Changes

! Date !! Category !! Type !! Subtype !! Organisation or individual !! Event

| 1773-04 || writing cryonics || futurism || letter || {{W|Benjamin Franklin}} || In a letter to Jacques Dubourg, {{W|Benjamin Franklin}} says: "I wish it were possible&nbsp;… ...to invent a method of embalming drowned persons, in such a manner that they might be recalled to life at any period, however distant; for having a very ardent desire to see and observe the state of America a hundred years hence, I should prefer to an ordinary death, being immersed with a few friends in a cask of Madeira, until that time, then to be recalled to life by the solar warmth of my dear country! But&nbsp;… ... in all probability, we live in a century too little advanced, and too near the infancy of science, to see such an art brought in our time to its perfection&nbsp;…...".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Works_of_the_Late_Doctor_Benjamin_Franklin_(1793).djvu/233|title=Page:Works of the Late Doctor Benjamin Franklin (1793).djvu/233 - Wikisource, the free online library|website=en.wikisource.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>

| 1883-04-15 || cryogenics || technological development || cold || || Nitrogen is liquefied by {{W|Zygmunt Wróblewski}} and {{W|Karol Olszewski}} at the {{W|Jagiellonian University}}.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8SKrWdFLEd4C&pg=PA249|page=249|title=A Short History of the Progress of Scientific Chemistry in Our Own Times|author=Tilden, William Augustus |publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|year=2009|isbn=1-103-35842-1}}</ref>

| 1931-07 1968 || writing cryonics || fiction organisation || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} |Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation | {{W|Robert Ettinger}} reads Neil R. Jones' newly published story, "The Jameson Satellite",<ref name="regis87">{{cite book |title= Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly Over The Edge|last= Regis|first= Ed|authorlink=Ed Regis (author) |coauthors= |year= 1991|publisher= Westview Press|location= |isbn= 0Hope closes Cryo-201-56751-2|page= |pages= 87–88|url= }}</ref> in which a professor has his corpse sent into earth orbit where Care Equipment Corporation after seeing it would remain preserved indefinitely at near absolute zero (note: this is not scientifically accurate), until millions of years later, when, with humanity extinct, wouldn't turn a race of mechanical beings discovers, revives, and repairs him by transferring his brain in a mechanical bodyprofit. The remaining patients are turn over to other organizations or to relatives.<ref name="RCWESuspensionFailures">{{cite Cite web | title = {{W|Robert Ettinger}} | publisher = Cryonics Institute | url = httphttps://www.cryonicsalcor.org/bioLibrary/html/suspensionfailures.html#Robert_Ettinger | accessdate title= May 24, 2009 | deadurl = yes Suspension Failures - Lessons from the Early Days| archiveurl website= https://www.webcitationalcor.org/6ASYHJ6M9?url=http://www.cryonics.org/bio.html#Robert_Ettinger | archivedate access-date= September 5, 2012 | df = mdy2019-01-all 21}}</ref>

| 1940s 1931-07 || cryonics ||writing | technological development |fiction | cold |{{W| Robert Ettinger}} || {{W|Liquid nitrogenRobert Ettinger}} becomes commercially availablereads Neil R.Jones' newly published story, "The Jameson Satellite",<refname="regis87">{{Cite journalcite book |title= Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly Over The Edge|last=CooperRegis|first=S MEd|authorlink=Ed Regis (author) |coauthors= |year= 1991|last2publisher=DawberWestview Press|first2location=R P R|dateisbn=20010-201-56751-42|page= |pages= 87–88|url= }}</ref>, in which a professor has his corpse sent into earth orbit where it would remain preserved indefinitely at near absolute zero (note: this is not scientifically accurate), until millions of years later, when, with humanity extinct, a race of mechanical beings discovers, revives, and repairs him by transferring his brain in a mechanical body.<ref name="RCWE">{{cite web |title=The history of cryosurgery{{W| Robert Ettinger}} | publisher = Cryonics Institute |url=httpshttp://www.ncbicryonics.nlmorg/bio.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281398/html#Robert_Ettinger |journalaccessdate =Journal of the Royal Society of MedicineMay 24, 2009 |volumedeadurl =94yes |issuearchiveurl =4https://www.webcitation.org/6ASYHJ6M9?url=http://www.cryonics.org/bio.html#Robert_Ettinger |pagesarchivedate =196–201September 5, 2012 |issndf =0141mdy-0768|pmc=PMC1281398|pmid=11317629all }}</ref>

| 1947 |1950-05 | |cryobiology | |technological development | {{W|Robert Ettinger}} vitrification || EttingerLuyet, while in the hospital for his battle wounds, discovers {{WGonzales |Jean Rostand}} research in {{W|cryogenics}}Luyet and Gonzales achieve successful vitrification of chicken embryo hearts using ethylene glycol.<ref name="CITimeline">{{Cite webjournal|last=Gonzales|first=F.|last2=Luyet|first2=B.|date=1950-5|title=Resumption of heart-beat in chick embryo frozen in liquid nitrogen|url=https://www.cryonicsncbi.org/ci-landingnlm.nih.gov/history-timelinepubmed/15426631|titlejournal=History/Timeline {{!}} Cryonics InstituteBiodynamica|websitevolume=www.cryonics.org7|accessissue=126-date128|pages=1–5|issn=20190006-01-213010|pmid=15426631}}</ref>

| 19481954-03 06 || writing cryobiology || fiction science || {{Wnature |Robert Ettinger}} |Smith et al. | Ettinger publishes the story [https://archive| Smith et al.is/20120801065253/http://www.cryonics.org/Trump.html "The Penultimate Trump"], in which demonstrate the explicit idea ability of cryopreservation golden hamsters to recover and survive long term following freezing of legally dead people for future repair is promulgated. This story was written ~60% of the water in 1947their brains and the survival a full recovery of hamsters cooled to -5°C.<ref>{{Cite webjournal|last=Parkes|first=A. S.|last2=Lovelock|first2=J. E.|last3=Smith|first3=A. U.|date=1954-06|title=Resuscitation of Hamsters after Supercooling or Partial Crystallization at Body Temperatures Below 0° C.|url=httphttps://www.isfdbnature.orgcom/cgi-binarticles/title.cgi?800141731136a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=173|issue=4415|titlepages=Title: The Penultimate Trump1136–1137|websitedoi=www10.isfdb.org1038/1731136a0|access-dateissn=2019-011476-214687}}</ref>

| 1960 1959-05 || writing cryobiology || communication technological development || vitrification || Lovelock, Bishop || Lovelock and Bishop discover the cryoprotective properties of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). Me2SO would subsequently become a mainstay of most experimental vitrification solutions used in organ preservation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=LOVELOCK|first=J. E.|last2=BISHOP|first2=M. W. H.|Robert Ettinger}} date=1959-05|title=Prevention of Freezing Damage to Living Cells by Dimethyl Sulphoxide| Ettinger expected other scientists to advocate for cryonicsurl=http://dx.doi. Given that this still hasn't happened, Ettinger finally makes the scientific case for cryonicsorg/10. He sends this to approximately 200 people whom he selected from ''Who's Who in America'', but got little response1038/1831394a0|journal=Nature|volume=183|issue=4672|pages=1394–1395|doi=10.1038/1831394a0|issn=0028-0836}}</ref name="regis87"/>

