Timeline of psychiatry
From Timelines
This is a timeline of psychiatry.
Contents
Big picture
| Time period | Development summary |
|---|---|
| Ancient history | Specialty in psychiatry can be traced in Ancient India, with the oldest texts on psychiatry including the ayurvedic text, Charaka Samhita.[1][2] Some of the first hospitals for curing mental illness are established during the 3rd century BCE.[3] |
| <18 century | Until the 18th century, mental illness is most often seen as demonic possession. However, it gradually comes to be considered as a sickness requiring treatment. Many judge that modern psychiatry is born with the efforts of French physician Philippe Pinel in the late century.[4] |
| 19th century | Psychiatry gets its name as a medical specialty in the early 1800s. For the first century of its existence, the field concerns itself with severely disordered individuals confined to asylums or hospitals. These patients are generally psychotic, severely depressed or manic, or suffer conditions we would now recognize as medical: dementia, brain tumors, seizures, hypothyroidism, etc.[5] Research and teaching in psychiatry are dominated by the Germans for 100 years, until 1933.[6] Great contributions to the field occur in the late 19th century, when German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin emphasizes a systematic approach to psychiatric diagnosis and classification and Austrian psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, who is familiar with neuropathology, developes psychoanalysis as a treatment and research approach.[4] |
| 20th century | Around the turn of the century, Sigmund Freud publishes theories on the unconscious roots of some of these less severe disorders, which he terms psycho-neuroses. Psychoanalysis is the dominant paradigm in outpatient psychiatry for the first half of the century. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, new medications begin to change the face of psychiatry.[5] |
| 21st century | Pharmaceutical innovation dries up in the 2000s, with no new classes of medication or blockbuster psychiatric drugs being discovered.[5] |
Full timeline
| Year | Event type | Details | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1656 | Organization (hospital) | "King Louis XIV of France founded Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris for prostitutes and the mentally defective." | France |
| 1672 | "English physician Thomas Willis published the anatomical treatise De Anima Brutorum, describing psychology in terms of brain function." | Unied Kingdom | |
| 1724 | "After being plagued with guilt over the Salem Witch Trials, influential New England Puritan minister Cotton Mather broke with superstition by advancing physical explanations for mental illnesses over demonic explanations" | United States | |
| 1758 | "English physician William Battie published Treatise on Madness, calling for treatments to be utilized on rich and poor mental patients alike in asylums, helping make psychiatry a respectable profession." | United Kingdom | |
| 1793 | "French physician Philippe Pinel was appointed to Bicêtre Hospital in south Paris, ordering chains removed from mental patients, and founding Moral Treatment." | France | |
| 1808 – 1816 | Field development | German physician Johann Christian Reil coins the term psychiatry.[7][8][9] | Germany |
| 1809 | Field development | Philippe Pinel publishes the first description of dementia praecox (schizophrenia). | |
| 1812 | Book | American physician Benjamin Rush publishes Medical Inquiries and Observations Upon Diseases of the Mind, which would become very influencial in the field of psychiatry for the next 70 years.[10][11] | United States |
| 1821 | "The element lithium was first isolated from lithium oxide and described by English chemist William Thomas Brande." | ||
| 1841 | Organization (hospital) | "What became the Royal College of Psychiatrists, then known as the Association of Medical Officers of Asylums and Hospitals for the Insane, was founded in England, receiving a royal charter in 1926." | United Kingdom |
| 1844 | "The Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII), the forerunner of the American Psychiatric Association (APA), was founded in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania." | United States | |
| 1845 | "The Lunacy Act 1845 and the County Asylums Act 1845 were passed in England and Wales, leading to the setting up of the Lunacy Commission." | United Kingdom | |
