Difference between revisions of "Timeline of psychiatry"

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| 1859 || Book || French physician {{w|Paul Briquet}} publishes ''Traite Clinique et Therapeutique de L'Hysterie'', which presents 430 cases of hysterical patients at the Hôpital de la Charité in Paris.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massicotte |first1=Claudie |title=Trance Speakers: Femininity and Authorship in Spiritual Séances, 1850-1930 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lHLgDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=%22in+1859%22+%22briquet%22+Traite+Clinique+et+Therapeutique+de+L%27Hysterie&source=bl&ots=gh9rVu4Dyn&sig=K5PpPmF31p3rjlFt6fEqFFYPleA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRl_jfqaXdAhUCvJAKHbVWDxgQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201859%22%20%22briquet%22%20Traite%20Clinique%20et%20Therapeutique%20de%20L'Hysterie&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hysteria: The Rise of an Enigma |edition=J. Bogousslavsky |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_h84BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT31&lpg=PT31&dq=%22in+1859%22+%22briquet%22+Traite+Clinique+et+Therapeutique+de+L%27Hysterie&source=bl&ots=qyxXQ58vZV&sig=ZStb-0Hte13PR-hFCCgR4DRi0YI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRl_jfqaXdAhUCvJAKHbVWDxgQ6AEwAHoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201859%22%20%22briquet%22%20Traite%20Clinique%20et%20Therapeutique%20de%20L'Hysterie&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psychosomatic Medicine: 'The Puzzling Leap' |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/emotions/psychosomatic.html |website=nlm.nih.gov |accessdate=6 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
| 1859 || Book || French physician {{w|Paul Briquet}} publishes ''Traite Clinique et Therapeutique de L'Hysterie'', which presents 430 cases of hysterical patients at the Hôpital de la Charité in Paris.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Massicotte |first1=Claudie |title=Trance Speakers: Femininity and Authorship in Spiritual Séances, 1850-1930 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=lHLgDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA48&lpg=PA48&dq=%22in+1859%22+%22briquet%22+Traite+Clinique+et+Therapeutique+de+L%27Hysterie&source=bl&ots=gh9rVu4Dyn&sig=K5PpPmF31p3rjlFt6fEqFFYPleA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRl_jfqaXdAhUCvJAKHbVWDxgQ6AEwAXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201859%22%20%22briquet%22%20Traite%20Clinique%20et%20Therapeutique%20de%20L'Hysterie&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Hysteria: The Rise of an Enigma |edition=J. Bogousslavsky |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_h84BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT31&lpg=PT31&dq=%22in+1859%22+%22briquet%22+Traite+Clinique+et+Therapeutique+de+L%27Hysterie&source=bl&ots=qyxXQ58vZV&sig=ZStb-0Hte13PR-hFCCgR4DRi0YI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiRl_jfqaXdAhUCvJAKHbVWDxgQ6AEwAHoECAAQAQ#v=onepage&q=%22in%201859%22%20%22briquet%22%20Traite%20Clinique%20et%20Therapeutique%20de%20L'Hysterie&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Psychosomatic Medicine: 'The Puzzling Leap' |url=https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/emotions/psychosomatic.html |website=nlm.nih.gov |accessdate=6 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 
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| 1893 || || "German psychiatrist {{w|Emil Kraepelin}} clinically defined "dementia praecox", later reformulated as schizophrenia." ||
+
| 1893 || Field development || German psychiatrist {{w|Emil Kraepelin}} introduces the concept of "dementia praecox", later reformulated as schizophrenia.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Shorter |first1=Edward |last2=Fink |first2=Max |title=The Madness of Fear: A History of Catatonia |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=K_tdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA44&dq=%22in+1893%22+%22Kraepelin%22+%22dementia+praecox%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmvJfgzafdAhUDf5AKHeHQDk0Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201893%22%20%22Kraepelin%22%20%22dementia%20praecox%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shorter |first1=Edward |title=A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yJERDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269&dq=%22in+1893%22+%22Kraepelin%22+%22dementia+praecox%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmvJfgzafdAhUDf5AKHeHQDk0Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201893%22%20%22Kraepelin%22%20%22dementia%20praecox%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
|-
 
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| 1895 || Book || "Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer of Austria published {{w|Studies on Hysteria}}, based on the case of {{w|Bertha Pappenheim}} " ||
 
| 1895 || Book || "Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer of Austria published {{w|Studies on Hysteria}}, based on the case of {{w|Bertha Pappenheim}} " ||
 
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|-
