Timeline of Brookings Institution

This is a timeline of Brookings Institution, a United States group which conducts research and education in the social sciences, primarily in economics, metropolitan policy, governance, foreign policy, and global economy and economic development.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

• What are some landmark studies Brookings has conducted throughout its history?
  • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Research".
  • You might also be interested in the group of rows with value "Influence" -- although these are not directly about studies, they talk about ways these studies affected policy.
• What are some important books published by the institution?
  • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Publication".
  • You'll see a lot of rows, with the earliest being from 1919 (in Brookings' days as the Institute for Government Research). Note that most but not all publications are books.
• What are some programs launched by Brookings?
  • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Program launch".
  • You'll see a list of programs with description and launch year, starting from 1957 and going all the way to 2012.
• What are some important conferences held by Brookings?
  • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Conference".
  • You'll get a list of key conferences held by Brookings, along with the years they were held.
• How did leadership at Brookings change over time?
  • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Leadership".
  • You'll get information on the founder Robert Brookings as well as the various presidents Brookings has had and the years they served, starting with the first president Harold G. Moulton and going up to its current (as of 2019) president John R. Allen.
• How did Brookings react to historic events, like World War II or the September 11 attacks?
  • Look at the rows in the big picture corresponding to the timeframe of the historic event, to get a big-picture sense.
  • Look at the rows in the full timeline corresponding to the timeframe of the historic event, to learn more details. For instance, for the September 11 attacks, look at rows in the full timeline for 2001 in particular.
• What other think tanks and institutions has Brookings collaborated with in its lifetime?
  • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Collaboration".
  • You'll see names like Urban Institute, Hoover Institution, American Enterprise Institute, and Washington University in St. Louis
• What other notable think tanks rival Brookings?
  • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Competition".
  • You will see names like RAND Corporation and the United Nations University.
  • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Recognition (ranking)".
  • You will see recent positions of Brookings among other think tanks on different rankings.

Big picture

Time period	Development summary
1916–1927	Brookings prelude period, consisting in its predecessor Institute for Government Research (IGR), which is established as the first private organization devoted to analyzing public policy issues at the national level in the United States.
1930s	Brookings develops its own publishing division. In the 1930s, the organization is commissioned by U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to do a large-scale study of the causes of the Great Depression.
1940s	During World War II, Brookings experts assist the United States Government on variety of issues, and study mobilization and issues connected to the planning of the United Nations. After the war, Brookings becomes heavily involved in the formulation of the organizational aspects of the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan).
1950s	Brookings capacity to shape government policy increases dramatically in the decade, when it receives substantial grants from the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations.
1960s	By the mid-decade Brookings conducts nearly 100 research projects per year for the government as well as for private industry, making it a preeminent source of research at a worldwide scale.
1970s	Throughout the decade, Brookings is offered more federal research contracts than it can handle.
1980s	Brookings is exposed to increasingly competitive and ideologically charged intellectual environment. The need to reduce the federal budget deficit becomes a major research theme in the 1980s, as well as investigating problems with national security and government inefficiency. The Center for Public Policy Education is established to develop workshop conferences and public forums to broaden the audience for research programs.
1990s	The Federal government of the United States devolves many of its social programs back to cities and states, and Brookings shapes a new generation of urban policies to help build strong neighborhoods, cities and metropolitan regions.
2000s	After the September 11 attacks, Brookings experts produce influential proposals for homeland security and intelligence operations. The Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center and the Center for Middle East Policy are established. Brookings also expands outside the United States with the openings of the Brookings-Tsinghua Center in Beijing, and the Brookings Doha Center in Qatar.
2010s	Brookings stands among the most prestigious and most frequently cited think tanks. The University of Pennsylvania's Global Go To Think Tank Index Report names Brookings "Think Tank of the Year" and "Top Think Tank in the World" every year since 2008.

Visual data

Google Trends

Google Trends data for Brookings Institution from January 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Brookings Institution (Think tank), Cato Institute (Think tank) and RAND Corporation (Nonprofit) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Brookings Institution, from 1916 to 2019.

Wikipedia pageviews

The chart below shows Wikipedia views of the page Brookings Institution on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from June 2015 to January 2021. The red vertical line (at July 2015) represents the start of mobile–web and mobile–app data retrievals.

