Timeline of endocrinology

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This is a timeline of endocrinology.

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Time period Development summary
20th century The 1910s and 1920s is considered the era of purification of hormones. The 1930s is the era of steroid hormone discovery, the 1940s is the era of endocrine disease, description and therapeutic advances, the 1950s is the era of synthetic hormone production, the 1960s and 1970s is the era of releasing hormones and hormone receptor signaling pathways, 1980s is the era of peptide hormone gene cloning and advent of recombinant hormone therapy, the 1990s is the era of hormone and soluble factor production by many tissues.[1]
21st century The 2000s is the era of genetics and endocrine physiology and disease, the 2010s is the era of integration of endocrine physiology and pathophysiology.[1]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Location
1865 " French physiologist Claude Bernard (1813-1878). In 1865 Bernard published his landmark treatise “An Introduction to the Study of Experimental Medicine” in which he introduced the concept of “milieu interieur” (internal milieu) and the importance of endocrine systems in keeping this constant."[1]
1885 "Bernard, Claude (1813-1878), Claude Bernard invented the term ‘internal secretion’, showing that the body can both break down and build up, complex chemical substances"[2]
1895 "Adrenaline was the first hormone to be isolated."[2]
1901 "Takamine, Jokichi (1854-1922).Isolation of adrenaline in crystalline form from the adrenal medulla.The blood-pressure-raising principle of the suprarenal glands."[2]
1902 "Ernest Starling and William Bayliss isolated secretin, the first substance to be called a hormone."[2]
1902 "Pavlov developed a theory of nerve regulation of salivary and alimentary glands. He included the regulation of the pancreas in his theory."[2]
1904 "Bayliss and Starling developed the theory of hormonal control of internal secretion"[2]
1910 "Biedl, Artur (1869-1933), Biedl showed that the adrenal cortex is essential for life. His classic work shows the rapid development of the knowledge of endocrinology."[2]
1914 "biochemist Edward C. Kendall isolated thyroxine in crystalline form on Christmas Day, 1914."[1]
1915 "Cannon, Walter Bradford (1871-1945), Cannon showed the close connection between the endocrine glands and the emotions."[2]
1916 Organization The Endocrine Society is founded. It is a professional, international medical organization in the field of endocrinology and metabolism.[3] United States
1916 "1916: Treatment of Diabetes Mellitus by Elliott Joslin First Published"
1917 Literature (journal) Scientific journal Endocrinology is launched by the Endocrine Society.[4] United States
1920 "Human growth hormone is discovered by Evans and Long."[2]
1921 "Banting, Frederick & Mcleod, JJ & Best, Charles, The Canadians Banting, McLeod and Best succeeded in lowering the level of blood-sugar when they used insulin to control the carbohydrate metabolism."[2]
1923 Canadian medical scientist Frederick Banting and John Mcleod are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the discovery of insulin.[5]
1923 Organization The American Thyroid Association is founded.[6] It is a non-profit, all-volunteer professional organization with over 1,700 members from 43 countries around the world.[7] United States
1923 "Eli Lilly and Company and Nordisk Insulinlaboratorium began commercial production of insulin."[1]
1925 "James B. Collip (Society President, 1925-1926) isolated parathyroid hormone and with Leitch used in the treatment of tetany. Collip JB 1925 The extraction of a parathyroid hormone which will prevent or control parathyroid tetany and which regulates the level of blood calcium. Journal of Biological Chemistry 63 395–438."[1]
1926 British chemist Charles Harington successfully synthesizes thyroxine.[1][8][9] United Kingdom
1929 "Walter B. Cannon (Society President, 1921-1922) coins the term "homeostasis" for "same" and "steady". This important concept highlighted the critical role of negative feedback in governing endocrine physiology. "[1]
1929 "C.F. and G.T. Cori proposed the theory of the Cori Cycle. The Cori Cycle refers to the phases in the metabolism of carbohydrates in which muscles convert glycogen to lactic acid, which is carried by the blood to the liver where it is converted to glycogen then broken down to glucose that, in turn, is carried by the blood to muscles, where it is converted to glycogen and used as an energy source for muscular activity."[1]
1929 Scientific development Adolf Butenandt and American biochemist Edward Adelbert Doisy isolate estrone simultaneously but independently.[10][11][12][13] Germany, United States
1930 "In 1930, Bernardo Houssay (Society member) proved the diabetogenic effect of extracts from the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland."[1]
1931 Scientific development German biochemist Adolf Butenandt isolates the androgenic steroid androsterone.[14] Germany
1933 Scientific development American biologist Oscar Riddle and colleagues identify and isolate the pituitary hormone prolactin.[15][16][17] United States
1933 "Dr. Oscar Riddle (Society President, 1928-1929) and colleagues identified and assayed prolactin."[1]
1934 "1934: Surgical Correction of Primary Hyperparathyroidism, Fuller Albright