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| 1900 || || Russian neurologist {{w|Vladimir Bekhterev}} discovers the involvement of the hippocampus in memory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Packer |first1=Sharon |title=Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nGaXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT170&dq=%22in+1900%22++Vladimir+Bekhterev++hippocampus+in+memory&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwif_JT4wKTdAhUBkZAKHZ-ZAMUQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201900%22%20%20Vladimir%20Bekhterev%20%20hippocampus%20in%20memory&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aggleton |first1=John P. |title=Looking beyond the hippocampus: old and new neurological targets for understanding memory disorders |pmid=24850926 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4046414/ |pmc=4046414}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vladimir Bekhterev, Soviet physiologist |url=https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/223837/view/vladimir-bekhterev-soviet-physiologist |website=sciencephoto.com |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
+
| 1900 || Field development || Russian neurologist {{w|Vladimir Bekhterev}} discovers the involvement of the hippocampus in memory.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Packer |first1=Sharon |title=Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nGaXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT170&dq=%22in+1900%22++Vladimir+Bekhterev++hippocampus+in+memory&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwif_JT4wKTdAhUBkZAKHZ-ZAMUQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201900%22%20%20Vladimir%20Bekhterev%20%20hippocampus%20in%20memory&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Aggleton |first1=John P. |title=Looking beyond the hippocampus: old and new neurological targets for understanding memory disorders |pmid=24850926 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4046414/ |pmc=4046414}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vladimir Bekhterev, Soviet physiologist |url=https://www.sciencephoto.com/media/223837/view/vladimir-bekhterev-soviet-physiologist |website=sciencephoto.com |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1901 || Field development || German psychiatrist {{w|Alois Alzheimer}} identifies the first case of what would later become known as {{w|Alzheimer's disease}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pharmacological Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Therapeutics |edition=A. Claudio Cuello |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=EUsHBn84NBEC&pg=PA1&dq=%22in+1901%22+%22alois+alzheimer%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTxMn43aTdAhXBTJAKHaO3DTAQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201901%22%20%22alois%20alzheimer%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Akbar |first1=Celestina |title=Alzheimer's Disease: a Growing Health Care Issue Among the Elderly |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_ZWLAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&dq=%22in+1901%22+%22alois+alzheimer%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTxMn43aTdAhXBTJAKHaO3DTAQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201901%22%20%22alois%20alzheimer%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alois Alzheimer Biography |url=https://www.biography.com/people/alois-alzheimer-21216461 |website=biography.com |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 
| 1901 || Field development || German psychiatrist {{w|Alois Alzheimer}} identifies the first case of what would later become known as {{w|Alzheimer's disease}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pharmacological Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Therapeutics |edition=A. Claudio Cuello |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=EUsHBn84NBEC&pg=PA1&dq=%22in+1901%22+%22alois+alzheimer%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTxMn43aTdAhXBTJAKHaO3DTAQ6AEIPDAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201901%22%20%22alois%20alzheimer%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Akbar |first1=Celestina |title=Alzheimer's Disease: a Growing Health Care Issue Among the Elderly |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_ZWLAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA28&dq=%22in+1901%22+%22alois+alzheimer%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjTxMn43aTdAhXBTJAKHaO3DTAQ6AEINjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201901%22%20%22alois%20alzheimer%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Alois Alzheimer Biography |url=https://www.biography.com/people/alois-alzheimer-21216461 |website=biography.com |accessdate=5 September 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}

Revision as of 16:13, 6 September 2018

This is a timeline of psychiatry.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Ancient history Specialty in psychiatry can be traced in Ancient India, with the oldest texts on psychiatry including the ayurvedic text, Charaka Samhita.[1][2] Some of the first hospitals for curing mental illness are established during the 3rd century BCE.[3]
<18 century Until the 18th century, mental illness is most often seen as demonic possession. However, it gradually comes to be considered as a sickness requiring treatment. Many judge that modern psychiatry is born with the efforts of French physician Philippe Pinel in the late century.[4]
19th century Psychiatry gets its name as a medical specialty in the early 1800s. For the first century of its existence, the field concerns itself with severely disordered individuals confined to asylums or hospitals. These patients are generally psychotic, severely depressed or manic, or suffer conditions we would now recognize as medical: dementia, brain tumors, seizures, hypothyroidism, etc.[5] Research and teaching in psychiatry are dominated by the Germans for 100 years, until 1933.[6] Great contributions to the field occur in the late 19th century, when German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin emphasizes a systematic approach to psychiatric diagnosis and classification and Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who is familiar with neuropathology, developes psychoanalysis as a treatment and research approach.[4]