The comparative chart below shows pageviews on all devices of the English Wikipedia articles Brookings Institution, Cato Institute and RAND Corporation, from December 2007 to January 2021.

Full timeline

Year	Month and date	Event type	Details
1916		Early development	In Washington, D.C. a group of leading educators, businessmen, attorneys, and financiers, including businessman and philanthropist Robert S. Brookings, found the Institute for Government Research (IGR), with the mission of becoming "the first private organization devoted to analyzing public policy issues at the national level." IGR becomes the first private organization devoted to bettering the practices and performance of government with recommendations generated by outside experts. Its first research project, directed by economist William Willoughby, focuses on helping the Bureau of Internal Revenue revise the reporting of tax statistics for greater accuracy.
1917		Leadership	Robert Brookings is appointed by United States President Woodrow Wilson to the War Industries Board, a government agency which coordinates the purchase of military supplies. Later, Brookings is made chairman of the board’s Price Fixing Committee, to discourage profiteering.
1919		Publication	IGR publishes A National Budget System: the Most Important of all Governmental Reconstruction Measures.
1921		Influence	Landmark legislation Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 is crafted and passed with the lead of IGR recommendations. The legislation expands executive power in the federal budget process. President Warren Harding calls it “the beginning of the greatest reform in governmental practices since the beginning of the republic.”
1921		Competition	The Council on Foreign Relations is established. Today it is considered a top Brookings competitor.
1922		Institutional	IGR establishes the Institute of Economics, for the “sole purpose of ascertaining the facts about current economic problems and of interpreting these facts for the people of the United States.” Chicago University economist Harold G. Moulton is named its director.
1923		Research	Harold G. Moulton and staff economist Constantine McGuire write of post-Great War Europe that “the reparation situation has gone from very bad to worse.” The report examines the ability of Germany and its allies on the losing side of World War I to pay the debts mandated by the Versailles Treaty.
1923		Collaboration	IGR partners with Washington University in St. Louis to provide training in public service and establish the Robert S. Brookings Institute of Economics and Government for Teaching and Research (later the Robert S. Brookings Graduate School of Economics and Government). Between 1924 and 1930, 74 PhDs would be awarded by the school.
1927		Merger	IGR merges with its recently created sister organizations, the Institute of Economics and the Robert Brookings Graduate School of Economics and Government, to form the Brookings Institution, named after Robert Brookings in recognition of his services to all three organizations. Its mission: “to promote, carry on, conduct and foster scientific research, education, training and publication in the broad fields of economics, government administration and the political and social sciences generally.”
1927		Leadership	The Brookings Trustees choose their first president: American economist Harold G. Moulton, who was previously director of the Institute of Economics and a member of the boards of the Graduate School and the Institute for Government Research.
1928		Research	United States Secretary of the Interior Hubert Work commissions IGR’s Lewis Meriam to undertake a comprehensive survey of the condition of Native Americans. The resulting report, titled The Problem of Indian Administration (known as Meriam Report) becomes influential in shaping American Indian affairs policies in the Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt administrations.
1928		Institutional	Brookings begins its own in-house publishing division, which precedes the Brookings Institution Press.
1932		Leadership	Robert Brookings dies in Washington, D.C. at the age of 82. His book The Way Forward is published just before his death, in which Brookings calls for the more equal distribution of wealth.
1934		Publication	The Brookings Institution publishes the two first volumes of the four works titled The Distribution of Wealth and Income in Relation to Economic Progress (informally known as the “capacity studies”). The first volume is entitled America’s Capacity to Produce, the second, and the second America’s Capacity to Consume. The works focus on production and consumption capacity, capital, and market speculation in the 1920s. These studies would become a major guide to the United States economy for policymakers for much of the decade.
1935		Publication	The Brookings Institution publishes the two last volumes of the four works titled The Distribution of Wealth and Income in Relation to Economic Progress: The Formation of Capital and 'Income and Economic Progress. These two volumes are authored by Harold G. Moulton alone.
1935		Publication	The Brookings Institution publishes a detailed analysis of the National Recovery Administration NRA, which was established by president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1933. The authors conclude that the NRA impeded economy recovery after the Depression.
