Difference between revisions of "Timeline of food and nutrition in India"

Latest revision as of 22:03, 31 July 2022

This is a timeline of food and nutrition in India, describing agricultural and industrial food production, organizations, government policies and infrastructure related to food, as well as the level of nutrition of the population.

Big picture

Time period	Development summary	More details
Before AD	Pre-Christian times	At around 2000 BC, the Ayurvedic tradition of cooking (a complete holistic approach to cooking) evolves, laying the foundation of the concept that everything we eat affects both our body and mind, therefore food should be pure, from nature, and balanced. At around 1000 BC, the roots of Hinduism are shaped, the Vedas are developed as well as the caste system, which divides food habits of people broadly by caste. The Brahmins are mostly vegetarians while the Kshatriyas are non-vegetarian. Buddhism and Jainism develop in the 6th century BC, with the latter having a marked influence on the cuisine in some parts of India. Jains are strong believers in non-violence, and their cuisine, apart from being cooked without meat is also cooked without onion and garlic. Starting at around 300 BC, during Maurya Empire, the economy is agriculture driven which results in the base of all the grain cuisine in India.^[1]
AD–1200	Early Christian times	Several North Indian dynasties develop, including the Gupta Empire, which is noted for its love of the arts and gives rise to the Golden Age of India, in which several travelers visit the country and carry with them knowledge and products like tea and spices.^[1]
1500–1600	European contact	Portuguese and Spanish seafaring people bring food plants from South and Central America into India.^[2] The Portuguese notably influence the development of the Goan cuisine.^[1] Portuguese sailors introduce potatoes, tomatoes, pineapples, guavas, and cashews from Brazil to India. The chili pepper, also introduced by the Portuguese, would become immensely popular as a very important spice for wider Indian cuisine. The Portuguese also introduce beef and pork to converts to Catholicism, meats which are considered a taboo by Hindus.^[3]
1500–1800	Mughal Empire	Moglai cuisine emerges. Several seasonings are introduced, like saffron, the addition of nuts and cooking in the “Dum” or sealed pot method of cooking. The Syrian Christian cuisine is introduced in Kerala.^[1] In South India, during the Sultan dynasty, Hyderabadi cuisine develops, comprising a broad collection of rice, wheat and meat dishes along with the skilled use of various spices and herbs. The Hyderabadi introduce the Dum Pukht method, a slow and sealed method of cooking.^[4] In the 18th century famines abound in India. The British become interested in new food plants in order to cope with constant starvation.^[5]
1800–1947	British rule	Debates on the Indian diet begin, with two areas of colonial concern: famine and prisons.^[5] The British regime in India supplies the irrigation works but rarely on the scale required.^[6] By the early 20th century, 3 out of 4 Indians are employed in agriculture, famines are common, with food consumption per capita tending toward decline.^[7]
Since 1947	Independent India	Partition of the country reduced Indian cereal production per capita. Imports of food are necessary to maintain reserves. The food policy is examined and a program for self sufficiency is started. In the 1950s, prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru embarks on a policy of state-led industrialization modeled partly by the Soviets.^[8]
1968–1991	The Green Revolution	The Green Revolution in India develops with wide diffusion of technologies that achieve a spectacular growth in agricultural outputs.^[8] An increased production of staple food crops like rice and wheat reduces hunger and boosts incomes and overall economic growth.^[9] Rapid growth in farm productivity enables India to become self-sufficient by the 1970s.^[10] Also, the ‘White Revolution’ by the National Dairy Development Board (NDDB) makes milk and other dairy products more easily and widely accessible. The usage of ghee, butter, paneer, and cheese enhances the diet of Indians, especially in the urban areas thus pushing up the averages for the national daily intake of dairy and animal product.^[11] In the 1980s India manages to get along with very few food imports because of the growth in food-grain production and the development of a large buffer stock against potential agricultural shortfalls, all this despite three years of meager rainfall and a drought in the middle of the decade.^[12] By the early 1990s, India becomes self-sufficient in food-grain production.^[12]
21tst century	Present time	India has moved away from dependence on food aid to become a net food exporter. However, the country continues to suffer severe levels of malnutrition, which remains a leading cause of deaths in infants. As of 2017, India ranks 100th out of 118 countries with a serious hunger situation. There are around 195 million undernourished people, a quarter of the global hunger burden. Nearly 47 million or 4 out of 10 children in India do not meet their full human potential because of chronic undernutrition or stunting.^[13]

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 30, 2021.

Year	food and nutrition in India	food in india	nutrition in India	child nutrition in india
1980	5,860	13,200	6,620	813
1985	2,640	11,500	3,750	946
1990	12,800	27,000	14,000	1,410
1995	5,250	24,500	7,380	2,100
2000	18,100	73,800	21,700	3,910
2002	11,100	86,600	14,800	5,100
2004	13,100	114,000	17,600	6,390
2006	17,400	154,000	25,100	7,790
2008	23,100	201,000	34,100	9,910
2010	41,200	289,000	59,100	12,200
2012	50,400	383,000	73,200	15,600
2014	55,000	371,000	78,700	20,100
2016	52,900	348,000	73,000	21,300
2017	54,700	328,000	76,300	22,400
2018	50,900	239,000	70,000	23,100
2019	51,800	183,000	68,100	25,300
2020	33,400	140,000	39,700	24,900

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Nutrition in India (Search term) and Malnutrition in India (Search term), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[14]

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Malnutrition in India (Search term) and Malnutrition in China (Search term), from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[15]

