Timeline of malaria vaccine

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This is a timeline of malaria vaccine, attempting to describe its development. Efforts to develop effective vaccines span for more than six decades.[1]

Big picture

Year/period Key development
1940s-1984 Malaria immunization studies are conducted with aims at developing vaccines.[1]
1984 onward RTS,S, the first malaria vaccine candidate is developed.[2]
1995 onward RTS,S malaria vaccine candidate trials start to be conducted, mostly in Africa.[2]
Present time No effective malaria vaccine exists as of yet.[3]

Timeline

Year/period Type of event Event Location
1942 Immunology development Studies of inactivated sporozoite immunization show apparently beneficial effect of combining induction of cellular and humoral immune responses against malaria of domestic fowl.[1]
1950s Immunology development Research finds that immunization of chickens with a mix of asexual and sexual stages of plasmodium gallinaceum blocks parasite infectivity.[4]
1967 Immunology development Research on avian malaria shows that killed sporozoites as well as sporozoites inactivated with ultraviolet light can produce a partial immunity after injection into birds.[5][6] During the 1960s, the path to malaria vaccine development consolidates with immunization studies of mice with irradiated sporozoites, and posterior analyses of the mechanisms of immunity in this model.[1]
1970 Immunology development Research reveals immune cross protection against malaria in rodent systems.[7]
1983 Publication The first publications for cloning malaria antigens appear.[6]
1984 Program launch The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) and British pharmaceutical company GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) initiate collaboration to produce a malaria vaccine using GSK’s recombinant escherichia coli expression systems.[2][8]
1985 Immunology development Researchers find that immunization with processed fragments of called Merozoite surface protein-1 MSP-1 (one of the most studied of all malaria proteins) induce protective immune responses.[9]
1986-1987 Immunology development Team lead by Colombian Professor Manuel Elkin Patarroyo inoculates hundreds of aotus monkeys with experimental synthetic proteins designed to imitate bite of malaria proteins. By 1987 Patarroyo reportes in Nature that three particular synthetic proteins protect a significant proportion of monkeys. However, a carrier molecule used to present the peptides to the monkeys’ immune systems appears to damage the animals’ livers.[10] Colombia
1987 Vaccine development Researchers working at GlaxoSmithKline’s (GSK) laboratories, develop malaria vaccine candidate RTS,S (Mosquirix TM).[2] It is the first vaccine created by combining the malaria CS protein and hepatitis B surface antigen.[2] United Kingdom
1993 Vaccine development Study on multi-stage, multi-component malaria vaccine cocktail featuring pre-erythrocytic, blood, and sexual stage antigens gives favourable results, however, further clinical development of this approach would not be reported.[11]
1995 Vaccine development (trial) First RTS,S vaccine clinical tests in humans are conducted in adults in the United States.[2] United States
1997 Vaccine development (trial) RTS,S vaccine Key proof-of-concept (PoC) study shows 100% protection in 6 of 7 volunteers in challenge trial.[2]
1998 Vaccine development (trial) First RTS,S vaccine trials in Africa are conducted in Gambia.[2] Gambia
1999 Program launch The PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI) is established, with aims at accelerating the development of malaria vaccines and catalyzing timely access in endemic countries. [12][13] The program launches with a $50 million grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.[14]
2001 Organization The GSK/MVI partnership (GlaxoSmithKline and PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI)) initiates, with grants from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to PATH, with aims at developing RTS,S vaccine for infants and young children living in malaria-endemic regions in Sub-Saharan Africa."[2]
2003 Vaccine development (trial) RTS,S/AS02A malaria vaccine candidate phase IIb clinical trial is conducted in children from 1 to 4 years of age in Mozambique. The vaccine shows to be safe, immunogenic and efficacious, reducing plasmodium falciparum clinical malaria cases by 30% and episodes of severe disease by up to 58%. In addition, protection would appear to last for a 18 month follow‐up period.[15] Mozambique
2006 Program launch The Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap launches.[16][17]
2007 Publication Phase II results in African children and infants are published in The Lancet and The New England Journal of Medicine.[2]
2009-2014 Vaccine development (trial) RTS,S vaccine phase III study is launched in Kisumu, Kenya, in July, under the auspices of the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI)/CDC Research and Public Health Collaboration.[2][18] The trial would end in 2014, involving 15,459 infants and young children at 11 sites in seven African countries, being the largest malaria vaccine trial in Africa to date.[12][19] Burkina Faso, Gabon, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania
2011 Vaccine development (trial) RTS,S vaccine Phase III trials results, released in October, show that in children aged 5-17 months, vaccination with RTS,S reduce the risk of clinical malaria and severe malaria by 56% and 47%, respectively. However, further results released show the vaccine less effective in infants aged 6-12 weeks at first vaccination.[20] Africa
2013 Update The Malaria Vaccine Technology Roadmap (launched in 2006) is updated in November. The update represents a blueprint for second generation malaria vaccine development, including a new Vision, two new Strategic Goals and 13 priority activities.[16]
2014 Vaccine development (trial) Initial phase III result at 18 months of RTS,S trial introduction shows the vaccine efficacy of 46% in children and 27% among young infants against the clinical malaria.[21]
2015 Policy The Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) announces having adopted a positive scientific opinion for GSK’s malaria candidate vaccine RTS,S (Mosquirix TM), in children aged 6 weeks to 17 months.[2][22]
2016 Policy Following the opinion of the CHMP, The World Health organization recommends that the pilot implementations use the 4-dose schedule of the RTS,S/AS01 vaccine in 3–5 distinct epidemiological settings in sub-Saharan Africa, at subnational level, covering moderate-to-high transmission settings, with three doses administered to children between 5 and 9 months of age, followed by a fourth dose 15–18 months later.[12][22][22]

