|title = Internet Archive's Wayback Machine results for mozcast.com in 2012|accessdate = May 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name=mozcast-v-algoroo>{{cite web|url = http://insideonline.co.uk/mozcast-vs-algoroo/|title = Mozcast Vs. Algoroo – Which Tool Should You Use?|last = Ryan|first = David|date = May 22, 2016|accessdate = May 1, 2017|publisher = Inside Online}}</ref>
+| 2014 || September 23 (rollout begins), September 25 (announcement) || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google announces that a significant update to [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]] is rolling out over the next few weeks. The update is dubbed Panda 4.1.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/+PierreFar/posts/7CWs3a3yoeY|title = Panda update rolling out|date = September 25, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = [[wikipedia:Google Plus|Google Plus]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/panda-update-rolling-204313|title = Panda 4.1 — Google’s 27th Panda Update — Is Rolling Out|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan|date = September 25, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref> An analysis reveals that the update was heavy on attacking affiliate marketing, keyword stuffing, security warnings, and deception.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hmtweb.com/marketing-blog/panda-4-1-analysis/|title = Panda 4.1 Analysis and Findings – Affiliate Marketing, Keyword Stuffing, Security Warnings, and Deception Prevalent|last = Gabe|first = Glenn|date = September 29, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://moz.com/blog/panda-41-google-leaked-dos-and-donts-whiteboard-friday|title = Panda 4.1 Google Leaked Dos and Don'ts - Whiteboard Friday|last = Bachynski|first = Josh|date = December 5, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = Moz}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || August 10 || Search algorithm update || Google announces that it will start penalizing websites with repeat copyright infringements, possibly as measured by [[wikipedia:DMCA|DMCA]] takedown requests.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/08/an-update-to-our-search-algorithms.html|title = An update to our search algorithms|last = Singhal|first = Amit|authorlink = Amit Singhal|date = August 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: The official Google Search blog}}</ref> Some SEO commentators call this the ''Pirate'' update.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/dmca-requests-now-used-in-googles-ranking-algorithm-130118|title = The Pirate Update: Google Will Penalize Sites Repeatedly Accused Of Copyright Infringement|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = August 10, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2014 || October 17 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin) || Penguin 3.0 is implemented as a refresh to re-evaluate sites demoted in the last update due to webspam tactics and demote sites using [[wikipedia:Spamdexing#Link spam|black hat SEO]] tactics.  This refresh is rolled out globally over several weeks impacting roughly 1% of English-language queries.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/239162 |title=What You Need to Know About Google's Penguin 3.0|last = Dholakiya|first = Pratik|authorlink = Pratik Dholakiya |publisher=www.entrepreneur.com |accessdate=December 1, 2014}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || September 27 || Search algorithm update || Google rolls out a major update to [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]] (the update is to the underlying algorithm, rather than merely being a data refresh), that would be dubbed Panda 4.0, but SEO commentators decide to simply call it Panda #20. The change is estimated to have affected 2.4% of search queries.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-20-15789.html|title = 20th Google Panda Algorithm Update: Fairly Major|date = October 4, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)}}</ref>
+| 2014 || October 21 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating policy violations (copyright) || ''Pirate'' 2.0 update dubbed by SEO commentators following the similar update in 2012 which penalized sites deemed as violators of copyright laws.  This refresh targets a relatively small number of known sites causing dramatic drops in ranking.  In tandem with this Google introduces a new Ad Format for queries where people may be searching for copyrighted media, requiring publishers to purchase ads to promote original content over the unauthorized copies.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-pirate-update-206124 |title=After More Than Two Years, Google Finally Releasing New "Pirate Update" To Fight Piracy|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|publisher=www.searchengineland.com |accessdate=December 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blog.searchmetrics.com/us/2014/10/26/google-pirate-update-analysis-and-loser-list/|title = Google Pirate Update Analysis and Loser List|publisher = SearchmMetrics|date = October 26, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://torrentfreak.com/googles-new-downranking-hits-pirate-sites-hard-141023/|title = Google’s New Search Downranking Hits Torrent Sites Hard|author = Ernesto|date = October 23, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || September 27 || Search algorithm update || Google announces changes in the way it handles Exact-Match Domains. The change is estimated to have affected 0.6% of search queries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/blog/googles-emd-algo-update-early-data|title = Google's EMD Algo Update - Early Data|last = Meyers|first = Peter|date = September 29, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:SEOmoz|SEOmoz]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/low-quality-exact-match-domains-are-googles-next-target-134889|title = The EMD Update: Google Issues "Weather Report" Of Crack Down On Low Quality Exact Match Domains|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = September 28, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2014 || December 10 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin) || Google announces that [[wikipedia:Google Penguin|Google Penguin]] will switch to continuous updates, also known as "Penguin Everflux".<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-says-penguin-shift-continuous-updates-210580|title = Google Says Penguin To Shift To "Continuous Updates". Google To Continuously "Optimize" The Penguin Algorithm As It Goes|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = December 10, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || October 5 || Search algorithm update || Google releases minor tweaks to Penguin, affecting about 0.3% of search queries. SEO commentators call it Penguin #3, following the lead of Panda in ditching the use of 1.x notation in favor of labeling updates by number.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-penguin-update-3-135527|title = Google Penguin Update 3 Released, Impacts 0.3% Of English-Language Queries|last = McGee|first = Matt|date = October 5, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-penguin-3-15802.html|title = Google Released 3rd Penguin Update: Not Jarring Or Jolting|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = October 8, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2014 || December 22 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Local search (Pigeon) || [[wikipedia:Google Pigeon|Google Pigeon]], the local search algorithm update, is rolled out to the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]], and [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]].<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-pigeon-update-rolls-uk-canada-australia-211576|title = Google Pigeon Update Rolls Out To UK, Canada & Australia. Google's new local ranking algorithm that launched in the US earlier this year has rolled out to the UK, Canada and Australia.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = December 22, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref>
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-| 2012-13 || November 2012-January 2013 || Search algorithm update || Google releases updates to [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]]: #21 (November 5, affecting 1.1% of queries), #22 (November 21, data refresh only), #23 (December 21, data refresh only, affecting 1.3% of queries), and #24 (January 22, affecting 1.2% of queries).<ref name=moz/>
+| 2015 || February 4 || User experience || Information in SERPs || || Direct action links and expanded text in answer boxes are spotted for searches for content beyond Google's own documentation (in November 2014, these had been spotted but only for Google's own documentation).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-answers-now-showing-blue-icons-linking-publisher-sites-google-answers-214114|title = Google Answers Now Showing Blue Icons Linking To Publisher Sites Or More Google Answers. Google Answers now shows action links directing to publishers sites. This was done previous for easter eggs and Google's own content but now it works for third-party publishers.|date = February 4, 2015|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> This leads to further discussion around optimizing for one's content to show up in the answer box.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/optimizing-google-quick-answers-box-215037|title = Optimizing For The Google Quick Answers Box. Columnist Jim Yu of BrightEdge and Kirill Kronrod of Adobe share tips for getting your content featured in Google's Quick Answer box.|last = Yu|first = Jim|date = February 24, 2015|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref> Possibly related: many independent sources report significant fluctuations in Google Search results, but Google does not officially confirm any changes.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-algorithm-update-19820.html|title = Significant Google Search Algorithm Update Yesterday|last = Schwartz|first=  Barry|publisher = Search Engine Roundtable|date = February 5, 2015|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref>
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-| 2012 || December 4 || Search algorithm update || Google adds [[wikipedia:Knowledge Graph|Knowledge Graph]] to non-English queries, and says that the change goes beyond translation and also adds enhanced Knowledge Graph capabilities.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://insidesearch.blogspot.com/2012/12/get-smarter-answers-from-knowledge_4.html|title = Get smarter answers from the Knowledge Graph from Português to 日本語 to русский|last = Brown|first = Aaron|date = December 4, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = Inside Search: The official Google Search blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2012/12/04/googles-knowledge-graph-expands-to-more-languages-including-italian-japanese-and-russian/|title = Google’s Knowledge Graph Expands To More Languages, Including Italian, French, Japanese And Russian|last = Lardinois|first = Frederic|date = December 4, 2012|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:TechCrunch|TechCrunch]]''}}</ref>
+| 2015 || April 21 (pre-announced February 26) || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Mobile usability || On January 19, 2015, Google sends emails to webmasters about mobile usability issues on the websites, leading people to speculate that a major mobile usability update for search rankings is underway.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-sending-mobile-usability-warnings-huge-number-webmasters-213113|title = Google Sending Mobile Usability Warnings To Huge Number Of Webmasters. Google sending notifications to webmasters with sites that are not mobile friendly. Is this a sign of a new mobile algorithm coming soon?|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = January 19, 2015|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref> On February 26, 2015, Google announces that demotion of mobile-unfriendly sites for searches on mobile devices will commence on April 21, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2015/02/finding-more-mobile-friendly-search.html|title = Finding more mobile-friendly search results|date = February 26, 2015|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = Google Webmaster Central|last = Makino|first = Takaki|last2 = Jung| first2 =  Chaesang | last3 = Phan | first3 = Doantam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://searchengineland.com/google-search-algorithm-adds-mobile-friendly-factors-app-indexing-ranking-215573|title = New Google "Mobile Friendly" Algorithm To Reward Sites Beginning April 21. Google's mobile ranking algorithm will officially include mobile-friendly usability factors and app indexing. Making sure your site is mobile-friendly is now more important than ever.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = February 26, 2015|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rimmkaufman.com/blog/googles-mobile-algorithm-update-coming-april-21st-prepared/10042015/|title = Google’s Mobile Algorithm Update is Coming April 21. Are you Prepared?|last = O'Donnell|first = Jody|last2 = Scott|first2 = Laura|date = April 10, 2015|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = RKGBlog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.smartinsights.com/search-engine-optimisation-seo/mobile-seo/google-mobile-update-21st-april/|title = Gearing up for Google’s Mobile SEO Update on the 21st April 2015|last = Llewellyn|first = Gavin|date = April 9, 2015|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = Smart Insights}}</ref>
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-| 2013 || March || Third-party tracking || Algoroo, a tool to track changes in Google Search rankings and identify algorithm changes, launches, initially in pre-alpha.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130318184550/http://algoroo.com|title = Wayback Machine for algoroo from March 18, 2013|accessdate = May 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.icrossing.com/uk/ideas/how-to-attribute-ranking-fluctuations-serps-volatility-to-google-updates|title = Correlating SERP Fluctuations & Volatility to Google Updates|publisher = iCrossing|date = July 17, 2013|accessdate = May 1, 2017|last = Siotos|first = Modestos}}</ref><ref name=mozcast-v-algoroo/>
+| 2015 || May 3 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Core || Google says it has made a core algorithm change impacting "quality signals". Before the official announcement, commentators had dubbed the changes as "Phantom 2".
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-| 2013 || March 13–14 || Search algorithm update || Google rolls out Panda #25. Remarks by [[wikipedia:Matt Cutts|Matt Cutts]] at [[wikipedia:SMX West|SMX West]] give people the impression that this is the last update to Panda as a distinct entity and it will thereafter be integrated into the core algorithm.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-25-16506.html|title = Google's Final Manual Panda Refresh Here? #25 |date = March 15, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-panda-update-25-seems-to-have-hit-151732|title = Google Panda Update 25 Seems To Have Hit|date = March 15, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)}}</ref> On June 11, 2013, Cutts clarifies that Panda updates roll out over 10-day periods every month and are not continuous.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/googles-panda-dance-matt-cutts-confirms-panda-rolls-out-monthly-over-10-of-30-days-162950|title = Google’s Panda Dance: Matt Cutts Confirms Panda Rolls Out Monthly Over 10 Of 30 Days|date = June 11, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)}}</ref>
+| 2015 || May 20 || Tools for websites || Private communication between websites and Google || Google Search Console || Google rebrands Webmaster Tools as {{w|Google Search Console}}. Google Search Console offers websites various pieces of information regarding how Google is seeing their site. The rebranding reflects the observation that the tool is used by a much wider range of people than those who would traditionally be considered webmasters.<ref name=webmaster-tools-becomes-search-console>{{cite web|url = https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2015/05/announcing-google-search-console-new|title = Announcing Google Search Console - the new Webmaster Tools|last = Fink|first = Michael|publisher = Google Search Central Blog|date = May 20, 2015|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref>
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-| 2013 || May 22 || Search algorithm update || Google rolls out a new version of [[wikipedia:Google Penguin|Google Penguin]] that it calls Penguin 2.0, which SEO commentators call Penguin #4.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/penguin-4-with-penguin-2-0-generation-spam-fighting-is-now-live-160544|title = Penguin 4, With Penguin 2.0 Generation Spam-Fighting, Is Now Live|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|date = May 22, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/blog/penguin-2-were-you-jarred-and-or-jolted|title = Penguin 2.0/4 - Were You Jarred and/or Jolted?|date = May 24, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Meyers|first = Peter|publisher = [[wikipedia:Moz (marketing company)|Moz]]}}</ref>
+| 2015 || July 17 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Panda) || Google announces an update to [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]], dubbed as Panda 4.2 by commentators. Google says that the change affects between 2% and 3% of search queries. Search engine commentators do not notice any sharp changes to search traffic, and expect the changes to be rolled in gradually.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.thesempost.com/google-panda-update-everything-we-know-about-panda-4-2/|title = Google Panda Update: Everything We Know About Panda 4.2|publisher = The SEM Post|date = July 17, 2015|accessdate = September 12, 2016|last = Slegg|first = Jennifer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-panda-4-2-is-here-slowly-rolling-out-after-waiting-almost-10-months-225850|title = Google Panda 4.2 Is Here; Slowly Rolling Out After Waiting Almost 10 Months. Google says a Panda refresh began this weekend but will take months to fully roll out.|date = July 17, 2015|accessdate = September 12, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref> By September, it appears that many websites that had seen gains due to Panda 4.2 are seeing those gains reversed.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-42-reversed-20837.html|title = Did Google Reverse The Panda 4.2 Update?|date = September 1, 2015|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref>
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-| 2013 || July (or earlier) || Search algorithm update || "Answer boxes" (an early name for featured snippets) are spotted and discussed by SEO experts. These build upon Google's knowledge graph capabilities, to show a box containing the key "answer" to the search query, usually right above the search results. These are distinct from the knowledge graph cards (also known as knowledge cards or knowledge panels) that appear on the right.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/101-google-answer-boxes-a-journey-into-the-knowledge-graph|title = 101 Google Answer Boxes: A Journey into the Knowledge Graph|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.|publisher = SEOMoz|date = August 8, 2013|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref>
+| 2015 || October 26 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || || Google announces that {{w|RankBrain}}, a {{w|machine learning}}-based engine (using {{w|neural network}}s), has been the third most influential factor in its search rankings for the last few months. The actual rollout date is not confirmed, but commentators pin the launch time to Spring 2015. It is most useful for new search queries, that account for about 15% of search queries.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-26/google-turning-its-lucrative-web-search-over-to-ai-machines|title = Google Turning Its Lucrative Web Search Over to AI Machines|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Bloomberg News|Bloomberg News]]''|date = October 26, 2015|accessdate = September 12, 2016|last = Clark|first = Jack}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/04/artificial-intelligence-is-changing-seo-faster-than-you-think/|title = Artificial intelligence is changing SEO faster than you think|last = Rampton|first = John|date = June 4, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref> Later discussions of Google search quality would mark the introduction of Rankbrain as a turning point (for the worse) in Google's helpfulness with obscure searches, arguing that Google incorrecty approximates the search query to a related, more mainstream search query rather than trying to literallly address the obscure search query.<ref name=google-memory-loss-hn/>
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-| 2013 || August 6 || User experience || Google adds a new feature called "in-depth articles" in its search results to feature long-form content of long-lasting value.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2013/08/in-depth-articles-in-search-results.html|title = In-depth articles in search results|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog|date = August 6, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|last = Nayak|first = Pandu}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/blog/inside-indepth-articles|title = Inside In-depth Articles: Dissecting Google's Latest Feature|last = Meyers|first = Peter|date = August 13, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Moz (marketing company)|Moz]]}}</ref>
+| 2015 || November 12 || || || Navboost || The first public mention of Navboost, a system to collect click feedback, seems to be from this date; however, this mention is not from Google but from Pinterest, describing their own systems.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://arxiv.org/abs/1511.04003|title = Human Curation and Convnets: Powering Item-to-Item Recommendations on Pinterest|last = Kislyuk|first = Dmitry|last2 = Liu|first2 = Yuchen|last3 = Liu|first3 = David|last4 = Tzeng|first4 = Eric|last5 = Jing|first5 = Yushi|date = November 12, 2015|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref><ref name=its-goog-enough>{{cite web|url = https://www.blindfiveyearold.com/its-goog-enough|title = It’s Goog Enough!|last= Kohn|first = AJ|date = November 8, 2023|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref>
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-| 2013 || August 21–22 (approximate date for rollout), September 26 (announcement) || Search algorithm update || Google releases [[wikipedia:Google Hummingbird|Google Hummingbird]], a core algorithm update that may enable more semantic search and more effective use of the [[wikipedia:Knowledge Graph|Knowledge Graph]] in the future.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-hummingbird-172816|title = FAQ: All About The New Google "Hummingbird" Algorithm|date = September 26, 2013|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-update-17268.html|title = Some Reports Of An August 21/22 Google Update|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|date = August 23, 2013|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2015 || November 19 || Transparency || Quality raters guidelines || || Google releases the full versions of its search quality raters guidelines (QRG), a 160-page-long handbook that it previously only gave human evaluators to rate websites. The guidelines help websites understand what qualities Google Search would like to see in websites, although ratings made by raters based on these guidelines do not directly change search engine rankings. The release follows a leak in October 2015 of the same guidelines.<ref name=qrg-release>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-releases-the-full-version-of-their-search-quality-rating-guidelines-236572|title = Google Releases The Full Version Of Their Search Quality Rating Guidelines. For the first time, Google has released the full version of its Search Quality Raters guidelines and handbook. It is 160 pages of wonderful SEO knowledge.|date = November 19, 2015|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> Two important pieces of jargon that gain currency in the SEO world due to these guidelines are: YMYL (your money or your life), a term for websites that offer information or allow people to take actions that have the potential to negatively impact the end user's health and wealth (examples include sites related to e-commerce, financial advice, medical advice, and legal advice), and E-A-T (expertise, authoritativeness, and trust), factors that are important to Google Search for ranking sites, and even more important for YMYL sites.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/google-search-quality-raters-guidelines|title = 30+ Important Takeaways from Google's Search Quality Rater's Guidelines|last = Slegg|first = Jennifer|date = November 25, 2015|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = SEOMoz}}</ref>