Full timeline

Year	Category	Event type	Details
9000 BC	Food	Production	Indian agriculture arguably begins by this time as a result of early cultivation of plants, and domestication of crops and animals.^[16]
3000 BC	Food	Production	The water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) is domesticated by Indians possibly around this time.^[17]^[18]	Water buffaloes
3000 BC	Food	Production	Turmeric, cardamom, black pepper and mustard are harvested in India.^[19]^[20]
3000 BC	Food	Origin	Coconut oil, an important part of Ayurvedic medicine, starts to be produced in India around this time.^[21]
2000 BC	Food	Origin	The earliest known reference to the cultivation of mangoes are traced to India at around this time.^[22] The mango is the national fruit of the country.^[23]
2000 BC	Food	Introduction	Ragi (Eleusine coracana) is introduced from Africa to India around this time.^[2]
2000 BC–1800 BC	Food	Origin	Ghee is invented in the northeast corner of the Indian subcontinent.^[24]	Ghee
500 BC	Food	Origin	Indian farmers discover and begin farming many spices and sugarcane.^[25]
300 BC	Nutrition	Diet	Maurya Empire. A lot of Hindus feel that animal sacrifices add to the karma. Animal sacrifices become less popular, and meat consumption decreases.^[26]
200 BC	Nutrition	Literature	A famous manual of statecraft is written, containing the description of the Arthashastra of Kautilya (a balanced meal of a gentleman). It consists of rice: 500g, dhal: 125g, oil: 56g and salt: 50, respectively.^[2]
200 BC–101 BC	Food	Introduction	Emperor Ashoka popularizes vegetarian dishes as an alternative food source.^[27]
100–500 AD	Food	Introduction	Okra (Bhindi in Hindi), is introduced in India.^[28]	Okra
650 AD	Nutrition	Diet	Gupta Empire. Hindus begin to worship a Mother Goddess. Cows are sacred to her, so Hindus stop eating beef pretty much completely.^[26]
900 AD	Food	Production	Lemons and purple carrots are introduced in India from Central Asia.^[26]
1100 AD	Nutrition	Diet	With the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent, most people in India stop eating pork. People can still eat lamb or goats or chicken, but most of the people in India become vegetarians, and only eat meat very rarely or not at all. Along the coasts and rivers, though, people still eat plenty of fish.^[26]
1396	Nutrition	Crisis	The Durga Devi famine breaks out as a very severe and prolonged famine lasting about twelve years until 1407,^[29]^[30] affecting the Deccan region.^[31] Many thousand people die in Maharashtra.^[32] Overall, it is estimated that the famine killed millions of people.^[33]
1400–1500	Food	Introduction	Tamarind is introduced in India.^[34] It is one of the most popular sourcing agents in Indian and Asian cooking.^[35]	Tamarindus indica flowers
1550	Food	Introduction	Chili pepper (Mirch in Hindi) is introduced in India by Portuguese traders.^[36]	Chili peppers
1615–1619	Food	Production	Potato in India is first mentioned in an account of the voyage of English chaplain Edward Terry, who writes: "In the northernmost part of this empire they have a variety of pears and apples; everywhere good roots as carrot, potatoes, and other like them...are grown".^[37]
1784	Food	Preparation method	During a famine, Nawab Asaf-ud-Daulah builds the Bara Imambara in Lucknow in order to create employment for the starving people. Huge quantities of food are cooked in large vessels, degs, in massive double-walled ovens called "Bukharis". This event represents the introduction of the "Bukhari" cooking into the royal court.^[38]
1788	Food	Company	EID Parry is founded. It specializes in sugar and distillery. It is one of the oldest companies in the world.^[39]
1800	Food	Infrastructure	Some 800,000 hectares are irrigated in India.^[40]
1820s	Food	Production	The British East India Company begins large-scale production of tea in Assam, of a tea variety traditionally brewed by the Singpho people.^[41]
1822	Food	Introduction	Cauliflower is first introduced in India, from England by the British.^[42]	Cauliflower
1871	Food	Organization	The Government of India creates the Department of Revenue, Agriculture and Commerce.^[6]
1876–1878	Nutrition	Crisis	The Great Famine of 1876–1878 occurs after an intense drought results in crop failure in the Deccan Plateau.^[43] Affecting south and southwestern India (the British presidencies of Madras and Bombay, and the princely states of Mysore and Hyderabad) for a period of two years, and spreading northward to some regions of the Central Provinces and the North-Western Provinces, and to a small area in the Punjab.^[44], the famine reaches an area of 257,000 km² and an estimated death toll to be in the range of 5.5 million people.^[45]
1880s	Nutrition	Infrastructure	The Indian Famine Codes are developed by the colonial British as famine scales. Comprehensive and sophisticated by their time, they compare well with many relief systems drawn up a century later.^[46]
1892	Food	Company	Britannia Industries is founded. It specializes in food products.^[47]
1896	Nutrition	Policy	The Indian National Congress passes two resolutions linking poverty and hunger to the burdens of British rule, and urge the government to go further in saving lives in famine.^[46]
1929	Food	Company	Parle Products is founded. It specializes in food.^[48]
1936	Nutrition	Program launch	The Planning Commission (India) defines goals to alleviate poverty by setting targets in terms of nutrition (2400 to 2800 calories per adult worker), clothing (30 yards per capita per annum) and housing (100 sq. ft per capita).^[49]
1940s	Food	Production	The Grow More Food Campaign launches as a special program initiative.^[50]
1943	Nutrition	Crisis	The Bengal famine of 1943 breaks out, leaving a death toll at about 1.5 million. It is considered one of the world's worst food disasters.^[11]^[51]
1946	Food	Company	Amul is founded. It specializes in dairy products.^[52]
1947			India becomes an independent country.^[8] Partition of the country leaves India with 82% of the total population of undivided India but only 75% of the cereal production. The surplus province of Punjab is partitioned and West Punjab, which has a well-established network of irrigation canals, goes to Pakistan, as well as Sindh, also a surplus province.^[53]
1947	Food	Preparation method	Punjabi refugees bring Tandoori style of cooking to Delhi. Since then, the Punjabi tandoori cooking would start becoming popular throughout India.^[54]
1947	Food	Policy	The Foodgrains Policy Commission is followed by a number of Commissions which examine the food policy from time-to-time.^[53]
1947–1948	Food	Policy	The food policy of independent India is examined by a Foodgrains Policy Commission, and concludes that imports are necessary to enable maintenance of central reserves to guard against crop failures and such reserve could be of the tune of two million tons. A rationing system, introduced during the World War II, is recomended as also the need to import foodgrains.^[53]
1948–1975	Food	Production	The average output per hectare of an Indian wheat increases from 0.8 tons to 4.7 tons of wheat in the period.^[10]
1949	Food	Policy	The Foodgrains Investigation Commission once again stresses self sufficiency.^[53]
1950s	Food	Production	The Integrated Production Programme launches, focusing on cash crops.^[50]
1950	Food	Policy	The Foodgrains Procurement Commission stresses on maintaining a reasonable level of foodgrains prices to ensure adequate supplies to consumers.^[53]
1950–1951	Food	Production	A reported 50 million tons of food grain are produced in the country.^[13]
1951	Food	Infrastructure	India's irrigation potential reaches 22.6 million hectares.^[55]
