Timeline of healthcare in India

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This is a timeline of healthcare in India. Major events such as crises, policies and organizations are included.

Big picture

Year/period Key development
Prehistory The knowledge of the medicinal value of plants and other substances and their uses goes back to the time of the earliest settlers. Medical knowledge evolves through trial and error and exchange of know-how between diverse communities and regions.[1]
Traditional medicine period Ayurveda, the science of life, has been the traditional system of healthcare in India for more than 5000 years. This medical system is well-established around 2500 to 600 BC, when it evolves into 2 schools: the School of Physicians and the School of Surgeons.[2]
1600–1947 British colonial period. East India Company is established. Many British physicians assume broader scholarly roles and European medicine comes to be looked upon as the dominant medical knowledge system. British official colonial policy marginalizes indigenous medicine to secondary status. Notwithstanding European medicine becomes the official health care system, Ayurvedic colleges are still created. Ayurveda education becomes integrated with western concepts of healthcare.[1]
1947 onward Post-independence period. The government of India makes efforts to recognize Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani as being on par with scientific medicine. Nevertheless, the general trend increasingly complies with the norms of modern medicine. In traditional medical schools the vocabulary and diagnostic tools of modern medicine replace traditional terms and techniques, and students increasingly become unfamiliar with classical references and methodologies.[1]
1980 onward Numerous government subsidies allow the introduction of private health providers. Also opening up of the market in the 90s further gives impetus to the development of the private health sector in India.[3] Immunization programs increase.
21st century Today, the health status of India is still on a developing level. The private sector is the dominant healthcare provider. Private chains of healthcare providers are innovating very rapidly, offering high quality treatment at very low cost. As India incorporates world class technology and training, and low cost of service, a trend of medical tourism develops and strengthens in the 2010s.[4][5]


