Timeline of infection control
From Timelines
This is a timeline of infection control.
Contents
Big picture
Time period | Development summary | More details |
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Full timeline
Year | Event type | Infection type | Details | Country/region |
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c.3000 BC | "The ancient Egyptians (circa 3000 BC) used palm wine and vinegar to rinse the abdominal cavities of human and animal cadavers prior to embalming"[1] | |||
800 BC | "The oldest reference to disinfection of premises with a chemical product seems to be that described in 800 BC by Homer in book xii of the Odyssey, where the hero, having killed his rivals, demanded that sulphur be burnt in the house which they had occupied"[1] | |||
1363 | Disinfectant | Microbial pathogens | Alcohol is already used as an antiseptic. | |
1502 | Disinfectant | "In 1502, the authorities of Nördlinger were responsible for burying the carcasses of animals which had died from rabies and, in the case of dogs, the grave digger was paid a price of eight pfennigs for this work"[1] | ||
1523 | Cordon sanitaire | Plague | "In 1523, during a plague outbreak in Birgu, the town was cordoned off by guards to prevent the disease from spreading to the rest of Malta" | |
1523 | "In 1523, Fitzherbert recommended removal of animals which had died from 'murrain' (anthrax), except the skin (which was sent to a tannery) and the head (which 'was to be placed on a pole to notify to others "that sickness existed in the township" ')"[1] | |||
1659 | Disinfectant | Potassium permanganate | ||
1666 | Cordon sanitaire | Plague | "n May 1666, the English village of Eyam famously imposed a cordon sanitaire on itself after an outbreak of the bubonic plague in the community." | |
1675 | Microbial pathogens | Antonie Van Leuwenhoek discovers microorganisms.[2] | ||
1676 | Microbial pathogens | Antonie Van Leuwenhoek discovers that vinegar kills some microorganisms.[2] "It was not until 1676 that Van Leeuwenhoek offered the first scientific proof of the action of acids on 'animalcules', which he had discovered using the microscope of his own invention."[1] | ||
1708–1712 | Cordon sanitaire | Plague | "During the Great Northern War plague outbreak of 1708–1712, cordons sanitaires were established around affected towns like Stralsund and Königsberg; one was also established around the whole Duchy of Prussia and another one between Scania and the Danish isles along the Sound, with Saltholm as the central quarantine station" | |
1715 | "Lancisi in 1715 recommended using vinegar (or vinegar water) for disinfecting objects (and even animals or persons) which had been in contact with cases of cattle plague"[1] | |||
1716 | "An edict of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, in 1716, decreed that the clothing of persons who had attended animals affected by cattle plague should be aired and 'exposed to flame'. There were heavy penalties for contravention: branding, forced labour for perpetuity and even flagellation followed by hanging"[1] | |||
1718 | "Previously, Joblot had demonstrated in 1718 35 that it was possible to sterilise an infusion of hay by boiling it for fifteen minutes and then sealing the container"[1] | |||
1730 | Disinfectant | "In 1730, Emperor Charles VI decreed that stables which had housed glanderous horses should be plastered with quicklime (16). Such arrangements figured in numerous texts published in Europe."[1] | ||
1745 | "e. In 1745, a decree at Oldenburg prescribed the cleaning with caustic soda of troughs from which cattle with plague had fed, and the cleaning of the woodwork and walls of their houses with lime-wash"[1] | |||
1770 | Cordon sanitaire | Plague | "In 1770 the Empress Maria Theresa set up a cordon sanitaire between Austria and the Ottoman Empire to prevent people and goods infected with plague from crossing the border. Cotton and wool were held in storehouses for weeks, with peasants paid to sleep on the bales and monitored to see if they showed signs of disease. " | |
1771 | "Thus, a decree issued by the Council of the King of France (June 1771) stipulated that 'animals killed or dead from epizootic disease may not be abandoned in forests, thrown into rivers or placed on rubbish dumps, nor may they be buried in stables, courtyards, gardens or elsewhere within the precincts of towns and villages"[1] | |||
1774 | Disinfectant | Microbial pathogens | Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers chlorine.[3] | |
1776 | "n 1776 by Spalanzani, who demonstrated that it was impossible for 'spontaneous generation' of microorganisms to occur once the fluid they lived in had been boiled for an hour"[1] | |||
1784 | Disinfectant | "In 1784, a decree issued by the Council of the King of France obliged the owners of animals affected by contagious diseases to burn or scald all harnesses, wagons and any other objects which had been in contact with these animals"[1] | ||