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-| 2013 || October 4 || Search algorithm update || Google announces what it calls Penguin 2.1, its fifth version of Penguin, claiming to affect 1% of searches. The effect seems minor.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/penguin-2-1-and-5-live-173632|title = Penguin 5, With The Penguin 2.1 Spam-Filtering Algorithm, Is Now Live|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan (technologist)|date = October 4, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.seroundtable.com/google-penguin-21-big-17479.html|title = Google Penguin 2.1 Was A Big Hit|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|authorlink = Barry Schwartz (technologist)|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Roundtable|Search Engine Roundtable]]|date = October 7, 2013|accessdate = February 2, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2016 || February 3 || Team || || || {{w|Amit Singhal}} steps down from his position as Vice President of Search at Google after 15 years in that role. He is replaced by John Giannandrea who works in artificial intelligence at Alphabet, Google's parent company.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/04/technology/amit-singhal-an-influential-engineer-at-google-will-retire.html|title = Amit Singhal, an Influential Engineer at Google, Will Retire|last = Hardy|first = Quentin|date = February 3, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/amit-singhal-the-head-of-google-search-to-leave-the-company-for-philanthropic-purposes-241707|title = Amit Singhal, The Head Of Google Search, To Leave The Company For Philanthropic Purposes. After 15 years, Google's head of search, Amit Singhal, is leaving the company.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|date = February 3, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref> There is speculation that this will lead to more incorporation of machine learning and AI techniques in Google Search.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://marketingland.com/google-machines-running-the-search-162564|title = What’s Next, As Google’s Head Of Search Leaves & Its Machine Learning Chief Takes Over? After 15 years, Google search chief Amit Singhal is moving on. In his place, machine learning head John Giannandrea is taking over. The rise of the machines?|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = February 3, 2016|accessdate = July 13, 2019|publisher = Marketing Land}}</ref>
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-| 2014 || May 16 || Search algorithm update || Payday Loans 2.0 algorithm change is purely low quality external link related and over-optimization.  This specifically goes after high search, spammy queries such as “Payday Loans”.  Google is trying to devalue sites that perform in link buying and other black hat methods to game the algorithm.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tideinteractivegroup.com/google-algorithm-timeline.php|title = Payday Loans 2.0|last = Freeman|first = Josh|authorlink = Josh Freeman|publisher = [[wikipedia:Tide Interactive Group|Tide Interactive Group]]}}</ref>
+| 2016 || February 18 and 23 || Advertising || || || Google makes changes to [[wikipedia:Google AdWords|Google AdWords]], removing right-column ads and rolling out 4-ad top blocks on searches with commercial intent. The change has implications on organic search CTRs for such searches, since it pushes the organic search results further down the page, potentially reducing organic search CTRs.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/googles-new-serp-layout-4-biggest-winners-losers-based-data-243292|title = Google’s New SERP Layout: The Biggest Winners & Losers. What has been the impact of Google's new desktop ad layout thus far? Columnist Larry Kim uses data to show who has benefited and who has suffered from the change.|last = Kim|first = Larry|date = February 24, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref> Up to three additional ads may be shown below the 10 organic search results, and additional ads may be shown on the second page.<ref name=moz/><ref name=moz-4-ads>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/four-ads-on-top-the-wait-is-over|title = Four Ads on Top: The Wait Is Over|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.|date = February 19, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref><ref name=wordstream-4-ads>{{cite web|url = https://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2016/02/22/google-kills-off-right-side-ads|title = Google Kills Off Side Ads: What You Need to Know|last = Kim|first = Larry|date = February 23, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016|publisher = WordStream}}</ref><ref name=wordstream-4-ads-2>{{Cite web|url = https://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2016/03/10/takeaways-from-serp-change|title = 3 Weeks After Google Killed Side Ads, Here Are 5 More Takeaways|last = Sagin|first = Erin|date = March 10, 2016|accessdate = September 13, 2016|publisher = WordStream}}</ref>
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-| 2014 || May 20 || Search algorithm update || Panda 4.0 is implemented to devalue sites that contained poor / low quality content.  This has been an ongoing battle that Google has been chipping away at for years.  Google has claimed that the algorithm change has impacted roughly 7.5% of all search queries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tideinteractivegroup.com/google-algorithm-timeline.php|title = Panda 4.0|last = Freeman|first = Josh|authorlink = Josh Freeman|publisher = [[wikipedia:Tide Interactive Group|Tide Interactive Group]]}}</ref>
+| 2016 || May 12 (announced March 16) || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Mobile usability || Google rolls out a ranking signal boost to benefit mobile-friendly websites on mobile devices. This is the second update of this sort, with the previous update in April 2015.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2016/03/continuing-to-make-web-more-mobile.html|title = Continuing to make the web more mobile friendly|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog|date = March 16, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/googles-mobile-friendly-algorithm-boost-rolled-249357|title = Google’s mobile-friendly algorithm boost has rolled out. The new Google mobile-friendly algorithm is supposed to give an additional ranking boost for mobile-friendly websites in the mobile search results.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = May 12, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
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-| 2014 || July 3 || Team || [[wikipedia:Matt Cutts|Matt Cutts]], a Distinguished Engineer at Google who has been heading the web spam team since 2004, goes on leave till October.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://searchengineland.com/matt-cutts-on-leave-195785|title = Head Of Google’s Web Spam Team Matt Cutts Is Going On Leave. After 14 years with Google -- and 10 years heading up the web spam team -- veteran says time for a break|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = July 3, 2014|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref> He later extends his leave through 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://searchengineland.com/will-matt-cutts-return-extends-leave-207159|title = Will He Ever Return? Head Of Google’s Web Spam Team Matt Cutts Extends Leave Into 2015. 14 year veteran of Google says web spam fighting has been running fine since he took leave in July.|date = October 31, 2014|accessdate = September 12, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2016 || September 1 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Local search || SEO commentators note massive changes to the algorithm for local searches, the biggest since Pigeon. The update is labeled ''Possum'', indicating that some business listings have been filtered rather than actually disappearing. This is attributed to an updated, smarter deduplication algorithm, finer geolocation-awareness, and more decoupling of algorithms used for local search results from the main search results.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/everything-need-know-googles-possum-algorithm-update-258900|title = Everything you need to know about Google’s ‘Possum’ algorithm update. Wondering what's up with local search rankings lately? Columnist Joy Hawkins has the scoop on a recent local algorithm update that local SEO experts are calling 'Possum.'|last = Hawkins|first = Joy|date = September 21, 2016|accessdate = May 1, 2017|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> The implications of Possum on local SEO would be discussed for months to come.<ref name=possum-nov-update>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/study-shows-googles-possum-update-changed-64-local-serps-261761|title = Study shows Google’s Possum update changed 64% of local SERPs. How significantly did the Possum update impact local search results in Google? Columnist Joy Hawkins shares data and insights from a study she did with BrightLocal, which compared local results before and after the update.|last = Hawkins|first = Joy|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = November 3, 2016|accessdate = May 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name=possum-inc>{{cite web|url = https://www.inc.com/john-lincoln/googles-possum-update-how-it-rocked-local-seo-rankings.html|title =  Google's Possum Update, How It Rocked Local SEO Rankings. The is one of the biggest Google updates to rock the local SEO rankings in a long time. What you need to know.|last = Lincoln|first = John|date = October 26, 2016|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.quicksprout.com/2017/01/25/how-seo-has-changed-with-the-possum-update/|title = How SEO Has Changed with the Possum Update|last = Patel|first = Neil|date = January 25, 2017|accessdate = May 1, 2017|publisher = Quick Sprout}}</ref>
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-| 2014 || July 24 || Search algorithm update || Google announces the rollout of [[wikipedia:Google Pigeon|Google Pigeon]], a major update to its search algorithm for "local" searches such as searches related to events or businesses near one. The Pigeon update gives more weight to various search signals to deliver more relevant local results.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-makes-significant-changes-local-search-ranking-algorithm-197778|title = Google "Pigeon" Updates Local Search Algorithm With Stronger Ties To Web Search Signal|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = July 24, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blumenthals.com/blog/2014/07/25/google-updates-local-algo-with-more-web-based-signals-turmoil-in-serps/|title = Google Updates Local Algo with More Web Based Signals – Turmoil in SERPS|last = Blumenthal|first = Mike|date = July 25, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref>
+| 2016 || September 23 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics (Penguin) || Google announces a Penguin update, and says that Penguin is now part of Google's core ranking algorithm. Commentators dub this Penguin 4.0.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2016/09/penguin-is-now-part-of-our-core.html|title = Penguin is now part of our core algorithm|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog|date = September 23, 2016|accessdate = May 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-updates-penguin-says-now-real-time-part-core-algorithm-259302|title = Google updates Penguin, says it now runs in real time within the core search algorithm. The latest announced release, Penguin 4.0, will also be the last, given its new real-time nature.|publisher = Search Engine Land|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = September 23, 2016|accessdate = May 1, 2017}}</ref> SEOMOz identifies likely dates for phase 1 and phase 2 rollouts as September 27 and October 6.<ref name=moz/>
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-| 2014 || August 6 || Search algorithm update || Google announces search results will give preference to sites using [[wikipedia:HTTP Secure|HTTP Secure]] and [[wikipedia:Transport Layer Security|SSL]] encryption.  This added ranking signal would be a "lightweight" ranking boost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2014/08/https-as-ranking-signal.html |title=HTTPS as a ranking signal |publisher=www.google.com |accessdate=Dec 1, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2017 || January 10 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating bad user experiences (heavy content, slow content, bad user experience) || Google announces that it will crack down on intrusive interstitials on mobile web pages, such as popups that cover the main content, standalone interstitials that the user has to dismiss, and above-the-fold content that looks like an interstitial.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.seroundtable.com/google-intrusive-interstitials-mobile-penalty-now-rolling-out-23237.html|title = Official: Google Intrusive Interstitials Mobile Penalty Now Rolling Out|date = January 11, 2017|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Roundtable}}</ref> The plan to introduce this penalty was announced in August 2016.<ref name=searchengineland-interstitial>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/interstitialgeddon-google-warns-will-crack-intrusive-interstitials-next-january-257252|title = Google warns it will crack down on “intrusive interstitials” in January. Google will reinforce its emphasis on the mobile search experience with a new penalty affecting "intrusive interstitials" on mobile web pages.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = August 23, 2016|publisher = Search Engine Land|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref>
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-| 2014 || August 28 || User experience || Google Authorship is removed completely from search results, as already on December 2013 it reduced number of images showing in SERP's. Now it's totally gone to extinction due to lower adaptation rate by authors, to reduce mobile bandwidth and to improve user experience.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/u/0/+JohnMueller/posts/HZf3KDP1Dm8|title = Authorship removal|last = Mueller|first = John|publisher = [[wikipedia:Google Plus|Google Plus]]|date = August 28, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.webtechshare.com/google-authorship-ends-author-rank-still-remains/ |title=Google Authorship Ends |publisher=www.webtechshare.com |accessdate=August 31, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/goodbye-google-authorship-201975|title = It’s Over: The Rise & Fall Of Google Authorship For Search Results. Google has completely dropped all authorship functionality from the search results and webmaster tools.|last = Enge|first = Eric|date = August 28, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2017 || February 21 || Customized search || || || Google announces that it is deprecating Google Site Search, its offering for websites that offers a highly site-customized site search solution. Starting April 1, 2017, it will discontinue sales of Google Site Search. The product will be completely shut down by April 1, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-sunset-google-site-search-product-recommends-ad-supported-custom-search-engine-269834|title = Google to sunset Google Site Search by end of 2017. Google is telling their Site Search customers they have to find a new internal search engine service.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = February 21, 2017|accessdate = July 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://support.google.com/customsearch/answer/72325?hl=en|title = About Google Site Search|accessdate = May 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://blog.algolia.com/google-site-search-alternative/|title = Algolia: Picking up where Google Site Search left off|last = Utard|first = Sylvain|date = March 2, 2017|accessdate = May 28, 2017|publisher = Algolia}}</ref>
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-| 2014 || September 23 (rollout begins), September 25 (announcement) || Search algorithm update || Google announces that a significant update to [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]] is rolling out over the next few weeks. The update is dubbed Panda 4.1.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://plus.google.com/+PierreFar/posts/7CWs3a3yoeY|title = Panda update rolling out|date = September 25, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = [[wikipedia:Google Plus|Google Plus]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/panda-update-rolling-204313|title = Panda 4.1 — Google’s 27th Panda Update — Is Rolling Out|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|authorlink = Danny Sullivan|date = September 25, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref> An analysis reveals that the update was heavy on attacking affiliate marketing, keyword stuffing, security warnings, and deception.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hmtweb.com/marketing-blog/panda-4-1-analysis/|title = Panda 4.1 Analysis and Findings – Affiliate Marketing, Keyword Stuffing, Security Warnings, and Deception Prevalent|last = Gabe|first = Glenn|date = September 29, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://moz.com/blog/panda-41-google-leaked-dos-and-donts-whiteboard-friday|title = Panda 4.1 Google Leaked Dos and Don'ts - Whiteboard Friday|last = Bachynski|first = Josh|date = December 5, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = Moz}}</ref>
+| 2017 || April 25 || User experience, incorporation of user feedback || || || Google announces quality improvements to search and more direct feedback options for users for search results and Featured Snippets (the new, official name for what the SEO community had previously called "answer boxes").<ref>{{cite web|url = https://blog.google/products/search/our-latest-quality-improvements-search/|title = Our latest quality improvements for Search|date = April 25, 2017|last = Gomes|first = Ben}}</ref>
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-| 2014 || October 17 || Search algorithm update || Penguin 3.0 is implemented as a refresh to re-evaluate sites demoted in the last update due to webspam tactics and demote sites using [[wikipedia:Spamdexing#Link spam|black hat SEO]] tactics.  This refresh is rolled out globally over several weeks impacting roughly 1% of English-language queries.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.entrepreneur.com/article/239162 |title=What You Need to Know About Google's Penguin 3.0|last = Dholakiya|first = Pratik|authorlink = Pratik Dholakiya |publisher=www.entrepreneur.com |accessdate=December 1, 2014}}</ref>
+| 2017 || July 26 || User experience || Search suggestions || || In light of its increasing focus on mobile search, Google drops Google Instant, its instant search feature where it shows the top results for the expected completion of the search query even before the user presses Enter. This is because instant search results don't play well with mobile search.<ref name=google-drops-instant-search/>
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-| 2014 || October 21 || Search algorithm update || ''Pirate'' 2.0 update dubbed by SEO commentators following the similar update in 2012 which penalized sites deemed as violators of copyright laws.  This refresh targets a relatively small number of known sites causing dramatic drops in ranking.  In tandem with this Google introduces a new Ad Format for queries where people may be searching for copyrighted media, requiring publishers to purchase ads to promote original content over the unauthorized copies.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-pirate-update-206124 |title=After More Than Two Years, Google Finally Releasing New "Pirate Update" To Fight Piracy|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|publisher=www.searchengineland.com |accessdate=December 1, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.searchmetrics.com/us/2014/10/26/google-pirate-update-analysis-and-loser-list/|title = Google Pirate Update Analysis and Loser List|publisher = SearchmMetrics|date = October 26, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://torrentfreak.com/googles-new-downranking-hits-pirate-sites-hard-141023/|title = Google’s New Search Downranking Hits Torrent Sites Hard|author = Ernesto|date = October 23, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref>
+| 2017 || late October and November || User experience || Information in SERPs || || Search engine trackers notice a decrease in the percentage of search queries showing featured snippets from ~16% to ~14%, after a mostly steady increase for two years. This is also accompanied by an increase in the percentage of knowledge panels, mostly for the same queries.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/knowledge-graph-eats-featured-snippets|title = Knowledge Graph Eats Featured Snippets, Jumps +30%|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.|date = November 27, 2017|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/featured-snippet-bubble-busting-286107|title = Is the featured snippet bubble bursting? What's going on with featured snippets? Columnists Brian Patterson and Chris Long share data which suggests that Google may be testing a reduction in SERP answer boxes.|last = Patterson|first = Brian|date = November 20, 2017|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref>
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-| 2014 || December 10 || Search algorithm update || Google announces that [[wikipedia:Google Penguin|Google Penguin]] will switch to continuous updates, also known as "Penguin Everflux".<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-says-penguin-shift-continuous-updates-210580|title = Google Says Penguin To Shift To "Continuous Updates". Google To Continuously "Optimize" The Penguin Algorithm As It Goes|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = December 10, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref>
+| 2017 || November || Transparency || Communication of algorithm updates || || The Twitter account @searchliaison is created, through which Google's search liaison Danny Sullivan can officially communicate updates related to Google Search algorithm updates. Sullivan would continue to use his own Twitter handle @dannysullivan for updates that are not official communications.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison|title = @searchliaison on Twitter|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref>