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Vaccines against malaria". royalsocietypublishing.org. Retrieved 18 April 2017. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 "Fact s heet: T he RTS,S malaria vaccine candidate (Mosquirix TM )" (PDF). Retrieved 17 April 2017. 
  3. ↑ "Current Obstacles to Development THE SCIENCE". nap.edu. Retrieved 24 April 2017. 
  4. ↑ "Transmission blocking malaria vaccines: Assays and candidates in clinical development". doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.08.073. Retrieved 25 April 2017. 
  5. ↑ "Protective Immunity produced by the Injection of X-irradiated Sporozoites of Plasmodium berghei". nature.com. Retrieved 18 April 2017. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Malaria Vaccine Design: Immunological Considerations". sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 18 April 2017. 
  7. ↑ Peters, Wallace. Antimalarial Drugs I: Biological Background, Experimental Methods, and Drug Resistance. Retrieved 19 April 2017. 
  8. ↑ Ripley Ballou, W.; Cahill, Conor P. "Two Decades of Commitment to Malaria Vaccine Development: Glaxosmithkline Biologicals". Retrieved 19 April 2017. 
  9. ↑ "Malaria vaccines 1985–2005: a full circle?" (PDF). columbia.edu. Retrieved 22 April 2017. 
  10. ↑ "One Colombian's Quest For A Malaria Vaccine". the-scientist.com. Retrieved 22 April 2017. 
  11. ↑ "Analysis of a Multi-component Multi-stage Malaria Vaccine Candidate—Tackling the Cocktail Challenge". plos.org. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0131456. Retrieved 25 April 2017. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 "Fact sheet: R TS,S malaria vaccine candidate (Mosquirix™)" (PDF). malariavaccine.org. Retrieved 17 April 2017. 
  13. ↑ "Malaria Vaccine Initiative". inyvax.eu. Retrieved 18 April 2017. 
  14. ↑ "PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative (MVI): Accelerating Malaria Vaccine Development". devex.com. Retrieved 25 April 2017. 
  15. ↑ "Towards an effective malaria vaccine". PMC 2066178Freely accessible. doi:10.1136/adc.2005.092551. Retrieved 25 April 2017. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals". who.int. Retrieved 17 April 2017. 
  17. ↑ "Malaria vaccine technology roadmap". doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62238-2. Retrieved 18 April 2017. 
  18. ↑ "Malaria Vaccine". cdc.gov. Retrieved 17 April 2017. 
  19. ↑ "Advances and challenges in malaria vaccine development". PMC 2994342Freely accessible. doi:10.1172/JCI44423. Retrieved 17 April 2017. 
  20. ↑ "Malaria and Malaria Vaccine Candidates". historyofvaccines.org. Retrieved 17 April 2017. 
  21. ↑ "Malaria Vaccine Development: Recent Advances alongside the Barriers". omicsonline.org. Retrieved 18 April 2017. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 "Questions and answers on RTS,S/ASO1 malaria vaccine". who.int. Retrieved 17 April 2017. 
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