Full timeline

Year/period Type of event Event Location
7000 BCE Origin Medical interventions such as dentistry and trepanation are practiced as early as this time.[1] Indian subcontinent
5000 BCE Development Origin of Ayurveda medicine, when it originates as an oral tradition.[6][7]
2500–1700 BCE Development Origin of Siddha medicine.[8] Tamilakam
600 BCE Development Ayurveda is branched into internal medicine; pediatrics; psychiatry; surgery; eye, ear, nose, and throat; toxicology; geriatrics; and eugenics/aphrodisiacs.
8th century CE Development Texts called Nighantus dealing exclusively with the materia medica of Ayurveda are composed. Many of these works help to enlarge the repertoire of medicinal substances by incorporating knowledge of local practitioners and from foreign sources. A few well-known Nighantus are Madanapala Nighantu, Bhavaprakasha Nighantu, Dhanvantari Nighantu and Sodhala Nighantu.[1]
1200s Development Unani medicine system is introduced in India via Rome. It integrates with other systems such as Ayurveda and Yoga.[9]
1600s Development Introduction of western medicine in India. First medical officers arrive along with the British East India Company's first fleet as ship's surgeons.[10]
1664 Organization (hospital) The Madras General Hospital is the first hospital opened in India.[10][11] Chennai
1707 Organization (hospital) The Presidency General Hospital is formed.[10][12] Calcutta
1802 Organization (government body) A Superintendent General of Vaccination in India is appointed after the discovery of the smallpox vaccine.[10]
1817 Crisis First cholera pandemic originates in the Ganges River Delta.[13]
1823 Organization (medical school) The Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER) is founded. It's the oldest to teach European medicine in Asia. Today considered an Institute of National Importance.[14][15] Pondicherry
1829 Crisis Second cholera pandemic originates in the Ganges River Delta.[13]
1835 Organization (medical school) The Calcutta Medical College is established.[10] Calcutta
1852 Crisis Third cholera pandemic originates in the Ganges River Delta.[13]
1854 Development The government of India agrees to supply medicines and instruments to the growing network of minor hospitals and dispensaries. Government Store Depots are established in cities.[10] Calcutta, Madras, Bombay, Mian Mir, and Rangoon.
1858 Organization (asylum) Lunate asylums are established for insane persons.[10]
1860 Organization (medical school) The Lahore Medical School is established.[10][16] Lahore (now in Pakistan)
1863 Crisis Fourth cholera pandemic originates in the Ganges River Delta.[13]
1869 Development A Public Health Commissioner and a Statistical Officer are appointed to the Government of India.[10]
1870 Organization (government body) A central sanitary department is formed.[10]
1873 Policy The Birth and Death Registration Act is passed.[10]
1880 Policy An act is passed for the compulsory vaccination of children in municipalities and cantonments. Smallpox is the main target during this period, although vaccinations are also carried out for plague and other diseases.[10]
1881 Crisis Fifth cholera pandemic originates in India.[13] Bengal
1896 Organization (government body) The Plague Commission is constituted.[10]
1896 Crisis The Bombay plague epidemic breaks out. It spreads across all of India and kills at least 2 million people.[10]
1897 Policy The Epidemic Diseases Act is passed. The Governor General of India confers special powers upon local authorities to implement the necessary measures for control of epidemics.[10]
1899 Crisis Sixth cholera pandemic originates in India.[13]
1906 Organization (sanatorium) The first open air sanatorium for treatment and isolation of tuberculosis patients is founded in Tiluania, near Ajmer.[17] Rajasthan
1912 Organization (government body) The Government of India sanctions the appointment of Deputy Sanitary Commissioners and Health Officers with the local bodies and releases funds for sanitation.[10]
1912 Policy The Indian Lunacy Act is passed.[18]
1916 Policy The "Indian Medical Degrees Act" is introduced in India in order to regulate medical practice in the country.[19]
1917 The first tuberculosis dispensary in India opens in Bombay.[17] Bombay
1921 Organization (hospital) Sir Ganga Ram Hospital is founded.[20][21] Lahore
1925 Organization (medical institution) The National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences is established. Today listed as an Institute of National Importance.[22][23][24] Bangalore
1926 Organization (hospital) King Edward Memorial Hospital and Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College is founded.[21][25] Mumbai
1930 Organization (health training) The All-India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health is established.[10] Calcutta
1933 Policy The Medical Council of India is formed, with the purpose of establishing uniform and high standards of medical education in India.[18]
1938 Policy The Bombay Medical Practitioner's Act is passed. With it comes the first legal recognition and registration for the Indian systems of medicine.[18]
1939 Organization (health training) The first Rural Health Training Center is established near Calcutta.[10] Singur
