Timeline of hemophilia

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This is a timeline of hemophilia, describing important events in the development of the field.

Big picture

Time period Development summary.
Ancient times Hemophilia is recognized, though not named.[1]
19th century While the history of hemophilia dates back to the 2nd century AD, a modern description of hemophilia appears only at the beginning of the 19th century.[2] Hemophilia figures prominently in the history of European royalty in the 19th and following century. Britain's Queen Victoria, through two of her five daughters (Princess Alice and Princess Beatrice), passes the mutation to various royal houses across the continent, including the royal families of Spain, Germany and Russia.[3]
20th century Until the early 1900s, there is no way to store blood for hemophiliacs so they are generally given a transfusion from a family member if they have suffered a trauma. At this point, the life expectancy for boys with hemophilia is around 13 years old. Some of the early treatments include lime, bone marrow, oxygen, thyroid gland, hydrogen peroxide or gelatin. In the 1930s, snake venom is used to help blood clotting. Hospital-based plasma transfusions are common treatments for hemophiliacs in the late 1920s and continue until the 1950s. The different factor deficiencies are distinguished in the 1950s and 1960s. By 1960, the life expectancy of a person with severe hemophilia rises to just under 20 years old. By the 1970s, freeze-dried powder formulas of factor VIII and IX become readily available, which means hemophiliacs are able to self-administer the factor in their own homes. In the 1980s, the rise of HIV and AIDS leads to many people with hemophilia dying of AIDS and becoming HIV positive through contaminated blood products. Hemophiliacs are also at a high risk of contracting hepatitis C until blood screening is introduced in 1992.[4] In the 1990s, modern treatment, using safer factor concentrates, again improves the outlook of hemophilia.[1]
21st century New recombinant factors not containing contain human or animal plasma are introduced in the early 2000s, lessening the chance of allergic reactions. Currently, researchers are working on ways of correcting the mutated gene using viruses as vehicles to deliver corrected factor IX genes.[4]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Location
2nd century AD Field development The first written reference to a bleeding disorder appears in the Babylonian Talmud.[5][1]
12th century Treatment Arab physician Albucasis authors the first written reference to hemophilia treatment.[1][5]
1803 Field development American physician John Conrad Otto from Philadelphia publishes a paper about a familial bleeding disorder that only affects male members.[4][1] United States
1828 Field development Friedrich Hopff at the University of Zurich writes the word hemophilia in a description of the condition.[4][1][6] Switzerland
1840 Treatment The first successful blood transfusion in a hemophilic boy is conducted.[5]
1901 Treatment The United States Surgeon General’s Catalogue lists lime, inhales oxygen and the use of thyroid gland or bone marrow, or hydrogen peroxide or gelatin, as treatments for hemophilia.[7] United States
1920 Field development Factor I deficiency is first described.[7]
1925–1930 Treatment Hospital-based plasma transfusions become common treatments for hemophiliacs.[4]
1926 Field development Finnish physician Erik von Willebrand publishes a paper describing what he calls “pseudohemophilia”, a bleeding disorder affecting men and women equally. It would later named {w|Von Willebrand disease}}.[7]
1930 Field development Scientists learn how to separate blood into its major parts, plasma and red cells.[8]
1934 Treatment Snake venom is used to help blood clotting.[4][5]
1936 Treatment The first plasma treatment for hemophilia is conducted.[5]
1937 Treatment Drs Patek and Taylor, at Harvard, find they could correct the clotting problem by adding a substance coming from the plasma in blood. This is called anti-hemophilic globulin.[1] United States
1930s Field development Doctors look at defective platelets as the likely cause of hemophilia.[1]
1944 Field development Argentine physician Alfredo Pavlovsky shows in a lab test that blood from one hemophiliac could correct the clotting problem in a second hemophiliac and vice-versa.[9] Argentina
1946 Field development American biochemist Edwin Joseph Cohn describes the later called Cohn process, by which human plasma may be separated into five fractions.[5][10] United States
1947 Field development Alfredo Pavlovsky discovers two types of hemophilia (A and B).[4] Argentina
1948 Organization The U.S. National Hemophilia Foundation (NHF) opens as The Hemophilia Foundation, Inc.[7] United States
1940s Factors II and V deficiency are identified.[7]
1940s Treatment Whole blood transfusions start being given at hospitals.[7]
1952 Field development Hemophilia A and hemophilia B are recognized as two distinct diseases.[1]
1952 Field development Factor IX is identified in a patient with hemophilia B.[7][6]
1955 Treatment The first infusions of factor VIII in plasma form are performed.[7]
1957 Field development Researchers in Sweden identify Von Willebrand factor as the cause of Von Willebrand disease.[7] Sweden
1958 Treatment Prophylaxis for hemophilia A is first used.[7]
1955–1965 Treatment Hemophiliacs are treated with whole blood or fresh plasma.[1]
1960s The clotting factors are identified and named.[1]
1960 The life expectancy of a person with severe hemophilia rises to just under 20 years old.[4]
1961 Treatment Factor VIII concentrates are first used.[5]
1964 Field development An article published in Nature describes the clotting process in detail. The interaction of the different factors in blood clotting is named coagulation cascade.[1]
1965 Field development Dr. Judith Graham Pool from Stanford University discovers a process of freezing and thawing plasma to get a layer of factor-rich plasma (cryoprecipitate).[8] Graham Pool discovers that the cryoprecipitate left from thawing plasma is high in factor VIII. This could be infused to control heavy bleeding allowing blood banks to produce and store large amounts for use in surgical procedures for hemophiliacs.[4] United States
1968 Treatment The first factor VIII concentrate becomes available.[7]
1965–1975 Treatment Concentrates containing factor IX begin to be available.[1]
1974 Literature (book) Living with Haemophilia, by Peter Jones, is published.[11]
1977 Treatment Desmopressin is identified to treat mild hemophilia and von Willebrand disease.[7]
1970s Treatment Primary prophylaxis therapy experiments begin.[7]
1970s Treatment Freeze-dried plasma-derived factor concentrates become available.[7]
1982 Field development The United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reports first AIDS cases among people with hemophilia.[7]
1984 Treatment First heat-treated factor VIII concentrates become available.[5][5]
1985 Treatment The first inactivated factor concentrates become available.[7][12]
1985 Treatment The first SD-treated factor VIII concentrates become available.[5][5]
1988 Treatment The first high purity factor VIII concentrates become available.[5][5]
1980s Field development Factor VIII, factor IX and von Willebrand factor genes are cloned.[7]
1991 Literature (book) Raising a Child with Hemophilia: A Practical Guide for Parents, by Laureen A. Kelley, is published.[13]
1992 Field development Blood screening is introduced. Prior to this, hemophiliacs were at a high risk of contracting hepatitis C and other diseases.[4]
1992 Treatment The first recombinant factor VIII product is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration.[7][4][5] United States
1995 Treatment Prophylaxis starts being used as a preventive treatment for children.[7][4]
1997 Treatment The first recombinant factor IX product is approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration.[7] United States
1997 Treatment A bypassing agent is developed, offering patients an alternative product to help stop bleeds and joint damage.[7]
1998 Medical development First human gene therapy trials begin.[7]
2005 Literature (book) Textbook of Hemophilia, by Erik E. Berntorp, is published.[14]
2007 Literature (book) Haemophilia and Haemostasis: A Case-based Approach to Management, by Harold R. Roberts, is published.[15]
2008 Literature (book) Hemophilia, by Michelle Raabe, is published.[16]
2009 Treatment The United States Food and Drug Administration approves RiaSTAP to treat factor I deficiency.[7] United States
2011 Treatment The United States Food and Drug Administration approves Corifact to treat factor XIII deficiency.[7] United States
2011 Literature (book) The Bleeding Disease: Hemophilia and the Unintended Consequences of Medical Progress, by Stephen Pemberto, is published.[17]
2012 Literature (book) Hemophilia and Hemostasis: A Case-Based Approach to Management, by Harold R. Roberts, Miguel A. Escobar and Alice D. Ma, is published.[18]
2016 Literature (book) Hemophilia: The Royal Disease, by Todd Eckdahl, is published.[19]