1951	Food	Production	India embarks on the path of planned economic development and launches the first Five Year Plan, giving highest priority to agriculture. In this year, the total foodgrain production is just 51 million tons.^[53]
1951	Nutrition	Intake	Per capita availability of cereals is recorded at 334 grams per day.^[12]
1955	Food	Infrastructure	The Konar Project and the Lower Bhawani Project are completed as major irrigation projects during the First Five Year Plan.^[56]
1956	Food	Infrastructure	The Tungabhadra Project and the Hirakud Dam project are completed as major irrigation projects during the First Five Year Plan.^[56]
1957	Food	Infrastructure	The Maithon Project is completed as a major irrigation project during the First Five Year Plan.^[56]
1957	Food	Organization	Forced by a decline in production, the Indian Government establishes the Foodgrains Enquiry Committee under the eminent economist Ashok Mehta.^[53]
1958	Food	Organization	The Price Increase and Famine Resistance Committee is formed a mass movement in West Bengal by the Communist Party of India and other Left groups, in response to the food crisis at the time.^[57]
1960	Food	Infrastructure	Gandhi Sagar Project is completed as a major irrigation project during the First Five Year Plan.^[56]
1961	Nutrition	Intake	The average Indian daily calorie intake is reported to be 2,010. It consists of 43% grains (378g), 23% produce (199g), 12% dairy & eggs (108g), 12% sugar and fat (108g), 2% meat (17g) and 8% as other (68g).^[11]
1963	Food	Production	Norman Borlaug, the principal scientist of the Green Revolution, is deputed to India to establish a program to adapt hybrid wheat varieties from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico, to Indian conditions.^[8]
1965	Food	Organization	The National Dairy Development Board is established under the auspices of Operation Flood at Anand, in Gujarat, to promote, plan, and organize dairy development through cooperatives; to provide consultations; and to set up dairy plants, which were then turned over to the cooperatives.^[58]
1965	Food	Organization	The Food Corporation of India is established as the public sector marketing agency responsible for implementing government price policy through procurement and public distribution operations.^[53]^[59]
1965–1966	Food	Policy	India suffers two years of severe drought. This would convince the Indian Government to reform its agricultural policy and that they could not rely on foreign aid and imports for food security. Further significant policy reforms would be adopted, focusing on the goal of food grain self-sufficiency, and ushering India’s Green Revolution.^[10]
1965–1980	Food	Production	Wheat production in India nearly triples in this period while rice production increases 60 percent with the new strains and new methods.^[60]
1969	Food	Introduction	Sunflower as an oilseed crop is introduced in India.^[61]
1970	Food	Program launch	The Operation Flood launches as a project of India's National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). The world's biggest dairy development program, it would transform India from a milk-deficient nation into the world's largest milk producer, surpassing the United States in 1998.^[62]^[63] Initially, the Phase 1 covers wight rural districts and later on extends to 27 districts with a participation of 1.4 million rural families.^[64]
1978	Food	Program launch	The Indian Council of Medical Research laids down a balanced diet essentially matching the Arthasastra of Kautilya writen in 300 BC.^[2]
1981	Food	Workforce	There are 195.1 million rural workers in the country: 55.4 million are agricultural laborers who depend primarily on casual farm work for a livelihood.^[12]
1985	Food	Company	Bonn Group of Industries is founded. It specializes in baked goods.^[65]
1987	Food	Production	Field crops are planted on about 45 percent of the total land mass of India. Almost 37 million hectares are double-cropped, making the gross sown area equivalent to almost 173 million hectares. About 15 million hectares are permanent pastureland or are planted in various tree crops and groves. Approximately 108 million hectares are either developed for nonagricultural uses, forested, or unsuited for agriculture because of topography. The remaining land, About 29.6 million hectares, are classified as cultivable but fallow, and 15.6 million hectares are classified as cultivable wasteland.^[12]
1989	Food	Production	The gross value of output from animal husbandry in India is Rs358 billion in the fiscal year, an amount that constitutes about 25 percent of the total agricultural output of Rs1.4 trillion.^[58]
1990–2000	Nutrition	Statistics	The number of people undernourished in India drops from 210 million to 177 million in the period.^[11]
1990–2015	Nutrition	Intake	The average daily protein consumption rises from 55g per day to 59g per day in the period, with the protein from animal consumption increasing from 9g per day to 12g. The share of dietary energy supplied from cereals and roots decreases from an average of 66g per day to 59g.^[11]
1990	Food	Dairy production	Milk production is estimated to have reached 53.5 million tons, and egg production reaches a level of 23.3 billion eggs.^[58]
1990	Nutrition	Intake	Per capita availability of cereals reaches 470 grams per day, up from 334 grams in 1951.^[12]
1990	Food	Production	Approximately 127.5 million hectares are sown with food grains, about 75 percent of the total planted area, during the fiscal year. An increase of 31 percent of the total number of hectares is calculated over the forty-year period from FY 1950 to FY 1990.^[66]
1990s	Food	Exports	Agricultural exports grow at well over 10.1% annually through the decade.^[67]
Early 1990s	Food	Dairy production	More than 63,000 Anand-style dairy cooperative societies are counted in India, with some 7.5 million members.^[58]
Early 1990s		Workforce	The rural workforce grows to 242 million, of whom 73.7 million are classified as agricultural laborers. Approximately 33 percent of the employed rural workers are classified as casual wage laborers.^[12]
1992	Food	Livestock production	India has approximately 25 percent of the world's cattle, with 193 million heads. There are also 110 million goats, 75 million water buffaloes, 44 million sheeps, and 10 million pigs.^[58]
1993	Food	Industry	India stands as the largest producer of sugar worldwide, harvesting 12 million tons in the year, followed by Brazil's 9 million tons and China's 7 million tons.^[66]
1993	Food	Production	The value of fish and processed fish exports reaches 3.6 percent in the fiscal year, increasing from less than 1 percent of the total value of exports in FY 1960.^[68]
1993–1994	Food	Production	The total foodgrain production reaches 180 million tons, a 253% increase within four decades.^[53]
1995	Nutrition	Program launch	The Indian government starts midday meal scheme, serving millions of children with fresh cooked meals in almost all the government run schools or schools aided by the government fund.^[69]
1995	Food	Infrastructure	India’s irrigation potential reaches about 90 million hectares at the end of the year.^[55]
1997	Food	Company	Organic India is founded. It specializes in organic foods.^[70]
1998	Food	Production	India becomes the world's largest milk producer, surpassing the United States.^[62]
2000	Food	Production	Indian farms adopt wheat varieties capable of yielding 6 tons of wheat per hectare.^[71]^[72]
2003	Food	Company	Suminter India Organics is founded. It specializes in organic products.^[73]