| 1851 | "Dr. Samuel Cartwright, a prominent Louisiana physician and one of the leading authorities in his time on the medical care of Negroes, identified two mental disorders peculiar to slaves: Drapetomia, or the disease causing Negroes to run away; Dysaethesia Aethiopica which proposed a theory for the cause of laziness among slaves. Today, both are considered examples of scientific racism." | United States | |
| 1852 | Book | French physician Bénédict Augustin Morel publishes Traite des Maladies Mentales, which introduces the term "dementia praecox".[12][13] | France |
| 1852 | French physician Charles Lasègue first describes paranoid dementia as "delusion of persecution".[12] | France | |
| 1857 | Book | Bénédict Augustin Morel publishes Traité des Dégénérescences, which is considered a foundational text of the degeneration theory.[14][15][16] | France |
| 1859 | Josef Breuer publishes Traite Clinique et Therapeutique de L'Hysterie. | ||
| 1893 | "German psychiatrist Emil Kraepelin clinically defined "dementia praecox", later reformulated as schizophrenia." | ||
| 1895 | Book | "Sigmund Freud and Josef Breuer of Austria published Studies on Hysteria, based on the case of Bertha Pappenheim " | |
| 1900 | Russian neurologist Vladimir Bekhterev discovers the involvement of the hippocampus in memory.[17][18][19] | Russia | |
| 1901 | "German psychiatrist Alois Alzheimer identified the first case of what later became known as Alzheimer's disease." | ||
| 1901 | "Sigmund Freud published The Psychopathology of Everyday Life." | ||
| 1905 | "French psychologists Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon created the Binet-Simon Scale to assess intellectual ability, marking the start of standardized psychological testing." | ||
| 1906 | "Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov published the first Conditioning studies." | Russia | |
| 1908 | Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler introduces the term Schizophrenia.[12] | ||
| 1910 | "Sigmund Freud founded the International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), with Carl Jung as the first president, and Otto Rank as the first secretary." | ||
| 1911 | "The American Psychoanalytic Association (APsaA) was founded." | United States | |
| 1913 | Organization | The British Psychoanalytical Society is founded by Ernest Jones. | United Kingdom |
| 1913 | "Jacob L. Moreno pioneered Group Psychotherapy methods in Vienna, which emphasized spontaneity and interaction; they later became known as Psychodrama and Sociometry." | Austria | |
| 1914 | "Sigmund Freud published On Narcissism: An Introduction." | ||
| 1917 | "Sigmund Freud published Introduction to Psychoanalysis, and Mourning and Melancholia" | ||
| 1920 | Field development | Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach develops the Rorschach Inkblot Test.[20] | |
| 1921 | Book | Sigmund Freud publishes Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego. | |
| 1923 | "German pharmacologist Otto Loewi and English neuroscientist Sir Henry Dale discovered Acetylcholine, the first neurotransmitter to be described, winning them the 1936 Nobel Prize." | ||
| 1924 | "German neuropsychiatrist Hans Berger discovered human Electroencephalography." | ||
| 1924 | Book | "Otto Rank published The Trauma of Birth, coining the term "pre-Oedipal", causing Freud to break with him." | |
| 1926 | "The Société Psychanalytique de Paris was founded with the endorsement of Sigmund Freud; the Nazis closed it in 1940." | ||
| 1927 | Austrian psychiatrist Manfred Sakel develops Insulin Shock Therapy as a treatment for psychosis. | ||
| 1928 | Indian Association for Mental Hygiene established. | ||
| 1938 | Italian neurologist Ugo Cerletti and Italian psychiatrist Dr. Lucio Bini discover Electroconvulsive Therapy. | Italy | |
| 1942 | Swiss psychiatrist Ludwig Binswanger founds Existential Therapy. | ||
| 1944 | Drug | Ritalin (Methylphenidate) is synthesized. | |
| 1947 | Organization | The Indian Psychiatric Society is established. | India |
| 1948 | "Lithium carbonate's ability to stabilize mood highs and lows in bipolar mood disorder (manic depression) was demonstrated by Australian psychiatrist John Cade, becoming the first effective medicine for the treatment of mental illness." | ||
| 1949 | Portuguese neurologist Antonio Moniz is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his work on Lobotomy. | ||
| 1950s | American psychologist Albert Ellis develops Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT).[21] | ||