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-| 2014 || December 22 || Search algorithm update || [[wikipedia:Google Pigeon|Google Pigeon]], the local search algorithm update, is rolled out to the [[wikipedia:United Kingdom|United Kingdom]], [[wikipedia:Canada|Canada]], and [[wikipedia:Australia|Australia]].<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-pigeon-update-rolls-uk-canada-australia-211576|title = Google Pigeon Update Rolls Out To UK, Canada & Australia. Google's new local ranking algorithm that launched in the US earlier this year has rolled out to the UK, Canada and Australia.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = December 22, 2014|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref>
+| 2017 || December 1 || User experience || Information in SERPs || || Google increases the length of the snippets it includes for each search result.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-officially-increases-length-snippets-search-results-287596|title = Google officially increases length of snippets in search results. Company says change is meant to provide more descriptive snippets.|date = December 1, 2017|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Land|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref>
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-| 2015 || February 4 || Search algorithm update || Direct action links and expanded text in answer boxes are spotted for searches for content beyond Google's own documentation (in November 2014, these had been spotted but only for Google's own documentation).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-answers-now-showing-blue-icons-linking-publisher-sites-google-answers-214114|title = Google Answers Now Showing Blue Icons Linking To Publisher Sites Or More Google Answers. Google Answers now shows action links directing to publishers sites. This was done previous for easter eggs and Google's own content but now it works for third-party publishers.|date = February 4, 2015|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> This leads to further discussion around optimizing for one's content to show up in the answer box.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/optimizing-google-quick-answers-box-215037|title = Optimizing For The Google Quick Answers Box. Columnist Jim Yu of BrightEdge and Kirill Kronrod of Adobe share tips for getting your content featured in Google's Quick Answer box.|last = Yu|first = Jim|date = February 24, 2015|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref> Possibly related: many independent sources report significant fluctuations in Google Search results, but Google does not officially confirm any changes.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-algorithm-update-19820.html|title = Significant Google Search Algorithm Update Yesterday|last = Schwartz|first=  Barry|publisher = Search Engine Roundtable|date = February 5, 2015|accessdate = April 12, 2015}}</ref>
+| 2018 || March || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Core || Google makes a core algorithm update that affects the rankings of a number of websites, some positively, some negatively. The update is labeled the "brackets" update by Glenn Gabe. Google as well as SEO commentators say that websites adversely affected should not be looking to make quick fixes, but rather should continue improving their site over the long term.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gsqi.com/marketing-blog/march-7-2018-google-algorithm-update-brackets/|title = The Brackets Update – Analysis and Findings From The March 7, 2018 Google Algorithm Update (and March 14 Tremor)|last = Gabe|first = Glenn|date = March 17, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = G-Squared Interactive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.seroundtable.com/google-confirms-core-update-25390.html|title = Google Confirmed Weekend Algorithm Ranking Shift As "Core Update"|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Roundtable|date = March 13, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref>
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-| 2015 || April 21 (pre-announced February 26) || User experience, search algorithm update (mobile usability) || On January 19, 2015, Google sends emails to webmasters about mobile usability issues on the websites, leading people to speculate that a major mobile usability update for search rankings is underway.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-sending-mobile-usability-warnings-huge-number-webmasters-213113|title = Google Sending Mobile Usability Warnings To Huge Number Of Webmasters. Google sending notifications to webmasters with sites that are not mobile friendly. Is this a sign of a new mobile algorithm coming soon?|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = January 19, 2015|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref> On February 26, 2015, Google announces that demotion of mobile-unfriendly sites for searches on mobile devices will commence on April 21, 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://googlewebmastercentral.blogspot.com/2015/02/finding-more-mobile-friendly-search.html|title = Finding more mobile-friendly search results|date = February 26, 2015|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = Google Webmaster Central|last = Makino|first = Takaki|last2 = Jung| first2 =  Chaesang | last3 = Phan | first3 = Doantam}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://searchengineland.com/google-search-algorithm-adds-mobile-friendly-factors-app-indexing-ranking-215573|title = New Google "Mobile Friendly" Algorithm To Reward Sites Beginning April 21. Google's mobile ranking algorithm will officially include mobile-friendly usability factors and app indexing. Making sure your site is mobile-friendly is now more important than ever.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = February 26, 2015|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rimmkaufman.com/blog/googles-mobile-algorithm-update-coming-april-21st-prepared/10042015/|title = Google’s Mobile Algorithm Update is Coming April 21. Are you Prepared?|last = O'Donnell|first = Jody|last2 = Scott|first2 = Laura|date = April 10, 2015|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = RKGBlog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.smartinsights.com/search-engine-optimisation-seo/mobile-seo/google-mobile-update-21st-april/|title = Gearing up for Google’s Mobile SEO Update on the 21st April 2015|last = Llewellyn|first = Gavin|date = April 9, 2015|accessdate = April 12, 2015|publisher = Smart Insights}}</ref>
+| 2018 || January 15 || Review || || || A blog post by Tim Bray titled "Google Memory Loss" provides evidence suggesting that Google can no longer reliably be used to find old content even with exact keyword searches. In comparison, in the specific examples he checked, Bray was able to find the pages using both Bing and DuckDuckGo.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.tbray.org/ongoing/When/201x/2018/01/15/Google-is-losing-its-memory|title = Google Memory Loss|date = January 15, 2018|accessdate = June 17, 2021}}</ref> Bray's post is shared to Hacker News where it gets an unusually large number of view and comments from users who share their frustrations around Google and its alleged decline. The RankBrain update is cited as a turning point (for the worse) in Google's helpfulness for obscure searches by many commenters.<ref name=google-memory-loss-hn>{{cite web|url = https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=16153840|title = Google Memory Loss|date = January 15, 2018|accessdate = June 17, 2021|publisher = Hacker News}}</ref>
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-| 2015 || May 3 || Search algorithm update || Google says it has made a core algorithm change impacting "quality signals". Before the official announcement, commentators had dubbed the changes as "Phantom 2".
+| 2018 || March 14 || User experience || Information in SERPs || || For one week, Google experiments with defaulting to show no search results for simple queries such as mathematical expressions and date/time lookups, with the search results available through a button that needs to be clicked to show them. Most real-world queries are not affected, but there is discussion of what this experiment means for the future of search.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/zero-result-serps|title = Zero-Result SERPs: Welcome to the Future We Should've Known Was Coming|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.|date = March 15, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = SEOMoz}}</ref>
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-| 2015 || July 17 || Search algorithm update || Google announces an update to [[wikipedia:Google Panda|Google Panda]], dubbed as Panda 4.2 by commentators. Google says that the change affects between 2% and 3% of search queries. Search engine commentators do not notice any sharp changes to search traffic, and expect the changes to be rolled in gradually.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.thesempost.com/google-panda-update-everything-we-know-about-panda-4-2/|title = Google Panda Update: Everything We Know About Panda 4.2|publisher = The SEM Post|date = July 17, 2015|accessdate = September 12, 2016|last = Slegg|first = Jennifer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://searchengineland.com/google-panda-4-2-is-here-slowly-rolling-out-after-waiting-almost-10-months-225850|title = Google Panda 4.2 Is Here; Slowly Rolling Out After Waiting Almost 10 Months. Google says a Panda refresh began this weekend but will take months to fully roll out.|date = July 17, 2015|accessdate = September 12, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref> By September, it appears that many websites that had seen gains due to Panda 4.2 are seeing those gains reversed.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.seroundtable.com/google-panda-42-reversed-20837.html|title = Did Google Reverse The Panda 4.2 Update?|date = September 1, 2015|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref>
+| 2018 || March 26 || Search algorithm update || Indexing || || Google announces that it is rolling out its switch to mobile-first indexing at a wider scale; the version of a page that Google will keep in its index and use to make ranking decisions will be the mobile version.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2018/03/rolling-out-mobile-first-indexing.html|title = Rolling out mobile-first indexing|date = March 26, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-begins-rolling-out-mobile-first-indexing-to-more-sites-295095|title = Google begins rolling out mobile-first indexing to more sites. Sites that follow the best practices for mobile-first indexing will be migrating over now, and Google will send notifications via Search Console.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = March 26, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
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-| 2015 || October 26 || Search algorithm update (announcement/confirmation) || Google announces that {{w|RankBrain}}, a {{w|machine learning}}-based engine (using {{w|neural network}}s), has been the third most influential factor in its search rankings for the last few months. The actual rollout date is not confirmed, but commentators pin the launch time to Spring 2015. It is most useful for new search queries, that account for about 15% of search queries.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-26/google-turning-its-lucrative-web-search-over-to-ai-machines|title = Google Turning Its Lucrative Web Search Over to AI Machines|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Bloomberg News|Bloomberg News]]''|date = October 26, 2015|accessdate = September 12, 2016|last = Clark|first = Jack}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://techcrunch.com/2016/06/04/artificial-intelligence-is-changing-seo-faster-than-you-think/|title = Artificial intelligence is changing SEO faster than you think|last = Rampton|first = John|date = June 4, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref>
+| 2019 || May || Search algorithm update, user experience || Personalization || || Google announces [[w:Private browsing|Incognito mode]] for {{w|Google Maps}} and {{w|Google search}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google is bringing Incognito mode to Maps and Search |url=https://www.gsmarena.com/google_is_bringing_incognito_mode_to_maps_and_search-news-36944.php |website=gsmarena.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google's privacy push adds Incognito Mode for Maps and Search |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/05/07/google-incognito-maps-search-chrome/ |website=engadget.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Incognito mode is coming to Google Maps and Google search |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/incognito-mode-coming-to-google-maps-and-search-2019-5 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search gets new account picker with Incognito mode |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/05/14/google-search-gets-new-account-picker-with-incognito-mode/ |website=androidpolice.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2015 || November 19 || Transparency (quality raters guidelines) || Google releases the full versions of its search quality raters guidelines (QRG), a 160-page-long handbook that it previously only gave human evaluators to rate websites. The guidelines help websites understand what qualities Google Search would like to see in websites, although ratings made by raters based on these guidelines do not directly change search engine rankings. The release follows a leak in October 2015 of the same guidelines<ref name=qrg-release>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-releases-the-full-version-of-their-search-quality-rating-guidelines-236572|title = Google Releases The Full Version Of Their Search Quality Rating Guidelines. For the first time, Google has released the full version of its Search Quality Raters guidelines and handbook. It is 160 pages of wonderful SEO knowledge.|date = November 19, 2015|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> Two important pieces of jargon that gain currency in the SEO world due to these guidelines are: YMYL (your money or your life), a term for websites that offer information or allow people to take actions that have the potential to negatively impact the end user's health and wealth (examples include sites related to e-commerce, financial advice, medical advice, and legal advice), and E-A-T (expertise, authoritativeness, and trust), factors that are important to Google Search for ranking sites, and even more important for YMYL sites.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/google-search-quality-raters-guidelines|title = 30+ Important Takeaways from Google's Search Quality Rater's Guidelines|last = Slegg|first = Jennifer|date = November 25, 2015|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = SEOMoz}}</ref>
+| 2018 || May 13 || User experience || Information in SERPs || || Google reduces the average length of snippets included with each search result from about 300 characters to 150-160 characters, similar to the level prior to the increase in snippet length at the end of November 2017.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-confirms-it-shortened-search-results-snippets-after-expanding-them-last-december-298196|title = Google confirms it shortened search results snippets after expanding them last December. Time spent increasing meta descriptions for the longer Google search results snippets may have been wasted.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = May 14, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
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-| 2016 || February 3 || Team || [[wikipedia:Amit Singhal|Amit Singhal]] steps down from his position as Vice President of Search at Google after 15 years in that role. He is replaced by John Giannandrea who works in artificial intelligence at Alphabet, Google's parent company.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/04/technology/amit-singhal-an-influential-engineer-at-google-will-retire.html|title = Amit Singhal, an Influential Engineer at Google, Will Retire|last = Hardy|first = Quentin|date = February 3, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://searchengineland.com/amit-singhal-the-head-of-google-search-to-leave-the-company-for-philanthropic-purposes-241707|title = Amit Singhal, The Head Of Google Search, To Leave The Company For Philanthropic Purposes. After 15 years, Google's head of search, Amit Singhal, is leaving the company.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]|date = February 3, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref> There is speculation that this will lead to more incorporation of machine learning and AI techniques in Google Search.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://marketingland.com/google-machines-running-the-search-162564|title = What’s Next, As Google’s Head Of Search Leaves & Its Machine Learning Chief Takes Over? After 15 years, Google search chief Amit Singhal is moving on. In his place, machine learning head John Giannandrea is taking over. The rise of the machines?|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = February 3, 2016|accessdate = July 13, 2019|publisher = Marketing Land}}</ref>
+| 2018 || June 14 || User experience || Information in SERPs || || Google moves videos in its desktop search results from organic-like results to a dedicated carousel, and the number of search engine results pages with videos increases significantly.<ref name=moz/> This has unexpected impact on some e-commerce retailers, because videos showing up in carousel mean that the site no longer appears in the organic search results.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gsqi.com/marketing-blog/trapped-in-google-video-carousels-case-study/|title = Trapped In Google’s New Video Carousels – A Dangerous SERP Feature For Some Ecommerce Retailers|last = Gabe|first = Glenn|date = July 17, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = G-Squared Interactive}}</ref>
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-| 2016 || February 18 and 23 || Advertising || Google makes changes to [[wikipedia:Google AdWords|Google AdWords]], removing right-column ads and rolling out 4-ad top blocks on searches with commercial intent. The change has implications on organic search CTRs for such searches, since it pushes the organic search results further down the page, potentially reducing organic search CTRs.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://searchengineland.com/googles-new-serp-layout-4-biggest-winners-losers-based-data-243292|title = Google’s New SERP Layout: The Biggest Winners & Losers. What has been the impact of Google's new desktop ad layout thus far? Columnist Larry Kim uses data to show who has benefited and who has suffered from the change.|last = Kim|first = Larry|date = February 24, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref> Up to three additional ads may be shown below the 10 organic search results, and additional ads may be shown on the second page.<ref name=moz/><ref name=moz-4-ads>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/four-ads-on-top-the-wait-is-over|title = Four Ads on Top: The Wait Is Over|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.|date = February 19, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref><ref name=wordstream-4-ads>{{cite web|url = http://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2016/02/22/google-kills-off-right-side-ads|title = Google Kills Off Side Ads: What You Need to Know|last = Kim|first = Larry|date = February 23, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016|publisher = WordStream}}</ref><ref name=wordstream-4-ads-2>{{Cite web|url = http://www.wordstream.com/blog/ws/2016/03/10/takeaways-from-serp-change|title = 3 Weeks After Google Killed Side Ads, Here Are 5 More Takeaways|last = Sagin|first = Erin|date = March 10, 2016|accessdate = September 13, 2016|publisher = WordStream}}</ref>
+| 2018 || July 9 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Mobile usability || Google finishes rolling out to all users the incorporation of mobile speed into its ranking of webpages. The update affects only extremely slow webpages, and thus does not affect the majority of webpages.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2018/01/using-page-speed-in-mobile-search.html|title = Using page speed in mobile search ranking|date = January 17, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog}}</ref>
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-| 2016 || May 12 (announced March 16) || User experience, search algorithm update (mobile usability) || Google rolls out a ranking signal boost to benefit mobile-friendly websites on mobile devices. This is the second update of this sort, with the previous update in April 2015.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2016/03/continuing-to-make-web-more-mobile.html|title = Continuing to make the web more mobile friendly|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog|date = March 16, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://searchengineland.com/googles-mobile-friendly-algorithm-boost-rolled-249357|title = Google’s mobile-friendly algorithm boost has rolled out. The new Google mobile-friendly algorithm is supposed to give an additional ranking boost for mobile-friendly websites in the mobile search results.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = May 12, 2016|accessdate = September 12, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Search Engine Land|Search Engine Land]]}}</ref>
+| 2019 || May 7 || Search algorithm update, user experience || || || Google announces feature to be integrated into Google search that utilizes {{w|Google Lens}} and {{w|augmented reality}}. Google Lens adds new features like visual language translation of signs, audio reading of text, video demonstrations of recipes seen in magazines and scanning restaurant menus to show the most popular dishes. Also, {{w|Google Assistant}} is upgraded to be 10-times faster in responding to spoken requests. The company also introduces a newly designed Android Auto dashboard to make the in-car platform easier to use without distracting drivers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Brings Augmented Reality to Search Results |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-brings-augmented-reality-to-search-results/306731/ |website=searchenginejournal.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search adds AR and big Lens upgrades |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/05/07/google-search-camera-augmented-reality-lenses/ |website=engadget.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search upgrades AR and Lens features |url=https://www.mobilemarketer.com/news/google-search-upgrades-ar-and-lens-features/554308/ |website=mobilemarketer.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=IO 2019: Google Search gets a dose of augmented reality, Google Assistant becomes chattier |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/technology/news/story/io-2019-google-search-gets-a-dose-of-augmented-reality-google-assistant-becomes-chattier-1519762-2019-05-08 |website=indiatoday.in |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2016 || September 1 || Search algorithm update || SEO commentators note massive changes to the algorithm for local searches, the biggest since Pigeon. The update is labeled ''Possum'', indicating that some business listings have been filtered rather than actually disappearing. This is attributed to an updated, smarter deduplication algorithm, finer geolocation-awareness, and more decoupling of algorithms used for local search results from the main search results.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = http://searchengineland.com/everything-need-know-googles-possum-algorithm-update-258900|title = Everything you need to know about Google’s ‘Possum’ algorithm update. Wondering what's up with local search rankings lately? Columnist Joy Hawkins has the scoop on a recent local algorithm update that local SEO experts are calling 'Possum.'|last = Hawkins|first = Joy|date = September 21, 2016|accessdate = May 1, 2017|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> The implications of Possum on local SEO would be discussed for months to come.<ref name=possum-nov-update>{{cite web|url = http://searchengineland.com/study-shows-googles-possum-update-changed-64-local-serps-261761|title = Study shows Google’s Possum update changed 64% of local SERPs. How significantly did the Possum update impact local search results in Google? Columnist Joy Hawkins shares data and insights from a study she did with BrightLocal, which compared local results before and after the update.|last = Hawkins|first = Joy|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = November 3, 2016|accessdate = May 1, 2017}}</ref><ref name=possum-inc>{{cite web|url = https://www.inc.com/john-lincoln/googles-possum-update-how-it-rocked-local-seo-rankings.html|title =  Google's Possum Update, How It Rocked Local SEO Rankings. The is one of the biggest Google updates to rock the local SEO rankings in a long time. What you need to know.|last = Lincoln|first = John|date = October 26, 2016|publisher = ''[[wikipedia:Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.quicksprout.com/2017/01/25/how-seo-has-changed-with-the-possum-update/|title = How SEO Has Changed with the Possum Update|last = Patel|first = Neil|date = January 25, 2017|accessdate = May 1, 2017|publisher = Quick Sprout}}</ref>