2004–2006	Nutrition	Statistics	The number of people undernourished in India fluctuates, dropping from 210 million to 177 million between 1990 and 2000 before dramatically increasing between the years 2004-2006 where the recorded number of undernourished people rises from 177 million to almost 240 million in the space of just 5 years.^[11]
2005	Nutrition	Statistics	An estimated 40% of women in rural areas, and 36% of women in urban areas are found to have mild anaemia.^[74]
2005	Nutrition	Statistics	According to repport, 60% of India's children below the age of three are malnourished, a greater figure than the statistics of sub-Saharan African of 28%.^[75]
2007	Food	Production	The National Development Council adopts a resolution to launch a Food Security Mission comprising rice, wheat and pulses to increase the annual production of rice by 10 million tons, wheat by 8 million tons and pulses by 2 million tons by the end of the harvest season 2011-12. Accordingly, a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, 'National Food Security Mission' (NFSM), is launched during the year.^[76]
2008	Food	Production	India stands as the world's sixth largest producer of marine and freshwater capture fisheries and the second largest aquaculture farmed fish producer.
2008	Food	Statistics	Report claims that India's population is growing faster than its ability to produce rice and wheat.^[77]
2009	Food	Production	India stands as the world's third largest producer of eggs, oranges, coconuts, tomatoes, peas and beans.^[78]
2009	Food	Production	The Statistics Office of the Food and Agriculture Organization reports that, per final numbers for 2009, India is the world's largest producer of the following agricultural products: Fresh Fruit, lemons and limes, buffalo milk, castor oil seeds, sunflower seeds, sorghum, millet, spice, okra, jute, beeswax, bananas, mangoes, mangosteens, guavas, pulses, indigenous buffalo meat, tropical fruits, ginger, chick peas, areca nuts, pigeon peas, papayas, chillies and peppers, anise, badian, fennel, coriander, and goat milk.^[78]^[79]
2009–2010	Food	Production	India stands first in milk production, with 112.5 million tons of milk produced in 2009-2010.^[80]
2010	Nutrition	Statistics	National obesity rates in the country are reported at 14% for women and 18% for men with some urban areas having rates as high as 40%.^[81]
2010	Food	Infrastructure	It is estimated that only about 35% of agricultural land in India is reliably irrigated.^[82]
2011	Food	Workforce	The agricultural sector workforce in the Indian subcontinent is composed by a 75 percent of women.^[83]
2011	Nutrition	Intake	Study shows the average Indian having a daily calories intake of 2,458. Their daily diet consists of 34% produce (450g), 32% grains (416g), 18% eggs and dairy (235g), 10% sugar and fat (129g), 2% meat (29g) and 4% as other (58g).^[11]
2012	Food	Production	The national production from horticulture exceeds grain output for the first time.^[84]
2012	Nutrition	Statistics	India is firmly established among the world's most hunger-ridden countries, with 21% of its population undernourished, nearly 44% of under-5 children underweight and 7% of them dying before they reach five years. Only Congo, Chad, Ethiopia or Burundi, are in worse conditions, but India situation is worse than Sudan, North Korea, Pakistan or Nepal.^[85]
2013	Food	Production	India becomes the second largest producer of horticultural products after China, with a total horticulture produce reaching 277.4 million metric tons.^[86] During the fiscal year, the exported horticulture products worthed nearly double the value of the 2010 exports.^[86]
2013	Nutrition	Policy	The Parliament of India enacts the National Food Security Act, 2013 (Also called as the Right to Food Act), in order to provide the Right to food to every citizen of the country. This legislation seeks to provide subsidized food grains to approximately two thirds of India's 1.33 billion population.^[87]^[88]^[89]
2013	Food	Production	India stands as the world's largest dairy herd (composed of cows and buffaloes), at over 304 million strong.^[80]
2013–2017	Food	Production	Agrifood start-ups in India receive funding of US$ 1.66 billion in 558 deals in the period.^[90]
2014	Food	Production	According to statistics by the FAO, India is the world's largest producer of many fresh fruits like banana, mango, guava, papaya, lemon and vegetables like chickpea, okra and milk, major spices like chili pepper, ginger, fibrous crops such as jute, staples such as millets and castor oil seed. India is the second largest producer of wheat and rice, which are the world's major food staples.^[91]
2014	Nutrition	Intake	Study on Indian vegetarian diets conclude that, overall, these are found to be adequate to sustain nutritional demands according to recommended dietary allowances with less fat. However, lower vitamin B12 bio-availability remains a concern and requires exploration of acceptable dietary sources for vegetarians.^[92]
2014–2015	Food	Production	A reported 250 million tons of food grain are produced in the country, this time becoming a net food exporter.^[13]
2014–2017	Food	Infrastructure	Agriculture storage capacity in India increases at 4 % compound Annual Growth Rate between in the period, reaching 131.8 million metric tons.^[90]
2015	Food	Policy	The Government of India launches the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojana as a national mission to improve farm productivity and ensure better utilization of the resources in the country. An amount of Rs 50,000 crore (US$ 7.7 billion) is invested for development of irrigation sources for providing a permanent solution from drought.^[90]^[93]
2015	Nutrition	Statistics	According to study, India accounts for the highest number of deaths of children with 50% of such deaths caused by malnutrition.^[94]
2015	Nutrition	Study	IMRB International releases results of its Protein Consumption in the Diet of Adult Indians Survey, and reports that nine out of 10 Indians consume less than adequate proteins daily, and that 91% of the vegetarians and 85% of the non-vegetarians are deficient.^[95]
2016	Food	Organization	The Electronic National Agriculture Market (eNAM) is launched to create a unified national market for agricultural commodities by networking existing Agricultural produce market committees.^[90]
2016	Food	Organization	The Government of India establishes the Farmers Commission to completely evaluate the agriculture program.^[96]
2016	Food	Statistics	As of date, agriculture accounts for 23% of the Indian GDP, and employs 59% of the country's total workforce.^[97]
2016	Food	Program launch	The Indian Government launches a number of programs to double farmers’ incomes by 2022.^[13]
2017	Nutrition	Statistics	The 2017 Global Hunger Index (GHI) Report by the International Food Policy Research Institute ranks India 100th out of 118 countries with a serious hunger situation. Amongst South Asian nations, India ranks third behind only Afghanistan and Pakistan with a GHI score of 29.0 ("serious situation").^[98]
2018	Nutrition	Statistics	The 2018 Global Hunger Index Report ranks India 103rd out of 119 countries with a serious issue of child wasting. At least one in five children under the age of five years in India are wasted.^[99]
2018	Food	Production	Indian Tea Giant Goodricke Group parent Camellia Plc becomes the world's largest private tea producer producing 103 million kgs.^[100]
2018	Food	Policy	The Agriculture Export Policy is approved by Government of India, with aims at increasing the agricultural exports to US$ 60 billion by 2022 and US$ 100 billion in the next few years with a stable trade policy regime.^[90]
2018	Food		The first mega food park in Rajasthan is inaugurated.^[90]