1938		Competition	The American Enterprise Institute is founded. It is considered one of Brookings's top rivals.
1939		Publication	The Brookings Institution publishes Reorganization of the National Government—What Does it Involve?, in which scholars and Lewis Meriam and Laurence F. Schmeckebier shed light on President Franklin D. Roosevelt's Reorganization Act of 1939, which permitted the president to reorganize certain aspects of the executive branch and created the Executive Office of the President.
1939		Assistance	World War II begins. Brookings experts recommend policies on a variety of issues, including wartime price controls, military mobilization, German and U.S. manpower requirements, and later, postwar demobilization and preventing Germany and Japan from re-arming.
1941		Research	A study by scholar Laurence Schmeckebier at Brookings Institution develops the system of apportioning congressional representation among the states that would become embodied in the Congressional Apportionment Act of 1911.
1941		Assistance	The United States enter into World War II. Brookings researchers turn their attention to aiding the administration with a series of studies on mobilization.
1944		Publication	The Brookings Institution publishes a study by Joseph Mayer on Post-War National Income, Its Probably Magnitude.
1946		Leadership	Economist Leo Pasvolsky becomes first director of the International Studies Group at Brookings, which conducts research and education in international relations and is the precursor to what would become the Foreign Policy program at Brookings.
1947		Research	Brookings scholars conduct a study of compulsory health insurance, which concludes that a national health insurance program would be too political, too expensive, and too detrimental to the nation’s economic health. Two proposals emerge: grants-in-aid to states that will ensure quality medical attention for those who need it; and the formation of a compulsory health insurance program by the national government.
1948		Assignment	The Brookings Institution is asked by the United States Government to draft a proposal on how to manage the European Recovery Program Marshall Plan. The resulting organization scheme assures that the Marshall Plan is run carefully and on a businesslike basis. Brookings experts play a pivotal role in the development of the program, providing valuable recommendations on the administrative organization.
1948		Recognition	United States Senator Arthur Vandenberg praises Brookings for a report on post-war Europe assistance that would become “the Congressional ‘work-sheet’ in respect to this complex and critical problem.”
1948		Competition	The RAND Corporation is founded. It is one of the top Brookings competitors. Whereas Brookings is funded by a mix of endowment and donor money, with individual scholars deciding their own major research projects, RAND is a Federally Funded Research and Development Center, a think tank directly supported by the Federal government of the United States.
1949		Research	Experts at Brookings conduct research that forms the basis of a task force report on public welfare, prepared for the Commission on Organization of the Executive Branch of the Government (also known as the Hoover Commission).
1949		Publication	Charles Dearing and Wilfred Owen at Brookings publish National Transportation Policy, which recommends the creation of a new department of transportation headed by a new cabinet secretary.
1950		Publication	Scholars Lewis Meriam and Karl Schlotterbeck at Brookings publish The Cost and Financing of Social Security, which weighs in on legislation to change social security programs, arguing for a pay-as-you-go system.
1952		Leadership	Economist and educator Robert Calkins becomes the second president of the Brookings Institution.
1952		Research	The Brookings Institution conducts a landmark study of share ownership on behalf of the New York Stock Exchange. The survey shows that 6.5 million Americans (4 percent of the overall population), own stock directly.
1953		Research	Leo Pasvolsky at Brookings initiates a series of studies on the United Nations looking at the features of the UN system to provide a better public understanding of its capabilities and limitations. The studies are published after his death in the same year.
1954		Publication	The Brookings Institution publishes Industrial Pensions by Charles L. Dearing, the research for which was begun shortly after the Inland Steel Company decision in 1949, which made pensions a bargainable subject under the Taft–Hartley Act. The study includes a survey as of 1950 of the plans of 412 companies employing 4,000,000 workers, reflecting costs and funding arrangements as well as benefit features.
1957		Program launch	Brookings President Robert Calkins leads a new program of education for senior government executives. The program contributes to passage of the Federal Training Act of 1958 that provides across-the-board federal employee training to improve government productivity.