+| 2019 || July 26 || Analytics || || || Google announces addition of "{{w|AMP}} On Image Result", a new search area with aim at allowing publishers to view their traffic data from AMP in Google Images in a [[w:Google Search Console|Search Console]]’s performance report for {{w|Google Images}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search Console Adding “AMP On Image Result” To Performance Report |url=https://www.hastyinsights.com/google-search-console-adding-amp-on-image-result-to-performance-report/ |website=hastyinsights.com |accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search Console Adding "AMP On Image Result" To Performance Report |url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-search-console-amp-on-image-result-27950.html |website=seroundtable.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2016 || September 23 || Search algorithm update || Google announces a Penguin update, and says that Penguin is now part of Google's core ranking algorithm. Commentators dub this Penguin 4.0.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2016/09/penguin-is-now-part-of-our-core.html|title = Penguin is now part of our core algorithm|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog|date = September 23, 2016|accessdate = May 1, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://searchengineland.com/google-updates-penguin-says-now-real-time-part-core-algorithm-259302|title = Google updates Penguin, says it now runs in real time within the core search algorithm. The latest announced release, Penguin 4.0, will also be the last, given its new real-time nature.|publisher = Search Engine Land|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = September 23, 2016|accessdate = May 1, 2017}}</ref> SEOMOz identifies likely dates for phase 1 and phase 2 rollouts as September 27 and October 6.<ref name=moz/>
+| 2018 || August 1 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Core || Google rolls out a core algorithm update dubbed "Medic" by SEO observers.<ref name=moz/> The algorithm largely affects your money or your life (YMYL) sites, in particular health/medical websites, with some sites seeing significant improvements and others seeing significant declines.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/googles-august-1st-core-update-week-1|title = Google's August 1st Core Update: Week 1|date = August 9, 2019|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = SEOMoz|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.seroundtable.com/google-medic-update-26177.html|title = Google Medic Update: Google's Core Search Update Had Big Impact On Health/Medical Sites|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = August 8, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Roundtable}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.mariehaynes.com/the-august-1-2018-google-update-strongly-affected-ymyl-sites/|title = My thoughts on the August 1, 2018 Google Algorithm Update|last = Haynes|first = Marie|date = August 5, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref>
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-| 2017 || January 10 || Search algorithm update (ranking) || Google announces that it will crack down on intrusive interstitials on mobile web pages, such as popups that cover the main content, standalone interstitials that the user has to dismiss, and above-the-fold content that looks like an interstitial.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.seroundtable.com/google-intrusive-interstitials-mobile-penalty-now-rolling-out-23237.html|title = Official: Google Intrusive Interstitials Mobile Penalty Now Rolling Out|date = January 11, 2017|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Roundtable}}</ref> The plan to introduce this penalty was announced in August 2016.<ref name=searchengineland-interstitial>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/interstitialgeddon-google-warns-will-crack-intrusive-interstitials-next-january-257252|title = Google warns it will crack down on “intrusive interstitials” in January. Google will reinforce its emphasis on the mobile search experience with a new penalty affecting "intrusive interstitials" on mobile web pages.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = August 23, 2016|publisher = Search Engine Land|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref>
+| 2019 || April 5 and April 7 || Search algorithm update || Indexing || Bug fix || Due to a bug, Google seems to drop about 4% of pages from its search index on April 5 and April 7.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/how-bad-was-googles-deindexing-bug|title = How Bad Was Google's Deindexing Bug?|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.|date = April 11, 2019|accessdate = June 8, 2019}}</ref>
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-| 2017 || February 21 || Customized search || Google announces that it is deprecating Google Site Search, its offering for websites that offers a highly site-customized site search solution. Starting April 1, 2017, it will discontinue sales of Google Site Search. The product will be completely shut down by April 1, 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-sunset-google-site-search-product-recommends-ad-supported-custom-search-engine-269834|title = Google to sunset Google Site Search by end of 2017. Google is telling their Site Search customers they have to find a new internal search engine service.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = February 21, 2017|accessdate = July 13, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://support.google.com/customsearch/answer/72325?hl=en|title = About Google Site Search|accessdate = May 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://blog.algolia.com/google-site-search-alternative/|title = Algolia: Picking up where Google Site Search left off|last = Utard|first = Sylvain|date = March 2, 2017|accessdate = May 28, 2017|publisher = Algolia}}</ref>
+| 2019 || August 1 || Search algorithm update || || || "Featured snippets are surely one of the most useful features that Google added to its search engine in recent years. Today, the company announced that it has recently updated the algorithm that powers these snippets to prioritize more recent information."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search gets fresher featured snippets |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/08/01/google-search-gets-freshers-featured-snippets/ |website=techcrunch.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google's search ranking boss says its recent algorithm change helps get users the freshest results, but only when freshness matters |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/google-search-vp-explains-freshness-update-2019-7 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google advice on improving your site’s ranking for future core ranking update |url=https://searchengineland.com/google-advice-on-improving-your-sites-ranking-for-future-core-ranking-update-320184 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2017 || April 25 || Search algorithm update (presentation), incorporation of user feedback || Google announces quality improvements to search and more direct feedback options for users for search results and Featured Snippets (the new, official name for what the SEO community had previously called "answer boxes").<ref>{{cite web|url = https://blog.google/products/search/our-latest-quality-improvements-search/|title = Our latest quality improvements for Search|date = April 25, 2017|last = Gomes|first = Ben}}</ref>
+| 2019 || August 2 || Competition || || || Google announces that, some time in 2020, it will make available a Choice Screen on Android devices that will allow users to select a search provider from among Google and three others. The three options shown are to be selected based on a per-country auction conducted periodically.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-to-offer-mandated-search-choice-to-eu-android-users-in-2020-320232|title = Google to offer mandated ‘search choice’ to EU Android users in 2020. However, use of an auction for inclusion on the choice screen has some search rivals complaining.|date = August 2, 2019|accessdate = June 12, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land|last = Sterling|first = Greg}}</ref>
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-| 2017 || late October and November || Search algorithm update (presentation) || Search engine trackers notice a decrease in the percentage of search queries showing featured snippets from ~16% to ~14%, after a mostly steady increase for two years. This is also accompanied by an increase in the percentage of knowledge panels, mostly for the same queries.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/knowledge-graph-eats-featured-snippets|title = Knowledge Graph Eats Featured Snippets, Jumps +30%|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.|date = November 27, 2017|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/featured-snippet-bubble-busting-286107|title = Is the featured snippet bubble bursting? What's going on with featured snippets? Columnists Brian Patterson and Chris Long share data which suggests that Google may be testing a reduction in SERP answer boxes.|last = Patterson|first = Brian|date = November 20, 2017|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref>
+| 2019 || August 14 || Transparency || Leak of internal documents on how search works || Navboost || {{w|Project Veritas}}, a right-wing political advocacy group in the United States, receives leaked internal documents from former Google software engineer Zachary Vorhies. While Project Veritas frames the leak as evidence of Google's bias against conservatives, others studying the leaked documents do not find such evidence.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://thenextweb.com/news/project-veritas-and-whistle-blower-published-bullshit-data-leak-to-dox-google-employees|title = Project Veritas and ‘whistle-blower’ published bullshit ‘data-leak’ to dox Google employees|last = Greene|first = Tristan|publisher = The Next Web|date = August 16, 2019|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref> However, the leaked documents do contain some information on Navboost, Google's click feedback system, that generates some discussion at the time, though it would get way more attention in 2023 and 2024.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.buildersociety.com/threads/what-can-we-learn-about-seo-from-googles-leaked-documents.4435/|title = What Can We Learn About SEO from Google's Leaked Documents?|publisher = Builder Society|date = August 14, 2019|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref><ref name=its-goog-enough/>
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-| 2017 || November || Transparency || The Twitter account @searchliaison is created, through which Google's search liaison Danny Sullivan can officially communicate updates related to Google Search algorithm updates. Sullivan would continue to use his own Twitter handle @dannysullivan for updates that are not official communications.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://twitter.com/searchliaison|title = @searchliaison on Twitter|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref>
+| 2019 || September 5 || || || || "Google has added TV and movie recommendations to its search app in an attempt to solve the increasingly tricky problem of knowing what to watch."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google search now offers personalized TV and movie recommendations |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/google-search-now-offers-personalized-tv-and-movie-recommendations |website=techradar.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref> "Google on Thursday said it wants to make it easier for people to find shows and movies on its search engine. If you type in a phrase like "good show to watch," the Google app will let you open up a new feature to swipe left or right on show recommendations (yes, like a dating app)."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google search lets you swipe right on TV and movie recommendations |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-search-lets-you-swipe-right-on-tv-and-movie-recommendations/ |website=cnet.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search now lets you personalize TV and movie recommendations on mobile |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/09/05/google-search-now-lets-you-personalize-tv-and-movie-recommendations-on-mobile/ |website=venturebeat.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2017 || December 1 || Search algorithm update (presentation) || Google increases the length of the snippets it includes for each search result.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-officially-increases-length-snippets-search-results-287596|title = Google officially increases length of snippets in search results. Company says change is meant to provide more descriptive snippets.|date = December 1, 2017|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Land|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref>
+| 2019 || September 9 || Tools for websites || Private communication between websites and Google || Google Search Console || Google announces shut down of its old Search Console.<ref>{{cite web |title=The old Google Search Console is no longer available |url=https://searchengineland.com/the-old-google-search-console-is-no-longer-available-321650 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saying goodbye to the old Search Console |url=https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2019/09/goodbye-old-search-console.html |website=webmasters.googleblog.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2018 || March || Search algorithm update (ranking) || Google makes a core algorithm update that affects the rankings of a number of websites, some positively, some negatively. The update is labeled the "brackets" update by Glenn Gabe. Google as well as SEO commentators say that websites adversely affected should not be looking to make quick fixes, but rather should continue improving their site over the long term.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gsqi.com/marketing-blog/march-7-2018-google-algorithm-update-brackets/|title = The Brackets Update – Analysis and Findings From The March 7, 2018 Google Algorithm Update (and March 14 Tremor)|last = Gabe|first = Glenn|date = March 17, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = G-Squared Interactive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.seroundtable.com/google-confirms-core-update-25390.html|title = Google Confirmed Weekend Algorithm Ranking Shift As "Core Update"|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Roundtable|date = March 13, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref>
+| 2019 || September 10 || Tools for websites || Indexing || Markup syntax || Google announces two new link attributes, sponsored and ugc, that are treated by Google as hints and may be used to replace nofollow in some cases.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-nofollow-link-attributes/325255/|title = Google Makes Big Change to Nofollow, Introduces 2 New Link Attributes|last = Southern|first = Matt|date = September 10, 2019|accessdate = June 17, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Journal}}</ref>
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-| 2018 || March 14 || Search algorithm update (presentation) || For one week, Google experiments with defaulting to show no search results for simple queries such as mathematical expressions and date/time lookups, with the search results available through a button that needs to be clicked to show them. Most real-world queries are not affected, but there is discussion of what this experiment means for the future of search.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/zero-result-serps|title = Zero-Result SERPs: Welcome to the Future We Should've Known Was Coming|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.|date = March 15, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = SEOMoz}}</ref>
+| 2019 || September 20 || Analytics || || || {{w|Google}} adds new structured data report, allowing site owners to quickly check whether breadcrumb markup has been implemented correctly.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Southern |first1=Matt |title=Google Search Console Adds a New Structured Data Report for Breadcrumbs |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-search-console-adds-a-new-structured-data-report-for-breadcrumbs/326781/ |website=searchenginejournal.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2018 || March 26 || Search algorithm update (indexing) || Google announces that it is rolling out its switch to mobile-first indexing at a wider scale; the version of a page that Google will keep in its index and use to make ranking decisions will be the mobile version.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2018/03/rolling-out-mobile-first-indexing.html|title = Rolling out mobile-first indexing|date = March 26, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-begins-rolling-out-mobile-first-indexing-to-more-sites-295095|title = Google begins rolling out mobile-first indexing to more sites. Sites that follow the best practices for mobile-first indexing will be migrating over now, and Google will send notifications via Search Console.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = March 26, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
+| 2019 || September 23 || Analytics || || || Google announces update in its Search Console, giving it the ability to return fresher data in the Search Performance report. "The Performance report helps webmasters and site owners better understand how their site performs on Google search".<ref>{{cite web |title=Fresher data in your site’s Search Performance report |url=https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2019/09/search-performance-fresh-data.html |website=webmasters.googleblog.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search Console speeds up data in performance reports |url=https://searchengineland.com/google-search-console-speeds-up-data-in-performance-reports-322446 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search Console Can Now Report on Same-Day Data |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-search-console-can-now-report-on-same-day-data/327387/ |website=searchenginejournal.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2018 || May 13 || Search algorithm update (presentation) || Google reduces the average length of snippets included with each search result from about 300 characters to 150-160 characters, similar to the level prior to the increase in snippet length at the end of November 2017.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-confirms-it-shortened-search-results-snippets-after-expanding-them-last-december-298196|title = Google confirms it shortened search results snippets after expanding them last December. Time spent increasing meta descriptions for the longer Google search results snippets may have been wasted.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = May 14, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
+| 2019 || October || Search algorithm update || Understanding query intent || BERT || Google introduces the BERT search algorithm. BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) is an open-sourced technique for natural language understanding aimed at improving the search engine’s understanding of queries — particularly longer spoken or written ones.<ref name="The big list of 2019 Google search algorithm updates">{{cite web |title=The big list of 2019 Google search algorithm updates |url=https://searchengineland.com/the-big-list-of-2019-google-search-algorithm-updates-326540 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome BERT: Google’s latest search algorithm to better understand natural language |url=https://searchengineland.com/welcome-bert-google-artificial-intelligence-for-understanding-search-queries-323976 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Introduces BERT, Algorithm Update |url=https://www.ninahale.com/google-introduces-bert-algorithm-update/ |website=ninahale.com |accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google brings in BERT to improve its search results |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/25/google-brings-in-bert-to-improve-its-search-results/ |website=techcrunch.com |accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref> The algorithm is expected to change results rankings for up to one in 10 queries.<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome BERT: Google’s latest search algorithm to better understand natural language |url=https://searchengineland.com/welcome-bert-google-artificial-intelligence-for-understanding-search-queries-323976 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Just Announced a Major Search Algorithm Change That Users Will Probably Love, and Some Businesses May Absolutely Hate |url=https://www.inc.com/jeff-haden/google-just-announced-a-major-search-algorithm-change-that-users-will-probably-love-and-some-businesses-may-absolutely-hate.html |website=inc.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search Now Reads at a Higher Level |url=https://www.wired.com/story/google-search-advancing-grade-reading/ |website=wired.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search will soon understand normal questions, not just keywords |url=https://thenextweb.com/google/2019/10/25/googles-search-bert-questions-language/ |website=thenextweb.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2018 || June 14 || Search algorithm update (presentation) || Google moves videos in its desktop search results from organic-like results to a dedicated carousel, and the number of search engine results pages with videos increases significantly.<ref name=moz/> This has unexpected impact on some e-commerce retailers, because videos showing up in carousel mean that the site no longer appears in the organic search results.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gsqi.com/marketing-blog/trapped-in-google-video-carousels-case-study/|title = Trapped In Google’s New Video Carousels – A Dangerous SERP Feature For Some Ecommerce Retailers|last = Gabe|first = Glenn|date = July 17, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = G-Squared Interactive}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = Google is replacing video thumbnails with a desktop carousel|date = June 19, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = RankRanger}}</ref>