1939 Organization The Tuberculosis Foundation of India is established.[10]
1940 Policy The Drugs Act is passed and drugs are made under the control of the government for the first time.[10]
1946 Organization (medical school) Darbhanga Medical College and Hospital is established.[26] Bihar
1948 Program launch (healthcare coverage) The Employees' State Insurance Scheme (ESIS) is launched with the objective of achieving universal health coverage. Targeted at employees with income less than Rs 15000/month and dependents.[27]
1948 Facility A BCG vaccine production center is set up in Guindy, Madras (now Chennai), with support from WHO and UNICEF, for the treatment of tuberculosis.[17] Chennai
1950 Policy The Insurance Amendment Act leads to the Government of India deciding to nationalize the insurance business.[27]
1951 Campaign A mass BCG vaccine campaign to control tuberculosis is started in the country. This is the first nationwide campaign against TB; and for the first time in the history of India, message of health and prevention of disease is taken to the remotest parts of the country.[17]
1953 Organization (hospital chain, medical school chain) Manipal Hospitals is founded as a part of the Manipal Education and Medical Group (MEMG).[28] Bangalore
1953 Policy The Delhi Nursing Home Registration Act is passed.[18] Delhi
1954 Program launch (healthcare coverage) The Central Government Health Scheme (CGHS) is launched with the objective of achieving universal health coverage in government employees and families.[27]
1956 Organization (medical college chain) The All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) are founded with a first college in New Delhi. These institutes are declared institute of national importance by the Act of Parliament.[22] New Delhi
1962 Organization (medical and research institution) The Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research is established. Today listed as an institute of national importance.[22][29] Chandigarh
1962 Program launch The Indian government launches the National Tuberculosis Control Program (NTCP), aimed at integration of TB control schemes.[17]
1964 Organization (government body) A government body for setting norms for the manufacture and the control of the quality of traditional medicinal preparations is formed.[1]
1970 Program launch (nutrition) The Government of India launches the Balwadi Nutrition Programme to provide food supplements at Balwadis to children of the age group 3–6 years in rural areas.[30][31]
1970 The World Health Organization recognizes Ayurveda as a health science and as a traditional health system.[32]
1970 Organization (medical school) Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College and Hospital is founded.[33][34] Gaya
1970 Policy The government of India passes the Indian Medical Central Council Act to standardize Ayurvedic teaching institutions, their curriculum and their diplomas.[1]
1971 Organization (medical school) Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College and Hospital is founded.[35][36] Bhagalpur
1975 Program launch (nutrition, child health) The Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme is launched with the purpose of improving nutrition and health status in children.[27]
1976 Organization (hospital chain) Aravind Eye Hospitals chain is opened by Dr. Govindappa Venkataswamy as a network of eye hospitals. Having a major impact in eradicating cataract related blindness in India, today the model of Aravind Eye Care hospitals is highly recognized and has won multiple awards.[37][38] Tamil Nadu, Madurai, Theni, Tirunelveli, Coimbatore, Pondicherry, Dindigul, Tirupur, Salem, Tuticorin, Udumalpet.
1978 Organization (hospital) Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre is established.[21][39] Mumbai
1983 Policy The National Health Policy is endorsed by the Parliament of India.[40]
1983 Organization (hospital chain) Apollo Hospitals opens its first facility. It is the first hospital to be registered as a publicly listed company in India.[28] Chennai
1985 Program launch (immunization) The government of India launches the Universal Immunization Programme, consisting in massive vaccination for nine diseases: tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis (whooping cough), tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, Hepatitis B, Diarrhoea, Japanese Encephalitis and Pneumonia.[41][42]
1990 Organization (hospital) Pharmaceutical company Wockhardt opens its first medical center.[28] Kolkata
1992 Organization (hospital) Fortis Malar Hospital is established. It is considered among the best in the country.[43][44] Chennai
1994 Crisis 1994 plague. Bubonic and pneumonic plague break out.[45] South-central and southwestern India
1994 Crisis Pneumonic plague epidemic in Surat breaks out.[46] Gujarat
1995 Organization (government body) The Department of Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH) is created as a governmental body in India purposed with developing education and research in ayurveda, yoga, naturopathy, unani, siddha, homeopathy, and other alternative medicine systems.[1]
1995 Program launch (immunization) Pulse Polio program is launched by the government to eradicate poliomyelitis by vaccinating all children under the age of five years.[47]