20th century Around the turn of the century, Sigmund Freud publishes theories on the unconscious roots of some of these less severe disorders, which he terms psycho-neuroses. Psychoanalysis is the dominant paradigm in outpatient psychiatry for the first half of the century. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, new medications begin to change the face of psychiatry.[5]
21st century Pharmaceutical innovation dries up in the 2000s, with no new classes of medication or blockbuster psychiatric drugs being discovered.[5]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Location
1656 Organization (hospital) "King Louis XIV of France founded Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris for prostitutes and the mentally defective." France
1672 "English physician Thomas Willis published the anatomical treatise De Anima Brutorum, describing psychology in terms of brain function." Unied Kingdom
1724 "After being plagued with guilt over the Salem Witch Trials, influential New England Puritan minister Cotton Mather broke with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses over demonic explanations" United States
1758 Book English physician William Battie publishes Treatise on Madness, likely the first English medical monograph devoted to madness.[7] United Kingdom
1793 Field development French physician Philippe Pinel in Paris begins what is then called “moral treatment and occupation”, as an approach to treating people with mental illness. Pinel believes that moral treatment means treating one’s emotions. Treatment for the mentally ill thus becomes based on purposeful daily activities. Pinel begins advocating for, and using, literature, music, physical exercise, and work as a way to “heal” emotional stress, thereby improving one’s ability to perform activities of daily living.[8] France
1808 – 1816 Field development German physician Johann Christian Reil coins the term psychiatry.[9][10][11][6] Germany
1809 Field development Philippe Pinel publishes the first description of dementia praecox (schizophrenia).
1812 Book American physician Benjamin Rush publishes Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind, which would become very influencial in the field of psychiatry for the next 70 years.[12][13] United States
1821 "The element lithium was first isolated from lithium oxide and described by English chemist William Thomas Brande."
1841 Organization (hospital) "What became the Royal College of Psychiatrists, then known as the Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane, was founded in England, receiving a royal charter in 1926." United Kingdom
1844 "The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII), the forerunner of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." United States
1845 "The Lunacy Act 1845 and the County Asylums Act 1845 were passed in England and Wales, leading to the setting up of the Lunacy Commission." United Kingdom
1851 "Dr. Samuel Cartwright, a prominent Louisiana physician and one of the leading authorities in his time on the medical care of Negroes, identified two mental disorders peculiar to slaves: Drapetomia, or the disease causing Negroes to run away; Dysaethesia Aethiopica which proposed a theory for the cause of laziness among slaves. Today, both are considered examples of scientific racism." United States
1852 Book French physician Bénédict Augustin Morel publishes Traite des Maladies Mentales, which introduces the term "dementia praecox".[14][15] France
1852 Field development French physician Charles Lasègue first describes paranoid dementia as "delusion of persecution".[14] France
1857 Book Bénédict Augustin Morel publishes Traité des Dégénérescences, which is considered a foundational text of the degeneration theory.[16][17][18] France
1859 Book French physician Paul Briquet publishes Traite Clinique et Therapeutique de L'Hysterie, which presents 430 cases of hysterical patients at the Hôpital de la Charité in Paris.[19][20][21] France
1893 Field development German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin introduces the concept of "dementia praecox", later reformulated as schizophrenia.[22][23] Germany
1895 Book "Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer of Austria published Studies on Hysteria, based on the case of Bertha Pappenheim "
1900 Field development Russian neurologist Vladimir Bekhterev discovers the involvement of the hippocampus in memory.[24][25][26] Russia
1901 Field development German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what would later become known as Alzheimer's disease.[27][28][29] Germany
1901 "Sigmund Freud published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life."
1905 Field development "French psychologists Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created the Binet-Simon Scale to assess intellectual ability, marking the start of standardized psychological testing."
1906 Field development Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov publishes the first studies in classical conditioning.[30][31] Russia
1908 Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler introduces the term Schizophrenia.[14]
1910 Organization Sigmund Freud founds the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), with Carl Jung as the first president, and Otto Rank as the first secretary.
1911 Organization The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) is founded.[32] United States
1913 Organization The British Psychoanalytical Society is founded by Ernest Jones.[33] United Kingdom
1913 Field development "Jacob L. Moreno pioneered Group Psychotherapy methods in Vienna, which emphasized spontaneity and interaction; they later became known as Psychodrama and Sociometry." Austria
1914 "Sigmund Freud published On Narcissism: An Introduction."