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References

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↑ Curry, Spice & All Things Nice: Dawn of History
↑ The Mystery of Curry
↑ "Coconut Oil History". rudanetrading.com.au. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
↑ Sauer, Jonathan D. (1993). Historical geography of crop plants : a select roster. Boca Raton u.a.: CRC Press. p. 17. ISBN 0849389011.
↑ "National Fruit". knowindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
↑ "A Foodie's Guide to the History of Ghee". wisechoicemarket.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
↑ "Farming in India". toppr.com. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
↑ ^26.0 ^26.1 ^26.2 ^26.3 "Indian food history – spices and sugar in ancient India". quatr.us. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
↑ "Ancient Indian Cooking Methods". oureverydaylife.com. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
↑ 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden, Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, Template:ISBN, ... Ancient varieties of okra can still be found growing wild from Ethiopia to the White Nile in Egypt, and this interesting food plant is believed to have originated in Ethiopia. In the absence of any ancient Indian names for it, modern botanists believe it found its way to India ... about AD 200 ...
↑ "FAMINE". theodora.com. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
↑ "THE MUSLIM PERIOD". cultural.maharashtra.gov.in. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
↑ "In parched Marathwada, farmers are finally turning away from water-intensive sugarcane". scroll.in. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
↑ DK. Timelines of History: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the Events That Shaped the World.
↑ "A Millennium of Monsoon Failures, Droughts and Famines". island.lk. Retrieved 17 June 2020.
↑ "Tamarindus indica L.". indiabiodiversity.org. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
↑ "TAMARIND: A HISTORY AND INSIGHT". herbies.com.au. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
↑ 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden, Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 126, Template:ISBN, .India, hot peppers were dispersed by the earliest explorers to the Iberian Peninsula ... being cultivated in India by the sixteenth century, with three varieties growing in India by 1542 ...
↑ Evolutionary Studies in World Crops: Diversity and Change in the Indian Subcontinent (Joseph Hutchinson ed.).
↑ "Culinary Terms". indianetzone.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
↑ Business India.
↑ India - History of Irrigation FAO - United Nations (2014)
↑ Nitin Aant, Gokhale (1998). The hot brew: the Assam tea industry's most turbulent decade, 1987–1997. Spectrum Publications. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-85319-82-7.
↑ Vegetable Crops. New India Publishing. 1 January 2007. p. 209. ISBN 978-81-89422-41-7.
↑ Roy 2006, p. 361
↑ Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907, p. 488
↑ Fieldhouse 1996, p. 132 Quote: "In the later nineteenth century, there was a series of disastrous crop failures in India leading not only to starvation but to epidemics. Most were regional, but the death toll could be huge. Thus, to take only some of the worst famines for which the death rate is known, some 800,000 died in the North West Provinces, Punjab, and Rajasthan in 1837–38; perhaps 2 million in the same region in 1860–61; nearly a million in different areas in 1866–67; 4.3 million in widely spread areas in 1876–78, an additional 1.2 million in the North West Provinces and Kashmir in 1877–78; and, worst of all, over 5 million in a famine that affected a large population of India in 1896–97. In 1899–1900 more than a million were thought to have died, conditions being worse because of the shortage of food following the famines only two years earlier. Thereafter the only major loss of life through famine was in 1943 under exceptional wartime conditions.(p. 132)"
↑ ^46.0 ^46.1 De Waal, Alexander. Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa.
↑ TROTT, SANGEETA; SOPLE, VINOD V. BRAND EQUITY: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE.
↑ "Parle". parleproducts.com. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
↑ M.H. Suryanarayana. "Nutritional Norms for Poverty: Issues and Implications" (PDF). Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
↑ ^50.0 ^50.1 Economic Environment of Business and Environmental Management.
↑ Sen, Amartya. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation.
↑ Paul, Samuel. Managing Development Programs: The Lessons Of Success.
↑ ^53.0 ^53.1 ^53.2 ^53.3 ^53.4 ^53.5 ^53.6 ^53.7 ^53.8 "Historical perspective of food management in India". fao.org. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
↑ "A Tandoor Oven Brings India's Heat to the Backyard". nytimes.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
↑ ^55.0 ^55.1 "IRRIGATION IN INDIA". fao.org. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
↑ ^56.0 ^56.1 ^56.2 ^56.3 "TECHNICAL CHANGE IN AGRICULTURE, 1952–2000". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
↑ "Satyajit Ray was not apolitical, says Aparna Sen". business-standard.com. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
↑ ^58.0 ^58.1 ^58.2 ^58.3 ^58.4 "Livestock and Poultry". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
↑ Thorpe, Edgar; Thorpe, Showick. The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e.
↑ "Food Production, History Of". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
↑ "An overview of sunflower in India". krishisewa.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.
↑ ^62.0 ^62.1 "India largest milk producing nation in 2010-11: NDDB". Hindustan Times. 2011-12-20. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
↑ Katar Singh. Rural Development: Principles, Policies and Management. ISBN 81-7036-773-5. Retrieved 24 April 2017.
↑ Venkatasubramanian, V.; Singh, A.K.; Rao, S. V. N. Dairy Development In India: An Appraisal Of Challenges And Achievements.
↑ "From Here To Eternity". bonn.in. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
↑ ^66.0 ^66.1 "Crops". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
↑ Gulati, 15
↑ "Fishing". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
↑ "Review Article Open Access A Comparative Study of Nutritional Status in Government vs. Private School Children". omicsonline.org. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
↑ "Fabindia acquires a 40% stake in Organic India". economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
↑ "Rapid growth of select Asian economies". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2009.
↑ "Brief history of wheat improvement in India". Directorate of Wheat Research, ICAR India. 2011.
↑ "Sameer Mehra". events.vccircle.com. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
↑ "NFHS-3 Nutritional Status of Adults". Retrieved 2009-11-26.
↑ Rieff, David (11 October 2009). "India's Malnutrition Dilemma". Source: The New York Times 2009. Retrieved 2011-09-20.
↑ "nfsm". nfsm.gov. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
↑ Sengupta, Somini (22 June 2008). "The Food Chain in Fertile India, Growth Outstrips Agriculture". New York Times. Retrieved 23 April 2010.
↑ ^78.0 ^78.1 "Country Rank in the World, by commodity". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2011.
↑ These are food and agriculture classification groups. For definition with list of botanical species covered under each classification, consult FAOSTAT of the United Nations; Link: http://faostat.fao.org/site/384/default.aspx
↑ ^80.0 ^80.1 "Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-21. Retrieved 2015-12-20.
↑ "India in grip of obesity epidemic". The Times of India. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2012.
↑ Agricultural irrigated land (% of total agricultural land) The World Bank (2013)
↑ Singh, Roopam; Sengupta, Ranja (2009). "EU FTA and the Likely Impact on Indian Women Executive Summary." Centre for Trade and Development and Heinrich Boell Foundation.
↑ "India's horticulture output at a record high, despite drought and freak rains". livemint.com. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
↑ "Superpower? 230 million Indians go hungry daily". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
↑ ^86.0 ^86.1 Deficit rains spare horticulture, record production expected Livemint, S Bera, Hindustan Times (January 19, 2015)
↑ "National Food Security Act" (PDF). PRS Legislative Research.
↑ "Press Information Bureau". Retrieved 5 January 2018.
↑ "Food Security Act To Be Implemented From July 5". BTVI.in. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
↑ ^90.0 ^90.1 ^90.2 ^90.3 ^90.4 ^90.5 "Agriculture in India: Information About Indian Agriculture & Its Importance". ibef.org. Retrieved 10 July 2019.
↑ "FAOSTAT, 2014 data". Faostat.fao.org. Retrieved 2011-09-17.
↑ Shridhar, Krithiga; Dhillon, Preet Kaur; Bowen, Liza; Kinra, Sanjay; Venkatsubbareddy Bharathi, Ankalmadugu; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Srinath Reddy, Kolli; Ebrahim, Shah. "Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets – the Indian Migration Study (IMS)". PMC 4055802. PMID 24899080. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-55. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
↑ "Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana". india.gov.in. Retrieved 2 August 2019.
↑ "India has highest number of deaths of children under five". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 8 August 2019.
↑ "9 of 10 Indians lack adequate protein, Mumbaikars score high". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
↑ "Farmers Commission". Archived from the original on 11 May 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2009.
↑ "BENCHMARK REPORT 2017 – INDI" (PDF). World Travel and Tourism Council. Retrieved 11 April 2018.
↑ "2015 Global Hunger Index Report" (PDF). International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
↑ "India ranks 103 on global hunger index". economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019.
↑ Rakshit, Ishita Ayan Dutt & Avishek (18 April 2019). "Goodricke parent Camellia becomes the world's largest private tea producer" – via Business Standard.

[Indian_cuisine-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 "Indian cuisine". foodhistory.pbworks.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.

[The_Story_of_Our_Food-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Achaya, K.T. The Story of Our Food.

[por-3] Chapman, Pat (2009). India: Food & Cooking: The Ultimate Book on Indian Cuisine. New Holland Publishers. p. 256. ISBN 978-1845376192.

[4] "HYDERBADI INDIAN CUISINE". masala-art.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.

[19th_century_Indian_diet:_rice_fights_wheat-5] 5.0 ^5.1 "19th century Indian diet: rice fights wheat". downtoearth.org.in. Retrieved 8 August 2019.

[The_british_regime-6] 6.0 ^6.1 "The british regime in india did supply the irrigation". coursehero.com. Retrieved 11 August 2019.

[am1970-7] Maddison, A. (1970), The historical origins of Indian poverty, PSL Quarterly Review, 23(92), pp. 31-81.

[Handbook_on_the_Globalisation_of_Agriculture-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 Robinson, Guy M.; Carson, Doris A. Handbook on the Globalisation of Agriculture.

[The_evolution_of_nutrition_policies:_Evidence_from_India-9] "The evolution of nutrition policies: Evidence from India". foodsecurityportal.org. Retrieved 10 July 2019.

[How_Agriculture_2.0_will_transform_India.3F-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 "How Agriculture 2.0 will transform India?". medium.com. Retrieved 2 August 2019.

[50_Years_of_Food_in_India-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 ^11.6 "50 Years of Food in India: Changing Eating Habits of a Rapidly Changing Nation (of Foodies)!". thebetterindia.com. Retrieved 10 July 2019.

[agriculture-12] 12.0 ^12.1 ^12.2 ^12.3 ^12.4 ^12.5 ^12.6 "Agriculture". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 3 August 2019.

[Nutrition_And_Food_Security-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 ^13.3 "Nutrition And Food Security". in.one.un.org. Retrieved 10 July 2019.

[14] "Nutrition and malnutrition in india". Google Trends. Retrieved 16 February 2021.

[15] "Malnutrition in India and China". Google Trends. Retrieved 16 February 2021.

[gupta57-16] Gupta, page 57

[17] Nagarajan, Muniyandi; Nimisha, Koodali; Kumar, Satish. "Mitochondrial DNA Variability of Domestic River Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Populations: Genetic Evidence for Domestication of River Buffalo in Indian Subcontinent". PMC 4453062. PMID 25900921. doi:10.1093/gbe/evv067.

[18] Venkata, Boggavarapu; Rama Sharma, Visweswara Sita. The Study of Cow in Sanskrit Literature.

[19] Curry, Spice & All Things Nice: Dawn of History

[20] The Mystery of Curry

[21] "Coconut Oil History". rudanetrading.com.au. Retrieved 24 September 2019.