| 1965-03 || cryobiology || technological development || cryoprotection || James Farrant || James Farrant shows that viable ice free cryopreservation of a highly organized tissue is possible and that eliminating ice formation, even at -79 °C, eliminates virtually all of the extensive mechanical (histological) and ultrastructural disruption observed with conventional cryoprotection and freezing of complex tissues.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=FARRANT|first=J.|date=1965-03|title=Mechanism of Cell Damage During Freezing and Thawing and its Prevention|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2051284a0|journal=Nature|volume=205|issue=4978|pages=1284–1287|doi=10.1038/2051284a0|issn=0028-0836}}</ref>|-| 1968-02 || cryonics || science || resuscitation || Ames, et al. || Ames, et al., discover the cerebral no-re-flow phenomenon which prevents adequate reperfusion of the brain after ~10 minutes of global cerebral ischemia and identifies this as the likely cause of failure to achieve brain resuscitation after 6-10 minutes of normothermic ischemia rather than the acute death of brain cells as the supposed cause.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ames|first=A.|last2=Wright|first2=R. L.|last3=Kowada|first3=M.|last4=Thurston|first4=J. M.|last5=Majno|first5=G.|date=1968-2|title=Cerebral ischemia. II. The no-reflow phenomenon.|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2013326/|journal=The American Journal of Pathology|volume=52|issue=2|pages=437–453|issn=0002-9440|pmc=PMC2013326|pmid=5635861}}</ref>|-| 1969-04-11 || cryonics || futurism || || Jerome White || Jerome White, one of the founders of the Bay Area Cryonics Society, proposes the use of specially engineered viruses to effect repair of cells that are damaged by freezing and compromised by aging.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=J. B.|date=1969-04-11|title=Viral Induced Repair of Damaged Neurons with Preservation of Long-Term Information Content,|url=https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/White1969.pdf|journal=Second Annual Cryonics Conference|volume=|pages=|via=|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan}}</ref>|-| 1970-05-22 || cryobiology || science || theory || Peter Mazur || Peter Mazur publishes his “two factor theory” elucidating the basic mechanisms of freezing damage to living cells: solution effects injury and/or intracellular freezing. This insight facilitates more rational design of freezing and thawing protocols allowing the development of freezing techniques for animal embryos.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mazur|first=P.|date=1970-05-22|title=Cryobiology: the freezing of biological systems|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5462399|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|volume=168|issue=3934|pages=939–949|issn=0036-8075|pmid=5462399}}</ref>|-| 1971 || resuscitation || science || || Hossmann || Hossmann demonstrate possible recovery of the cat brain after complete ischemia for 1 hour. The field of cerebral resuscitation is born.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hossmann|first=K.-A.|last2=Lechtape-Grüter|first2=H.|date=1971|title=Blood Flow and Recovery of the Cat Brain after Complete Ischemia for 1 Hour|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000114515|journal=European Neurology|volume=6|issue=1-6|pages=318–322|doi=10.1159/000114515|issn=0014-3022}}</ref>|-| 1971-08 || cryonics || writing || journal || Manrise Technical Review || Fred and Linda Chamberlain begin publishing a bi-monthly technical journal, Manrise Technical Review and in 1972 they publish the first comprehensive technical manual of human cryopreservation procedures. This marks the beginning of a biomedically informed and rigorously scientific approach to cryonics. In this manual the Chamberlains suggest apoplication of the Farrant technique to cryonics patients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chamberlain|first=FR|last2=Chamberlain|first2=LL|date=1972|title=Instructions for the Induction of Solid State Hypothermia|url=|journal=Manrise Corporation|location=La Canada, CA|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>|-| 1973-03 || cryonics || || || Cryonics Society of New York || Fahy and Darwin publish the first technical case report documenting the procedures, problems and responses of a human patient (Clara Dostal) to cryoprotective perfusion and freezing. The report is severely critical of the way cryonics patients are being treated and suggests many reform and inprovements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MD|date=1973|title=Perfusion and freezing of a 60-year-old woman|url=http://www.lifepact.com/images/MTRV3N1.pdf|journal=Manrise Technical Review|volume=3(1)|pages=9-32|access-date=2010-08-31|via=}}</ref>|-| 1975-07 || suspended animation || technological development || || Gerald Klebanoff || Gerald Klebanoff demonstrates recovery of dogs from total blood washout and profound hypothermia with no neurological deficit using a defined asanguineous solution. Klebanoff documents the critical importance of adequate amounts of colloid in the perfusate to prevent death from pulmonary edema.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haff|first=R. C.|last2=Klebanoff|first2=G.|last3=Brown|first3=B. G.|last4=Koreski|first4=W. R.|date=1975-7|title=Asanguineous hypothermic perfusion as a means of total organism preservation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1142760|journal=The Journal of Surgical Research|volume=19|issue=1|pages=13–19|issn=0022-4804|pmid=1142760}}</ref>|-| 1977-07 || cryonics || futurism || || Darwin || Darwin is the first to conceive of the idea of an autonomous, bioengineered cell repair and replacement device to reverse cryo-injury and aging, which he called the “anabolocyte”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Darwin|first=MG|date=July/August 1977|title=The anabolocyte: a biological approach to repairing cryoinjury|url=http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/1.3.2.1.htm|journal=Life Extension Magazine: A Journal of the Life Extension Sciences|volume=1|pages=|via=}}</ref>|-| 1978-07 || cryonics || technological adoption || || Cryovita Laboratories || Jerry Leaf of Cryovita Laboratories introduces the principles and equipment of extracorporeal medicine into cryonics with the cryopreservation of Samuel Berkowitz. This included the use the heart-lung machine, closed circuit perfusion, 40µ arterial filtration and sterile technique and Universal Precautions to protect the staff caring for the patient:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leaf|first=JD|date=March-April 1979|title=Cryonic Suspension of Sam Berkowitz,|url=|journal=Long Life Magazine|volume=|pages=30-35|via=}}</ref>|-| 1981-03 || cryonics || writing || journal || Darwin, Bridge || Michael Darwin and Stephen Bridge begin publication of the monthly magazine Cryonics which, for the next 10 years, would be the principle vehicle for publication of technical and scientific papers in cryonics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/CryonicsMagazine/archive.html|title=Cryonics Magazine|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>|-| 1983-01 || cryonics || technological development || || Darwin, et al. || Darwin, et al. carry out an extensive study to evaluate the efficacy of a human cryopreservation protocol on whole mammals (rabbits). This research discloses extensive ultrastructural disruption of the brain even when freezing in the presence of 3 M glycerol is employed. This work also documentes the extremely adverse effects of prolonged cold ischemia on cryoprotective perfusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1389|title=Cryoprotective perfusion and freezing of the ischemic and nonischemic cat|last=Darwin|first=M|last2=Leaf|first2=JD|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1390|title=CRYONICS: Freezing Damage (Darwin) Part 2|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1391|title=CRYONICS: Freezing Damage (Darwin) Part 3|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1392|title=CRYONICS: Freezing Damage (Darwin) Part 4|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MG|last2=Leaf|first2=JD|date=1983-01|title=Tahoe Research Proposals|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8301.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|issue=30|pages=14|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chronopause.com/index.php/2012/02/13/the-effects-of-cryopreservation-on-the-cat-part-1/|title=THE EFFECTS OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE CAT, Part 1|last=chronopause|website=CHRONOSPHERE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chronopause.com/index.php/2012/02/14/the-effects-of-cryopreservation-on-the-cat-part-2/|title=THE EFFECTS OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE CAT, Part 2|last=chronopause|website=CHRONOSPHERE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chronopause.com/index.php/2012/02/21/the-effects-of-cryopreservation-on-the-cat-part-3/|title=THE EFFECTS OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE CAT, Part 3|last=chronopause|website=CHRONOSPHERE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>|-| 1987-06 || cryonics || technological development || [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] || Leaf, Darwin, Hixon || Leaf, Darwin and Hixon develop a mobile [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] (ECMO) cart which is capable of providing acute, in-field extracorporeal life support and cooling providing the first truly adequate method of maintaining viability and achieving rapid induction of hypothermia in cryonics patients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leaf|first=Jerry D|last2=Hixon|first2=Hugh|last3=Hugh|first3=Mike|date=1987|title=Development of a mobile advanced life support system for human biostasis operations|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8703.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=8|issue=3|pages=23-40|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/AlcorCaseA1133.pdf|title=Cryonic suspension case report: A-1133|last=Darwin|first=Michael G.|last2=Leaf|first2=Jerry D.|date=|website=Alcor Life Extension Foundation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|last3=Hixon|first3=Hugh L.}}</ref>|-| 1987-06-08 || cryonics || technological adoption || [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] || || First use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support on a cryonics patient.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/AlcorCaseA1133.pdf|title=Cryonic suspension case report: A-1133|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>|-| 1989-02 || cryonics || writing || textbook || Wowk, Darwin || Wowk and Darwin author the first comprehensive textbook on cryonics designed for use in recruiting new members to Alcor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cryoeuro.eu:8080/download/attachments/425990/AlcorReachingForTomorrow1989.pdf|title=Cryonics: Reaching for Tomorrow,|last=Wowk|first=B.|last2=Darwin|first2=M.|date=1990|website=Alcor Life Extension Foundation|location=Riverside, CA|isbn=101880209004|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2010-10-09}}</ref>|-| 1990-06-09 || cryonics || quality assessment || || Alcor || First evaluation of viability in a cryonics patient using Na+/K+ ratio in the renal cortex demonstrating good tissue viability following application of the Alcor Transport Protocol, including rapid post-arrest in-field washout and rapid air transport of the patient to the cryoprotective perfusion facility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/fried.html|title=Cryopreservation case report: Arlene Francis Fried, A-1049|last=Darwin|first=MG|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>|-| 1990-10 || cryobiology || technological development || re-warming || Ruggera, Fahy || Ruggera and Fahy demonstrate uniform radio frequency re-warming of vitrified solution in volumes compsarable to those of the rabbit kidney without thermal runaway and at rates of re-warming sufficient to inhibit devitrification in their model system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ruggera|first=P. S.