1957		Administration	The United States Government uses eminent domain to take over Brookings’s Jackson Place headquarters. Brookings headquarters move from Jackson Avenue to a new research center near Dupont Circle in Washington, D.C.
1959		Publication	Marshall Robinson at Brookings publishes The National Debt Ceiling: An Experiment in Fiscal Policy, which argues that the debt ceiling has not only failed, but backfired. The study would be quoted in congressional debates during the 1960s, and again in 2013.
1960		Publication	Brookings scholar Laurin Henry publishes Presidential Transitions, which would remain an influential and often-cited work on the history of presidential transitions. The book is followed by a series of confidential issues papers prepared by Brookings experts.
1960		Research	The Brookings Institution makes its second major study of overseas operations.
1960		Program launch	The Brookings Institution begins a four-year program with the Ford Foundation and the Government of South Vietnam to provide assistance in tax policy, fiscal policy, and economic planning to the national government in Saigon down to provinces and villages.
1960		Publication	Brookings experts publish Proposed Studies on the Implications of Peaceful Space Activities for Human Affairs, preparing a report for NASA and giving advice to the New Space Program. The authors make dozens of recommendations for additional studies on the social, economic, political, legal, and international implications of the use of space.
1960		Publication	Brookings governmental studies expert Laurin L. Henry publishes Presidential Transitions, designed to help the winning candidate (John F. Kennedy or Richard M. Nixon) launch his administration smoothly. The book is followed by a series of confidential issues papers prepared by Brookings experts.
1961		Publication	The Brookings Institution publishes a book by American economist Alice Rivlin entitled The Role of the Federal Government in Financing Higher Education.
1962		Publication	Brookings scholar John Lewis publishes The Quiet Crisis in India, which studies India's rural development. Lewis makes the case for aid to India and the developing world as a component of U.S. foreign policy.
1963		Program launch	Brookings Foreign Policy and Governmental Studies programs, in conjunction with several Latin American research organizations, coordinate a program of studies on trade and investment policies in Latin America that would last into the early 1980s. The program would be said to have strengthened the economics profession in Latin America.
1963		Conference	The Brookings Institution in Washington holds a conference on "quantitative planning of economic policy". Speakers (which in clude Dutch and French representatives) present their models.
1963		Proposal	The Brookings Institution advocates a shared federal library storage facility in its report Federal Departmental Libraries: A Summary Report of a Survey and a Conference. The authors suggest that such a facility could be a “cheap storage building, perhaps in a mountainside near Washington”. Major federal libraries would contribute to the management and administration on a cooperative basis, and requested materials would be delivered within a day. The imagined facility would maintain brief catalog entries that would be provided to cooperating libraries.
1965	April 7	Leadership	Isabel Vallé Brookings, wife of Robert S. Brookings, dies aged 89, and leaves the Institution an US$8 million bequest.
1965		Research	The Brookings Institution creates a task force to study bankruptcy administration.
1965		Conference	The Brookings Institution holds a conference to address the major problems of intergovernmental finance and to propose solutions to those problems.
1966		Institutional	The Brookings Institution enters the compuer age by establishing the Social Science Computation Center for Research, which offers computational research support for scholars, including use of a mainframe computer.
1966		Publication	The Brookings Institution publishes a book by Charles Frankel entitled The Neglected Aspect of Foreign Affairs. Frankel argues that “in comparison with the sophisticated analysis devoted to U.S. military, economic, and diplomatic policy, little intellectual attention has been given to international cultural exchange”.
1967		Leadership	Kermit Gordon becomes the third president of Brookings. Gordon previously served as the director of the United States Bureau of the Budget.
1967		Program launch	The Brookings Institution launches a major initiative on the economic impact of regulation, backed by US$1.8 million from the Ford Foundation and directed by a panel that includes George Stigler.
1968		Publication	Brookings publishes the first in a series of Agenda for the Nation volumes, which are collections of papers on domestic and foreign policy issues.
1969		Program launch	Under the leadership of Kermit Gordon and Foreign Policy Program Director Henry Owen, Brookings establishes the Defense Analysis Project to study issues such as defense support costs and the force structures of the United States, NATO, and Soviet Union. Work from the project would become influential among congressional decision-makers.
1970		Publication	American economist Arthur Melvin Okun and George Perry at Brookings introduce the first edition of the Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, which remains a highly influential and respected economics journal.