The report of the seventeen patients operated on for primary hyperparathyroidism published by Fuller Albright (Society President, 1946-1947) in 1934 was the largest series until then. The number of patients in that series diagnosed with primary hyperparathyroidism had been greatly expanded when Albright had the insight to measure serum calcium values in patients with kidney stones"[1] ||

1934 " Progesterone was isolated by Butenandt from the corpus luteum in 1934."[1]
1935 Dutch biochemist Ernst Laqueur in Amsterdam isolates testosterone, and determines its chemical structure.[18][19][20][14] Netherlands
1935 "1935: Discovery of Cortisone

The adrenocortical hormones, cortisone and cortisol, were discovered between 1935 and 1938. E.C. Kendall first isolated Compound E (later renamed cortisone) in 1935 from bovine adrenal glands along with a series of structurally related steroids (including cortisol, then named compound F) capable of improving muscular strength when administered to adrenalectomised rats or dogs"[1] ||

1937 Scientific development Ruzicka, Butendant and Hanisch synthesize testosterone from cholesterol.[18]
1939 "In 1939, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was divided equally between Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt "for his work on sex hormones"and Leopold Ruzicka "for his work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes""
1941 Literature (journal) The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology is launched.[21]
1942 "Klinefelter's syndrome was first described by Harry Klinefelter, Jr., Edward C. Reifenstein, Jr., and Fuller Albright, Jr. (Society president, 1946-1947), in their article, "Syndrome Characterized by Gynecomastia, Aspermatogenesis without A-Leydigism, and Increased Excretion of Follicle- Stimulating Hormone", "
1943 "Edwin B. Astwood (Society President, 1961-1962) used thiourea and thiouracil in the medical treatment of Grave's disease."[1]
1946 Organization The Society for Endocrinology is founded. It is an international membership organization, supporting scientists, clinicians and nurses who work with hormones throughout their careers.[22] United Kingdom
1947 The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine is awarded to American biochemists Carl and Gerty Cori "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen", and to Argentine biochemist Bernardo Houssay "for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar."[23]
1949 "Kendall, Edward C isolated and crystallized the active principle of the thyroid, named thyroxin. In 1949, he discovered that cortisone could relieve symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis."[2]
1950 American chemist Edward Calvin Kendall, Polish-Swiss chemist Tadeus Reichstein and American physician Philip Showalter Hench are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects."[24]
1950 "Lawson Wilkins reported the first documented demonstration of the pathophysiology of androgen insensitivity syndrome by administration of methyltestosterone to a 46, XY female patient, who shows no signs of virilization."[1]
1951 "Carl Djerassi developed the first oral progestin, norethindrone, at Syntex, SA Laboratories located in Mexico City, receiving a patent on 1 May 1956. The synthesis of norenindrone was a factor that lead to the development of oral contraceptives."[1]
1953 "1953: First Peptide Hormone Synthesized (Oxytocin), Vincent du Vigneaud"[1]
1955 "In 1955, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Vincent du Vigneaud (Society member) "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"."[1]
1956 "In 1956, Roitt and Doniach found that patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis had circulating autoantibodies reacting to thyroid self antigens. In the same year, Adams and Purves recognized that patients with Graves’ disease had a serum factor defined as long-acting thyroid stimulator (LATS), later found to be an immunoglobulin G binding to the TSH receptor. Also in 1956, Rose and Witebsky demonstrated that a lymphocytic thyroiditis similar to the spontaneous human disease can be induced in animals by immunization with autologous thyroid extracts in Freund adjuvant. This led to the general concept of autoimmune gland failure."[1]
1956 "Carl Djerassi developed the first oral progestin, norethindrone, at Syntex, SA Laboratories located in Mexico City, receiving a patent on 1 May 1956. The synthesis of norenindrone was a factor that lead to the development of oral contraceptives."[1]
1957 Medical development "In 1957, Enovid was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as a treatment for menstrual disorders, not as a contraceptive, although the drug had been developed as an oral contraceptive. The FDA mandated a warning on the label that it would prevent ovulation. It was not until 1960 that the FDA approved the Pill's use for method of birth control in 1960."[1] United States
1958 "In 1958, Elwood Jensen (Society President, 1980-1981) discovered the estrogen receptor, the first receptor found for any hormone. Using a radioactive marker, Jensen showed that only the tissues that respond to estrogen, such as those of the female reproductive tract, were able to concentrate injected estrogen from the blood. This specific uptake suggested that these cells must contain binding proteins, which he called “estrogen receptors.”"[1]
1958 "In 1958, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Frederick Sanger "for his work on the structure of proteins, especially that of insulin"."[1]
1959 "In 1959, the parathyroid hormone was first isolated and purified by H. Ramussen and L.C. Craig and its polypeptide structure defined by them in 1962. Initially researchers at this time used bovine parathyroid tissue in their investigations."[1]