[22] Sauer, Jonathan D. (1993). Historical geography of crop plants : a select roster. Boca Raton u.a.: CRC Press. p. 17. ISBN 0849389011.

[23] "National Fruit". knowindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2 August 2019.

[24] "A Foodie's Guide to the History of Ghee". wisechoicemarket.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.

[25] "Farming in India". toppr.com. Retrieved 3 August 2019.

[Indian_food_history_.E2.80.93_spices_and_sugar_in_ancient_India-26] 26.0 ^26.1 ^26.2 ^26.3 "Indian food history – spices and sugar in ancient India". quatr.us. Retrieved 10 July 2019.

[Indian_Cooking-27] "Ancient Indian Cooking Methods". oureverydaylife.com. Retrieved 23 September 2019.

[ref61rozif-28] 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden, Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, Template:ISBN, ... Ancient varieties of okra can still be found growing wild from Ethiopia to the White Nile in Egypt, and this interesting food plant is believed to have originated in Ethiopia. In the absence of any ancient Indian names for it, modern botanists believe it found its way to India ... about AD 200 ...

[29] "FAMINE". theodora.com. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

[30] "THE MUSLIM PERIOD". cultural.maharashtra.gov.in. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

[scroll.in-31] "In parched Marathwada, farmers are finally turning away from water-intensive sugarcane". scroll.in. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

[32] DK. Timelines of History: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the Events That Shaped the World.

[33] "A Millennium of Monsoon Failures, Droughts and Famines". island.lk. Retrieved 17 June 2020.

[34] "Tamarindus indica L.". indiabiodiversity.org. Retrieved 20 September 2019.

[35] "TAMARIND: A HISTORY AND INSIGHT". herbies.com.au. Retrieved 20 September 2019.

[ref72rocoh-36] 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden, Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 126, Template:ISBN, .India, hot peppers were dispersed by the earliest explorers to the Iberian Peninsula ... being cultivated in India by the sixteenth century, with three varieties growing in India by 1542 ...

[37] Evolutionary Studies in World Crops: Diversity and Change in the Indian Subcontinent (Joseph Hutchinson ed.).

[Culinary_Terms-38] "Culinary Terms". indianetzone.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.

[39] Business India.

[acqastat14-40] India - History of Irrigation FAO - United Nations (2014)

[41] Nitin Aant, Gokhale (1998). The hot brew: the Assam tea industry's most turbulent decade, 1987–1997. Spectrum Publications. p. 4. ISBN 978-81-85319-82-7.

[42] Vegetable Crops. New India Publishing. 1 January 2007. p. 209. ISBN 978-81-89422-41-7.

[Roy_2006_361-43] Roy 2006, p. 361

[igi-III-488-44] Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III 1907, p. 488

[fieldhouse1996-45] Fieldhouse 1996, p. 132 Quote: "In the later nineteenth century, there was a series of disastrous crop failures in India leading not only to starvation but to epidemics. Most were regional, but the death toll could be huge. Thus, to take only some of the worst famines for which the death rate is known, some 800,000 died in the North West Provinces, Punjab, and Rajasthan in 1837–38; perhaps 2 million in the same region in 1860–61; nearly a million in different areas in 1866–67; 4.3 million in widely spread areas in 1876–78, an additional 1.2 million in the North West Provinces and Kashmir in 1877–78; and, worst of all, over 5 million in a famine that affected a large population of India in 1896–97. In 1899–1900 more than a million were thought to have died, conditions being worse because of the shortage of food following the famines only two years earlier. Thereafter the only major loss of life through famine was in 1943 under exceptional wartime conditions.(p. 132)"

[Famine_Crimes:_Politics_.26_the_Disaster_Relief_Industry_in_Africa-46] 46.0 ^46.1 De Waal, Alexander. Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa.

[47] TROTT, SANGEETA; SOPLE, VINOD V. BRAND EQUITY: AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE.

[48] "Parle". parleproducts.com. Retrieved 2 August 2019.

[pcomindia-49] M.H. Suryanarayana. "Nutritional Norms for Poverty: Issues and Implications" (PDF). Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. Retrieved 1 July 2019.

[Economic_Environment_of_Business_and_Environmental_Management-50] 50.0 ^50.1 Economic Environment of Business and Environmental Management.

[51] Sen, Amartya. Poverty and Famines: An Essay on Entitlement and Deprivation.

[52] Paul, Samuel. Managing Development Programs: The Lessons Of Success.

[Historical_perspective_of_food_management_in_India-53] 53.0 ^53.1 ^53.2 ^53.3 ^53.4 ^53.5 ^53.6 ^53.7 ^53.8 "Historical perspective of food management in India". fao.org. Retrieved 10 July 2019.

[54] "A Tandoor Oven Brings India's Heat to the Backyard". nytimes.com. Retrieved 20 September 2019.

[IRRIGATION_IN_INDIA-55] 55.0 ^55.1 "IRRIGATION IN INDIA". fao.org. Retrieved 10 July 2019.

[TECHNICAL_CHANGE_IN_AGRICULTURE-56] 56.0 ^56.1 ^56.2 ^56.3 "TECHNICAL CHANGE IN AGRICULTURE, 1952–2000". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 3 August 2019.

[57] "Satyajit Ray was not apolitical, says Aparna Sen". business-standard.com. Retrieved 3 August 2019.

[Livestock_and_Poultry-58] 58.0 ^58.1 ^58.2 ^58.3 ^58.4 "Livestock and Poultry". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 3 August 2019.

[The_Pearson_General_Studies_Manual_2009.2C_1.2Fe-59] Thorpe, Edgar; Thorpe, Showick. The Pearson General Studies Manual 2009, 1/e.

[60] "Food Production, History Of". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 10 July 2019.

[61] "An overview of sunflower in India". krishisewa.com. Retrieved 24 September 2019.

[hindustant-62] 62.0 ^62.1 "India largest milk producing nation in 2010-11: NDDB". Hindustan Times. 2011-12-20. Archived from the original on 2012-10-06. Retrieved 2012-09-09.

[Katar-63] Katar Singh. Rural Development: Principles, Policies and Management. ISBN 81-7036-773-5. Retrieved 24 April 2017.

[Dairy_Development_In_India-64] Venkatasubramanian, V.; Singh, A.K.; Rao, S. V. N. Dairy Development In India: An Appraisal Of Challenges And Achievements.

[65] "From Here To Eternity". bonn.in. Retrieved 2 August 2019.

[Crops-66] 66.0 ^66.1 "Crops". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 3 August 2019.

[gulati15-67] Gulati, 15

[Fishing-68] "Fishing". countrystudies.us. Retrieved 3 August 2019.

[Review_Article_Open_Access_A_Comparative_Study_of_Nutritional_Status_in_Government_vs._Private_School_Children-69] "Review Article Open Access A Comparative Study of Nutritional Status in Government vs. Private School Children". omicsonline.org. Retrieved 8 August 2019.

[70] "Fabindia acquires a 40% stake in Organic India". economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 3 August 2019.

[fao1a-71] "Rapid growth of select Asian economies". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2009.

[72] "Brief history of wheat improvement in India". Directorate of Wheat Research, ICAR India. 2011.

[73] "Sameer Mehra". events.vccircle.com. Retrieved 3 August 2019.

[NFHS-3_adult-74] "NFHS-3 Nutritional Status of Adults". Retrieved 2009-11-26.

[75] Rieff, David (11 October 2009). "India's Malnutrition Dilemma". Source: The New York Times 2009. Retrieved 2011-09-20.

[76] "nfsm". nfsm.gov. Retrieved 10 July 2019.