1917 "Sigmund Freud published Introduction to Psychoanalysis, and Mourning and Melancholia"
1920 Field development Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach develops the Rorschach Inkblot Test.[34]
1921 Book Sigmund Freud publishes Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego.
1923 Field development English neuroscientist Sir Henry Dale finds that acetylcholine can mimic the effect of the parasympathetic system.[35][36][37]
1924 Field development German neuropsychiatrist Hans Berger first describes Electroencephalography (EEG).[38][39][40] Germany
1924 Book "Otto Rank published The Trauma of Birth, coining the term "pre-Oedipal", causing Freud to break with him."
1926 "The Société Psychanalytique de Paris was founded with the endorsement of Sigmund Freud; the Nazis closed it in 1940."
1927 Austrian psychiatrist Manfred Sakel develops Insulin Shock Therapy as a treatment for psychosis.
1928 Indian Association for Mental Hygiene established.
1938 Italian neurologist Ugo Cerletti and Italian psychiatrist Dr. Lucio Bini discover Electroconvulsive Therapy. Italy
1942 Swiss psychiatrist Ludwig Binswanger founds Existential Therapy.
1944 Drug Ritalin (Methylphenidate) is synthesized.
1947 Organization The Indian Psychiatric Society is established. India
1948 "Lithium carbonate's ability to stabilize mood highs and lows in bipolar mood disorder (manic depression) was demonstrated by Australian psychiatrist John Cade, becoming the first effective medicine for the treatment of mental illness."
1949 Portuguese neurologist Antonio Moniz is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on Lobotomy.
1950s American psychologist Albert Ellis develops Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).[41]
1950 Organization The World Psychiatric Association is founded.
1952 The American Psychiatric Association publishes the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders United States
1952 Drug The first monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant iproniazid is discovered.
1953 "Nathaniel Kleitman of the U. of Chicago discovered Rapid eye movement sleep (REM), founding modern sleep research." United States
1954 James Olds and Peter Milner of McGill University discover the brain reward system. Canada
1954 Roger Sperry of Caltech begins split-brain research. United States
1954 Organization All India Institute of Mental Health is founded. India
1956 "Gregory Bateson, John Weakland, Donald deAvila Jackson, and {{|Jay Haley}} propose the double bind theory of schizophrenia, which regards it as stemming from situations where a person receives different or contradictory messages."
1957 Field development Swedish neuropharmacologist Arvid Carlsson, at the University of Lund, discovers that dopamine is one of the brain chemicals used to send signals between neurons.[42][43][44] Sweden
1957 The first tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), imipramine is discovered.
1958 "Aaron B. Lerner et al. of Yale University isolated the hormone melatonin, which was found to regulate the circadian rhythm."
1972 "American psychologist David Rosenhan published the Rosenhan experiment, a study challenging the validity of psychiatric diagnoses."
1973 Field development The American Psychiatric Association declassifies homosexuality as a mental disorder. United States
1960s Aaron T. Beck develops cognitive therapy.[45][41]
1960 Drug The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide, under the trade name Librium is introduced.
1982 "The National Mental Health Programme (NMHP) was launched in India." India
1983 Organization The European Psychiatric Association is founded.
1987 Prozac is released.[5]
1988 Organization The American Neuropsychiatric Association is founded. United States
1990s The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health declares the 1990s the Decade of the Brain "to enhance public awareness of the benefits to be derived from brain research."[5] United States
1990 "Use of the "blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) in MRI first discovered by Dr. Seiji Ogawa"
1991 "Kenneth Kwong successfully applied BOLD to image human brain activities with MRI"
1994 Drug "The appetite-suppressing hormone leptin was discovered."
2002 Organization The European Brain Council is founded in Brussels. Belgium

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by FIXME.

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See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ Andrew Scull. Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness: An A-to-Z Guide, Volume 1. Sage Publications. p. 386. 
  2. ↑ David Levinson; Laura Gaccione (1997). Health and Illness: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 42. 
  3. ↑ Koenig, Harold G. (2009). Faith and Mental Health: Religious Resources for Healing. Templeton Foundation Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-59947-078-8. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Psychiatry". britannica.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "A brief history of psychiatry". stevenreidbordmd.com. Retrieved 4 September 2018. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac". ps.psychiatryonline.org. Retrieved 4 September 2018. 