1971		Research	Experts at Brookings begin a new series of studies on the federal budget and congressional spending choices. These studies would eventually lead to the creation of the Congressional Budget Office.
1971		Publication	Brookings releases the first report in the Setting National Priorities series, a cross-program initiative focused on evaluating annual White House budgets as they are released and examining the domestic and foreign policy choices that confront the United States. These series would become highly acclaimed and influential.
1972		Publication	Brookings publishes a study which critically examines evidence regarding the popular assumption that poor people stay on welfare out of dislike for work. The findings indicate that welfare recipients internalize the same positive norms and values that dominate the cultural orientations toward work.
1972	December	Competition	The United Nations University is established. It is considered among the top Brookings competitors.
1973		Conference	The Brookings Institution holds a conference on variation of the Head Start program (launched in 1965) and presents a program for planned variation studies development.
1977		Competition	The Cato Institute is founded. It is one of Brookings's top competitors.
1974		Research	The Brookings Institution declares that the after-tax profit rate for United States corporations has fallen since 1948, from just under eight percent to just under five percent.
1975		Publication	The Brookings Institution publishes a little book by Arthur Melvin Okun entitled Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff, which would consideded a classic in its field. The book explores “the big tradeoff” between society’s desire to reduce inequality and the risk of impairing economic efficiency. It also examines how redistributing income affects economic growth.
1975		Assistance	Following the Yom Kippur War, Brookings releases recommendations of the Middle East Study Group, an assembly of Americans tasked with considering how the United States might help in the achievement of a workable, fair, and enduring settlement to the Arab-Israeli conflict.
1976		Leadership	Gilbert Y. Steiner is elected as acting president of the Brookings Institution.
1976		Publication	Stephen H. Hess at Brookings publishes Organizing the Presidency, which examines how various presidents have organized their offices and staff and "sheds light on how the presidency has become an institution unto itself".
1976		Publication	The Brookings Institution publishes Asia's New Giant, an extensive analysis by a team of US and Japanese social scientists that explains Japan's extraordinary economic performance over the previous twenty-five years.
1977		Leadership	Bruce MacLaury is named fourth president of the Brookings Institution. Previously, MacLaury served as president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Fourth President Comes to Brookings. The Board of Trustees names Bruce MacLaury the fourth president of Brookings. Before coming to Brookings, he served as president of the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis."
1978	July 1	Publication	Brookings publishes Arms across the sea, by Philip J Farley, Stephen S. Kaplan and William H. Lewis. The book explores the Soviet military power.
1978		Publication	Brookings researcher Gary Orfield publishes Must We Bus? Segregated Schools and National Policy, which argues that American schools have a legal and moral obligation to practice desegregation busing. Orfield calls out school and government officials for intentionally dragging their feet through this process and asserts that more must be done to achieve the goal of desegregation than simply busing students to different schools.
1979		Publication	Leslie H. Gelb research associate Richard Betts at Brookings conclude in a study of the United States role in Vietnam that while the foreign policy outcome of the U.S. involvement was a failure, the decision-making system worked as designed. Yale University historian Gaddis Smith would write that “If an historian were allowed but one book on the American involvement in Vietnam, this would be it.”
1980		Publication	Norman Ornstein from American Enterprise Institute and Thomas E. Mann at Brookings jointly publish Vital Statistics on Congress, detailing the election and composition of the United States Congress membership, party structure, and staff. Mann and Ornstein also document the growing partisan divide in Congress and track the demographics of senators and representatives. The book would be published entirely online in 2013.
1981		Conference	The Brookings Institution and the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences begin a series of joint-venture conferences participated in by government officials, leaders in the public and private sectors, and scholars from the United States and China.
1981		Research	The Brookings Institution commissions a series of studies on the economic consequences of aging and on the effects of public and private programs that aid the aged.
1981		Competition	The Peterson Institute for International Economics is established. It is considered among the top Brookings competitors.