1789 | Disinfectant | "Potassium hypochlorite was first produced in 1789 by Claude Louis Berthollet in his laboratory located in Javel in Paris" | France | |
1789 | "In 1789 Tennant prepared a bleaching powder, as distinct from a liquid, by passing chlorine gas into a slurry of slaked lime"[3] | |||
1793 | Cordon sanitaire | Yellow fever | "During the 1793 Philadelphia yellow fever epidemic, roads and bridges leading to the city were blocked off by soldiers from the local militia to prevent the illness from spreading. " | |
1794 | "In 1794, Erasmus Darwin recommended that if cattle plague were introduced into England, all cattle within a five mile radius of any confirmed outbreak should be 'immediately slaughtered, and consumed within the circumscribed district; and their hides put into quicklime before proper inspectors'"[1] | |||
1801 | General | The first hospital for infectious diseases is established in London.[4] | United Kingdom | |
1811 | Disinfectant | Microbial pathogens | Chlorine dioxide is discovered. | |
1813–1814 | "During the 1813–14 Malta plague epidemic, the main urban settlements of Malta (Valletta, Floriana and the Three Cities) and rural settlements with a high mortality rate (Birkirkara, Qormi, Żebbuġ and later Xagħra) were cordoned off by the military to prevent people from entering or leaving" | |||
1821 | Cordon sanitaire | "The term cordon sanitaire dates to 1821" | ||
1821 | Cordon sanitaire | Yellow fever | "The 1821 yellow fever epidemic ravaged Barcelona and a cordon sanitaire was set up around the entire city of 150,000 people. Between 18,000 and 20,000 died in four months" | |
1823 | Disinfectant | "In 1823 Labarraque used hypochlorite as a deodorant and disinfectant in a cat-gut factory"[3] | ||
1829 | Disinfectant | Lugol's iodine is first made by French physician Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol.[5][6] | France | |
1831 | Disinfectant | "In the 1830s William Henry, a little-known Manchester physician who was engaged in public health, published the results of his ‘Experiments of the disinfecting power of increased temperature with a view to the suggestion of a substitute for quarantine’" | ||
1832 | Disinfectant | "Apart from the burning of aromatic herbs and the use of chlorine gas in the Paisley cholera epidemic of 1832, the first reasoned attempt to sterilize air"[3] | ||
1834 | Disinfectant | Microbial pathogens | German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovers a phenol, now known as carbolic acid, which he derives in an impure form from coal tar. | |
1834 | Disinfectant | Hypochlorous acid is discovered by French chemist Antoine Jérôme Balard by adding, to a flask of chlorine gas, a dilute suspension of mercury(II) oxide in water.[7] | ||
1844 | Disinfectant | "Bayard prepared an antiseptic powder from coal tar, plaster, ferrous sulphate and clay." | ||
1847 | Disinfectant | A bleach derivative is introduced as the hand disinfectant agent at the Vienna Medical Center to help reduce the risk of postpartum women who developed “Childbed Fever”, which had an 80% mortality rate. After introduction, the mortality rate plummets to 90% the first month.[2] | ||
1852 | Disinfectant | Microbial pathogens | Eucalyptus oil | Australia |
1856 | Cordon sanitaire | Yellow fever | "During the 1856 yellow fever epidemic a cordon sanitaire was implemented in several cities in the state of Georgia with moderate success" | |
1858 | "However it was only 100 years later in 1858 that Florence Nightingale promoted the case for hospital reform. "[8] | |||
1858 | Disinfectant | Bacteria | Fuchsine is first prepared by August Wilhelm von Hofmann from aniline and carbon tetrachloride.[9][10] | |
1859 | Disinfectant | "Formaldehyde was discovered in 1859 and examined as a bactericide by Loew & Fisher (1886)."[3] | ||
1865 | Disinfectant | Microbial pathogens | Dr. Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister applies a piece of lint dipped in carbolic acid solution to the wound of an eleven-year-old boy at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, who had sustained a compound fracture after a cart wheel had passed over his leg. After four days, he renewes the pad and discovers that no infection has developed. After a total of six weeks he discovers that the boy's bones have fused back together, without the danger of suppuration.[11][12] | United Kingdom |
1866 | Disinfectant | Methyl violet is manufactured in France by the Saint-Denis-based firm of Poirrier et Chappat and marketed under the name "Violet de Paris". It was a mixture of the tetra-, penta- and hexamethylated pararosanilines.[13] | France | |
1867 | Disinfectant | "the first reasoned attempt to sterilize air was made by Lister (1867) (see also Brock 1961) in his pursuit of antiseptic surgery"[3] | ||