|last2=Fahy|first2=G. M.|date=1990-10|title=Rapid and uniform electromagnetic heating of aqueous cryoprotectant solutions from cryogenic temperatures|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2249450|journal=Cryobiology|volume=27|issue=5|pages=465–478|issn=0011-2240|pmid=2249450}}</ref>|-| 1990-10 || cryobiology || science || vitrification || Fahy, et al. || Fahy, et al., publish first paper documenting the behavior of large volumes of vitrification solution with respect to fracture temperature, thermal gradient, cooling rate, ice nucleation and crystal growth as a preliminary step to avoid fracturing in vitrified organs and tissues and to prevent devitrification during re-warming.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=G. M.|last2=Saur|first2=J.|last3=Williams|first3=R. J.|date=1990-10|title=Physical problems with the vitrification of large biological systems|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2249453|journal=Cryobiology|volume=27|issue=5|pages=492–510|issn=0011-2240|pmid=2249453}}</ref>|-| 1992-02 || cryonics || technological adoption || [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] || || First application of [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] ECMO in the patient’s home followed by ~8 hours of continuous ECMO support prior to perfusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/casereport9202.html|title=The Transport of Patient A-1312S|last=Henson|first=HK|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>|-| 1995-05-31 || cryobiology || science || cryoprotection || Darwin || Darwin, et al., demonstrate much improved ultrastructural preservation in the dog brain and preservation of vascular integrity after perfusion with 7.5 M glycerol and freezing to -100 °C.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Darwin|first=M.|last2=Russell|first2=S.|last3=Wakfer|first3=P.|last4=Wood|first4=L.|last5=Wood|first5=C.|date=1995-05-31|title=Effect of Human Cryopreservation Protocol on the Ultrastucture of the Canine Brain|url=|journal=BioPreservation, Inc|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Platt|first=C.|date=July 1995|title=New Brain Study Shows Reduced Tissue Damage|url=http://www.cryocare.org/index.cgi?subdir=&url=ccrpt4.html#BRAIN|journal=CryoCare Report|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>|-| 2000-07-15 || cryobiology || technological development || vitrification || Fahy, Kheirabadi || Fahy and Kheirabadi achieve permanent life support after perfusion of rabbit kidneys with 7.5 M a vitrification solution demonstrating for the first time that concentrations of cryoprotectant compatible with vitrification are tolerable without the loss of renal viability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kheirabadi|first=B. S.|last2=Fahy|first2=G. M.|date=2000-07-15|title=Permanent life support by kidneys perfused with a vitrifiable (7.5 molar) cryoprotectant solution|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10919575|journal=Transplantation|volume=70|issue=1|pages=51–57|issn=0041-1337|pmid=10919575}}</ref>|-| 2004-02 || cryobiology || technological development || vitrification || Fahy, et al. || Fahy, et al., develop several highly stable vitrification solutions using synthetic ice blockers which also have extremely low toxicity. It is possible to perfuse kidneys with 9+ molar vitrification solution (~60%) without loss of viability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|last2=Wowk|first2=Brian|last3=Wu|first3=Jun|last4=Paynter|first4=Sharon|date=2004-2|title=Improved vitrification solutions based on the predictability of vitrification solution toxicity|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14969679|journal=Cryobiology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=22–35|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2003.11.004|issn=0011-2240|pmid=14969679}}</ref>|-| 2010-05 || cryobiology || technological development || cryoprotection || Wowk, et al. || Creation of first synthetic ice blockers and their application to organ and tissue preservation to radically increase the stability of vitrification solutions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wowk|first=B.|last2=Leitl|first2=E.|last3=Rasch|first3=C. M.|last4=Mesbah-Karimi|first4=N.|last5=Harris|first5=S. B.|last6=Fahy|first6=G. M.|date=2000-5|title=Vitrification enhancement by synthetic ice blocking agents|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10860622|journal=Cryobiology|volume=40|issue=3|pages=228–236|doi=10.1006/cryo.2000.2243|issn=0011-2240|pmid=10860622}}</ref>|-| 2010-07 || cryobiology || technological development || toxicity || Fahy, et al. || Fahy, et al., make significant advances in neutralizing cryoprotectant toxicity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|date=2010-7|title=Cryoprotectant toxicity neutralization|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501081|journal=Cryobiology|volume=60|issue=3 Suppl|pages=S45–53|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.05.005|issn=1090-2392|pmid=19501081}}</ref>|-| 2015-12-12 || cryonics || organisation || || CryoCare || CryoCare preserves their first patient.<ref name="CryoCareFirst"/>|-| 2017-03 || cryobiology || technological development || re-warming || Bischoff, et al. || Bischoff, et al., develop a novel technique of inductive heat re-warming using magnetic nanoparticles in the vasculature allowing for uniform re-warming of organs the size of rabbit kidneys at rates high enough to prevent devitrification of M-22 vitrification solution at a concentration compatible with kidney viability. The system is potentially applicable to larger organs, such as the human brain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manuchehrabadi|first=Navid|last2=Gao|first2=Zhe|last3=Zhang|first3=Jinjin|last4=Ring|first4=Hattie L.|last5=Shao|first5=Qi|last6=Liu|first6=Feng|last7=McDermott|first7=Michael|last8=Fok|first8=Alex|last9=Rabin|first9=Yoed|date=03 01, 2017|title=Improved tissue cryopreservation using inductive heating of magnetic nanoparticles|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28251904|journal=Science Translational Medicine|volume=9|issue=379|doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4586|issn=1946-6242|pmc=PMC5470364|pmid=28251904}}</ref>|-| 2012-03-22 || cryonics || || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Fred Chamberlain III, a co-founder of Alcor, becomes the first patient to be demonstrably preserved free of ice formation as would observe from CT scans in 2018.|-| 2018 || cryonics || quality assessment || scan || Darwin || M. Darwin publishes “Preliminary Evaluation of Alcor Patient Cryogenic CT Scans” analyzing three of the four available Alcor neuropatient CT scans. Darwin concludes that it is highly likely that Alcor patient A-1002 was possibly the first human cryonics patient to achieve essentially ice free brain cryopreservation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaces.hightail.com/receive/qqSYgDnnI1|title=Preliminary Evaluation of Alcor Patient Cryogenic CT Scans|last=Darwin|first=Michael|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>|-| 1936 || reanimatology || organisation || founding || Negovsky || Negovsky founds the first resuscitation research laboratory in the world. In 1986 his laboratory would be renamed Institute of Reanimatology of the USSR (since 1991 of the Russian) Academy of Medical Sciences. This marks the inception of both reanimatology (resuscitation medicine) and critical care medicine both of which would be crucial to the credibility of cryonics paradigm.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safar|first=P.|date=2001-06|title=Vladimir A. Negovsky the father of 'reanimatology'|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11723996|journal=Resuscitation|volume=49|issue=3|pages=223–229|issn=0300-9572|pmid=11723996}}</ref>|-| 1940 || cryobiology || writing || book || Basil Luyet, Marie Pierre Gehino || Basil Luyet and Marie Pierre Gehino publish "[https://books.google.ca/books/about/Life_and_Death_at_Low_Temperatures.html?id=a3YMtAEACAAJ Life and Death at Low Temperatures]", the book which marks the beginning of cryobiology as a formal area of study. In this landmark work they document the survival of a wide variety of cells and some tissues after ultra-rapid cooling to -194.5°C providing that ice formation in the tissue is inhibited by vitrification due to the ultra-rapid cooling.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/716713726|title=Life and death at low temperatures|last=J.|first=Luyet, B.|date=1940|publisher=Biodynamica|oclc=716713726}}</ref>|-| 1940s || cryogenics || technological development || cold || || {{W|Liquid nitrogen}} becomes commercially available.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=S M|last2=Dawber|first2=R P R|date=2001-4|title=The history of cryosurgery|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281398/|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=4|pages=196–201|issn=0141-0768|pmc=PMC1281398|pmid=11317629}}</ref>|-| 1947 || cryogenics || || || Polge, Smith, Parkes || {{W|Robert Ettinger}}, while in the hospital for his battle wounds, discovers {{W|Jean Rostand}} research in {{W|cryogenics}}.<ref name="CITimeline">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryonics.org/ci-landing/history-timeline/|title=History/Timeline {{!}} Cryonics Institute|website=www.cryonics.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>|-| 1948 || cryobiology || technological development || vitrification || || Polge, Smith and Parkes discover the cryoprotective effects of glycerol and publish a paper documenting the successful hatching of chicks from fowl sperm cryopreserved with glycerol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=POLGE|first=C.|date=1951-06|title=Functional Survival of Fowl Spermatozoa after Freezing at −79° C.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/167949b0|journal=Nature|volume=167|issue=4258|pages=949–950|doi=10.1038/167949b0|issn=0028-0836}}</ref>|-| 1948-03 || cryonics || writing || fiction || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} publishes the story [https://archive.is/20120801065253/http://www.cryonics.org/Trump.html The Penultimate Trump], in which the explicit idea of cryopreservation of legally dead people for future repair is promulgated. This story was written in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?80014|title=Title: The Penultimate Trump|website=www.isfdb.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>|-| 1960 || cryonics || writing || communication || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} expected other scientists to advocate for cryonics. Given that this still hasn't happened, Ettinger finally makes the scientific case for cryonics. He sends this to approximately 200 people whom he selected from ''Who's Who in America'', but got little response.<ref name="regis87"/>|-| 1960s || cryonics || organisation || founding || Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation || Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation in Phoenix, Arizona is founded by Ed Hope (not the same as the California organization with similar name). Unlike the others, it would build its own capsules, horizontal units on wheels for easy transport.