1982		Conference	The Brookings Institution decides to hold a symposium to discuss the impact of abortion politics on U.S. politics.
1982		Publication	The Brookings Institution publishes a book titled Urban Decline and the Future of American Cities.
1982		Research	The Brookings Institution finds that 62 percent of an average firm’s value could be related to its physical assets (e.g., equipment, technologies), with only 38 percent attributed to intangible assets (e.g., patents, intellectual property, brand, and, most of all, people). However, after 21 years in 2003, these percentages would reverse, with 80 percent of value linked to intangible assets and just 20 percent related to tangible assets.
1984		Publication	Sidney Weintraub at Brookings publishes Free Trade between Mexico and the United States?, which analyzes the pathologies existing at the time in the highly restricted bilateral trade between the two countries, and examines the foregone opportunities that a trade opening would likely provide and, as the book’s title implies, recommends a bilateral trade agreement between them.
1985		Publication	Brookings releases Paul Peterson's The New Urban Reality, which states that the twin issues of technology and race argue against further investments in the central city.
1986		Research	Research by Brookings Senior Fellow Joseph A. Pechman leads to the Tax Reform Act of 1986, a major bill that would have a profound impact on the economy of the United States. The act is designed to simplify the tax code, broaden the tax base, and eliminate many tax shelters and preferences. Pechman’s Federal Tax Policy is essential to those reforms.
1987		Institutional	The Brookings Institution forms the Center for Economic Progress and Employment which focuses on productivity growth, poverty, and related issues.
1989		Research	At the suggestion of Senator Joseph Biden, the Brookings Institution convenes a task force to study delay and cost in federal civil litigation. The task force recommends a series of case-management strategies designed to streamline the process and to attack discovery abuse. Biden would incorporate these case-managementre commendations into the legislation introduced as the Civil Justice ReformAct of 1990.
1989		Program launch	The Brookings Institution and the Grupo de Análisis para el Desarrollo (GRADE), an independent research organization in Lima, launch a project to design a program to stabilize the economy of Peru and provide for the structural adjustments needed to ensure a strong recovery.
1990		Publication	John E. Chubb and Terry M. Moe at Brookings publish Politics, Markets, and America's Schools, which examines the growing dissatisfaction with the school system in the United States. They propose a new system of public education constructed around competition among schools, parent-student choice, and agency within the system.
1992		Publication	Norman Ornstein from American Enterprise Institute and Thomas E. Mann at Brookings publish reports from the Renewing Congress Project, which focuses on ways to improve congressional debate and action on legislation, enhance relationships between parties, and fix the campaign finance system. Their work makes a significant contribution to the debate about congressional reform.
1992	December 21	Online management	brook.edu domain record is activated.
1993		Publication	The Brookings Institution publishes a landmark study by three professors from Tufts University, which examines five cities that characterize the most impressive commitment to the idea of participatory democracy through the development of a citywide network of neighborhood associations that brought government closer to the people: Saint Paul, Minnesota, Portland, Birmingham, Alabama, Dayton, and San Antonio, Texas.
1994		Publication	Brookings Senior Fellow Raymond L. Garthoff authors The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War, which shows that the United States did not win the Cold War with President Reagan’s military buildup, but instead, “‘victory’ came when a new generation of Soviet leaders realized how badly their system at home and their policies abroad had failed.”
1994		Publication	Anthony Downs at Brookings authors New Visions for Metropolitan America, which discusses the problem of rapid expansion of cities and suburban areas. In 1998, Bruce Katz’s “Reviving Cities: Think Metropolitan,” examines problems caused by explosive urban sprawl and emphasizes the necessity of a federal metropolitan agenda. Katz later becomes founding director of the Metropolitan Policy Program at Brookings."
1995		Website launch	Brookings launches its website, located at www.brook.edu.
1995		Leadership	Foreign Policy Veteran Michael Armacost becomes the fifth president of Brookings.
1995		Publication	Brookings scholar Susan Woodward publishes Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution After the Cold War, which studies the impact of collapsing state authority and worsening economic conditions in triggering the Breakup of Yugoslavia.
1996	September 7	Online management	brookings.edu domain record is activated.