1996 Organization (hospital chain) Fortis Healthcare is founded.[28] Delhi
1997 Program launch (immunization) The Revised National Tuberculosis Control Program (RNTCP) is launched by the government with aims at achieving universal access to tuberculosis control services.[48]
2000 Policy (healthcare coverage) The Insurance Regulatory and Development Act (IRDA) opens up the market with the invitation for registration applications.[27]
2000 Organization The Krishna Heart Institute is founded as a high-end medical facility, specializing in heart diseases.[49][50] Ahmedabad, India
2000 Report The World Health Organization's global healthcare profile ranks India’s healthcare system 112th out of 190 countries.[27]
2000 Organization (medical school) The Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology (SCTIMST) is established. Listed as an Institute of National Importance[22] Thiruvananthapuram
2000 Organization (hospital chain) Narayana Health system is opened as a multi-specialty hospital chain by Dr. Devi Shetty under the guidance of the Asian Heart Foundation. Today it has 31 hospitals in 19 locations. It is one of India's largest and considered the world's most economical[51] healthcare providers with a reputation for high quality.[52][53] Bengaluru, Ahmedabad, Davangere, Dharwad, Bellary, Berhampore, Jaipur, Jamshedpur, Katra, Kolar, Kolkata, Mahuva, Mysore, Palanpur, Raipur, Shimoga, Durgapur, Guwahati.
2002–2005 Program launch (lifestyle diseases) The Tobacco cessation clinic program (later renamed as Tobacco Cessation Centers) is launched by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Ministry of Health of India. Until 2005, 18 facilities are created. The services offered at the clinics include individual intervention in the form of behavioral counseling, medication, and nicotine replacement therapy[54] Anand, Bhopal, Bangalore, Chandigarh, Chennai, Cuttack, Delhi, Goa, Jaipur, Lucknow, Mumbai, and Patna, Mizoram, Guwahati, Kolkata, Hyderabad and Trivandrum
2004 Program launch (healthcare coverage) The Deen Dayal Antyoday Upchar Yojna scheme is launched by the government of Madhya Pradesh to provide free health care to poor families.[55] Madhya Pradesh
2005 Program launch (healthcare coverage) The National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) is launched by the government of India.[56]
2005 Program launch (healthcare coverage) Accredited Social Health Activist (ASHAs) is launched as a program of community health workers instituted by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare.[57]
2005 Program launch (child mortality) The Janani Suraksha Yojana scheme is launched by the Government of India with aims at decreasing the neonatal and maternal deaths happening in the country by promoting institutional delivery of babies.[58]
2007 Program launch (healthcare coverage) The Government of Andhra Pradesh launches the Aarogyasri program in order to provide no cost coverage of hospitalization for all those below the poverty line.[59] Andhra Pradesh
2008 Organization (hospital and research center) Ford Hospital and Research Centre is founded. Patna
2008 Organization (hospital) Hospital chain Columbia Asia establishes a referral hospital. It is considered among the best hospitals in India.[43] Bangalore
2009 Program launch (healthcare coverage) The Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY) scheme is launched with the objective of providing affordable healthcare to the poor.[27]
2010 Organization (hospital) Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital is founded.[21][60] Mumbai
2011 Program launch (healthcare coverage) The National Programme for the Health Care of the Elderly (NPHCE) scheme is launched with the objective of providing the elderly an easy access to primary healthcare.[27]
2012 Organization (medical college chain) All India Institute of Medical Sciences expand to six locations.[61] Bhopal, Bhubaneswar, Jodhpur, Patna, Raipur and Rishikesh.
2014 Crisis Odisha jaundice outbreak. Mainly Hepatitis E and also Hepatitis A kill at least 36 people.[62] Odisha, Bolangir district, Cuttack, Khurda and Jajpur
2014 Program launch (immunization) Mission Indradhanush is launched by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare with the purpose of immunizing all children against seven vaccine preventable diseases, namely diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, polio, tuberculosis, measles and hepatitis B by 2020.[63]
2014 Program launch (immunization) TB-Mission 2020 is launched by the Government of India with the purpose of eliminating tuberculosis from the country in 2020.[64]
2016 Epidemiology India tops the list of countries accounting for 64% of the 10.4 million new tuberculosis cases worldwide in 2016.[65]
2018 Program launch Indian government says it will fund the world’s largest national health program, with the implementation of a national health protection scheme targeted at 100 million poor and vulnerable families. As part of the Ayushman Bharat program, the government announces the launch of 150,000 health and wellness centers to make comprehensive medical care more easily available to households, with free essential drugs and diagnostic services.[66]