1959–1960 "Rosalyn Yalow (Society President, 1978-1979) and Solomon Berson (Society member) developed a technique that uses radioactive materials to investigate the human body for small amounts of substances. In 1959, Yalow and Berson perfected their measurement technique and named it radioimmunoassay (RIA). RIA is extremely sensitive. It can measure one trillionth of a gram of material per milliliter of blood. Due to the small sample required for measurement, RIA quickly became a standard laboratory tool. Yalow later won the 1977 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for her work."[1]
1964 "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin’s was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1964 "for her determinations by X-ray techniques of the structures of important biochemical substances". Hodgkin's most significant scientific contributions were the determination of the structures of penicillin, insulin, and vitamin B12. She was the third woman ever to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (following Marie Curie and Irène Joliot-Curie)."[1]
1965 Organization The European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology (ESPE) is founded in Copenhagen.[25] Denmark
1966 "In 1966, Charles B. Huggins was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer". Dr. Huggins' research on prostate cancer changed the way scientists regarded the behavior of cancer cells and brought hope to the prospect of treating advanced cancers. Dr. Huggins also founded the renowned Ben May Laboratory for Cancer Research at the University of Chicago."[1]
1969 "In 1969, a group led by Roger Guillemin (Society President, 1986-1987) and another by Andrew V. Schally (Society member) announced that the hypothalamic substance that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) is L-pyroglutamyL-L-histidyl-L-prolineamide (L-pGlu-L-His-L-ProNH2). This tripeptide is now called thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). "[1]
1970 "T4 to T3 Conversion in Periphery Demonstrated by Lewis E. Braverman, Sidney H. Ingbar (Society President, 1985-1986), and Kenneth Sterling. Conversion of Thyroxine (T4) to Triiodothyronine (T3) in Athyreotic Human Subjects"[1]
1970 "In 1970, Luis Leloir was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, "for his discovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in the biosynthesis of carbohydrates." Leloir was the director of the Institute for Biochemical Research, Buenos Aires, Argentina at the time of the award."[1]
1971 "Earl W. Sutherland, Jr. was awarded the Nobel Prize n Physiology or Medicine in 1971 for his discoveries concerning "the mechanisms of the action of hormones". Sutherland's discovery that the action of cyclic AMP was a biochemical, rather than a physiological demonstration of receptor activity, was one of the first times receptors were thought of in biochemical terms."
1972-1978 "From 1972- 1978 screening began for neonatal congenital hypothyroidism in the USA, Canada, England, Japan and some other countries. In most cases of congenital hypothyroidism, problems with the thyroid start in the womb. Because the gland is missing, incomplete, or in the wrong place, the body does not produce enough thyroid hormone. Missing or low levels of the hormone lead to abnormal growth and development, as well as slower intellectual functioning. Simply providing thyroid hormone at normal levels can prevent the effects and health problems of congenital hypothyroidism. Source: NICHD Mission and Scientific Accomplishments: Congenital Hypothyroidism"[1]
1977 "The discovery led to an increased interest in the role of peptides in the nervous system. Guillemin and Schally each received one-quarter of the 1977 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine. The other half the prize was awarded to Rosalyn Yalow (Society President, 1978-1979) for her contribution to the development of the radioimmune assay as a system for the detection of minute amounts of biological substances, including peptides."[1]
1977 "In 1977, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was divided, with one half jointly awarded to Roger Guillemin (Society President, 1986-1987) and Andrew V. Schally (Society member), "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain" and the other half to Rosalyn Yalow (Society President, 1978-1979) "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"."
1978 "World’s first test tube baby, Louise Brown, was born by caesarean section on July 25, 1978. Robert Edwards was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of human in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy."
1979 Organization The Max Planck Institute of Experimental Endocrinology is founded.
1980 Organization "BIRDEM, the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders" Bangladesh
1980 Literature (book) "First published in 1980, Endocrine Reviews is an enduring and high impact factor resource. Comprehensive reviews cover clinical and research topics, including thyroid disorders, pediatric endocrinology, growth factors, and reproductive medicine. Each issue provides translational and basic research articles with knowledge, understanding, and perspective in diabetes, endocrinology, and metabolism."[1]
1982 "In 1982, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to Sune K. Bergström, Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane "for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances"."
1986 "In 1986, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1986 was awarded jointly to Stanley Cohen and Rita Levi-Montalcini "for their discoveries of growth factors". Through Rita Levi-Montalcini's discovery of nerve growth factor (NGF) and Stanley Cohen's discovery of epidermal growth factor (EFG), it was shown how the growth and differentiation of a cell is regulated. NGF and EGF were the first of many growth-regulating signal substances to be discovered and characterized."[1]
1987 Literature (journal) Molecular Endocrinology.
1987 "The Growth Hormone Receptor was cloned by William I. Wood."[1]
2010 Literature (journal) Hormones and Cancer
2010 "World’s first test tube baby, Louise Brown, was born by caesarean section on July 25, 1978. Robert Edwards was awarded the 2010 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the development of human in vitro fertilization (IVF) therapy."