[nytagriculture-77] Sengupta, Somini (22 June 2008). "The Food Chain in Fertile India, Growth Outstrips Agriculture". New York Times. Retrieved 23 April 2010.

[fao2009-78] 78.0 ^78.1 "Country Rank in the World, by commodity". Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 2011.

[79] These are food and agriculture classification groups. For definition with list of botanical species covered under each classification, consult FAOSTAT of the United Nations; Link: http://faostat.fao.org/site/384/default.aspx

[autogenerated2-80] 80.0 ^80.1 "Annual Report" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-07-21. Retrieved 2015-12-20.

[81] "India in grip of obesity epidemic". The Times of India. 12 November 2010. Retrieved 14 February 2012.

[wbirrig-82] Agricultural irrigated land (% of total agricultural land) The World Bank (2013)

[Singh2009-83] Singh, Roopam; Sengupta, Ranja (2009). "EU FTA and the Likely Impact on Indian Women Executive Summary." Centre for Trade and Development and Heinrich Boell Foundation.

[84] "India's horticulture output at a record high, despite drought and freak rains". livemint.com. Retrieved 2 August 2019.

[85] "Superpower? 230 million Indians go hungry daily". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019.

[lmhort-86] 86.0 ^86.1 Deficit rains spare horticulture, record production expected Livemint, S Bera, Hindustan Times (January 19, 2015)

[87] "National Food Security Act" (PDF). PRS Legislative Research.

[88] "Press Information Bureau". Retrieved 5 January 2018.

[89] "Food Security Act To Be Implemented From July 5". BTVI.in. Retrieved 3 August 2019.

[Agriculture_in_India:_Information_About_Indian_Agriculture_.26_Its_Importance-90] 90.0 ^90.1 ^90.2 ^90.3 ^90.4 ^90.5 "Agriculture in India: Information About Indian Agriculture & Its Importance". ibef.org. Retrieved 10 July 2019.

[faostat.fao.org-91] "FAOSTAT, 2014 data". Faostat.fao.org. Retrieved 2011-09-17.

[92] Shridhar, Krithiga; Dhillon, Preet Kaur; Bowen, Liza; Kinra, Sanjay; Venkatsubbareddy Bharathi, Ankalmadugu; Prabhakaran, Dorairaj; Srinath Reddy, Kolli; Ebrahim, Shah. "Nutritional profile of Indian vegetarian diets – the Indian Migration Study (IMS)". PMC 4055802. PMID 24899080. doi:10.1186/1475-2891-13-55. Retrieved 5 September 2019.

[93] "Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana". india.gov.in. Retrieved 2 August 2019.

[94] "India has highest number of deaths of children under five". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 8 August 2019.

[95] "9 of 10 Indians lack adequate protein, Mumbaikars score high". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 5 September 2019.

[96] "Farmers Commission". Archived from the original on 11 May 2010. Retrieved 23 November 2009.

[WTTCBenchmark-97] "BENCHMARK REPORT 2017 – INDI" (PDF). World Travel and Tourism Council. Retrieved 11 April 2018.

[98] "2015 Global Hunger Index Report" (PDF). International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).

[99] "India ranks 103 on global hunger index". economictimes.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 1 July 2019.

[100] Rakshit, Ishita Ayan Dutt & Avishek (18 April 2019). "Goodricke parent Camellia becomes the world's largest private tea producer" – via Business Standard.