1996		Publication	Brookings scholars Joshua M. Epstein and Robert Axtell publish Growing Artificial Societies which applies agent-based computer modelling in their groundbreaking study of human social interactions. The authors model an artificial society “from the bottom up” that can account for evolutionary change.
1997		Recognition (ranking)	Brookings ranks as the first-most influential and first in credibility among 27 think tanks considered in a survey of congressional staff and journalists.
1998		Publication	Francis Deng and Roberta Cohen at Brookings publish Masses in Flight: The Global Crisis of Internal Displacement, which analyzes the causes and consequences of internal displacement. The book is called “a landmark study” by diplomat Richard Holbrooke.
1999		Research	Brookings surveys 1,000 college professors in the United States, asking them to identify the U.S.' most important accomplishments in the past 100 years. The Marshall Plan is ranked N°1, as the greatest public policy of the past century.
2000		Collaboration	The Brookings Institution, the American Enterprise Institute, and the Hoover Institution jointly conduct several forums with journalists and the presidential candidates' close associates that explore how each of the candidates would govern based on their backgrounds, experience, and leadership styles.
2001		Research	Political scientist Ron Haskins and economist Isabel Sawhill at Brookings, team to study the United States policies on children and families. A proposal by Sawhill and researcher Adam Thomas for a child tax credit becomes part of major tax legislation.
2001		Institutional	Exactly one week before the September 11 attacks, Brookings’s TV and radio studio opens for business. The first live television feed occurs on the afternoon of 9/11 with CNN.
2001		Assistance	After the September 11 attacks, with remarkable speed, Brookings experts produce influential proposals for homeland security and intelligence operations. Protecting the American Homeland is published on October 25.
2001		Proposal	Brookings scholar Isabel Sawhill writes a proposal that would help forge bi-partisan support in Congress to extend the benefits of the child tax credit in the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 to lower- and middle-income families.
2002	January 9	Institutional	Urban-Brookings Tax Policy Center is founded. A nonpartisan think tank based in Washington D.C., it is a joint venture of the Urban Institute and the Brookings Institution, aiming to provide independent analyses of current and longer-term tax issues, and to communicate its analyses to the public and to policymakers.
2002		Leadership	American foreign policy analyst Strobe Talbott becomes the sixth president of Brookings.
2002		Institutional	Brookings establishes the Center for Middle East Policy "to promote a better understanding of the policy choices facing American decision makers in the Middle East".
2003		Recommendation	Led by former Chairman of the Federal Reserve Paul Volcker, the second National Commission on the Public Service (a project of a Brookings policy center) releases a set of recommendations for government reform, entitled Urgent Business for America. The Commission offers rationales and ideas for reorganizing the federal government that stem from the work of the center.
2003		Publication	A joint effort between Brookings and the American Enterprise Institute issues The Continuity of Congress, the first of a set of reports on how to carry on the functions of government in the event of a massive and catastrophic attack on the main institutions of the United States Government.
2004		Influence	Brookings scholars William Gale, Mark Iwry, and Peter Orszag attempt to influence legislation by making the case that helping Americans save for retirement requires financial incentives for low- and middle-income workers coupled with new corporate practices to make saving easier.
2004 (July 6)		Renaming	The Brookings Institution announces that the former Center on Urban and Metropolitan Policy (founded in 1966) would become the Brookings Metropolitan Policy Program.
2006		International expansion	Brookings establishes in Beijing the Brookings-Tsinghua Center (BTC) for Public Policy as a partnership between the Brookings Institution in Washington, DC and Tsinghua University's School of Public Policy and Management in Beijing. The Center seeks to produce research in areas of fundamental importance for China's development and for US-China relations. The BTC is directed by Qi Ye.
2006		Program launch	Brookings' Global Economy and Development program is founded. The program aims "to shape the policy debate on how to improve global economic cooperation and fight global poverty and sources of social stress."
2006–2007		Assistance	Brookings scholars provide analysis and recommendations throughout the Iraq War. Michael O’Hanlon, William Quant, and Shibley Telhami at Brookings, participated in the Iraq Study Group in 2006, which recommends an increase in U.S. combat troops in Iraq that occurs in 2007.
2008		International expansion	The Brookings Doha Center is established in Doha as an overseas center of the Brookings Institution.
2008		Recognition (ranking)	The University of Pennsylvania 2008 think tank survey ranks Brookings first in the world by research area, health policy, security and international affairs, domestic economic policy, international economic policy, and social policy. It is ranked second in environment and Think Tanks with the most innovative policy/idea proposal.