  7. ↑ "William Battie's Treatise on Madness (1758)" (PDF). cambridge.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018. 
  8. ↑ "History of Occupational Therapy". otnz.co.nz. Retrieved 5 September 2018. 
  9. ↑ "A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac". gun-violence.psychiatryonline.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018. 
  10. ↑ "From Madness to Mental Illness: History of Psychiatry 101". hystera.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018. 
  11. ↑ "Psychoanalysis". creativechess.wordpress.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018. 
  12. ↑ Neukrug, Edward S. The World of the Counselor: An Introduction to the Counseling Profession. 
  13. ↑ Encyclopedia of Special Education, Volume 4: A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals (Cecil R. Reynolds, Kimberly J. Vannest, Elaine Fletcher-Janzen ed.). 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Literary Medicine: Brain Disease and Doctors in Novels, Theater, and Film (J. Bogousslavsky, S. Dieguez ed.). 
  15. ↑ Noll, Richard. The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders. 
  16. ↑ Foerster, Maxime. The Politics of Love: Queer Heterosexuality in Nineteenth-Century French Literature. 
  17. ↑ Heredity and Infection: The History of Disease Transmission (Jean-Paul Gaudilliére, Ilana Löwy ed.). 
  18. ↑ Schuster, Jean‐Pierre; Le Strat, Yann; Krichevski, Violetta; Bardikoff, Nicole; Limosin, Frédéric. "Benedict Augustin Morel (1809–1873)". 
  19. ↑ Massicotte, Claudie. Trance Speakers: Femininity and Authorship in Spiritual Séances, 1850-1930. 
  20. ↑ Hysteria: The Rise of an Enigma (J. Bogousslavsky ed.). 
  21. ↑ "Psychosomatic Medicine: 'The Puzzling Leap'". nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 6 September 2018. 
  22. ↑ Shorter, Edward; Fink, Max. The Madness of Fear: A History of Catatonia. 
  23. ↑ Shorter, Edward. A Historical Dictionary of Psychiatry. 
  24. ↑ Packer, Sharon. Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films. 
  25. ↑ Aggleton, John P. "Looking beyond the hippocampus: old and new neurological targets for understanding memory disorders". PMC 4046414Freely accessible. PMID 24850926. 
  26. ↑ "Vladimir Bekhterev, Soviet physiologist". sciencephoto.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018. 
  27. ↑ Pharmacological Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Therapeutics (A. Claudio Cuello ed.). 
  28. ↑ Akbar, Celestina. Alzheimer's Disease: a Growing Health Care Issue Among the Elderly. 
  29. ↑ "Alois Alzheimer Biography". biography.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018. 
  30. ↑ Coon, Dennis; Mitterer, John. Psychology: A Journey. 
  31. ↑ "Psychology - 1". quizlet.com. Retrieved 6 September 2018. 
  32. ↑ "American Psychoanalytic Association". apsa.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018. 
  33. ↑ Biographical Dictionary of Psychology (Noel Sheehy, Antony J. Chapman, Wenday A. Conroy ed.). 
  34. ↑ Fernandez-Ballesteros, Rocio. Encyclopedia of Psychological Assessment. 
  35. ↑ Erling, Norrby. Nobel Prizes And Notable Discoveries. 
  36. ↑ Kudo, Takashi; Davis, Kenneth L.; Blesa Gonzalez, Rafael; Wilkinson, David George. Practical Pharmacology for Alzheimer’s Disease. 
  37. ↑ Velpandian, Thirumurthy. Pharmacology of Ocular Therapeutics. 
  38. ↑ Encyclopedia of Behavioral Neuroscience. 
  39. ↑ Libenson, Mark H. Practical Approach to Electroencephalography E-Book. 
  40. ↑ Luders, Hans O. Textbook of Epilepsy Surgery. 
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy". simplypsychology.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018. 
  42. ↑ Yeragani, Vikram K.; Tancer, Manuel; Chokka, Pratap; Baker, Glen B. "Arvid Carlsson, and the story of dopamine". 
  43. ↑ Doidge, Norman. The Brain's Way of Healing: Remarkable Discoveries and Recoveries from the Frontiers of Neuroplasticity. 
  44. ↑ Kennedy, Michael. A Brief History of Disease, Science, and Medicine: From the Ice Age to the Genome Project. 
  45. ↑ "HISTORY OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY". beckinstitute.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018. 
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