Cryo-Care would not use cryoprotectants or perfusion with its patients but would only do straight freezes to liquid nitrogen temperature. These freezings would be advertised as being for cosmetic purposes rather than eventual reanimation, though the cryonics issue would naturally arise.<ref name="SuspensionFailures"/>|-| 1961 || cryobiology || technological development || cryoprotection || Lovelock, Bishop || By 1961 the work of Lovelock and Bishop is rapidly extended to other animal sperm, including human sperm, and glycerol is also shown to be an effective cryoprotectant for both red cells and many nucleated mammalian cells.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1027485685|title=Biological effects of freezing and supercooling|last=Ursula|first=Smith, Audrey|oclc=1027485685}}</ref>|-| 1962 || reanimatology || writing || book || Vladimir A. Negovsky || Vladimir A. Negovsky publishes his landmark book, "Resuscitation and Artificial Hypothermia".<ref>{{Cite book|title=Resuscitation and Artificial Hypothermia (USSR)|last=Negovsky|first=Vladimir|publisher=Consultants Bureau|year=1962|isbn=|location=New York|pages=}}</ref><references><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safar|first=Peter|date=2001-06|title=Vladimir A. Negovsky the father of ‘reanimatology’|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-9572(01)00356-2|journal=Resuscitation|volume=49|issue=3|pages=223–229|doi=10.1016/s0300-9572(01)00356-2|issn=0300-9572}}</ref>