+| 2019 || October || Userbase || || || As of date, Google search controls 88.3% of the search market in the {{w|United States}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=If You Invested $10,000 in Google's IPO, This Is How Much Money You've Have Now |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2019/11/25/if-you-invested-10000-in-googles-ipo-this-is-how-m.aspx |website=fool.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2018 || July 9 || Search algorithm update (ranking, mobile usability) || Google finishes rolling out to all users the incorporation of mobile speed into its ranking of webpages. The update affects only extremely slow webpages, and thus does not affect the majority of webpages.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2018/01/using-page-speed-in-mobile-search.html|title = Using page speed in mobile search ranking|date = January 17, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Google Webmaster Central Blog}}</ref>
+| 2019 || October 28 || Search algorithm update || Indexing || || {{w|Google}} announces that Search would stop supporting {{w|Adobe Flash}} by the end of the year. In web pages with Flash content, Google would ignore the Flash content. Search would also stop indexing standalone {{w|SWF}} files.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search to stop supporting Flash content |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-search-to-stop-supporting-flash-content/ |website=zdnet.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Goodbye, Flash |url=https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2019/10/goodbye-flash.html |website=webmasters.googleblog.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || July 26 || || "Google Search Console Adding "AMP On Image Result" To Performance Report" "Google said as part of its swipe to visit in image search feature that they are adding a new performance report view. Google said it is adding "AMP on image result" filter to the performance report within Google Search Console."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search Console Adding "AMP On Image Result" To Performance Report |url=https://www.seroundtable.com/google-search-console-amp-on-image-result-27950.html |website=seroundtable.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2019 || November 14 || || || || {{w|Google Search}} launches a new feature that lets users check their pronunciation of unfamiliar words with the help of {{w|machine learning}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google search will now give you feedback on your pronunciation |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/14/20964401/google-search-pronunciation-guide-feedback-machine-learning-ai |website=theverge.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search now helps you pronounce ‘quokka’ |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/14/google-search-now-helps-you-pronounce-quokka/ |website=techcrunch.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google's search results can now help you pronounce tricky words |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/google-search-word-pronounciation-tool-how-to-use-2019-11 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2018 || August 1 || Search algorithm update (ranking) || Google rolls out a core algorithm update dubbed "Medic" by SEO observers.<ref name=moz/> The algorithm largely affects your money or your life (YMYL) sites, in particular health/medical websites, with some sites seeing significant improvements and others seeing significant declines.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/googles-august-1st-core-update-week-1|title = Google's August 1st Core Update: Week 1|date = August 9, 2019|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = SEOMoz|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.seroundtable.com/google-medic-update-26177.html|title = Google Medic Update: Google's Core Search Update Had Big Impact On Health/Medical Sites|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = August 8, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Roundtable}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.mariehaynes.com/the-august-1-2018-google-update-strongly-affected-ymyl-sites/|title = My thoughts on the August 1, 2018 Google Algorithm Update|last = Haynes|first = Marie|date = August 5, 2018|accessdate = January 20, 2019}}</ref>
+| 2019 || November 26 || || || || {{w|Google Search}} introduces new features: automatic updations of listings on Google My Business and local language support on the shopping experience.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search gets new shopping-centric features |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/google-announces-new-features-to-the-shopping-experience-on-search/articleshow/72246004.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google brings new features to ease shopping experience on Search |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/google-brings-new-features-to-ease-shopping-experience-on-google-search-6138201/ |website=indianexpress.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || March 12 || Search algorithm update (ranking) || Google releases the March 2019 core update, a broad core algorithm update. SEO chatter suggests the update mainly affects YMYL sites, but Google claims that the algorithm is a broad core algorithm update and not targeted at any category.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-has-released-a-broad-core-search-algorithm-update-this-week-313905|title = Google released a broad core search algorithm on March 12. A rare Google confirmation came related to a Google search algorithm update this week. Google restated previous advice that there is no fix if your site was negatively impacted.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = March 13, 2019|accessdate = June 8, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.seroundtable.com/google-march-2019-core-update-27259.html|title = Google Names The 3/12 Update The "March 2019 Core Update"|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = March 15, 2019|accessdate = June 8, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Roundtable}}</ref>
+| 2019 || December 5 || || || || "Google Search to Integrate Package Tracking"  "A good example of this is the track package feature, a feature that incorporates a lot of different companies that you can check out and make sure that you are able to track the package that is shipping the product that you have purchased from said company."  "This feature is going to be integrated into Google search, which means that now there will be a card below the search bar that can be used to find specific tracking details. All you would have to do is enter the company name followed by “package tracking”. For example, if the product you have purchased is from Amazon then your search query is going to be “Amazon package tracking”."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search to Integrate Package Tracking |url=https://www.digitalinformationworld.com/2019/12/google-search-to-integrate-package-tracking.html |website=digitalinformationworld.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google is Working on Adding Package Tracking to Search Results |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-is-working-on-adding-package-tracking-to-search-results/338967/ |website=searchenginejournal.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search prepares for better package tracking integration |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/12/05/google-search-prepares-for-better-package-tracking-integration/ |website=androidpolice.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Package tracking is coming to Google Search |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/12/05/package-tracking-is-coming-to-google-search/ |website=venturebeat.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || April 5 and April 7 || Search algorithm update (indexing bug) || Due to a bug, Google seems to drop about 4% of pages from its search index on April 5 and April 7.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/how-bad-was-googles-deindexing-bug|title = How Bad Was Google's Deindexing Bug?|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.|date = April 11, 2019|accessdate = June 8, 2019}}</ref>
+| 2019 || December 5 || Transparency || Quality raters guidelines || || Google updates its search quality evaluator guidelines. The revisions emphasized diversity, impartiality and pertained to language referring to users."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google search quality guidelines update emphasizes users of diverse backgrounds |url=https://searchengineland.com/google-quality-raters-guidelines-update-december-2019-326048 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || June || || "For the first time, Google pre-announced its June 2019 Core Update on June 2, a day ahead of the rollout. The update took about five days to fully roll out, during which, the unrelated Diversity update also occurred (more on that below)."<ref name="The big list of 2019 Google search algorithm updates">{{cite web |title=The big list of 2019 Google search algorithm updates |url=https://searchengineland.com/the-big-list-of-2019-google-search-algorithm-updates-326540 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2019 || December 9 || Search algorithm update || Understanding query intent || BERT || Google announces that its natural language processing algorithm BERT would be released in over 70 languages globally. Until then, the algorithm was only applied to featured snippets in languages other than English.<ref>{{cite web |title=BERT is rolling out to Google search in over 70 languages |url=https://searchengineland.com/bert-is-rolling-out-to-google-search-in-over-70-languages-326146 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BERT Is Rolling Out To Google Search In Over 70 Languages |url=https://thrivesearch.com/bert-is-rolling-out-to-google-search-in-over-70-languages/ |website=thrivesearch.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google: BERT is now rolling out to over 70 languages worldwide |url=https://blog.seoprofiler.com/google-bert-is-now-rolling-out-to-over-70-languages-worldwide/ |website=blog.seoprofiler.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google’s BERT Rolls Out Worldwide |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-bert-rolls-out-worldwide/339359/ |website=searchenginejournal.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || August 1 || || "Featured snippets are surely one of the most useful features that Google added to its search engine in recent years. Today, the company announced that it has recently updated the algorithm that powers these snippets to prioritize more recent information."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search gets fresher featured snippets |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/08/01/google-search-gets-freshers-featured-snippets/ |website=techcrunch.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google's search ranking boss says its recent algorithm change helps get users the freshest results, but only when freshness matters |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/google-search-vp-explains-freshness-update-2019-7 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google advice on improving your site’s ranking for future core ranking update |url=https://searchengineland.com/google-advice-on-improving-your-sites-ranking-for-future-core-ranking-update-320184 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2019 || December 10 || Analytics || || || "Google has this week launched a new listing of the top 100 product trends in a range of categories based on Google search volume increases over the past year. Called the Google Shopping 100, the data collection has its own mini-site and provides some interesting, and potentially valuable insight into what the key product and consumer trends were over the course of 2019."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Launches 'Google Shopping 100' to Highlight Trending Products Based on Search Data |url=https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/google-launches-google-shopping-100-to-highlight-trending-products-based/568848/ |website=socialmediatoday.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Shopping 100: This season’s top trending gifts |url=https://www.blog.google/products/shopping/100-top-trending-gifts/ |website=blog.google |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Launches Google Shopping 100 to Show Most Popular Items Online |url=https://www.inc.com/peter-roesler/google-launches-google-shopping-100-to-show-most-popular-items-online.html |website=inc.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Shopping 100 showcases season's top trending gifts |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-shopping-100-showcases-seasons-top-trending-gifts/ |website=cnet.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || September || || "Google announced the September 2019 Core Update on September 24, several hours ahead of launch. This update appeared to have had a larger effect on rankings for Your Money or Your Life (YMYL) sites, however, the impact was not as significant as the June core update, according to data from various SEO toolset providers."<ref name="The big list of 2019 Google search algorithm updates"/>
+| 2019 || December 16 || || || || {{w|Google Search}} and {{w|Google Maps}} introduce the ability to order food in Australia. Customers can order from fast food chains including {{w|Domino's Pizza}}, {{w|Boost Juice}}, {{w|Chatime}}, {{w|Guzman y Gomez}}, {{w|Pizza Hut}} and {{w|Grill’d}}, as well as local restaurants and cafes via HeyYou.<ref>{{cite web |title=You can now order food for pickup or delivery straight from a Google search in Australia |url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/google-food-ordering-australia-2019-12 |website=businessinsider.com.au |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Amazon Effect to Google Maps, how brands can engage in 2020 |url=https://www.bizreport.com/2019/12/the-amazon-effect-to-google-maps-how-brands-can-engage-in-20.html |website=bizreport.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Need another way to get your food? Google have you covered now with Maps and Search offering choices |url=https://ausdroid.net/2019/12/17/need-another-way-to-get-your-food-google-have-you-covered-now-with-maps-and-search-offering-choices/ |website=ausdroid.net |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || September 5 || || "Google has added TV and movie recommendations to its search app in an attempt to solve the increasingly tricky problem of knowing what to watch."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google search now offers personalized TV and movie recommendations |url=https://www.techradar.com/news/google-search-now-offers-personalized-tv-and-movie-recommendations |website=techradar.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref> "Google on Thursday said it wants to make it easier for people to find shows and movies on its search engine. If you type in a phrase like "good show to watch," the Google app will let you open up a new feature to swipe left or right on show recommendations (yes, like a dating app)."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google search lets you swipe right on TV and movie recommendations |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-search-lets-you-swipe-right-on-tv-and-movie-recommendations/ |website=cnet.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search now lets you personalize TV and movie recommendations on mobile |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/09/05/google-search-now-lets-you-personalize-tv-and-movie-recommendations-on-mobile/ |website=venturebeat.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2019 || December 17 || Analytics || || || Google announces that fresher Discover data is now available within Google Search Console Performance reports. This allows site owners view data as recent as less than a day old.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search Console Reports Updated With Fresher Data |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-search-console-reports-updated-with-fresher-data/340761/ |website=searchenginejournal.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Discover Performance reports in Google Search Console just got fresher data |url=https://searchengineland.com/discover-performance-reports-in-google-search-console-just-got-fresher-data-326576 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || September 9 || || Googgle announces shut down of its old Search Console.<ref>{{cite web |title=The old Google Search Console is no longer available |url=https://searchengineland.com/the-old-google-search-console-is-no-longer-available-321650 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Saying goodbye to the old Search Console |url=https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2019/09/goodbye-old-search-console.html |website=webmasters.googleblog.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2019 || December 27 || || || || Google search launches a 'Watchlist' service that lets users track shows and movies across platforms. The feature is only available on the Google app for [[w:Android (operating system)|Android]] and {{w|iOS}}.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stanley |first1=Alyse |title=Google Search Now Has a (I'll Probably Never) Watchlist |url=https://gizmodo.com/google-search-now-has-a-ill-probably-never-watchlist-1840715452 |website=gizmodo.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google search launches a 'Watchlist' service that lets you track shows and movies across platforms |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-7838037/Google-search-launches-Watchlist-service-Collections-lets-track-shows-movies.html |website=dailymail.co.uk |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google search launches a 'Watchlist' service that lets you track shows and movies across platforms |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-7838037/Google-search-launches-Watchlist-service-Collections-lets-track-shows-movies.html |website=dailymail.co.uk |accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search adds built-in ‘Watchlist’ to bookmark movies and TV shows |url=https://9to5google.com/2019/12/27/google-search-movie-watchlist/ |website=9to5google.com |accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Rolls Out A Watchlist To Bookmark Shows And Movies In Search |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/krisholt/2019/12/27/google-rolls-out-a-watchlist-to-bookmark-shows-and-movies-in-search/#4f259bb751fa |website=forbes.com |accessdate=22 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || September 20 || || "Google has added another new structured data report, allowing site owners to quickly check whether breadcrumb markup has been implemented correctly."<ref>{{cite web |last1=Southern |first1=Matt |title=Google Search Console Adds a New Structured Data Report for Breadcrumbs |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-search-console-adds-a-new-structured-data-report-for-breadcrumbs/326781/ |website=searchenginejournal.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2019 || Year round || || || || Google announces {{w|Disney Plus}} as its top trending search term of 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney Plus was Google's top trending search term of 2019 |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/disney-plus-was-googles-top-trending-search-term-of-2019/ |website=cnet.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Disney Plus, ‘Baby Yoda’ Top Google’s 2019 Trending U.S. Searches |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/disney-plus-baby-yoda-google-2019-top-trending-searches-1203432650/ |website=variety.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || September 23 || || Google announces update in its Search Console, giving it the ability to return fresher data in the Search Performance report. "The Performance report helps webmasters and site owners better understand how their site performs on Google search".<ref>{{cite web |title=Fresher data in your site’s Search Performance report |url=https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2019/09/search-performance-fresh-data.html |website=webmasters.googleblog.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search Console speeds up data in performance reports |url=https://searchengineland.com/google-search-console-speeds-up-data-in-performance-reports-322446 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search Console Can Now Report on Same-Day Data |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-search-console-can-now-report-on-same-day-data/327387/ |website=searchenginejournal.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || October || || "On October 25, Google introduced the BERT algorithm to search. BERT is an open-sourced technique for natural language understanding that Google says will improve the search engine’s understanding of queries — particularly longer spoken or written queries. Touted as the biggest change to its search system since RankBrain back in 2015, Google said that BERT would impact 1 in 10 queries."<ref name="The big list of 2019 Google search algorithm updates"/>