Numerical and visual data

The table below shows total expenditure on health as a percentage of GDP.[67]

Year Expenditure
2017 3.5
2015 3.9
2014 4.7
2011 3.9
2009 2.4

Data provided by the World Health Organization[68]

Year Neonatal mortality rate (per 1000 live births) Infant mortality rate (probability of dying between birth and age 1 per live births) Under–five mortality rate (probability of dying by age 5 per 1000 live births)
2019 21.44 28.33 34.37
2018 22.67 29.76 36.33
2017 23.73 31.39 38.56
2016 24.80 33.13 40.97
2015 25.90 34.95 43.53
2014 27.03 36.85 46.22
2013 28.21 38.82 49.03
2012 29.40 40.86 51.97
2011 30.61 42.97 55.04
2010 31.84 45.09 58.15
2009 33.06 47.25 61.36
2008 34.26 49.39 64.6
2007 35.44 51.51 67.86
2006 36.63 53.62 71.15
2005 37.85 55.71 74.44
2004 39.11 57.81 77.75
2003 40.47 59.96 81.13
2002 41.88 62.13 84.54
2001 43.28 64.39 88.07
2000 44.68 66.67 91.65
Year Neonates protected at birth against neonatal tetanus (PAB) (%) Rotavirus vaccines completed dose (RotaC) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%) Estimated antiretroviral therapy coverage among people living with HIV (%) Measles-containing-vaccine second-dose (MCV2) immunization coverage by the nationally recommended age (%) Pneumoccocal conjugate vaccines (PCV3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%) Hib (Hib3) immunization coverage among 1-year-olds (%)
2019 90 56 63 84 15 91
2018 90 35 55 82 6 90
2017 90 13 51 80 89
2016 87 4 44 76 80
2015 87 38 69 45
2014 87 34 60 20
2013 87 31 51 20
2012 87 24 36
2011 87 19 27
2010 87 15
2009 86 11
2008 86 8
2007 86 4
2006 86 2
2005 86 1
2004 86 0
2003 86 0
2002 87 0
2001 83 0
2000 85 0


Year Tuberculosis effective treatment coverage (%) Population using at least basic sanitation services (%) Population using safely managed sanitation services (%) Average of 13 International Health Regulations core capacity scores
2019 68.33 43.9
2018 65.41 41.90
2017 62.49 39.89
2016 59.59 37.79 98
2015 57.5 56.69 35.71
2014 43.70 53.81 33.63
2013 49.3 50.94 31.55 94
2012 37.8 48.09 29.49 84
2011 38.3 45.24 27.43 68
2010 39.2 42.42 25.38 73
2009 39.2 39.6 23.34
2008 38.7 36.8 21.31
2007 37 34.02 19.28
2006 35.7 31.24 17.27
2005 33.9 28.48 15.32
2004 29.2 25.74 13.38
2003 27.4 23.01 11.05
2002 20.4 20.29 9.17
2001 18.4 17.59 7.85
2000 11.9 15.01 6.58
  • The 13 core capacities are: (1) National legislation, policy and financing; (2) Coordination and National Focal Point communications; (3) Surveillance; (4) Response; (5) Preparedness; (6) Risk communication; (7) Human resources; (8) Laboratory; (9) Points of entry; (10) Zoonotic events; (11) Food safety; (12) Chemical events; (13) Radionuclear emergencies.[69]
Evolution of life expectancy in India for period between 1881 and 2005.[70]

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of June 5, 2021.

Year healthcare in India private healthcare in india universal healthcare in india ayurveda siddha medicine
1980 48 26 13 146 36
1985 80 39 15 195 60
1990 220 94 52 270 48
1995 632 308 179 445 89
2000 2,670 1,260 739 955 187
2002 4,470 2,510 1,550 1,210 358
2004 6,950 3,700 2,000 1,470 358
2006 11,000 5,610 3,180 2,060 450
2008 17,400 8,410 4,860 2,830 709
2010 29,100 11,300 7.270 4,870 1,060
2012 49,700 16,100 9,440 7,330 1,850
2014 64,800 22,300 12,300 7,910 1,990
2016 71,200 26,000 14,100 9,720 2,180
2017 76,800 27,200 16,800 11,500 2,510
2018 73,600 29,000 19,100 11,500 2,430
2019 54,800 25,200 19,100 11,400 2,260
2020 54,500 31,300 25,100 14,400 2,860
Healthcare in India tb.png


Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Healthcare in India (Search term) from January 2004 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[71]

Healthcare in India gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Healthcare in India from 1950 to 2019.[72]

Healthcare in India ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Healthcare in India on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider,mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to January 2021 [73]