2009	December	Recognition	United States President Barack Obama chooses Brookings as the venue for announcing his plan for creating jobs and spurring economic growth.
2009		Publication	The Brookings' Engelberg Center for Health Care Reform report Bending the Curve: Effective steps to address long-term healthcare spending growth is published. It would become widely credited as being the most constructive contribution to the conversation on addressing long-term growth in health care spending.n
2009		Proposal	Scholars Warwick McKibbin, Adele Morris, and Peter Wilcoxen at Brookings recommend how carbon price agreements can strengthen international emissions targets.
2009		Publication	A joint effort between Brookings and the American Enterprise Institute issues The Continuity of the Presidency, the second of a set of reports on how to carry on the functions of government in the event of a massive and catastrophic attack on the main institutions of the United States Government.
2009		Assistance	Brookings experts contribute with ideas on how best to recover from the Great Recession with a steady stream of analysis and recommendations on fiscal and monetary stimulus plans, as well as the automotive and banking bailouts.
2010		Collaboration	Brookings expert and former United States Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice, serves as an editor for the book Confronting Poverty: Weak States and U.S. National Security, which highlights how the effects of poverty in fragile states can spill over borders and threaten U.S. national security.
2011		Publication	E.J. Dionne and William Galston at Brookings play an influential role with their report A Half-Empty Government Can't Govern, which informs the United States Senate the passage of the Presidential Appointment Efficiency and Streamlining Act of 2011, which becomes law in the same year.
2011		Collaboration	A joint effort between Brookings and the American Enterprise Institute issues The Continuity of the Supreme Court, the third of a set of reports on how to carry on the functions of government in the event of a massive and catastrophic attack on the main institutions of the United States Government.
2012		Publication	Brookings scholar Carol Graham publishes Happiness around the World: The Paradox of Happy Peasants and Miserable Millionaires, in which she studies happiness across developed and developing countries.
2012		Program launch	The Brookings Institution launches the Global Cities Initiative as a joint project with JPMorgan Chase. The five-year project aims to help leaders in U.S. metropolitan areas reorient their economies toward greater engagement in world markets.
2012		Competition	The Center on Global Interests is founded. It is considered among the top Brookings competitors.
2013		Assistance	Experts at Brookings assist on the development of the next generation of the United Nations’ Millennium Development Goals, contributing to their mission to improve the lives of people worldwide.
2013		Recognition (ranking)	The University of Pennsylvania 2013 think tank survey ranks Brookings first in the world.
2013		International expansion	Brookings opens in India its third overseas office, the New Delhi Center. Organized and staffed in large part by Indian nationals, it serves as a platform for relevant and productive research centered on India’s changing role in the world.
2014		Recognition (ranking)	The University of Pennsylvania 2014 think tank survey ranks Brookings first in the world.
2015		Collaboration	The Brookings' Center for Universal Education joins the Michelle Obama's initiative Let Girls Learn, which aims at helping adolescent girls attain "a quality education that empowers them to reach their full potential".
2015		Influence	United States President Barack Obama promotes the Automatic IRA to increase workers' retirement security. The idea originates in research by the Retirement Security Project at Brookings.
2017	October	Leadership	Former general John R. Allen becomes the seventh president of Brookings.
2017		Financial	Brookings reports assets of US$524.2 million.
2018	September 18	Recognition (ranking)	thebestschools.org ranks Brookings 7th on its list of The 50 Most Influential Think Tanks in the United States, after Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, The Earth Institute, The Heritage Foundation, Human Rights Watch, Kaiser Family Foundation, and Council on Foreign Relations.
2019	December	Recognition (ranking)	Bibliographic database IDEAS ranks Brookings Institution 6th on its list of Top 25% Think Tanks, after the National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER), the IZA Institute of Labor Economics, the Centre for Economic Policy Research (CEPR), Peter G. Peterson Institute for International Economics (IIE), and the Ifo Institute for Economic Research (ifo Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung).

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

See also

• Timeline of Cato Institute
• Timeline of Ludwig von Mises Institute
• Timeline of Niskanen Center

External links

• Official website