+| 2020 || {{dts|April 23}} || Search algorithm update (presentation) || || || Google announces that it is starting the rollout of a feature that will tell the user if there aren't great matches for the search, potentially with suggestions for how to improve the search query.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.blog.google/products/search/getting-great-matches-google-search/|title = Getting to great matches in Google Search|last = Tucker|first = Elizabeth|date = April 23, 2020|accessdate = June 26, 2021|publisher = Google}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-launches-search-tips-for-when-the-query-doesnt-return-great-matches-333447|title = Google launches search tips for when the query doesn’t return great matches. You may see a new message in Google search that reads "it looks like there aren't any great matches for your search."|date = April 23, 2020|accessdate = June 26, 2021|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || October || || "As of October 2019, Google search controls 88.3% of the U.S. search market"<ref>{{cite web |title=If You Invested $10,000 in Google's IPO, This Is How Much Money You've Have Now |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2019/11/25/if-you-invested-10000-in-googles-ipo-this-is-how-m.aspx |website=fool.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2020 || {{dts|October 20}} || Review || || || An article in the ''Washington Post'' talks about how Google Search has been getting worse. Three points are made: (1) increasing proliferation of ads, pushing organic results farther down the page (and a continued blending of ads into content making them visually harder to distinguish), (2) inaccurate featured snippets that might push a political agenda, and (3) promotion of Google's own products (such as Google Maps, YouTube, Google Flights) even when inferior to other products.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/10/19/google-search-results-monopoly/|title = How does Google’s monopoly hurt you? Try these searches. Right under our noses, the Internet’s most-used website has been getting worse|date = October 20, 2020|accessdate = June 17, 2021|last = Fowler|first = Geoffrey}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || October 25 || || "Google just announced it is in the process of implementing a major change to its core search algorithm that could change results rankings for up to one in 10 queries." " BERT: Google’s latest search algorithm to better understand natural language"<ref>{{cite web |title=Welcome BERT: Google’s latest search algorithm to better understand natural language |url=https://searchengineland.com/welcome-bert-google-artificial-intelligence-for-understanding-search-queries-323976 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Just Announced a Major Search Algorithm Change That Users Will Probably Love, and Some Businesses May Absolutely Hate |url=https://www.inc.com/jeff-haden/google-just-announced-a-major-search-algorithm-change-that-users-will-probably-love-and-some-businesses-may-absolutely-hate.html |website=inc.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search Now Reads at a Higher Level |url=https://www.wired.com/story/google-search-advancing-grade-reading/ |website=wired.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search will soon understand normal questions, not just keywords |url=https://thenextweb.com/google/2019/10/25/googles-search-bert-questions-language/ |website=thenextweb.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2021 || {{dts|February 1}} || Insight || || || Google announces the launch of an "About this result" available for individual search results that provides more information about the source, including entity information on the source (similar to a knowledge panel), and whether the result is a search result or an ad.<ref name=atr-google>{{cite web|url = https://blog.google/products/search/about-search-results|title = A quick way to learn more about your search results|last = Kearns|first = JK|date = February 1, 2021|accessdate = July 24, 2021|publisher = Google}}</ref><ref name=atr-sel>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-search-launches-about-this-result-feature-345649|title = Google Search launches about this result feature. Google launches a feature to help searchers learn more about the search result listing before they click on it.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = February 1, 2021|accessdate = July 24, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> "About this result" would evolve in the coming months to include more information.<ref name=why-google>{{cite web|url = https://blog.google/products/search/learn-more-and-get-more-from-search/|title = Learn more – and get more – from Search|last = Tucker|first = Elizabeth|date = July 22, 2021|accessdate = July 24, 2021|publisher = Google}}</ref><ref name=why-sel>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-now-shows-why-it-ranked-a-specific-search-result-350659|title = Google now shows why it ranked a specific search result. Google now list several of the factors it used to rank a result in the about this result section.|date = July 22, 2021|accessdate = July 24, 2021|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || October 28 || || "Google on Monday announced that Search will stop supporting Adobe Flash by the end of the year. In web pages with Flash content, Google will ignore the Flash content. Search will also stop indexing standalone SWF files. "<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search to stop supporting Flash content |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/google-search-to-stop-supporting-flash-content/ |website=zdnet.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Goodbye, Flash |url=https://webmasters.googleblog.com/2019/10/goodbye-flash.html |website=webmasters.googleblog.com |accessdate=8 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2021 || {{dts|May 18}} || Search algorithm update || Understanding query intent || MUM || Google announces its Multitask Unified Model (MUM) tool, that uses transformers / neural nets to understand human language and other information such as audio and video. MUM's understanding of text uses the T5 text-to-text framework.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://blog.google/products/search/introducing-mum/|title = MUM: A new AI milestone for understanding information|last = Nayak|first = Pandu|date = May 18, 2021|accessdate = June 30, 2021|publisher = Google}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-previews-mum-its-new-tech-thats-1000x-more-powerful-than-bert-348707|title = Google previews MUM, its new tech that’s 1,000x more powerful than BERT.Multitasking is the key differentiator, enabling MUM to acquire knowledge, understand and generate language and interpret text, images and video all at the same time.|last = Nguyen|first = George|date = May 18, 2021|accessdate = June 30, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> The first real-world application of MUM, to COVID vaccine names, would be announced on June 29 as having been released.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://blog.google/products/search/how-mum-improved-google-searches-vaccine-information/|title = How MUM improved Google Searches for vaccine information|last = Nayak|first = Pandu|date = June 29, 2021|accessdate = June 30, 2021|publisher = Google}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/in-its-first-application-googles-mum-identified-800-variations-of-vaccine-names-across-50-languages-in-seconds-349984|title = In its first application, Google’s MUM identified 800 variations of vaccine names across 50 languages in seconds. The technology is providing Google with an efficiency advantage over competitors and helping it surface more relevant results.|last = Nguyen|first = George|date = June 29, 2021|accessdate = June 30, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || November 14 || || "Google search is launching a new feature that will let users check their pronunciation of unfamiliar words with the help of machine learning."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google search will now give you feedback on your pronunciation |url=https://www.theverge.com/2019/11/14/20964401/google-search-pronunciation-guide-feedback-machine-learning-ai |website=theverge.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search now helps you pronounce ‘quokka’ |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/11/14/google-search-now-helps-you-pronounce-quokka/ |website=techcrunch.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google's search results can now help you pronounce tricky words |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/google-search-word-pronounciation-tool-how-to-use-2019-11 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2021 || {{dts|June 8}} || Competition || || || Google removes the participation fee for search engines to be shown in its Android Choice Screen program in Europe, and increases the number of search engines listed from three to a higher number, with five on screen at a given time.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://blog.google/around-the-globe/google-europe/changes-android-choice-screen-europe/|title = Changes to the Android Choice Screen in Europe|last = Bethell|first = Oliver|date = June 8, 2021|accessdate = June 12, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-drops-the-auction-from-its-search-choice-screen-349398|title = Google drops the auction from its search choice screen. Giving in to pressure from regulators and competitors, Google’s updated screen will roll out in September and search engines will appear based on market share instead of bidding per user.|date = June 8, 2021|accessdate = June 12, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || November 26 || || "Google has announced the launch of new features to the shopping experience on Search: automatic updations of listings on Google My Business and local language support on the shopping experience."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search gets new shopping-centric features |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/gadgets-news/google-announces-new-features-to-the-shopping-experience-on-search/articleshow/72246004.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google brings new features to ease shopping experience on Search |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/tech-news-technology/google-brings-new-features-to-ease-shopping-experience-on-google-search-6138201/ |website=indianexpress.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2021 || {{dts|June 15}} || Analytics || || || Google announces the release of Search Console Insights, a tool that surfaces insights by joining data from Search Console and Google Analytics.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2021/06/search-console-insights|title = Learn how to improve your content with Search Console Insights|date = June 15, 2021|accessdate = June 18, 2021|publisher = Google Search Central Blog}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || December 5 || || "Google Search to Integrate Package Tracking"  "A good example of this is the track package feature, a feature that incorporates a lot of different companies that you can check out and make sure that you are able to track the package that is shipping the product that you have purchased from said company."  "This feature is going to be integrated into Google search, which means that now there will be a card below the search bar that can be used to find specific tracking details. All you would have to do is enter the company name followed by “package tracking”. For example, if the product you have purchased is from Amazon then your search query is going to be “Amazon package tracking”."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search to Integrate Package Tracking |url=https://www.digitalinformationworld.com/2019/12/google-search-to-integrate-package-tracking.html |website=digitalinformationworld.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google is Working on Adding Package Tracking to Search Results |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-is-working-on-adding-package-tracking-to-search-results/338967/ |website=searchenginejournal.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search prepares for better package tracking integration |url=https://www.androidpolice.com/2019/12/05/google-search-prepares-for-better-package-tracking-integration/ |website=androidpolice.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Package tracking is coming to Google Search |url=https://venturebeat.com/2019/12/05/package-tracking-is-coming-to-google-search/ |website=venturebeat.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2021 || {{dts|June 15}} {{snd}} end of August || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating bad user experiences (heavy content, slow content, bad user experience) (page experience) || The rollout of Google's "page experience on mobile" update happens during this period. The update is limited to mobile searches, and gives weight to a "page experience" factor that includes performance on core web vitals, mobile usability, security issues, whether the site is HTTPS, and ads experience.<ref name=page-experience-rollout-twitter>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/googlesearchc/status/1404886100087246848|title = The page experience update is now slowly rolling out (Top Stories will begin using this new signal by Thursday). It will be complete by the end of August 2021.|date = June 15, 2021|accessdate = June 18, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-page-experience-update-now-slowly-rolling-out-349649|title = Google page experience update now slowly rolling out. Top stories will stop using AMP as an eligibility factor starting Thursday.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = June 15, 2021|accessdate = June 18, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || December 5 || || "Google’s search quality evaluator guidelines were updated on Thursday, December 5. The revisions emphasized diversity, impartiality and pertained to language referring to users."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google search quality guidelines update emphasizes users of diverse backgrounds |url=https://searchengineland.com/google-quality-raters-guidelines-update-december-2019-326048 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2021 || {{dts|June}} (around middle of the month) || User experience || Information in SERPs || || Google starts testing a new feature that notifies searchers if the search results for the search query are changing rapidly; the idea is to warn users about stories that are actively evolving.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://blog.google/products/search/new-notice-search-rapidly-evolving-results/|title = A new notice in Search for rapidly evolving results|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = June 25, 2021|accessdate = June 26, 2021|publisher = Google}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.vox.com/recode/2021/6/24/22549157/google-unreliable-search-results-changing-quickly-misinformation-conspiracy-theories|title = Google is starting to warn users when it doesn’t have a reliable answer. The company is notifying people when they search for rapidly evolving topics.|date = June 24, 2021|accessdate = June 26, 2021|last = Ghaffary|first = Shirin|publisher = Vox}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || December 9 || || "BERT, the natural language processing algorithm that launched on English language queries in October, is now coming to over 70 languages globally, Google announced on Monday. Previously, BERT was only applied to featured snippets in languages other than English."<ref>{{cite web |title=BERT is rolling out to Google search in over 70 languages |url=https://searchengineland.com/bert-is-rolling-out-to-google-search-in-over-70-languages-326146 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=BERT Is Rolling Out To Google Search In Over 70 Languages |url=https://thrivesearch.com/bert-is-rolling-out-to-google-search-in-over-70-languages/ |website=thrivesearch.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google: BERT is now rolling out to over 70 languages worldwide |url=https://blog.seoprofiler.com/google-bert-is-now-rolling-out-to-over-70-languages-worldwide/ |website=blog.seoprofiler.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google’s BERT Rolls Out Worldwide |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-bert-rolls-out-worldwide/339359/ |website=searchenginejournal.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2021 || {{dts|June 23}}, June 28 || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics || Google releases a two-part update to deal with spam; the first part is released on June 23 and the second part on June 28.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1407745802798178305|title = As part of our regular work to improve results, we've released a spam update to our systems.|date = June 23, 2021|accessdate = June 30, 2021|publisher = Google Search Liaison}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/part-two-of-google-search-spam-update-on-june-28-349949|title = Part two of Google Search spam update on June 28 rolling out. This update impacts both web and image results and is a global update.|date = June 28, 2021|accessdate = June 30, 2021|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || December 10 || || "Google has this week launched a new listing of the top 100 product trends in a range of categories based on Google search volume increases over the past year. Called the Google Shopping 100, the data collection has its own mini-site and provides some interesting, and potentially valuable insight into what the key product and consumer trends were over the course of 2019."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Launches 'Google Shopping 100' to Highlight Trending Products Based on Search Data |url=https://www.socialmediatoday.com/news/google-launches-google-shopping-100-to-highlight-trending-products-based/568848/ |website=socialmediatoday.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Shopping 100: This season’s top trending gifts |url=https://www.blog.google/products/shopping/100-top-trending-gifts/ |website=blog.google |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Launches Google Shopping 100 to Show Most Popular Items Online |url=https://www.inc.com/peter-roesler/google-launches-google-shopping-100-to-show-most-popular-items-online.html |website=inc.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Shopping 100 showcases season's top trending gifts |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/google-shopping-100-showcases-seasons-top-trending-gifts/ |website=cnet.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2021 || {{dts|July 22}} || Transparency || Explanation of search results || || Google announces that its "About this result" panel will now include reasons a particular search result was shown. Types of reasons spotted include: search terms that appear in the result, search terms related to your search, other websites with your search terms link to this result, this result has images related to your search, this result is in your language, this result is relevant for searches in your region.<ref name=why-google/><ref name=atr-google/>
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-| 2019 || December 16 || || "Google has thrown its hat in the food ordering ring in Australia. The global tech company has entered the already crowded food ordering market by letting you order food straight from a Google search. From Tuesday, you can order food through Google Search or Maps from fast food chains including Domino’s, Boost Juice, Chatime, Guzman y Gomez, Pizza Hut and Grill’d, as well as local restaurants and cafes via HeyYou."<ref>{{cite web |title=You can now order food for pickup or delivery straight from a Google search in Australia |url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/google-food-ordering-australia-2019-12 |website=businessinsider.com.au |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Amazon Effect to Google Maps, how brands can engage in 2020 |url=http://www.bizreport.com/2019/12/the-amazon-effect-to-google-maps-how-brands-can-engage-in-20.html |website=bizreport.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Need another way to get your food? Google have you covered now with Maps and Search offering choices |url=https://ausdroid.net/2019/12/17/need-another-way-to-get-your-food-google-have-you-covered-now-with-maps-and-search-offering-choices/ |website=ausdroid.net |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2022 || {{dts|February 22}} {{snd}} {{dts|March 3}} || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating bad user experiences (heavy content, slow content, bad user experience) (page experience) || As previously announced on November 4, 2021, Google executes on the rollout of using page experience as a ranking factor on desktop during this period. Page experience on desktop includes all the core web vitals as well as all the other page experience signals on mobile except mobile-friendliness.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/googlesearchc/status/1499440494060916745|title = The page experience rollout is now complete for desktop.|date = March 3, 2022|accessdate = March 3, 2022|publisher = Google Search Console}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2021/11/bringing-page-experience-to-desktop|title = Timeline for bringing page experience ranking to desktop|date = November 4, 2021|accessdate = November 8, 2021|publisher = Google Search Central}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-to-add-page-experience-ranking-signals-to-desktop-search-in-february-2022-375807|title = Google to add page experience ranking signals to desktop search in February 2022. The rollout will be complete by the end of March 2022.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = November 4, 2021|accessdate = November 8, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || December 17 || || "Google Search Console Reports Updated With Fresher Data"<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search Console Reports Updated With Fresher Data |url=https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-search-console-reports-updated-with-fresher-data/340761/ |website=searchenginejournal.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Discover Performance reports in Google Search Console just got fresher data |url=https://searchengineland.com/discover-performance-reports-in-google-search-console-just-got-fresher-data-326576 |website=searchengineland.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2022 || {{dts|August 25}} {{snd}} {{dts|September 9}} || Search algorithm update || Ranking || Combating low-quality content and bad SEO tactics || Google releases a "helpful content" update that is intended to demote content that is written primarily for search engines, and promote content that it deems to be helpful to humans. The determination of whether content is helpful is done through machine learning, and validated via quality raters.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-helpful-content-update-is-now-done-rolling-out-387832|title = Google helpful content update is now done rolling out. The update started on August 25th and completed 15 days later on September 9th.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = September 9, 2022|accessdate = June 2, 2023}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || December 29 || || "Google search launches a 'Watchlist' service that lets you track shows and movies across platforms"<ref>{{cite web |last1=Stanley |first1=Alyse |title=Google Search Now Has a (I'll Probably Never) Watchlist |url=https://gizmodo.com/google-search-now-has-a-ill-probably-never-watchlist-1840715452 |website=gizmodo.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google search launches a 'Watchlist' service that lets you track shows and movies across platforms |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-7838037/Google-search-launches-Watchlist-service-Collections-lets-track-shows-movies.html |website=dailymail.co.uk |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2022 || {{dts|December 15}} || Transparency || Quality raters guidelines || || Google releases an update to its quality raters guidelines (QRG) with a major change: it replaces E-A-T (expertise, authoritativeness, and trustworthiness) with E-E-A-T (experience, expertise, authoritativeness, and trustworthiness). The newly added E is experience, which Google clarifies to mean first-hand experience, such as "actual use of a product, having actually visited a place or communicating what a person experienced". Google explains how the relative importance of experience and expertise can depend on context: "For example, if you're looking for information on how to correctly fill out your tax returns, that's probably a situation where you want to see content produced by an expert in the field of accounting. But if you're looking for reviews of a tax preparation software, you might be looking for a different kind of information—maybe it's a forum discussion from people who have experience with different services."<ref>{{cite web|url = https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2022/12/google-raters-guidelines-e-e-a-t|title = Our latest update to the quality rater guidelines: E-A-T gets an extra E for Experience|last = Tucker|first = Elizabeth|publisher = Google Search Central|date = December 15, 2022|accessdate = November 30, 2024}}</ref> SEOs review and comment on both E-E-A-T and other aspects of the updated guidelines.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-search-quality-rater-guidelines-changes-december-2022-390350|title = E-E-A-T and major updates to Google’s quality rater guidelines. The most important change to the QRG is the introduction of the letter E to the start of the popular acronym E-A-T.|last = Ray|first = Lily|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = December 15, 2022|accessdate = November 30, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-e-e-a-t-how-to-demonstrate-first-hand-experience/474446/|title = Google E-E-A-T: What Is It & How To Demonstrate It For SEO. Learn how to demonstrate E-A-T and the new Experience factor to improve your website's E-E-A-T signals. Boost your brand and content's trustworthiness and authority in the eyes of Google.|last = Southern|first = Matt|publisher = Search Engine Journal|date = April 24, 2024|accessdate = November 30, 2024}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || December 29 || || "Your Google Search results may now be a lot more helpful when it comes to keeping track of all the shows and movies you're keeping an eye on. The tech giant has rolled out a new card for the mobile results page that lets you add TV series and film titles to a "Watchlist" and a "Watched" bookmarks collection, 9to5Google has discovered."<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search now lets you add movies and shows to a 'Watchlist' |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019/12/29/google-search-results-watchlist/ |website=engadget.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search latest update lets you add movies and TV shows to a ‘WatchList’ |url=https://tech.africa/google-search-latest-update/ |website=tech.africa |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search Debuts ‘Watchlist’ For TV, Movie Tracking |url=https://www.pymnts.com/google/2019/google-search-debuts-watchlist-for-tv-movie-tracking/ |website=pymnts.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2023 || {{dts|May 25}} || Search algorithm update || Presentation || AI overviews (Search Generative Experience) || Google officially launches (in beta, to only select users) the Search Generative Experience (SGE) that integrates text from a generative model into search results (in the form of AI overviews at the top of search results; thes would later be named "AI Overviews"). This launch comes about six months after the release of ChatGPT by OpenAI had raised the profile of generative models, apparently inducing Google to accelerate its plans to add generative experience to search results. The feature had been annouced by Google at the Google I/O event on May 10.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-opens-access-to-search-generative-experience-today-427572|title = Google opens access to Search Generative Experience today. Some of you who signed up for the waitlist will get an email notifying you that you have access to try out the new labs search experience.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = May 25, 2023|accessdate = November 15, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-search-generative-experience-test-drive-427683|title = Test driving Google’s Search Generative Experience. Here are some early findings from a 30-query mini-study designed to push the limits of Google's generative AI search experience.|last = Enge|first = Eric|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = May 31, 2023|accessdate = November 15, 2024}}</ref>