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@@ Line 88: / Line 88: @@
 {| class="sortable wikitable"
-! Year !! Category !! Event type !! Details !!
+! Year !! Category !! Event type !! Details
 |-
 | 9000 BC || Food || Production || Indian agriculture arguably begins by this time as a result of early cultivation of plants, and domestication of crops and animals.<ref name="gupta57">Gupta, page 57</ref> ||
 |-
-| 3000 BC || Food || Production || The {{w|water buffalo}} (''Bubalus bubalis'') is domesticated by Indians possibly around this time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Muniyandi |last2=Nimisha |first2=Koodali |last3=Kumar |first3=Satish |title=Mitochondrial DNA Variability of Domestic River Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Populations: Genetic Evidence for Domestication of River Buffalo in Indian Subcontinent |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv067 |pmid=25900921 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453062/ |pmc=4453062}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Venkata |first1=Boggavarapu |last2=Rama Sharma |first2=Visweswara Sita |title=The Study of Cow in Sanskrit Literature |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mFMqAAAAYAAJ&q=3000+BC+The+buffalo+(the+river+type)+is+domesticated+by+Indians&dq=3000+BC+The+buffalo+(the+river+type)+is+domesticated+by+Indians&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEoojvreTjAhVDK7kGHb_SACkQ6AEINjAC}}</ref> ||
+| 3000 BC || Food || Production || The {{w|water buffalo}} (''Bubalus bubalis'') is domesticated by Indians possibly around this time.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Nagarajan |first1=Muniyandi |last2=Nimisha |first2=Koodali |last3=Kumar |first3=Satish |title=Mitochondrial DNA Variability of Domestic River Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) Populations: Genetic Evidence for Domestication of River Buffalo in Indian Subcontinent |doi=10.1093/gbe/evv067 |pmid=25900921 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4453062/ |pmc=4453062}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Venkata |first1=Boggavarapu |last2=Rama Sharma |first2=Visweswara Sita |title=The Study of Cow in Sanskrit Literature |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mFMqAAAAYAAJ&q=3000+BC+The+buffalo+(the+river+type)+is+domesticated+by+Indians&dq=3000+BC+The+buffalo+(the+river+type)+is+domesticated+by+Indians&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEoojvreTjAhVDK7kGHb_SACkQ6AEINjAC}}</ref> || [[File:Two water buffaloes bathing at sunset.jpg|thumb|center|130px|Water buffaloes]]
 |-
 | 3000 BC || Food || Production || {{w|Turmeric}}, {{w|cardamom}}, {{w|black pepper}} and [[w:Mustard plant|mustard]] are harvested in India.<ref>[http://www.menumagazine.co.uk/book/dawnofhistory.html Curry, Spice & All Things Nice: Dawn of History<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[http://www.slate.com/articles/life/food/2013/01/indus_civilization_food_how_scientists_are_figuring_out_what_curry_was_like.html The Mystery of Curry]</ref> ||
@@ Line 102: / Line 102: @@
 | 2000 BC || Food || Introduction || Ragi (''{{w|Eleusine coracana}}'') is introduced from {{w|Africa}} to India around this time.<ref name="The Story of Our Food">{{cite book |last1=Achaya |first1=K.T. |title=The Story of Our Food |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=bk9RHRCqZOkC&pg=PA21&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2000 BC–1800 BC || Food || Origin || {{w|Ghee}} is invented in the northeast corner of the {{w|Indian subcontinent}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Foodie's Guide to the History of Ghee |url=https://www.wisechoicemarket.com/blog/a-foodies-guide-to-the-history-of-ghee/ |website=wisechoicemarket.com |accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> ||
+| 2000 BC–1800 BC || Food || Origin || {{w|Ghee}} is invented in the northeast corner of the {{w|Indian subcontinent}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Foodie's Guide to the History of Ghee |url=https://www.wisechoicemarket.com/blog/a-foodies-guide-to-the-history-of-ghee/ |website=wisechoicemarket.com |accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> || [[File:Butterschmalz-3.jpg|thumb|center|130px|{{w|Ghee}}]]
 |-
 | 500 BC || Food || Origin || Indian farmers discover and begin farming many spices and {{w|sugarcane}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Farming in India |url=https://www.toppr.com/guides/geography/agriculture/farming-in-india/ |website=toppr.com |accessdate=3 August 2019}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 112: / Line 112: @@
 | 200 BC–101 BC || Food || Introduction || Emperor {{w|Ashoka}} popularizes vegetarian dishes as an alternative food source.<ref name="Indian Cooking">{{cite web |title=Ancient Indian Cooking Methods |url=https://oureverydaylife.com/ancient-indian-cooking-methods-12509984.html |website=oureverydaylife.com |accessdate=23 September 2019}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 100–500 AD || Food || Introduction || {{w|Okra}} (''Bhindi'' in Hindi), is introduced in India.<ref name="ref61rozif">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''... Ancient varieties of okra can still be found growing wild from Ethiopia to the White Nile in Egypt, and this interesting food plant is believed to have originated in Ethiopia. In the absence of any ancient Indian names for it, modern botanists believe it found its way to India ... about AD 200 ...''</ref> ||
+| 100–500 AD || Food || Introduction || {{w|Okra}} (''Bhindi'' in Hindi), is introduced in India.<ref name="ref61rozif">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''... Ancient varieties of okra can still be found growing wild from Ethiopia to the White Nile in Egypt, and this interesting food plant is believed to have originated in Ethiopia. In the absence of any ancient Indian names for it, modern botanists believe it found its way to India ... about AD 200 ...''</ref> || [[File:Hong Kong Okra Aug 25 2012.JPG|thumb|center|130px|{{w|Okra}}]]
 |-
 | 650 AD || Nutrition || Diet || {{w|Gupta Empire}}. Hindus begin to worship a Mother Goddess. Cows are sacred to her, so Hindus stop eating beef pretty much completely.<ref name="Indian food history – spices and sugar in ancient India"/> ||
@@ Line 122: / Line 122: @@
 | 1396 || Nutrition || Crisis || The {{w|Durga Devi famine}} breaks out as a very severe and prolonged famine lasting about twelve years until 1407,<ref>{{cite web |title=FAMINE |url=https://theodora.com/encyclopedia/f/famine.html |website=theodora.com |accessdate=17 June 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=THE MUSLIM PERIOD |url=https://cultural.maharashtra.gov.in/english/gazetteer/Poona/PART%20II/Chap%20(2)/Muslim%20Period.htm |website=cultural.maharashtra.gov.in |accessdate=17 June 2020}}</ref> affecting the [[w:Deccan Plateau|Deccan]] region.<ref name="scroll.in">{{cite web |title=In parched Marathwada, farmers are finally turning away from water-intensive sugarcane |url=https://scroll.in/article/759038/in-parched-marathwada-farmers-are-finally-turning-away-from-water-intensive-sugarcane |website=scroll.in |accessdate=17 June 2020}}</ref> Many thousand people die in {{w|Maharashtra}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=DK |title=Timelines of History: The Ultimate Visual Guide to the Events That Shaped the World |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=avLkDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA489&lpg=PA489&dq=Durga+Devi+famine&source=bl&ots=P0O07mSAe_&sig=ACfU3U1AnrUQm3cF4pNqYHT3B33gCTdDIA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiPtdPk3InqAhUZJrkGHa6QBkkQ6AEwEXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Durga%20Devi%20famine&f=false}}</ref> Overall, it is estimated that the famine killed millions of people.<ref>{{cite web |title=A Millennium of Monsoon Failures, Droughts and Famines |url=http://www.island.lk/2010/06/14/features2.html |website=island.lk |accessdate=17 June 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1400–1500 || Food || Introduction || {{w|Tamarind}} is introduced in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamarindus indica L. |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/31829 |website=indiabiodiversity.org |accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> It is one of the most popular sourcing agents in Indian and Asian cooking.<ref>{{cite web |title=TAMARIND: A HISTORY AND INSIGHT |url=https://www.herbies.com.au/general/tamarind-history-insight/ |website=herbies.com.au |accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> ||
+| 1400–1500 || Food || Introduction || {{w|Tamarind}} is introduced in India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tamarindus indica L. |url=https://indiabiodiversity.org/species/show/31829 |website=indiabiodiversity.org |accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> It is one of the most popular sourcing agents in Indian and Asian cooking.<ref>{{cite web |title=TAMARIND: A HISTORY AND INSIGHT |url=https://www.herbies.com.au/general/tamarind-history-insight/ |website=herbies.com.au |accessdate=20 September 2019}}</ref> || [[File:Tamarindus indica-flowers.jpg|thumb|center|140px|Tamarindus indica flowers]]
 |-
-| 1550 || Food || Introduction || {{w|Chili pepper}} (''Mirch'' in Hindi) is introduced in India by Portuguese traders.<ref name="ref72rocoh">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 126, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''.India, hot peppers were dispersed by the earliest explorers to the Iberian Peninsula ... being cultivated in India by the sixteenth century, with three varieties growing in India by 1542 ...''</ref> ||
+| 1550 || Food || Introduction || {{w|Chili pepper}} (''Mirch'' in Hindi) is introduced in India by Portuguese traders.<ref name="ref72rocoh">[https://books.google.com/books?id=ZfSmSmC0WhMC 75 Exciting Vegetables For Your Garden], Jack E. Staub, Ellen Buchert, Gibbs Smith, 2005, pp. 126, {{ISBN|9781586852504}}, ''.India, hot peppers were dispersed by the earliest explorers to the Iberian Peninsula ... being cultivated in India by the sixteenth century, with three varieties growing in India by 1542 ...''</ref> || [[File:Madame Jeanette and other chillies.jpg|thumb|center|130px|{{w|Chili pepper}}s]]
 |-
 | 1615–1619 || Food || Production || {{w|Potato}} in India is first mentioned in an account of the voyage of English chaplain [[w:Edward Terry (author)|Edward Terry]], who writes: "In the northernmost part of this empire they have a variety of pears and apples; everywhere good roots as carrot, potatoes, and other like them...are grown".<ref>{{cite book |title=Evolutionary Studies in World Crops: Diversity and Change in the Indian Subcontinent |edition=Joseph Hutchinson |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=fe03AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=%22portuguese%22+%22potato%22+%22india%22+%221600..1699%22&source=bl&ots=VIhMzGUOrK&sig=ACfU3U1-SLpmVtcwNi4SXWR_jWTa4KZ65A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjnv4jr7qDkAhVcKrkGHdLjCecQ6AEwDXoECAcQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22portuguese%22%20%22potato%22%20%22india%22%20%221600..1699%22&f=false}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 136: / Line 136: @@
 | 1820s || Food || Production || The {{w|British East India Company}} begins large-scale production of tea in {{w|Assam}}, of a tea variety traditionally brewed by the {{w|Singpho people}}.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The hot brew: the Assam tea industry's most turbulent decade, 1987–1997|last=Nitin Aant|first=Gokhale|publisher=Spectrum Publications|year=1998|isbn=978-81-85319-82-7|location=|pages=4}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1822 || Food || Introduction || {{w|Cauliflower}} is first introduced in India, from {{w|England}} by the British.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vegetable Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mTUBjSyo_UC&pg=PA209|date=1 January 2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-41-7|pages=209}}</ref> ||
+| 1822 || Food || Introduction || {{w|Cauliflower}} is first introduced in India, from {{w|England}} by the British.<ref>{{cite book|title=Vegetable Crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-mTUBjSyo_UC&pg=PA209|date=1 January 2007|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-41-7|pages=209}}</ref> || [[File:Cauliflower.JPG|thumb|center|110px|{{w|Cauliflower}}]]
 |-
 | 1871 || Food || Organization || The {{w|Government of India}} creates the Department of Revenue, Agriculture and Commerce.<ref name="The british regime"/> ||

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