Healthcare in India wv.jpg

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 "OVERVIEW OF INDIAN HEALING TRADITIONS". 
  2. ↑ Mishra L, Singh BB, Dagenais S (2001). "Ayurveda, a historical perspective and principles of the traditional healthcare system in India.". Altern Ther Health Med. PubMed. 7: 36–42. PMID 11253415. 
  3. ↑ Baru,Rama V(2010): "Public Sector Doctors in an Era of Commercialisation" in Sheikh and A George(ed)Health Providers in India, on the Frontlines of Change(New Delhi: Routledge)81-96.
  4. ↑ Amit Sengupta (2005). "The private health sector in India". BMJ. 331: 1157–8. PMC 1285083Freely accessible. PMID 16293815. doi:10.1136/bmj.331.7526.1157. 
  5. ↑ "Favorable exchange rate boost the medical tourism industry: MRRSE". 
  6. ↑ T.S.S. Dikshith (2008). Safe Use of Chemicals: A Practical Guide. CRC Press. p. 16. 
  7. ↑ Elizabeth R. Mackenzie; Birgit Rakel (2006). Complementary and Alternative Medicine for Older Adults: A Guide to Holistic Approaches to Healthy Aging. Springer. p. 215. ISBN 9780826138064. 
  8. ↑ "Siddha". 
  9. ↑ "About Unani". 
  10. ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 10.14 10.15 10.16 10.17 10.18 10.19 Muhammad Umair Mushtaq (2009). "Public Health in British India: A Brief Account of the History of Medical Services and Disease Prevention in Colonial India". Indian J Community Med. US National Library of Medicine. 34: 6–14. PMC 2763662Freely accessible. PMID 19876448. doi:10.4103/0970-0218.45369. 
  11. ↑ Muthiah, S. Madras Miscellany. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  12. ↑ "IPGMER". ipgmer.gov.in. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 "Cholera pandemics". 
  14. ↑ "History & Milestones". jipmer.edu.in. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  15. ↑ "B'lore: NIMHANS gets national importance status". Oneindia. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  16. ↑ "History". kemu.edu.pk. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 K Sandhu, Gursimrat. "Tuberculosis: Current Situation, Challenges and Overview of its Control Programs in India". PMC 3125027Freely accessible. doi:10.4103/0974-777X.81691. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 "Regulations In Hospital & Healthcare In India". Retrieved 26 September 2016. 
  19. ↑ Sharma. Concise Textbook Of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology. 
  20. ↑ "History of FJMC & Sir Ganga Ram Hospital". fjmcna.com. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 21.3 "Top 15 Best Hospitals in India 2017". worldblaze.in. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 "Institutions of national importance". mhrd.gov.in. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  23. ↑ "National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences". tophealthclinics.com. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  24. ↑ "National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciencesaccessdate=31 December 2016". 
  25. ↑ "Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College and King Edward Memorial Medical College, Mumbai". careers360.com. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  26. ↑ "Darbanga Medical College, Darbhanga, Bihar". punjabcolleges.com. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 27.4 27.5 27.6 27.7 "Healthcare in India" (PDF). 
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 "Hospital Chains in India:The Coming of Age?". archives-ouvertes.fr. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  29. ↑ "Post Graduate Institute, Chandigarh". hospitalnation.com. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  30. ↑ "Balwadi Nutrition Programme". National Institute of Health and Family Welfare. Retrieved 20 November 2012. 
  31. ↑ "Important programmes to combat malnutrition in India". Food and Agricultural Organisation. Retrieved 20 November 2012. 
  32. ↑ "Globalization and Alternative Medicines". globalization101.org. Retrieved 8 October 2018. 