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-| 2019 || Year round || || "Disney Plus was Google's top trending search term of 2019"<ref>{{cite web |title=Disney Plus was Google's top trending search term of 2019 |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/disney-plus-was-googles-top-trending-search-term-of-2019/ |website=cnet.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Disney Plus, ‘Baby Yoda’ Top Google’s 2019 Trending U.S. Searches |url=https://variety.com/2019/digital/news/disney-plus-baby-yoda-google-2019-top-trending-searches-1203432650/ |website=variety.com |accessdate=7 January 2020}}</ref>
+| 2023 || {{dts|October 18}} || Transparency || Testimony on how search works || Core (Navboost, Glue, Tangram, RankBrain, RankEmbed BERT, DeepRank (with an emphasis in all of these on the role of click feedback)) || Pandu Nayak, Vice President of Search at Google, who works on various aspects of search quality, gives testimony in ''[[w:United States v. Google LLC (2023|United States v. Google]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://thecapitolforum.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/101823-USA-v-Google-PM.pdf|title = Transcript of Bench Trial Before the Honorable Amit P. Mehta|date = October 18, 2023|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref> Analysis of the testimony by AJ Kohn, published on November 16, highlights the importance of feedback data from users (what they click on in the search results) for training the algorithm -- both in terms of the direct feedback for specific results clicked on, and in terms of training data for the models so that they can learn the general features of results users click on. The testimony goes over various subsystems of Google's core systems (these are the subsystems that get updated as part of "core updates"). The testimony calls Navboost (Google's click feedback signal that keeps track of what search result the user clicks on and whether they navigate back quickly) one of Google's strongest ranking signals and mentions it 54 times. The testimony also reveals that Navboost click data is now preserved for 13 months (it used to be 18 months back in 2017). Glue is described as the equivalent of Navboost for results other than web results. Tangram is described as the equivalent system for other search features. RankBrain is described as the algorithm used to finally rank within the top 20 to 30 results, as it is expensive to run on a much larger dataset; it is also trained on click and query data. RankEmbed BERT and DeepRank complement and support RankBrain. The testimony also covers Information Satisfaction (IS) scores and the use of interleaving for A/B testing (where results from different algorithms are interleaved together in the same set of search results).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.blindfiveyearold.com/what-pandu-nayak-taught-me-about-seo|title =  What Pandu Nayak Taught Me About SEO|last = Kohn|first = AJ|date = November 16, 2023|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref> The testimony as well as Kohn's analysis are linked and discussed further in Search Engine Land, with focus on slightly different parts.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/how-google-search-ranking-works-pandu-nayak-435395|title = How Google Search and ranking works, according to Google’s Pandu Nayak. Learn how indexing, algorithms, deep learning systems, human raters, click and query data, and more shape Google's Search results.|last = Goodwin|first = Danny|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = December 5, 2023|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref>
 |-
+| 2024 || {{dts|March 12}} (original commit), May / June (wider awareness) || Transparency || Leak of internal documents on how search works || Core (Navboost and others) and many other facets|| A commit made (seemingly accidentally) by a code bot to a public GitHub repository includes a bunch of internal documentation related to Google Search.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://github.com/yoshi-code-bot/elixir-google-api/commit/d7a637f4391b2174a2cf43ee11e6577a204a161e|title = feat: Automated regeneration of ContentWarehouse client|date = March 12, 2024|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref> On May 5, an anonymous source shares the commit with Rand Fishkin, founder and CEO of SparkToro. Fishkin vets the documents by speaking with three Googlers, two of whom confirm that the leak looks legitimate. Fishkin and Mike King study the leak together, and on May 27, they publish their separate analyses of the leak, both of them highlighting the importance of Google's click feedback systems including Navboost.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://sparktoro.com/blog/an-anonymous-source-shared-thousands-of-leaked-google-search-api-documents-with-me-everyone-in-seo-should-see-them/|title = An Anonymous Source Shared Thousands of Leaked Google Search API Documents with Me; Everyone in SEO Should See Them|date = May 27, 2024|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://ipullrank.com/google-algo-leak|title = Secrets from the Algorithm: Google Search’s Internal Engineering Documentation Has Leaked|last = King|first = Mike|publisher=  iPullRankdate = May 27, 2024|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref> On May 29, Google confirms the leak, but advises caution in interpreting it given that the information may be outdated and out-of-context: "We would caution against making inaccurate assumptions about Search based on out-of-context, outdated, or incomplete information. We’ve shared extensive information about how Search works and the types of factors that our systems weigh, while also working to protect the integrity of our results from manipulation."<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-responds-to-leak-documentation-lacks-context-442705|title = Google responds to leak: Documentation lacks context. Google won't comment on the specific elements in the document, in order to keep its ranking system safe and secure.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = May 29, 2024|accessdate = December 1, 2024}}</ref>
 |}
+== List of search updates made in later years ==
+Some of these search updates would clutter the full timeline, and many of them have specialized pieces of information that are brought out more effectively in a more customized table structure. We cover these search updates in this section.
+=== Core updates starting 2019 ===
+Google uses the shorthand "core updates" for what it describes as broad updates to its search algorithms, that are not targeted at a specific use case but change the core systems used within search. For such updates, Google says that websites have nothing in particular to "fix" and should just work on general best practices and creating great content.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1050447185177800704|title = Sometimes, we make broad changes to our core algorithm. We inform about those because the actionable advice is that there is nothing in particular to “fix,” and we don’t want content owners to mistakenly try to change things that aren’t issues….|date = October 11, 2018|accessdate = November 24, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2019/08/core-updates|title = What site owners should know about Google's August 2019 core update|date = August 1, 2019|accessdate = November 24, 2024|publisher = Google Search Central}}</ref>
+A few notes:
+* Starting 2019, Google has pushed the naming convention where an update is named based on the month and year it started rolling out. For instance, the update that rolled out from June 3, 2019 to June 8, 2019 is the June 2019 core update. The update that rolled out from May 25, 2022 to June 9, 2022 is termed the May 2022 core update based on the month when it started rolling out. The SEO community has adopted this convention. This convention also makes sense in light of the fact (discussed in a later bullet point) that Google doesn't reveal any other details of the core update, so it's hard to give a more semantically meaningful name.
+* Google has been getting better over time in terms of communicating core updates.
+** Historically, Google would often either fail to confirm core updates or confirm then only after the fact.
+** Starting in 2019, Google has been more proactive about announcing core updates, initially via the Search Liaison Twitter handle (@searcliaison) once the update starts (and sometimes even prior to it). The account used for later announcements was the Google Search Central Twitter handle (@googlesearchc). By 2022, the announcement of core updates was now happening on the Google Search Central blog, with an update to the blog post indicating the completion of the rollout.
+** By 2021, Google was also usually announcing the end of rollout of each core update, generally through a reply message to the Twitter (now X) message where it had announced the original rollout.
+** By September 2022, Google had made available a search status history page that covers all officially announced Google algorithm updates, including all core updates, going back to January 2020. This includes the start date and duration of each update.<ref name=google-search-status-history>{{cite web|url = https://status.search.google.com/products/rGHU1u87FJnkP6W2GwMi/history|title = Google Search Status Dashboard > Incidents > Ranking|accessdate = November 24, 2024}}</ref>
+** Starting 2023, Google has been providing the duration of updates at a granularity of hours, for instance "13 days, 7 hours" reflecting the fact that the Google Search Status dashboard is now updated close to real-time to reflect the status of search updates.
+* Google rarely reveals details of the kinds of changes made in its core updates, which is consistent with Google's view that websites have nothing to "fix" in response to these updates. Google does not even provide insight into how big an update is, how it relates to previous updates, and what parts of the rollout period are expected to see the most flux.
+** However, Google has confirmed one important tidbit: that it has multiple core systems, and that different core updates may touch on different core systems. For instance, Google revealed that its October 2023 and November 2023 core updates were for different core systems.<ref name=google-core-updates-q-and-a>{{cite web|url = https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2023/11/q-and-a-on-search-updates|title = A Q&A on Google Search updates|date = November 2, 2023|accessdate = November 24, 2024|publisher = Google Search Central Blog}}</ref>
+* A note on the duration calculation and its relationship to start and end dates: generally, based on the timing of announcement, it seems that Google starts and ends its updates during US daytime hours (generally working hours or close). Therefore, the difference between the end and start date is a rough estimate of the duration in days. Had the updates started early in the morning and ended late at night, the duration could be rounded to one more than the difference of dates, and if it were the other way around, the duration could be rounded to one less. Fortunately, the narrow time-of-day range means that the duration is relatively easy to interpret.
+* While there is a lot of variation from update to update, the general trend has been for core updates to get bigger in terms of the overall flux they create, and also for them to have a longer rollout period (this can be seen by how the "Duration in days" column is generally increasing as we go down the table). The longer rollout period means that core updates can have much greater overall flux while still having comparable peak volatility.
+* In the absence of clear guidance from Google, SEO commentators and data providers collect and publish their own data. For each core update, Search Engine Land generally does a roundup post collating what different data providers are expected. Data providers often draw different conclusions as the use different methologies and have different sets of search queries and domains that they monitor. However, aggregating the information from data providers as well as SEO chatter generally provides a decent picture of (a) when in the rollout period the flux in results was greatest, (b) roughly how this update compares in magnitude to other updates. In some cases, there are also insights into what categories are most affected, or what kinds of domains have gained or lost traction. For instance, some updates tend to help reference websites, while others tend to hurt reference websites.
+{| class="wikitable sortable"
+! Start date !! End date !! Duration in days !! Duration in days plus hours (only available 2023 onward) !! SEO consensus on when the peak effect was seen (if there is consensus) (absolute date) !! SEO consensus on when the peak effect was seen (day index, starting with 1 for the start date of the update) !! Strength and characteristics of the update (based on commentary by data providers and SEOs) !!  Overlapping updates !! Other notes
+|-
+| {{dts|2019-03-12}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1105842166788587520|title = This week, we released a broad core algorithm update, as we do several times per year. Our guidance about such updates remains as we’ve covered before. Please see these tweets for more about that:|date = March 13, 2019|accessdate = November 23, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-has-released-a-broad-core-search-algorithm-update-this-week-313905|title = Google released a broad core search algorithm on March 12. A rare Google confirmation came related to a Google search algorithm update this week. Google restated previous advice that there is no fix if your site was negatively impacted.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = March 13, 2019|accessdate = June 8, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> || {{dts|2019-03-12}} || 1 || || {{dts|2019-03-12}} || 1 || SEO chatter suggests the update is targeted at YMYL sites. || N/A || Google confirms the update on Twitter via the official @searchliaison handle, claims that the algorithm is a broad core algorithm update and not targeted at any category, and argues for calling the update a core update rather than giving it another name, given that it targets the core search algorithm and is not tied to a specific facet (such as speed or spam).<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.seroundtable.com/google-march-2019-core-update-27259.html|title = Google Names The 3/12 Update The "March 2019 Core Update"|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = March 15, 2019|accessdate = June 8, 2019|publisher = Search Engine Roundtable}}</ref>
+|-
+| {{dts|2019-06-03}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1135275028834947073|title = Tomorrow, we are releasing a broad core algorithm update, as we do several times per year. It is called the June 2019 Core Update. Our guidance about such updates remains as we’ve covered before. Please see this tweet for more about that:|date = June 2, 2019|accessdate = November 23, 2024}}</ref> || {{dts|2019-06-08}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-june-2019-core-update-finished-rolling-out-on-june-8-318028|title = Google June 2019 core update finished rolling out on June 8. It took five days for Google to roll out the June 2019 core update and about three-days for the diversity update.|publisher = Search Engine Land|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = June 11, 2019|accessdate = November 17, 2024}}</ref> || 5 || || || || SEO chatter suggests that a wider range of domains is affected than with previous core updates; some suggest a revert of March changes, with some health domains seeing a comeback.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/early-data-around-the-google-june-2019-core-update-shows-some-winners-losers-317861|title = Early data around the Google June 2019 core update shows some winners, losers. This Google update that began rolling out on Monday seems like it was pretty big and the scary part, it isn't done rolling out yet.|publisher = Search Engine Land|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = June 5, 2019|accessdate = November 17, 2024}}</ref> || Diversity update (2019-06-04 to 2019-06-06) || The update is pre-announced by Google on June 2 by the @searchliaison Twitter account via a tweet, a day before it started;<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-pre-announces-june-2019-core-search-algorithm-update-317698|title = Google pre-announces June 2019 core search algorithm update. Google says the June 3 update is not a major one, but keep an eye out for how your results will be impacted.|publisher = Search Engine Land|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = June 2, 2019|accessdate = November 17, 2024}}</ref> both the start and end are announced via tweets; in fact, the update is announced one day prior to its start.
+|-
+| {{dts|2019-09-24}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1176473923833225221|title = Later today, we are releasing a broad core algorithm update, as we do several times per year. It is called the September 2019 Core Update. Our guidance about such updates remains as we’ve covered before. Please see this blog for more about that:|date = September 24, 2019|accessdate = November 24, 2024}}</ref> || {{dts|2019-09-27}} || 3 || || || || SEO chatter and data provider analysis suggests a strong effect within the YMYL category, with potential reversal of some changes with the last two 2019 core updates, but not as much overall volatility as the previous updates.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-sept-2019-core-update-weaker-than-june-core-update-322737|title = Google Sept. 2019 Core Update ‘weaker’ than June core update. A detailed look at the early impact from the latest Google core update.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = September 24, 2019|accessdate = June 12, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> || N/A || The end date is approximate as Google doesn't officially clarify the end time.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-september-2019-core-update-to-roll-out-later-today-322523|title = Google September 2019 core update to roll-out later today. Google has pre-announced that a new core update is rolling out sometime later today, are you ready?|publisher = Search Engine Land|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = September 24, 2019|accessdate = November 17, 2024}}</ref>
+|-
+| {{dts|2020-01-13}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1216752087515586560|title = Later today, we are releasing a broad core algorithm update, as we do several times per year. It is called the January 2020 Core Update. Our guidance about such updates remains as we’ve covered before. Please see this blog post for more about that:|date = January 13, 2020|accessdate = November 23, 2024}}</ref> || {{dts|2020-01-16}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1217813393689673728|title = For those who have asked, the update is mostly done, though as with any core update, it may take to two weeks to fully complete.|date = January 16, 2020|accessdate = November 23, 2024}}</ref> || 3 || || || || SEO chatter suggests that this is a huge update, with a big impact on YMYL sites.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/the-latest-data-on-the-january-2020-google-core-update-327683|title = The latest data on the January 2020 Google core update. We asked several data providers for some more insights into the latest Google update.|date = January 20, 2020|accessdate = June 12, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref> || N/A || At the time, the end date is framed as "approximate"; it is the date that Google reports being "mostly done" with the update, while saying that the full rollout may take up to two weeks. However, the Google Search Status dashboard does end up going with this end date and duration as part of the official record.
+|-
+| {{dts|2020-05-04}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1257376879172038656|title = Later today, we are releasing a broad core algorithm update, as we do several times per year. It is called the May 2020 Core Update. Our guidance about such updates remains as we’ve covered before. Please see this blog post for more about that:|date = May 4, 2020|accessdate = November 23, 2024}}</ref> || {{dts|2020-05-18}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1262422181515980801|title = The May 2020 Core Update rollout is complete.|date = May 18, 2020|accessdate = November 23, 2024}}</ref> || 14 || || || || SEO chatter suggests that this is a "monster" of an update, even bigger than the January 2020 update.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/googles-may-2020-core-update-was-big-and-broad-search-data-tools-show-334393|title = Google’s May 2020 core update was big and broad, search data tools show. This update was an "absolute monster" said Mordy Oberstein from RankRanger.|date = May 7, 2020|accessdate = June 12, 2020|publisher = Search Engine Land|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref> || N/A || This is one of the first times that the end of a core update is officially announced via the @searchliaison Twitter account; the past few times, the end date was only provided approximately or in terms of when the update is "mostly done". The rollout duration for this update (at 14 days) is much higher than the duration for the previous updates based on the more approximate methods.