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References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 "Century of Endocrinology Timeline". endocrine.org. Retrieved 15 January 2019. 
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 "History of Hormones". media.timetoast.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  3. ↑ "History of the Endocrine Society". endocrine.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  4. ↑ "The Endocrine Society The First Forty Years (1917-1957)". academic.oup.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  5. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1923". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  6. ↑ "American Thyroid Association Timeline". thyroid.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  7. ↑ "American Thyroid Association". touchendocrinology.com. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  8. ↑ Science News. 
  9. ↑ Biochemical journal, Volume 129, Issue 3. 
  10. ↑ Laylin, James K. Nobel Laureates in Chemistry, 1901-1992. 
  11. ↑ Huggins, Charles. Experimental Leukemia and Mammary Cancer: Induction, Prevention, Cure. 
  12. ↑ Fox, Daniel M.; Meldrum, Marcia; Rezak, Ira. Nobel Laureates in Medicine or Physiology: A Biographical Dictionary. 
  13. ↑ Siegel Watkins, Elizabeth. The Estrogen Elixir: A History of Hormone Replacement Therapy in America. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Testosterone: From Basic to Clinical Aspects (Alexandre Hohl ed.). 
  15. ↑ Office of the Home Secretary, National Academy of Sciences. 
  16. ↑ Medvei, V.C. A History of Endocrinology. 
  17. ↑ Die Drüsen mit innerer Sekretion: Ihre physiologische und therapeutische Bedeutung. Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry (American Medical Association). 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Taylor, William N. Anabolic Steroids and the Athlete, 2d ed. 
  19. ↑ Testosterone: Action, Deficiency, Substitution (Eberhard Nieschlag, Hermann M. Behre, Susan Nieschlag ed.). 
  20. ↑ Wolf, Michael P.; Koons, Jeremy Randel. The Normative and the Natural. 
  21. ↑ Medvei, V.C. A History of Endocrinology. 
  22. ↑ "Society for Endocrinology". endocrinology.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  23. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1947". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  24. ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1950". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
  25. ↑ "The European Society for Paediatric Endocrinology". eurospe.org. Retrieved 5 February 2019. 
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