| 1950 | Organization | The World Psychiatric Association is founded. | |
| 1952 | The American Psychiatric Association publishes the first Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders | United States | |
| 1952 | Drug | The first monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) antidepressant iproniazid is discovered. | |
| 1953 | "Nathaniel Kleitman of the U. of Chicago discovered Rapid eye movement sleep (REM), founding modern sleep research." | United States | |
| 1954 | James Olds and Peter Milner of McGill University discover the brain reward system. | Canada | |
| 1954 | Roger Sperry of Caltech begins split-brain research. | United States | |
| 1954 | Organization | All India Institute of Mental Health is founded. | India |
| 1956 | "Gregory Bateson, John Weakland, Donald deAvila Jackson, and {{|Jay Haley}} propose the double bind theory of schizophrenia, which regards it as stemming from situations where a person receives different or contradictory messages." | ||
| 1957 | Arvid Carlsson demonstrates that dopamine is a neurotransmitter in the brain. | ||
| 1957 | The first tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), imipramine is discovered. | ||
| 1958 | "Aaron B. Lerner et al. of Yale University isolated the hormone melatonin, which was found to regulate the circadian rhythm." | ||
| 1960s | Aaron T. Beck develops cognitive therapy.[22][21] | ||
| 1960 | Drug | The first benzodiazepine, chlordiazepoxide, under the trade name Librium is introduced. | |
| 1987 | Prozac is released.[5] | ||
| 1990s | The U.S. National Institute of Mental Health declares the 1990s the Decade of the Brain "to enhance public awareness of the benefits to be derived from brain research."[5] | United States |
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See also
External links
References
- ↑ Andrew Scull. Cultural Sociology of Mental Illness: An A-to-Z Guide, Volume 1. Sage Publications. p. 386.
- ↑ David Levinson; Laura Gaccione (1997). Health and Illness: A Cross-cultural Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 42.
- ↑ Koenig, Harold G. (2009). Faith and Mental Health: Religious Resources for Healing. Templeton Foundation Press. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-59947-078-8.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Psychiatry". britannica.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 "A brief history of psychiatry". stevenreidbordmd.com. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac". ps.psychiatryonline.org. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
- ↑ "A History of Psychiatry: From the Era of the Asylum to the Age of Prozac". gun-violence.psychiatryonline.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ↑ "From Madness to Mental Illness: History of Psychiatry 101". hystera.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ↑ "Psychoanalysis". creativechess.wordpress.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ↑ Neukrug, Edward S. The World of the Counselor: An Introduction to the Counseling Profession.
- ↑ Encyclopedia of Special Education, Volume 4: A Reference for the Education of Children, Adolescents, and Adults Disabilities and Other Exceptional Individuals (Cecil R. Reynolds, Kimberly J. Vannest, Elaine Fletcher-Janzen ed.).
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Literary Medicine: Brain Disease and Doctors in Novels, Theater, and Film (J. Bogousslavsky, S. Dieguez ed.).
- ↑ Noll, Richard. The Encyclopedia of Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders.
- ↑ Foerster, Maxime. The Politics of Love: Queer Heterosexuality in Nineteenth-Century French Literature.
- ↑ Heredity and Infection: The History of Disease Transmission (Jean-Paul Gaudilliére, Ilana Löwy ed.).
- ↑ Schuster, Jean‐Pierre; Le Strat, Yann; Krichevski, Violetta; Bardikoff, Nicole; Limosin, Frédéric. "Benedict Augustin Morel (1809–1873)".
- ↑ Packer, Sharon. Neuroscience in Science Fiction Films.
- ↑ Aggleton, John P. "Looking beyond the hippocampus: old and new neurological targets for understanding memory disorders". PMC 4046414
. PMID 24850926.
- ↑ "Vladimir Bekhterev, Soviet physiologist". sciencephoto.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ↑ Fernandez-Ballesteros, Rocio. Encyclopedia of Psychological Assessment.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 "Cognitive Behavioral Therapy". simplypsychology.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ↑ "HISTORY OF COGNITIVE BEHAVIOR THERAPY". beckinstitute.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