| 1962 || cryonics || writing || non-fiction || Evan Cooper || Evan Cooper publishes "Immortality: Physically, Scientifically, Now" under the pseudonym Nathan Duhring.<ref name="cryonics9208">{{Cite journal|last=Perry|first=Michael|date=August 1992|title=Unity and Disunity in Cryonics|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics9208.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=13|issue=145|pages=5|via=}}</ref> He coins the immortal "freeze, wait, reanimate" slogan.<ref name="cryonet23124">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=23124|title=Ev Cooper|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref name="EvCooperClassic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.biostasis.com/ev-coopers-cryonics-classic-published-online/|title=Ev Cooper's cryonics classic published online – Biostasis|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>

| 1962 || writing cryonics || futurism || non-fiction || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || Ettinger privately publishes a preliminary version of ''The Prospect of Immortality'', in which he makes the case for cryonics.<ref name="regis87"/>

| 1962 || cryonics || social || meeting || || About 20 people attend the first informal cryonics meeting.<ref name="cryonics9208"/>

| 1962 || cryonics || social || || Evan Cooper || After the first cryonics meeting, Cooper and a few other individuals form the Immortality Communication Exchange (ICE), an informal, "special-interest group" for the "freeze and wait" idea that would later be known as cryonics.<ref name="cryonics9208"/>

| 1963 || cryonics || organisation || founding || {{W|Life Extension Society}} || During the conference, the {{W|Life Extension Society}}, the first cryonics organization, is founded by Evan Cooper. It would be situated in Washington, D.C.<ref name="EvCooperClassic"/>

| 1963-12-29 || cryonics || social || conference || || The first cryonics conference happens.<ref name="cryonics9208"/><ref name="firstNewsletter">{{Cite web|url=http://www.evidencebasedcryonics.org/2011/01/19/the-first-cryonics-newsletter/|title=The First Cryonics Newsletter|last=Perry|first=Mike|date=2011-01-19|website=Evidence Based Cryonics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126064131/http://www.evidencebasedcryonics.org/2011/01/19/the-first-cryonics-newsletter/|archive-date=2016-11-26|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 1964 || writing cryonics || futurism || non-fiction || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || {{W|Robert Ettinger}}'s ''The Prospect of Immortality'' finally attracts attention of a major publisher, Doubleday, which sends a copy to [[wikipedia:Isaac Asimov|Isaac Asimov]]; Asimov says that the science behind cryonics is sound, so the book is published. The book becomes a selection of the Book of the Month Club and is published in nine languages. Ettinger becomes a media celebrity, discussed in many periodicals, television shows, and radio programs.<ref name="regis87"/>

| 1964-01 || cryonics || writing || newsletter || || The first issue of the {{W|Life Extension Society}} Newsletter is published.<ref name="cryonics9208"/><ref name="firstNewsletter"/>

| 1965 || cryonics || || || Karl Werner || Karl Werner coins the word "{{W|cryonics}}".<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory">{{Cite web|url=http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/history.html|title=A HISTORY OF CRYONICS|website=www.benbest.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1965 || cryonics || organisation || founding || Cryonics Society of New York || The Cryonics Society of New York (CSNY) is founded by {{W|Saul Kent}}, {{W|Curtis Henderson}} and Karl Werner. CSNY is a non-profit organisation contracting with the for-profit organisation Cryospan for cryonics freezing and storage.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2009/nov/07/cryonics-british-dads-army|title=The Dad's Army of British cryonics|last=Hattenstone|first=Simon|date=2009-11-07|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-01-22|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

| 1965-05-20 || cryonics || || || {{W|Life Extension Society}} || Wilma Jean McLaughlin of Springfield, Ohio dies from heart and circulatory problems. Ev Cooper would fill a report the following day "The woman who almost became the first person frozen for a possible reanimation in the future died yesterday." The attempt to freeze her is abandoned. While reports on this event would vary, many would mention the lack of preparation, cooperation from various people, and explicit consent as obstacles to the freezing.<ref name="BedfordSuspension">{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/BedfordSuspension.html|title=The First Cryonic Suspension|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1965-06 || cryonics || organisation || || {{W|Life Extension Society}} || The {{W|Life Extension Society}} offers to freeze the first person for free: "The {{W|Life Extension Society}} now has primitive facilities for emergency short term freezing and storing our friend the large homeotherm (man). LES offers to freeze free of charge the first person desirous and in need of cryogenic suspension." No one would take them on their offer.<ref name="BedfordSuspension"/>

| 1965-10-30 || cryonics || || || Dandridge M. Cole || Dandridge M. Cole suffers a fatal heart attack. Cole had read ''The Prospect of Immortality'' in 1963. In his more recent book, ''Beyond Tomorrow'', he had devoted several pages to the subject. He had expressed a wish to be frozen after death. After some delay a call was placed to Ettinger, who later would write, "I was consulted by long-distance telephone several hours after he died, but in the end the family did what was to be expected{{snd}}nothing."<ref name="BedfordSuspension"/>

| 1966 || cryonics || organisation || founding || Immortalist Soceity || The Cryonics Society of Michigan (later renamed the Cryonics Association, and then, in 1985, the {{W|Immortalist Society}}) is founded with Ettinger elected as its president.<ref name="CorpSummary">{{Cite web|url=https://cofs.lara.state.mi.us/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/CorpSummary.aspx?ID=800832595&SEARCH_TYPE=1|title=Search Summary State of Michigan Corporations Division|website=cofs.lara.state.mi.us|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1966 || cryonics || organisation || founding || Cryonics Society of California || The Cryonics Society of California (CSC) is founded by Robert Nelson. CSC is a non-profit organisation contracting with the for-profit organisation Cryonic Interment for cryonics freezing and storage. It Cryonics Interment would later contract cryonics services through be renamed General Fluidicsby Robert Nelson and Marshal Neel.<ref name="SuspensionFailures"/><ref name="CorpSummary"/>

| 1966 || cryobiology || science || observation paper || Kroener and Luyet || Kroener and Luyet observe fracturing in vitrified glycerol solutions.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage">{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/IntermediateTemperatureStorage.html|title=Systems for Intermediate Temperature Storage for Fracture Reduction and Avoidance|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kroener|first=C.|last2=Luyet|first2=B.|date=1966|title=Formation of cracks during the vitrification of glycerol solutions and disappearance of the cracks during rewarming|url=|journal=Biodynamica|volume=10|pages=47-52|via=}}</ref>

| 1966-04-22 || cryonics || || || Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation || An elderly woman (probably from Los Angeles{{snd}}never identified) who has been embalmed for two months and maintained slightly above-freezing temperature is straight-frozen.<ref name="BedfordSuspension"/> There is some thought of the cryonics premise of eventual reanimation, but within a year she would be thawed and buried by relatives.<ref>{{Cite book|title=We Froze the First Man|last=F. Nelson|first=Robert|last2=Stanley|first2=Sandra|publisher=Dell|year=1968|isbn=|location=New York|pages=17-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kraver|first=Ted|date=March 1989|title=Notes on the First Human Freezing|url=|journal=Cryonics|volume=|pages=11-21|via=}}</ref>

| 1966-10-15 || cryonics || science || paper || || The first paper showing recovery of brain electrical activity after freezing to −20°C −20 °C is published.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Adachi|first=C.|last2=Kito|first2=K.|last3=Suda|first3=I.|date=1966-10-15|title=Viability of Long Term Frozen Cat Brain In Vitro|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/212268a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=212|issue=5059|pages=268–270|doi=10.1038/212268a0|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>

| 1967-01-12 || cryonics || technological adoption || cryonics || Cryonics Society of California || {{W|James Bedford}} is the first human to be cryopreserved.