1869 | Cordon sanitaire | Cholera | "In 1869, Adrien Proust (father of novelist Marcel Proust) proposed the use of an international cordon sanitaire to control the spread of cholera, which had emerged from India and was threatening Europe and Africa. Proust proposed that all ships bound for Europe from India and Southeast Asia be quarantined at Suez, however his ideas were not generally embraced" | |
1871 | "Thus in 1871 soap was used with coal tar to make an antiseptic preparation. This formulation was patented."[3] | |||
1872 | "Some early work due to Ritthausen (1872) showed that phenol was a solvent for proteins."[3] | |||
1875 | Disinfectant | "One hundred and thirty years were to pass before another paper on evaluation appeared and by this time much more was known and published about bacteria. This paper was by Bucholtz (1875), who published his determinations of the concentrations of, amongst other substances, phenol, creosote and salicylic and benzoic acid required to inhibit the growth of and to kill mixed cultures of unnamed micro-organisms."[3] | ||
1876 | Robert Koch publishes his work on anthrax, for the first time conclusively proving that a bacterium could be a specific infectious agent.[4] | |||
1877 | Disinfectant | John Jeyes patents his Jeyes fluid. | United Kingdom | |
1882 | Cordon sanitaire | Yellow fever | "in 1882, in response to a virulent outbreak of yellow fever in Brownsville, Texas, and in northern Mexico, a cordon sanitaire was established 180 miles north of the city, terminating at the Rio Grande to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the east." | |
1886 | Rabies | Louis Pasteur successfully immunizes a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog with spinal cord suspensions of inactivated rabies virus.[4] | ||
1886 | Disinfectant | "Formaldehyde was discovered in 1859 and examined as a bactericide by Loew & Fisher (1886)."[3] | ||
1887 | Disinfectant | "Rosahegyi noted as early as 1887 that dyes were inhibitory to bacteria"[3] | ||
1888 | Cordon sanitaire | "In 1888, during a yellow fever epidemic, the city of Jacksonville, Florida, was surrounded by an armed cordon sanitaire by order of Governor Edward A. Perry" | ||
1880s | Disinfectant | Joseph Lister uses a phenol agent in his groundbreaking work on surgical antisepsis.[2] | ||
1892 | Disinfectant | The name ethanol is coined as a result of a resolution adopted at the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature held in Geneva, Switzerland.[14] | Switzerland | |
1897 | Disinfectant | "Another ingenious test which sought to eliminate the continuing action of a disinfectant and to establish a time for a true endpoint to the disinfection process was that of Defries (1897)."[3] | ||
1897 | "Two workers in Germany, Kronig & Paul (1897), sought to examine the kinetics or dynamics of the course of the disinfection process in a phenomenal and exemplary paper"[3] | |||
1899 | Cordon sanitaire | "In 1899 an outbreak of the plague in Honolulu was managed by a cordon sanitaire around the Chinatown district. In an attempt to control the infection, a barbed wire perimeter was created and people's belongings and homes were burned" | ||
1900 | By this time, there are 4,000 hospitals in the United States.[4] | United States | ||
1900–1904 | Cordon sanitaire | "During the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 San Francisco's Chinatown was subjected to a cordon sanitaire" | ||
1901 | Disinfectant | "The first systematic experiment on the nature of the antibacterial action of phenols, however, was due to Meyer (1901) who showed that the antibacterial action of phenols was paralleled by their distribution between protein and water, suggesting that protein was the prime target."[3] | ||
1902 | Cordon sanitaire | "In 1902, Louisiana imposed a cordon sanitaire to prevent Italian immigrants from disembarking at the port of New Orleans. " | ||
1903 | Disinfectant | "The Rideal-Walker test was introduced to evaluate the performance of phenolic disinfectants against Salmonella typhi. It was published in 1903"[3] | ||
1903–1914 | Cordon sanitaire | Trypanosomiasis | "From 1903 to 1914, the Belgian colonial government imposed a cordon sanitaire on Uele Province in the Belgian Congo to control outbreaks of trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness)" | |
1909 | Disinfectant | "A modification of this method was adopted by the American Public Health Association in 1909 as a standard for determining airborne bacteria."[3] | ||
1912 | "Cooper, again working with bacteria and phenols, also concluded that phenols destroyed intracellular protein by coagulation."[3] | |||
1913 | Disinfectant | "Three years later Cooper (1913) made the interesting statement that adsorption of phenol onto bacterial cells was the first reaction of the disinfection process."[3] | ||
1916 | Disinfectant | Bacterial disease | A new agent known as quaternary ammonium salts are first reported by the Rockefeller Institute as having bactericidal properties.[2] | United States |