+|-
+| {{dts|2020-12-03}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1334521448074006530|title = Later today, we are releasing a broad core algorithm update, as we do several times per year. It is called the December 2020 Core Update. Our guidance about such updates remains as we’ve covered before. Please see this blog post for more about that.|date = December 3, 2020|accessdate = June 12, 2021}}</ref> || {{dts|2020-12-16}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || 13 || || {{dts|2020-12-04}} || 2 || SEO commentators consider this update to be big, even bigger than the previous (May 2020) update, which was already bigger than preceding updates.<ref name=moz/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/googles-december-2020-core-update-was-big-even-bigger-than-may-2020-says-data-providers-344429|title = Google’s December 2020 core update was big, even bigger than May 2020, say data providers. The update rolled out on Dec 3, but the impact was mostly felt on Dec. 4.|date = December 7, 2020|accessdate = June 12, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land|last = Schwartz|first = Barry}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://moz.com/blog/googles-december-2020-core-update|title = Google's December 2020 Core Update: By the Numbers|last = Meyers|first = Peter J.|date = December 16, 2020|accessdate = November 23, 2024|publisher = SEOMoz}}</ref> || N/A || No official end date seems to be provided at the time, but the Goole Search Status history shows a duration of 13 days.
+|-
+| {{dts|2021-06-02}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1400135428909371398|title = Later today, we are releasing a broad core update, as we do several times per year. It is called the June 2021 Core Update.|date = June 2, 2021|accessdate = June 12, 2021}}</ref> || {{dts|2021-06-12}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1404828388141928451|title = The June 2021 Core Update rollout is complete as of June 12, 2021.|date = June 15, 2021|accessdate = June 18, 2021}}</ref> || 10 || || {{dts|2021-06-04}} to {{dts|2021-06-06}} || 3 to 5 || This is the first of a series of two core updates, with the second one in July 2021. SEO commentators find the effects of this update spread out over time, with the bulk of the effect from June 4 to June 6. The majority view among SEOs is that this is a smaller update than the December 2020 update, but some data providers and SEO analysts consider it a bigger update.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/googles-june-2021-core-update-was-slow-to-roll-out-here-is-what-the-data-providers-saw-349349|title = Google’s June 2021 core update was slow to roll out; here is what the data providers saw. This update took longer to roll out than previous core updates; we are expecting more from the July 2021 core update.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = June 8, 2021|accessdate = June 12, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.seroundtable.com/google-june-2021-core-update-impact-here-31545.html|title = Google June 2021 Core Update Impact Now Being Felt|date = June 7, 2021|accessdate = November 23, 2024|publisher = Search Engine Roundtable}}</ref> || N/A, but quickly followed by spam updates and the page experience update ||
+|-
+| {{dts|2021-07-01}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/searchliaison/status/1410629484911349761|title = The July 2021 Core Update, previously announced, is now rolling out|date = July 1, 2021|accessdate = July 7, 2021|publisher = Google Search Liaison}}</ref> || {{dts|2021-07-12}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-july-2021-core-update-is-finished-rolling-out-350380|title = Google July 2021 core update is finished rolling out. After 12-days, Google said the July 2021 core update is done. It rolled out between July 1st and July 12th.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = July 12, 2021|accessdate = July 13, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> || 11 || || {{dts|2021-07-02}} || 2 || This is the second of a series of two core updates, with the first update being in June 2021. SEO commentators note that the update propagated quickly with the effects beginning to be seen shortly after Google's announcement of the rollout, in contrast with the June update that started a little later and had a longer period of increased volatility. Overall, SEO commentators and data providers consider the July 2021 core update to be smaller than the June 2021 core update.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/googles-july-2021-core-update-rolled-out-quickly-here-is-what-the-data-providers-saw-350243|title = Google’s July 2021 core update rolled out quickly; here is what the data providers saw. While the June core update took a while to start rolling out, the July core update hit hard and fast.|date = July 7, 2021|accessdate = July 7, 2021|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> || page experience update rolling out from mid-June to late August ||
+|-
+| {{dts|2021-11-17}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/googlesearchc/status/1460970568128385031|title = Later today, we are releasing a broad core update, as we do several times per year. It is called the November 2021 Core Update. Our guidance about such updates is here:|date = November 17, 2021|accessdate = December 6, 2021|author = Google Search Console|publisher = Twitter}}</ref> || {{dts|2021-11-30}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/googlesearchc/status/1465725102117593091|title = The November 2021 Core Update rollout is now complete.|date = November 30, 2021|accessdate = November 24, 2024}}</ref> || 13 || || {{dts|2021-11-18}} || 2 || SEO companies generally find that the bulk of the impact of the update is within its first 24 hours, unlike some past core algorithm updates for which the high rankings flux continued for a few days.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/googles-november-2021-core-update-hit-fast-and-hard-here-is-what-the-data-providers-saw-376312|title = Google’s November 2021 core update hit fast and hard; here is what the data providers saw. The results from this data showed that this rollout hit hard within the first 24 hours of the announcement and then slowed fast.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = November 23, 2021|accessdate = December 6, 2021|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> || N/A, but immediately followed by the product reviews update ||
+|-
+| {{dts|2022-05-25}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref name=may-2022-core-update-rollout-official-announcement>{{cite web|url = https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2022/05/may-2022-core-update|title = May 2022 core update releasing for Google Search|last = Sullivan|first = Danny|date = May 25, 2022|accessdate = June 2, 2023|publisher = Google Search Central Blog}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://support.google.com/webmasters/thread/164906639|title = May 2022 core update|last = Mueller|first = John|date = May 25, 2022|accessdate = June 2, 2023}}</ref> || {{dts|2022-06-09}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref name=may-2022-core-update-rollout-official-announcement/> || 15 || || {{dts|2022-05-26}} || 2 || According to Search Engine Land, the update "was significant and hit fast" based on volatility-tracking tools.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/googles-may-2022-core-update-impact-was-mixed-but-it-touched-down-fast-and-seemed-very-large-385479|title = Google’s May 2022 core update was significant and hit fast. The data is in early from the tracking tools and here is what these tools are showing with the latest Google algorithm update.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = May 31, 2022|accessdate = June 2, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.semrush.com/blog/google-may-2022-core-update/|title = The May 2022 Core Update: The Initial Impact|last = Oberstein|first = Mordy|date = June 1, 2022|accessdate = June 2, 2023}}</ref> According to an article in Search Engine Journal, the winners include big e-commerce brands (such as Amazon, eBay, and Etsy) and video sites (such as YouTube, TikTok, Disney Plus, Hulu, and Twitch) while the losers include news and media publishers and reference websites. New SERP features related to visual SERPs are also spotted.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.searchenginejournal.com/google-may-core-update-impact/456886/|title = Google’s May 2022 Core Update: What’s the Impact So Far? We analyzed the impact of Google's May 2022 core update to determine what you can learn from spikes and drops in search rankings across industries.|last = Larkin|first = Kayle|date = July 11, 2022|accessdate = June 2, 2023|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref> || N/A ||
+|-
+| {{dts|2022-09-12}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://x.com/googlesearchc/status/1569346698769571841|title = Today we released the September 2022 core update. We'll update our ranking release history page when the rollout is complete: https://developers.google.com/search/updates/ranking|date = September 12, 2022|accessdate = November 24, 2024</ref> || {{dts|2022-09-26}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || 14 || || {{dts|2022-09-13}} || 2 || According to Search Engine Land, the update "hit fast but was less significant than previous updates" based on volatility-tracking tools; Semrush has a similar assessment.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/googles-september-2022-core-update-hit-fast-but-was-less-significant-than-previous-updates-388088|title = Google’s September 2022 core update hit fast but was less significant than previous updates. The data is in from the tracking tools and here is what these tools are showing with the latest Google algorithm update.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = September 21, 2022|accessdate = June 2, 2023|publisher = Search Engine Land}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.semrush.com/blog/september-2022-core-update-impact/|title = September 2022 Core Update Impact|last = Oberstein|first = Mordy|date = September 26, 2022|accessdate = June 2, 2023|publisher = Semrush Blog}}</ref> || product reviews update on 2022-09-20 while this core update was still rolling out (though after the bulk of its impact) ||
+|-
+| {{dts|2023-03-15}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || {{dts|2023-03-28}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || 13 || 13 days, 7 hours<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || {{dts|2023-03-16}} || 2 || SEO data providers have varying takes on the volatility of the update, with Semrush finding it to be more volatile and impactful than the September 2022 update, and RankRanger finding it to be comparably volatile.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/how-the-march-2023-google-core-update-compared-to-previous-core-updates-394995|title = How the March 2023 Google core update compared to previous core updates. We asked some of the Google tracking data providers for data on the latest Google algorithm update.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = March 29, 2023|accessdate = November 15, 2024}}</ref> || N/A ||
+|-
+| {{dts|2023-08-22}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || {{dts|2023-09-07}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || 16 || 16 days, 3 hours<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || {{dts|2023-08-25}} || 4 || Both Semrush and RankRanger consider this a high-volatility update, whereas Sistrix calls it a "quiet" update. August 25 is singled out as a high-volatility day by multiple data providers as well as SEO commentators, but unlike some other core updates, this core update also seems to have had high volatility in the middle and end parts according to some of the data providers.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/how-the-august-2023-google-core-update-compared-to-march-2023-core-updates-431851|title = How the August 2023 Google core update compared to March 2023 core updates. We asked some of the Google tracking data providers for data on the latest Google algorithm update.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|date = September 12, 2023|accessdate = November 15, 2024}}</ref> || N/A ||
+|-
+| {{dts|2023-10-05}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || {{dts|2023-10-19}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || 14 || 13 days, 23 hours<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || {{dts|2023-10-10}} || 6 || Confusingly, a spam update is released around the same time, from October 4 to October 10. The overall volatility appears to peak on October 10 according to multiple data providers (but the contributions of the core update versus the spam update are unclear). This update has a few high-volatility days but is otherwise calm, unlike the August 2023 update that was high-volatility throughout. Sistrix notes that one category of established sites that was hit harder was reference sites.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/data-providers-on-the-google-october-2023-core-and-spam-update-433697|title = Data providers on the Google October 2023 core and spam update. This was a very big set of Google updates, here is an analysis.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = October 25, 2023|accessdate = November 15, 2024}}</ref> || spam update (2023-10-04 to 2023-10-10) ||
+|-
+| {{dts|2023-11-02}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || {{dts|2023-11-28}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || 26 || 25 days, 21 hours<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || || || Data providers suggest that this update had higher overall volatility than the October 2023, and more days of increased volatility (i.e., a more spread-out update than the October 2023 update, and similar to the August 2023 update in that respect).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/data-providers-google-november-2023-core-update-was-more-volatile-than-the-october-2023-core-update-435494|title = Data providers: Google November 2023 core update was more volatile than the October 2023 core update. Keep in mind, the November 2023 Reviews update overlapped with this core update and is still rolling out.|last = Schwartz|first = Barry|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = December 6, 2023|accessdate = November 24, 2024}}</ref> || product reviews update (2023-11-08 to 2023-12-07) || In Q&A published along with the start of the update, Google says: "We have different systems that are considered core to our ranking process; this month's core update involves an improvement to a different core system than last month."<ref name=google-core-updates-q-and-a/>
+|-
+| {{dts|2024-03-05}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || {{dts|2024-04-26}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || 45 || || || || The long rollout duration of the update, as well as its overlap with Google's spam update (starting on the same day and rolling out over two weeks) makes this update much harder for SEOs and data providers to study. Overall, SEOs and data providers agree that the combined effect of the core update and the spam update is massive, particularly in terms of eliminating a bunch of sites completely (specifically, sites Google deems as spam, AI-generated, error-prone, and overly focused on search engines rather than humans), and massively switching around the rankings in the bottom half of the SERPs.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://searchengineland.com/google-march-2024-core-update-key-observations-440148|title = 3 key observations about the Google March 2024 core update. Uncover the unique characteristics of the March 2024 core update, from its prolonged rollout to its heavy-handed impact on certain sites.|last = Oberstein|first = Mordy|publisher = Search Engine Land|date = May 3, 2024|accessdate = November 25, 2024}}</ref> || spam update (2024-03-05 to 2024-03-19) || In a very uncharacteristic move, Google has two blog posts describing its goals with this core update (and the concurrent spam update), namely: "This update involves refining some of our core ranking systems to help us better understand if webpages are unhelpful, have a poor user experience or feel like they were created for search engines instead of people. This could include sites created primarily to match very specific search queries." Starting with this core update, helpful content updates become part of core updates.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://blog.google/products/search/google-search-update-march-2024/|title = New ways we’re tackling spammy, low-quality content on Search. We’re enhancing Search so you see more useful information, and fewer results that feel made for search engines.|last = Tucker|first = Elizabeth|publisher = The Keyword (blog.google)|date = March 5, 2024|accessdate = November 25, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2024/03/core-update-spam-policies|title = What web creators should know about our March 2024 core update and new spam policies|last = Nelson|first = Chris|publisher = Google Search Central Blog|date = March 5, 2024|accessdate = November 25, 2024}}</ref>
+|-
+| {{dts|2024-08-15}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || {{dts|2024-09-03}}<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || 19 || 19 days, 4 hours<ref name=google-search-status-history/> || || || Data providers consider this update to be more volatile on a per-day basis than the March 2024 update, but given the shorter duration, the overall change is lower than (but still comparable to) the March 2024 update. || ranking issue from 2024-08-15 to 2024-08-20, overlapping with the initial rollout of the core update || Uncharacteristically, Google provides some context on its goals with the core update: "This update is designed to continue our work to improve the quality of our search results by showing more content that people find genuinely useful and less content that feels like it was made just to perform well on Search. This latest update takes into account the feedback we've heard from some creators and others over the past few months. As always, we aim to connect people with a range of high quality sites, including small or independent sites that are creating useful, original content, when relevant to users' searches. This is an area we'll continue to address in future updates. This update also aims to better capture improvements that sites may have made, so we can continue to show the best of the web."<ref>{{cite web|url = https://developers.google.com/search/blog/2024/08/august-2024-core-update|title = What to know about our August 2024 core update|last = Mueller|first = John|publisher = Google Search Central Blog|date = August 15, 2024|accessdate = November 25, 2024}}</ref>
+|}
+== Numerical and visual data  ==
+=== Mentions on Google Scholar ===
+The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 31, 2021.
+{| class="sortable wikitable"
+! Year
+! Google Search
+|-
+| 1997 || 261,000
+|-
+| 1998 || 342,000
+|-
+| 1999 || 383,000
+|-
+| 2000 || 467,000
+|-
+| 2001 || 490,000
+|-
+| 2002 || 546,000
+|-
+| 2003 || 567,000
+|-
+| 2004 || 595,000
+|-
+| 2005 || 643,000
+|-
+| 2006 || 664,000
+|-
+| 2007 || 697,000
+|-
+| 2008 || 679,000
+|-
+| 2009 || 720,000
+|-
+| 2010 || 730,000
+|-
+| 2011 || 728,000
+|-
+| 2012 || 674,000
+|-
+| 2013 || 726,000
+|-
+| 2014 || 690,000
+|-
+| 2015 || 665,000
+|-
+| 2016 || 602,000
+|-
+| 2017 || 505,000
+|-
+| 2018 || 366,000
+|-
+| 2019 || 238,000
+|-
+| 2020 || 120,000
+|-
+|}
+[[File:Google Search tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Google Trends ===
+The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Google Search (Topic) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F0387r |website=trends.google.com |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Google Search gt.jpg|thumb|center|800px]]
+=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
+The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Google Search from 1997 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Google+Search&year_start=1997&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=23 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:Google Search ngram.jpg|thumb|center|800px]]
+=== Wikipedia Views ===
+The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Google Search}} on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider,mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to January 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Search |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Google+Search&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=24 February 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Google Search wv.jpg|thumb|center|600px]]
+== Meta information on the timeline ==
+=== How the timeline was built ===
+The timeline was originally written by [[User:Vipul|Vipul]] on Wikipedia at {{w|Timeline of Google Search}}. It was subsequently expanded by both Vipul and [[User:Sebastian|Sebastian]].
+=== What the timeline is still missing ===
+* Speed and index size for search queries:
+** https://www.thinkwithgoogle.com/future-of-marketing/digital-transformation/the-google-gospel-of-speed-urs-hoelzle/
+** https://www.quora.com/Why-does-Google-still-display-the-search-time-in-the-results-page
+** https://searchengineland.com/google-hides-search-results-count-under-tools-section-440299
+* Environmental cost of search
+** https://qz.com/1267709/every-google-search-results-in-co2-emissions-this-real-time-dataviz-shows-how-much (linked from next point as well)
+** https://qz.com/1267709/every-google-search-results-in-co2-emissions-this-real-time-dataviz-shows-how-much and linked stuff
+* Join and leave dates, and key contributions and philosophy, of: Marissa Mayer, Krishna Bharat (no leave date), Amit Singhal (leave date covered)
+* Evolution of "I'm Feeling Lucky"
+* The ChatGPT effect
+* Let me Google that for you
+* Google as a verb, trademark considerations
+* Legal and monopoly concerns
+* Google/Wikipedia relationship
+* Google/Reddit relationship (And also cover launch of Reddit)
+* Google/Twitter relationship
+Big picture stuff:
+* Breakdown of the different phases of Google updates
+* Internet and world trends: size of WWW, computing speed, number of users searching, computing efficiency, environmental concerns
 ==See also==
 * [[Timeline of web search engines]]
+* [[Timeline of search engine optimization]]
 ==References==
 {{reflist|30em}}