| 1968 || cryobiology || technological development || Cryocryoprotection || || Dog kidneys are cryopreserved using Farrant's technique resulting in no ice formation and with excellent structural preservation, and the ability to tolerate reperfusion with blood in the animal without immediate failure.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kemp|first=E.|last2=Clark|first2=P. B.|last3=Anderson|first3=C. K.|last4=Laursen|first4=T.|last5=Parsons|first5=F. M.|date=1968|title=Low temperature preservation of mammalian kidneys|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4893380|journal=Scandinavian Journal of Urology and Nephrology|volume=2|issue=3|pages=183–190|issn=0036-Care Equipment Corporation 5599|pmid=4893380}}</ref>| Ed Hope closes Cryo-Care Equipment Corporation | 1968 || cryonics || writing || non-fiction || Robert Nelson || Robert Nelson publishes the book ''We Froze the First Man'' telling the story of Bedford's cryopreservation. However, his description is largely inaccurate. A more accurate description would be written later on [https://alcor.org/Library/html/BedfordLetter.htm DEAR DR. BEDFORD (and those who will care for you after seeing it wouldn't turn a profitI do)].<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/434744|title=We froze the first man|last=Nelson|first=Robert F.,|date=1968|publisher=[Dell Pub. Co. ]|oclc=434744}}</ref>|-| 1969 || cryonics || organisation || founding || {{W|American Cryonics Society}} || The remaining patients are turn over Bay Area Cryonics Society is founded by two physicians, prominent allergist and editor of [[wikipedia:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology|Annals of Allergy]], Dr. M. Coleman Harris, and Dr. Grace Talbot. It would be renamed to other organizations or to relativesthe {{W|American Cryonics Society}} in 1985.<ref name="SuspensionFailuresBenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0587199|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alcoramericancryonics.org/Library|title=American Cryonics Society - Human Cryopreservation Services for the 21st Century|website=www.americancryonics.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</htmlref>|-| 1969 || cryonics || || || Evan Cooper || Cooper ends his involvement in cryonics. He feels overloaded and burned-out, and thinks cryonics is not going to be a viable option for himself for practical (political, social, economic) reasons and that he is not going to spend the time he had left trying to obtain the impossible. He is also concerned with the commercial and political aspects within cryonics.<ref name="cryonet23124"/suspensionfailures>|-| 1970 || cryonics || science || || Hossmann, Sato || Hossmann and Sato demonstrate that, contrary to decades of biomedical dogma, it is possible to restore robust electrical activity and demonstrate evoked potentials in cat brains that had been subjected to 1 hour of normothermic ischemia. This marks the beginning of the debunking of 3-6 minute limit on brain viability under conditions of normothermic ischemia. It also shows that brain cells do not undergo autolysis after ~10 minutes of normothermic ischemia, a view that was commonly held by both many physicians and neurologists prior to this time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hossmann|first=K. -A.html|last2=Sato|first2=K.|date=1970|title=Suspension Failures The effect of ischemia on sensorimotor cortex of cat|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00316134|journal=Zeitschrift f�r Neurologie|volume=198|issue=1|pages=33–45|doi=10.1007/bf00316134|issn=0340- Lessons from 5354}}</ref>|-| 1970 || cryonics || organisation || founding || Cryonics Society of America || The Cryonics Society of America (CSA) is incorporated. The purpose of the CSA is to establish “standards and practices” of operations for all of the cryonics societies, to mandate validation of human freezing by requiring the submission of photographic proof along with a death certificate, and a description of the procedure used and the location where the patient was being stored (essentially establishing a registry of cryonics patients). It is also created to allow for the creation of a Scientific Advisory Board which would, in fact, formed in March of 1968. CSA itself never got off the ground due to noncompliance with the "standards and practices" by the Early DaysCryonics Society of California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://appext20.dos.ny.gov/corp_public/CORPSEARCH.ENTITY_INFORMATION?p_token=7361B53D067A654A76A77C3D820968CE25ADADB428A2F2B69B4B1B434D5CDC52D3EF5B4A61760545D791DA3D1A8E4D7F&p_nameid=4A504BB578548E78&p_corpid=A70384D2E44B2C90&p_captcha=11476&p_captcha_check=7361B53D067A654A76A77C3D820968CE25ADADB428A2F2B69B4B1B434D5CDC527922A9872C775310E6F079882FB316C3&p_entity_name=cryonics%20society&p_name_type=A&p_search_type=BEGINS&p_srch_results_page=0|title=Informational Message|website=wwwappext20.dos.alcorny.orggov|access-date=2019-01-2122}}</ref>|-| 1970-05-15 || cryonics || organisation || || Cryonics Society of California || Nelson moves the 4 patients from the Cryonics Society of California into an underground vault he recently had designed and build under the aegis of Cryonics Interment. The vault is located in Oakwood Cemetery in {{W|Chatsworth, Los Angeles}}.<ref name="SuspensionFailures"/>|-| 1971 || cryonics || futurism || || Martin || Cryonics by neuropreservation is proposed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Martin|first=George M.|date=1971|title=On Immortality: An Interim Solution|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/404700/summary|journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|pages=339–340|doi=10.1353/pbm.1971.0015|issn=1529-8795}}</ref>|-| 1971 (end of) - 1979-04 || cryonics || organisation || || Cryonics Society of California || 9 patients are thawed by the Cryonics Society of California. This would become known as the Chatsworth Scandal, because the patients were stored in an underground vault at a cemetery in Chatsworth.<ref name="SuspensionFailures"/>

| 1968 1972 || writing cryonics || technological adoption || non-fiction || Robert Nelson Trans Time || Robert Nelson A collaborative working group led by Trans Time President Art Quaife and consisting of Gregory Fahy, Peter Gouras, M.D., Fred and Linda Chamberlain and Mike Darwin begin working on a standardized protocol for the cryoprotection of cryonics patients. Quaife publishes the book ''We Froze first results of this effort, a modification of Collins’ organ preservation solution for use as the First Man'' telling carrier solution for Me2SO during cryoprotective perfusion. This marks the story of Bedford's first attempt at creating a standardized, science-based human cryopreservationprotocol.<ref>{{Cite bookjournal|urllast=Quaife|first=http://worldcatA.org/oclc/434744|date=1972|title=We froze Recommended modification to Collins’ solution for use as the first manbase perfusate for inducing SSH|lasturl=Nelson|firstjournal=Robert F.,Manrise Technical Review|datevolume=19682|publisherpages=[Dell Pub. Co.]3-9|oclcvia=434744}}</ref>