1916 | Disinfectant | "Another type of antimicrobial molecule was introduced in 1916. These were organic derivatives of the positivelycharged ammonium ion where at least one hydrogen atom was substituted by a long chain alkyl radical and the three remaining atoms substituted usually by methyl groups."[3] | ||
1918 | Cordon sanitaire | Influenza | "The 1918 flu pandemic spread so rapidly that, in general, there was no time to implement cordons sanitaires. However, to prevent an introduction of the infection, residents of Gunnison, Colorado isolated themselves from the surrounding area for two months at the end of 1918. All highways were barricaded near the county lines" | |
1918 | Cordon sanitaire | Influenza | "During the 1918 flu pandemic, the then Governor of American Samoa, John Martin Poyer, imposed a reverse cordon sanitaire of the islands from all incoming ships, successfully achieving zero deaths within the territory.[23] In contrast, the neighboring New Zealand-controlled Western Samoa was among the hardest hit, with a 90% infection rate and over 20% of its adults dying from the disease" | |
1920 | Standard Oil first produces isopropyl alcohol by hydrating propene. | |||
1933 | Disinfectant | Dettol | ||
1933 | Disinfectant | "soap-solubilized formulation containing chloroxylenol and terpineol was introduced by Colebrook & Maxted in 1933"[3] | ||
1935 | Disinfectant | The use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as a germicide/disinfectant is formally recognized.[2] | ||
1941 | UK Control of Infection Officer | |||
1942 | "Amidines studied as antitrypanocidal drugs were shown to be antibacterial by Fuller (1942)"[3] | |||
1943 | First isolation ward in USA | |||
1944 | USA Infection Control Officer | |||
1946 | The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is founded.[4] | United States | ||
1947 | Disinfectant | Fungus, HIV-1 (AIDS), Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C | The barbicide is invented by Maurice King and marketed heavily around the United States by his brother James.[15] | United States |
1947 | A widespread outbreak of gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom, causing the death of 4,500 children under the age of one, gave rise to a national objective of sterilising all baby's milk bottles. Milton sterilizing fluid becomes the antiseptic advocated by hospitals and government agencies. This cold water method is generally available and simple for all to use, and virtually all mothers adopted this method.[16] | United Kingdom | ||
1947 | Disinfectant | "It culminated in 12 papers by Jordan et al. (1947) on the dynamics of the disinfection of Escherichza cola by phenol and heat"[3] | ||
1950 | Disinfectant | "11 papers by Berry & Michaels (1950) on the bactericidal activity of ethylene glycol and its mono alkyl ethers on the same organism. These papers recorded in meticulous detail the time course of the disinfection process, the effect of temperature and other factors upon it and how loss of activity with dilution-the concentration exponent-is a variant property of antibacterial substances."[3] | ||
1954 | Disinfectant | "Davies et al. (1954) described the new antimicrobial compound chlorhexidine."[3] | ||
1955 | "1955 saw the introduction of peracetic acid"[3] | |||
1955 | Disinfectant | Povidone-iodine comes into commercial use.[17] | ||
1956 | Disinfectant | Chlorine dioxide is introduced as a drinking water disinfectant on a large scale, when Brussels, Belgium, changes from chlorine to chlorine dioxide.[18] | Belgium | |
1957 | Disinfectant | Gluaraldehyde is introduced.[3] | ||
Mid-1950s | "baby wipes most likely came in the mid-1950s as more people were travelling and needed a way to clean up on the go" | |||
1950s | Disinfectant | Chlorhexidine comes into medical use.[19] | ||
1959 | The first Infection Control Nurse | |||
1966 | Disinfectant | Hand sanitizers are first introduced. | ||
1960s | Disinfectant | Glutaraldehyde comes into medical use.[20] | ||
1972 | Cordon sanitaire | Smallpox | "During the 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak, over 10,000 people were sequestered in cordons sanitaires of villages and neighborhoods using roadblocks, and there was a general prohibition of public meetings, a closure of all borders and a prohibition of all non-essential travel." | |
1972 | APIC first meeting | |||
1976 | SENIC 1 ICP:250 beds, importance of surveillance | |||
1976 | CHICA is incorporated | |||
1984 | Hospital-acquired infection | A survey in Australia documents that 6.3% of 28,643 hospitalized patients in the country have a hospital-acquired infection, with the highest rates in larger hospitals.[21] | Australia | |
1980s | Disinfectant | Alcohol-based hand sanitizer starts being commonly used in Europe.[22] | ||