  33. ↑ "Anugarah Narayana Magadh Medical College". admissionjankari.com. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  34. ↑ "Anugrah Narayan Magadh Medical College Hospital crisis: Govt approach baffles Gayaites". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  35. ↑ "Welcome to JLNMCH,Bhagalpur,Bihar". jlnmchbhagalpur.org. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  36. ↑ "JAWAHARLAL NEHRU MEDICAL COLLEGE". amu.ac.in. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  37. ↑ "GENESIS". aravind.org. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  38. ↑ "An Infinite Vision: The Story of Aravind Eye Hospital". 
  39. ↑ "Lilavati Hospital and Research Centre". globaldoctoroptions.com. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  40. ↑ Jugal Kishore (2005). National health programs of India: national policies & legislations related to health. Century Publications. ISBN 978-81-88132-13-3. Retrieved 2 September 2012. 
  41. ↑ "Immunization programme" (PDF). 
  42. ↑ Patra, Nilanjan. "UNIVERSAL IMMUNIZATION PROGRAMME IN INDIA: THE DETERMINANTS OF CHILDHOOD IMMUNIZATION" (PDF). Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta. p. 1. Retrieved 1 February 2012. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 "Hospitals in India". transearthmedicaltourism.com. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  44. ↑ "About Fortis Malar Hospital- At a Glance". fortismalar.com. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  45. ↑ "International Notes Update: Human Plague—India, 1994". MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 43 (41): 761–762. 21 October 1994. PMID 7935308. Retrieved 26 December 2015. 
  46. ↑ Dutt, Ashok (July 2006). "Surat Plague of 1994 Re-Examined" (PDF). Review. 37 (4): 755–760. Retrieved 31 October 2015. 
  47. ↑ "pulse polio". 
  48. ↑ National Strategic Plan for Tuberculosis Control, 2012-2017 (PDF). Central TB Division, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Aug 2012. Retrieved 22 November 2015. 
  49. ↑ "Krishna Heart Institute". indiaheartbeat.com. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  50. ↑ "Krishna Heart Institute Launches Re-designed Website". newswire.com. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  51. ↑ "Narayana Multispeciality Hospital". 
  52. ↑ "Philanthropy Awards 2013". forbesindia.com. Retrieved 30 September 2016. 
  53. ↑ "Quality, affordability and scale in healthcare: learning from Narayana". health.org.uk. Online webpage of The Health Foundation Inspiring Improvement. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  54. ↑ K. R. Thankappan (2014). "Tobacco cessation in India: A priority health intervention". Indian J. Med. Res. 139: 484–6. PMC 4078486Freely accessible. PMID 25055394. 
  55. ↑ "Deen Dayal Antyoday Upchar Yojna". 
  56. ↑ Umesh Kapil and Panna Choudhury National Rural Health Mission (NRHM): Will it Make a Difference? Indian Pediatrics Vol. 42 (2005): 783
  57. ↑ ASHA, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), 2005 
  58. ↑ "National Health Mission, Government of India". Retrieved 11 March 2015. 
  59. ↑ "Toward Universal Hospital Coverage: The Aarogyasri Health Insurance Program of Andhra Pradesh". 
  60. ↑ "Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital, And Research Institute, India". WHO. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  61. ↑ "New All India Institutes of Medical Sciences". pmssy-mohfw.nic.in. Retrieved 31 December 2016. 
  62. ↑ "Jaundice Resurfaces, Claims 2 More". The New Indian Express. 3 January 2014. Retrieved 7 January 2015. 
  63. ↑ "Mission Indradhanush". 
  64. ↑ Dr Harsh Vardhan announces India’s "TB-Mission 2020"
  65. ↑ "India Has Highest Number of New TB Cases Reported in 2016, Says WHO". thewire.in. Retrieved 20 November 2017. 
  66. ↑ "India says it will fund the world's largest national health programme". qz.com. Retrieved 24 May 2018. 
  67. ↑ "India - Health expenditures - Historical Data Graphs per Year". www.indexmundi.com. Retrieved 20 May 2022. 
  68. ↑ "India". www.who.int. Retrieved 2 May 2022. 
  69. ↑ "Indicator Metadata Registry Details". www.who.int. Retrieved 3 May 2022. 
  70. ↑ "Life expectancy". Retrieved 19 November 2016. 
  71. ↑ "Healthcare in India". Google Trends. Retrieved 25 February 2021. 
  72. ↑ "Healthcare in India". books.google.com. Retrieved 25 February 2021. 
  73. ↑ "Healthcare in India". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 24 February 2021. 
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