| 1969 1972 || cryonics || organisation || founding || {{WTrans Time |American Cryonics Society}} || The Trans Time, Inc., (TT) a cryonics service provider, is founded by Art Quaife, along with John Day, Paul Segall and other cryonicists. It is a for-profit organisation. It's initially a perfusion service-provider for the Bay Area Cryonics Society is founded by two physicians. It They buy the perfusion equipment from Manrise Corporation.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> They would be renamed the first to undertake the {{W|American Cryonics Society}} in 1985effort of clarifying legal issues around cryonics, and to actively market cryonics.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>The name "Trans Time" is inspired by Trans World Airlines, a prominent airline.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearchhpluspedia.sos.ca.govorg/CBSwiki/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0587199History_of_cryonics#Chatsworth_Scandal|title=Business Search - Business Entities History of cryonics - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of StateH+Pedia|website=businesssearchhpluspedia.sos.ca.govorg|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=httphttps://wwwbusinesssearch.sos.americancryonicsca.orggov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0647293|title=American Cryonics Society Business Search - Business Entities - Human Cryopreservation Services for the 21st CenturyBusiness Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=wwwbusinesssearch.sos.americancryonicsca.orggov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1969 1972 || cryonics || || || {{W|Mike Darwin}} | Evan Cooper |{{W| Cooper ends his involvement in cryonics. He feels overloaded and burned-out, and thinks cryonics Mike Darwin}} is not going to be a viable option for himself for practical (political, social, economic) reasons and that he is not going to spend the first full-time he had left trying to obtain the impossiblecryonics researcher. He is also concerned with the commercial and political aspects within cryonicswould work at Alcor for a year.<ref name="cryonet23124BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonics.org/immortalist/november08/History.pdf|title=A History of Cryonics|last=Best|first=Ben|date=2008-11-08|website=Cryonics Institute|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628112826/http://www.cryonics.org/immortalist/november08/History.pdf|archive-date=2013-06-28|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 1970 1972-01-12 || organisation suspended animation || founding technological adoption || Cryonics Society of America || The Cryonics Society Klebanoff || Klebanoff reports survival of the first human after blood washout and induction of profound hypothermia with full recovery of heath and normal mentation, Air Force Seargent Tor Olsen who, as of America is incorporated2018, would still be alive and well.<ref>{{Cite webjournal|last=Klebanoff|urlfirst=https://appext20G.dos.ny.gov/corp_public/CORPSEARCH.ENTITY_INFORMATION?p_token|last2=7361B53D067A654A76A77C3D820968CE25ADADB428A2F2B69B4B1B434D5CDC52D3EF5B4A61760545D791DA3D1A8E4D7F&p_nameidHollander|first2=4A504BB578548E78&p_corpidD.|last3=A70384D2E44B2C90&p_captchaCosimi|first3=11476&p_captcha_checkA. B.|last4=7361B53D067A654A76A77C3D820968CE25ADADB428A2F2B69B4B1B434D5CDC527922A9872C775310E6F079882FB316C3&p_entity_nameStanford|first4=cryonics%20society&p_name_typeW.|last5=A&p_search_typeKemmerer|first5=BEGINS&p_srch_results_pageW. T.|date=01972-1|title=Informational MessageAsanguineous hypothermic total body perfusion (TBW) in the treatment of stage IV hepatic coma|websiteurl=appext20https://www.ncbi.dosnlm.nynih.gov/pubmed/5058015|accessjournal=The Journal of Surgical Research|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–7|issn=0022-date4804|pmid=2019-01-225058015}}</ref>

| 19701972-0502-15 23 || cryonics || organisation || founding || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || The {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}}, a cryonics service provider, is founded by {{W| Fred and Linda Chamberlain}} in the State of California. The organisation is named after a star in the Big Dipper used in ancient times as a test of visual acuity. It would serve as a response team for the Cryonics Society of California . Alcor is initially incorporated as the Alcor Society for Solid State Hypothermia, but would change its name to the "{{W|| Nelson moves CSC's 4 patients into an underground vault he recently bought at a cemetery Alcor Life Extension Foundation}}" in Chatsworth, near Los Angeles1977.<ref name="SuspensionFailuresBenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0645886|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1971 (end of) 1973- 1979-04 08 || cryobiology || organisation technological development || cryoprotection, re-warming || Cryonics Society of California Hamilton, Lehr || 9 patients are thawed because CSC had stopped receiving payments from their relatives. This would become known Hamilton and Lehr demonstrate successful preservation of canine small intestine allografts using Me2SO as the Chatsworth Scandalcryoprotectant, because and cooling and warming using vascular perfusion with helium gas suggesting that even controlled cooling and emptying of the patients were stored vasculature's fluid/ice are beneficial in an underground vault at a cemetery organ freezing. The organ is successfully transplanted.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=LaRossa|first=D.|last2=Hamilton|first2=R.|last3=Ketterer|first3=F.|last4=Lehr|first4=H. B.|date=1973-08|title=Preservation of structure and function in Chatsworthcanine small intestinal autografts after freezing|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4722678|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=52|issue=2|pages=174–177|issn=0032-1052|pmid=4722678}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Farticle%2F0022-4804%2873%2990033-4%2Fpdf|title=Journal of Surgical Research|website=www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com|doi=10.1016/0022-4804(73)90033-4|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1971 1974 || cryonics || organisation | | || Trans Time || Due to the closure of the storage facility in New York, the Bay Area Cryonics Society and the {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} change their plan to preserve their patients to the Trans Time facility instead of the New York one, and would do so until the 1980s.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>|-| 1974 || cryonics || science || || || The first paper to propose cryonics by neuropreservation showing partial recovery of brain electrical activity after 7 years of frozen storage is published.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=MartinSuda|first=George M.Isamu|last2=Kito|first2=Kyoko|last3=Adachi|first3=Chizuko|date=19711974-04-26|title=On Immortality: An Interim SolutionBioelectric discharges of isolated cat brain after revival from years of frozen storage|url=httpshttp://musewww.jhusciencedirect.educom/science/article/404700pii/summary0006899374902637|journal=Perspectives in Biology and Medicine|language=enBrain Research|volume=1470|issue=23|pages=339–340527–531|doi=10.13531016/0006-8993(74)90263-7|issn=0006-8993}}</pbmref>|-| 1974 || cryonics || organisation || || Cryonics Society of New York || {{W|Curtis Henderson}}, who has been maintaining three cryonics patients for the Cryonics Society of New York, is told by the New York Department of Public Health that he must close down his cryonics facility.1971The three cryonics patients are returned to their families, and would later be thawed.0015<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>|-| 1976 || cryonics || R&D |issn| || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Manrise Corporation provides initial funding to Alcor for cryonics research.|-| 1976-04-28 || cryonics || organisation || founding || Cryonics Institute || Cryonics Institute is founded, and starts offering cryonics services: preparation, cooling, and long term storage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cofs.lara.state.mi.us/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/CorpSummary.aspx?ID=800830993&SEARCH_TYPE=1|title=Search Summary State of Michigan Corporations Division|website=cofs.lara.state.mi.us|access-date=15292019-01-879522}}</ref>