1995 | Cordon sanitaire | Ebola | "In 1995 a cordon sanitaire was used to control an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Kikwit, Zaire" | |
1995 | Hospital-acquired infection | The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 1.9 million cases of hospital-acquired infection occurred in the United States.[23] | United States | |
1990s | Disinfectant | Non-flammable Alcohol Vapor in Carbon Dioxide systems (NAV-CO2 System) are developed in Japan in the 1990s to sanitize hospitals and ambulances. | Japan | |
2003 | Cordon sanitaire | Severe acute respiratory syndrome | During the 2003 SARS outbreak in Canada, "community quarantine" is used to successfully reduce transmission of the disease.[24] | Canada |
2003 | Cordon sanitaire | Severe acute respiratory syndrome | During the 2003 SARS outbreak in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore, large-scale quarantine is imposed on travelers arriving from other SARS areas, work and school contacts of suspected cases, and, in a few instances, entire apartment complexes where high attack rates of SARS were occurring.[25] | China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore |
2004 | Cordon sanitaire | Ebola | A cordon sanitaire is established around some of the most affected areas of the 2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak.[26][27] On 19 August, the Liberian government quarantined the entirety of West Point, Monrovia and issued a curfew statewide.[28] | Liberia |
2005 | Hospital-acquired infection | The American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America publish guidelines suggesting antibiotics specifically for hospital-acquired pneumonia.[29] | United States | |
2009 | The World Health Organization publishes Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings.[30] | |||
2011 (April) | Publication | The World Health Organization publishes Core components for infection prevention and control programmes
Assessment tools for IPC programmes.[31] |
||
2011 | "The researchers estimated that in 2011, 648,000 hospitalized patients had to battle at least one hospital-acquired infection. The total number of infections was estimated at 721,800. To put that number in perspective, about 34 million people are admitted to 5,000 community hospitals in the U.S. each year."[32] | United States | ||
2014 | Hand washing | A study shows that Saudi Arabia has the highest rate of hand washing with soap, with 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.[33] | ||
2015 | Hand washing | A study of hand washing in 54 countries finds that on average, 38.7% of households practice hand washing with soap. | ||
2020 | Cordon sanitaire | Coronavirus disease 2019 | A multiple number of lockdowns are imposed worldwide in response to the 2019–20 coronavirus pandemic. | China |
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- Infection control
- Category:Disinfectants
- Antimicrobial
- Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces
- Antimicrobial properties of copper
- Medical uses of silver
- Cordon sanitaire
- Hospital-acquired infection
- Protective sequestration
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- Isolation (health care)
- Social distancing
- Quarantine
- Leper colony
- Barrier nursing
- Cubicle curtain
- Category:Medical hygiene
- Category:Antimicrobials
- Body substance isolation
- Disinfectant
- Category:Medical hygiene
- [1]
- [2]
- [3]
- [4]
- [5]
- [6]
- [7]
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See also
- Timeline of epidemiology
- Timeline of hygiene
- Timeline of global health
- Timeline of bacteriology
- Timeline of antibiotics
- Timeline of virology
External links
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 BLANCOU, J. "History of disinfection from early times until the end of the 18th century" (PDF). oie.int. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants". pdihc.com. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 Hugo, W.B. "A brief history of heat and chemical preservation and disinfect ion". Journal of Applied Bacteriology. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Smith, Philip W.; Watkins, Kristin; Hewlett, Angela. American Journal of Infection Control (PDF) https://cha.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AJIC-2012-Infection-Control-Through-the-Ages.pdf. Missing or empty
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(help) - ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ See:
- Balard, A. J. (1834). "Recherches sur la nature des combinaisons décolorantes du chlore" [Investigations into the nature of bleaching compounds of chlorine]. Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 2nd series (in French). 57: 225–304. From p. 246: " … il est beaucoup plus commode … environ d'eau distillée." ( … it is much easier to pour, into flasks full of chlorine, red mercury oxide [that has been] reduced to a fine powder by grinding and diluted in about twelve times its weight of distilled water.)