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See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 "History of hemophilia". hemophilia.ca. Retrieved 22 October 2018. 
  2. ↑ Franchini, M; Mannucci, PM. "The history of hemophilia.". PMID 24911674. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1381232. 
  3. ↑ "Hemophilia: "The Royal Disease"". hemophiliaprince.com. Retrieved 22 October 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 "A Brief History of Hemophilia Treatment". hemophilianewstoday.com. Retrieved 22 October 2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 Goss, Neil. Production of Plasma Proteins for Therapeutic Use.  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Production_of_Plasma_Proteins_for_Therapeutic_Use" defined multiple times with different content
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Rippe, James M. Encyclopedia of Lifestyle Medicine and Health. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 "HISTORY OF BLEEDING DISORDERS". hawaiinhf.org. Retrieved 22 October 2018. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 "The History of Hemophilia". hog.org. Retrieved 22 October 2018. 
  9. ↑ Hougie, Cecil. Thrombosis and Bleeding: An Era of Discovery. 
  10. ↑ Johnston, Anna; Adcock, Wayne. "The Use of Chromatography to Manufacture Purer and Safer Plasma Products". doi:10.1080/02648725.2000.10647987. 
  11. ↑ "Living with Haemophilia". Retrieved 18 November 2018. 
  12. ↑ "History of Bleeding Disorders". cohemo.org. Retrieved 3 January 2019. 
  13. ↑ "Raising a Child with Hemophilia: A Practical Guide for Parents". Retrieved 18 November 2018. 
  14. ↑ "Textbook of Hemophilia". Retrieved 18 November 2018. 
  15. ↑ "Haemophilia and Haemostasis: A Case-based Approach to Management". Retrieved 18 November 2018. 
  16. ↑ "Hemophilia". Retrieved 18 November 2018. 
  17. ↑ "The Bleeding Disease: Hemophilia and the Unintended Consequences of Medical Progress". Retrieved 18 November 2018. 
  18. ↑ "Hemophilia and Hemostasis: A Case-Based Approach to Management". Retrieved 18 November 2018. 
  19. ↑ "Hemophilia: The Royal Disease". Retrieved 18 November 2018. 
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