Timeline of psychiatry
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This is a timeline of psychiatry.
Contents
Big picture
| Time period | Development summary |
|---|---|
| Ancient history | Specialty in psychiatry can be traced in Ancient India, with the oldest texts on psychiatry including the ayurvedic text, Charaka Samhita.[1][2] Some of the first hospitals for curing mental illness are established during the 3rd century BCE.[3] |
| <18 century | Until the 18th century, mental illness is most often seen as demonic possession. However, it gradually comes to be considered as a sickness requiring treatment. Many judge that modern psychiatry is born with the efforts of French physician Philippe Pinel in the late century.[4] |
| 19th century | Psychiatry gets its name as a medical specialty in the early 1800s. For the first century of its existence, the field concerns itself with severely disordered individuals confined to asylums or hospitals. These patients are generally psychotic, severely depressed or manic, or suffer conditions we would now recognize as medical: dementia, brain tumors, seizures, hypothyroidism, etc.[5] Research and teaching in psychiatry are dominated by the Germans for 100 years, until 1933.[6] Great contributions to the field occur in the late 19th century, when German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin emphasizes a systematic approach to psychiatric diagnosis and classification and Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who is familiar with neuropathology, developes psychoanalysis as a treatment and research approach.[4] |
| 20th century | Around the turn of the century, Sigmund Freud publishes theories on the unconscious roots of some of these less severe disorders, which he terms psycho-neuroses. Psychoanalysis is the dominant paradigm in outpatient psychiatry for the first half of the century. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, new medications begin to change the face of psychiatry.[5] |
| 21st century | Pharmaceutical innovation dries up in the 2000s, with no new classes of medication or blockbuster psychiatric drugs being discovered.[5] |
Full timeline
| Year | Event type | Details | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1656 | Organization (hospital) | "King Louis XIV of France founded Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris for prostitutes and the mentally defective." | France |
| 1672 | "English physician Thomas Willis published the anatomical treatise De Anima Brutorum, describing psychology in terms of brain function." | Unied Kingdom | |
| 1724 | "After being plagued with guilt over the Salem Witch Trials, influential New England Puritan minister Cotton Mather broke with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses over demonic explanations" | United States | |
| 1758 | "English physician William Battie published Treatise on Madness, calling for treatments to be utilized on rich and poor mental patients alike in asylums, helping make psychiatry a respectable profession." | United Kingdom | |
| 1793 | "French physician Philippe Pinel was appointed to Bicêtre Hospital in south Paris, ordering chains removed from mental patients, and founding Moral Treatment." | France | |
| 1809 | Philippe Pinel publishes the first description of dementia praecox (schizophrenia). | ||
| 1812 | "American physician Benjamin Rush became one of the earliest advocates of humane treatment for the mentally ill with the publication of Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind,[7] the first American textbook on psychiatry" | United States | |
| 1816 | Johann Reil coins the word "psychiatry".[6] | ||
| 1821 | "The element lithium was first isolated from lithium oxide and described by English chemist William Thomas Brande." | ||
| 1841 | Organization (hospital) | "What became the Royal College of Psychiatrists, then known as the Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane, was founded in England, receiving a royal charter in 1926." | United Kingdom |
| 1844 | "The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII), the forerunner of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." | United States | |
| 1845 | "The Lunacy Act 1845 and the County Asylums Act 1845 were passed in England and Wales, leading to the setting up of the Lunacy Commission." | United Kingdom | |
| 1851 | "Dr. Samuel Cartwright, a prominent Louisiana physician and one of the leading authorities in his time on the medical care of Negroes, identified two mental disorders peculiar to slaves: Drapetomia, or the disease causing Negroes to run away; Dysaethesia Aethiopica which proposed a theory for the cause of laziness among slaves. Today, both are considered examples of scientific racism." | United States | |
| 1852 | Book | French physician Bénédict Augustin Morel publishes {{w|Traite des Maladies Mentales}}. | France |
| 1857 | Book | "Bénédict Augustin Morel published Traité des Dégénérescences, promoting an understanding of mental illness based upon the theory of Degeneration, which became one of the most influential concepts in psychiatry for the rest of the century." | France |
| 1859 | Josef Breuer publishes Traite Clinique et Therapeutique de L'Hysterie. | ||
| 1893 | "German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin clinically defined "dementia praecox", later reformulated as schizophrenia." | ||
| 1895 | Book | "Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer of Austria published Studies on Hysteria, based on the case of Bertha Pappenheim " | |
| 1900 | "Russian neurologist Vladimir Bekhterev discovered the role of the hippocampus in memory." | ||
| 1901 | "German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identified the first case of what later became known as Alzheimer's disease." | ||
| 1901 | "Sigmund Freud published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life." | ||
| 1905 | "French psychologists Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created the Binet-Simon Scale to assess intellectual ability, marking the start of standardized psychological testing." | ||
| 1952 | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders | ||
| 1987 | Prozac is released.[5] | ||
| 1990s | The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health declares the 1990s the Decade of the Brain "to enhance public awareness of the benefits to be derived from brain research."[5] | United States |
Meta information on the timeline
How the timeline was built
The initial version of the timeline was written by FIXME.
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What the timeline is still missing
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See also
External links
References
- ↑ Andrew Scull. Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness: An A-to-Z Guide, Volume 1. Sage Publications. p. 386.
- ↑ David Levinson; Laura Gaccione (1997). Health and Illness: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 42.
- ↑ Koenig, Harold G. (2009). Faith and Mental Health: Religious Resources for Healing. Templeton Foundation Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-59947-078-8.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Psychiatry". britannica.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "A brief history of psychiatry". stevenreidbordmd.com. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac". ps.psychiatryonline.org. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