- Graham, Thomas (1840). Elements of Chemistry. vol. 4. London, England: H. Baillière. p. 367.
- ↑ Forder, A A. "A Brief History of Infection Control - Past and Present". PMID 18250929.
- ↑ von Hofmann, August Wilhelm (1859). "Einwirkung des Chlorkohlenstoffs auf Anilin. Cyantriphenyldiamin". Journal für Praktische Chemie. 77: 190. doi:10.1002/prac.18590770130.
- ↑ von Hofmann, August Wilhelm (1858). "Action of Bichloride of Carbon on Aniline". Philosophical Magazine: 131–142.
- ↑ Lister, Joseph (21 September 1867). "On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery". The Lancet. 90 (2299): 353–356. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)51827-4.
- ↑ Lister, Joseph (1 January 1870). "On the Effects of the Antiseptic System of Treatment Upon the Salubrity of a Surgical Hospital". The Lancet. 95 (2418): 2–4. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)31273-X.
- ↑ Gardner, W. M., ed. (1915), The British coal-tar industry : its origin, development, and decline, Philadelphia: Lippincott, p. 173
- ↑ For a report on the 1892 International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature, see:* Armstrong H (1892). "The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature". Nature. 46 (1177): 56–59. Bibcode:1892Natur..46...56A. doi:10.1038/046056c0.
- Armstrong's report is reprinted with the resolutions in English in: Armstrong H (1892). "The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature". The Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry. 6 (1177): 390–400 (398). Bibcode:1892Natur..46...56A. doi:10.1038/046056c0.
The alcohols and the phenols will be called after the name of the hydrocarbon from which they are derived, terminated with the suffix ol (ex. pentanol, pentynol, etc.)
- Armstrong's report is reprinted with the resolutions in English in: Armstrong H (1892). "The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature". The Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry. 6 (1177): 390–400 (398). Bibcode:1892Natur..46...56A. doi:10.1038/046056c0.
- ↑ Martin, Douglas (1997-06-22). "The Smithsonian Celebrates Barbicide, A Barbershop Germ Killer Born in Brooklyn". The New York Times. The New York Times Company. p. 2. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ↑ "Our History". www.milton-tm.com. Retrieved 9 March 2019.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Block, Seymour Stanton (2001). Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation (5th ed.). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. p. 215. ISBN 0-683-30740-1.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ Spelman, Denis W. "2: Hospital-acquired infections". doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04412.x.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:Citation/CS1/Suggestions' not found.
- ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions". ncsl.org. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ↑ Bondy, SJ; Russell, ML; Laflèche, JM; Rea, E (2009). "Quantifying the impact of community quarantine on SARS transmission in Ontario: estimation of secondary case count difference and number needed to quarantine". BMC Public Health. 9: 488. PMC 2808319. PMID 20034405. doi:10.1186/1471-2458-9-488.
- ↑ Martin Cetron, et al. "Isolation and Quarantine: Containment Strategies for SARS, 2003." From Learning from SARS: Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak, National Academy of Sciences, 2004. Template:ISBN
- ↑ "Community Quarantine to Interrupt Ebola Virus Transmission – Mawah Village, Bong County, Liberia, August–October, 2014," Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, February 27, 2015 / 64(07); 179–182.
- ↑ Donald G. McNeil Jr. (August 13, 2014). "Using a Tactic Unseen in a Century, Countries Cordon Off Ebola-Racked Areas". The New York Times.
- ↑ "Liberian Soldiers Seal Slum to Halt Ebola". NBC News. 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2014-08-23.
- ↑ American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America (2005). "Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia". Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. 171 (4): 388–416. PMID 15699079. doi:10.1164/rccm.200405-644ST.
- ↑ "Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings". who.int. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ↑ "Core components for infection prevention and control programmes". who.int. Retrieved 19 May 2020.
- ↑ "One in 25 patients battling hospital-acquired infections: CDC". reuters.com. Retrieved 2 April 2020.
- ↑ BreakingWeb. "Les Français et le savonnage des mains après être allé aux toilettes". BVA Group (in français). Retrieved 3 April 2020.