| 1972 1976-07-16 || organisation cryonics || technological adoption ||| founding |{{W| Trans Time Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Trans Time, a cryonics service provider, Alcor carries out the first human cryopreservation where cardiopulmonary support is founded by Art Quaife, along with John Day, Paul Segall initiated immediately post pronouncement and other cryonicists. It is a for-profit organisation. It continued until the patient is initially meant cooled to be 15°C (~400 minutes) and where a scientifically designed custom perfusion service-provider for the Bay Area Cryonics Society. They buy the machine with heat exchanger was used to carry out cryoprotective perfusion equipment from Manrise Corporation(as opposed to an embalming pump) with control over flow, pressure and temperature and incorporating a bubble trap was used.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> They would be This is also the first to undertake neurocryopreservation (head only) patient. The patient was the effort father of clarifying legal issues around cryonicsFred Chamberlain, and to actively market cryonics.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> The name "Trans Time" is inspired by Trans World Airlines, a prominent airlinethe co-founder of the organisation.<ref>{{Cite webjournal|last=Chamberlain|urlfirst=https://hpluspedia.org/wiki/History_of_cryonics#Chatsworth_ScandalFRC|titlelast2=History of cryonics - H+PediaChamberlain|websitefirst2=hpluspedia.orgLLC|access-date=2019July 16-0117, 1976|title=Alcor patient A-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web1001 Case Notes|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria|journal=C0647293Alcor Foundation|titlevolume=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|websitepages=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-datevia=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist"/>

| 1972 1977 || cryonics || organisation || {{W|Mike Darwin}} |Institute for Advanced Biological Studies | {{W|Mike Darwin}} The Institute for Advanced Biological Studies (IABS) is the first full-time cryonics researcherincorporated by Steve Bridge. He would work at Alcor for IABS is a yearnonprofit research startup.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalistIABS">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonics.org/immortalist/november08/History.pdf|title=A History of Cryonicsjournal|last=Best|first=Ben|date=20081981-1103-08|websitetitle=Cryonics The Newsletter of The InstituteFor Advanced Biological Studies, Inc.|archive-url=https://webwww.archivealcor.org/web/20130628112826/http://www.cryonics.org/immortalist/november08/Historycryonics8103.pdftxt|journal=Cryonics|archive-datevolume=2013-06-28|dead-urlpages=|access-datevia=}}</ref>

| 1972 1977 || cryonics || organisation || founding || {{WSoma, Inc. |Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor Soma, Inc. is incorporated . Soma is intended as the Alcor Society a for Solid State Hypothermia in the State of California by {{W|Fred -profit organization to provide cryopreservation and Linda Chamberlain}}human storage services. It would change its name to "Its president is {{W|Alcor Life Extension FoundationMike Darwin}}" in 1977. In the beginning, Alcor's office would consist of a mobile surgical unit in a large van.

| 1972-02-23 1977 || cryonics || organisation || founding || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} Cryonics Institute || The {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}}, a cryonics service providerCryonics Institute preserves its first patient, is founded by {{W|Fred and Linda Chamberlain}}Rhea Ettinger. The organisation is named after a star in the Big Dipper used She would be preserved in ancient times as a test of visual acuity. It's initially founded as a response team dry ice for the Cryonics Society of California.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0645886|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch10 years, and then switch to liquid nitrogen.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1973 1977(?) - 1986 || science cryonics || paper social || || Life Extension Festival || The first paper showing recovery of a mammalian organ after cooling to −196°C (liquid nitrogen temperature) Life Extension Festival is run by {{W|Fred and subsequent transplantation is publishedLinda Chamberlain}}.<ref>{{Cite webjournal|last=|first=|date=July 1983|title=Report on the Lake Tahoe Life Extension Festival|url=https://www.journalofsurgicalresearchalcor.comorg/actioncryonics/captchaChallenge?redirectUricryonics8307.txt|journal=%2Farticle%2F0022-4804%2873%2990033-4%2FpdfCryonics|titlevolume=Journal of Surgical Research|websiteissue=www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com36|doipages=10.1016/0022-4804(73)900337-413|access-datevia=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1974 1978 || cryonics || organisation || founding || Trans Time Cryovita Laboratories || Cryovita Laboratories is founded by {{W|Jerry Leaf}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0849138|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov| Due to access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>, who had been teaching surgery at the closure {{W|University of the storage facility in New YorkCalifornia, Trans Time creates its ownLos Angeles}}. Consequently, the Bay Area Cryonics Society Cryovita is a for-profit organization which would provide cryopreservation services for Alcor and Alcor change their plan to preserve their patients to the Trans Time facility instead of the New York one, and would do so until in the 1980s.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 1974 1979 || science cryonics || paper || || The Institute for Advanced Biological Studies || Darwin et al., place the first long term storage marker animal into cryopreservation at the Institute for Advanced Biological Studies in Indianapolis, IN, using glycerol cryoprotection. This animal’s cephalon was subsequently transferred to Alcor where it remains in cryopreservation through the present. This was also the first paper showing partial recovery cryopreservation of brain electrical activity after 7 years of frozen storage is publisheda companion animal, which was M. Darwin’s childhood dog “Mitzi”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SudaDarwin|first=Isamu|last2=Kito|first2=Kyoko|last3=Adachi|first3=ChizukoM.|date=1974-04-261979|title=Bioelectric discharges Glycerol perfusion and extended storage of isolated cat brain after revival from years of frozen storagethe canine central nervous system|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0006899374902637|journal=Brain ResearchInstitute for Advanced Biological Studies, Inc|volumelocation=70Indpls, IN|issuevolume=3|pages=527–531|doi=10.1016/0006-8993(74)90263-7|issnvia=0006-8993}}</ref>

| 1974 1979 || cryonics | || || |Institute for Advanced Biological Studies | {{W|Curtis Henderson}}The Institute for Advanced Biological Studies (IABS) puts Mitzi into cryopreservation, who has been maintaining three cryonics patients for the Cryonics Society of New York, is told by first companion animal to receive the New York Department of Public Health that he must close down his cryonics facilityprocedure. The three cryonics patients are returned to their families, and Alcor would later be thawedstore the animal starting in 1982.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 1976 1980 || cryonics || technological adoption development || || {{WLeaf et al. |Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor preserves its first patientLeaf et al., which is also carry out the world's first neuropreservation. The patient was the father closed circuit perfusions with stepped increase in cryoprotectant concentration under well controlled conditions with physiological and biochemical monitoring of Fred Chamberlain, the copatients in real-founder of time. This is also the organisationfirst case where remote standby and stabilization using continuous heart-lung resuscitator support is carried out.<ref name>{{Cite journal|last=Leaf|first=JD|last2=Federowicz|first2="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist"Hixon|last3=H.|first3=|date=38;1985|title=Case report: two consecutive suspensions, a comparative study in experimental human suspended animation|url=http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/casereport8511.html|journal=Cryonics|volume=6(11)|pages=13-38|via=}}</ref>

| 1976 1980 || R&D cryonics || organisation || founding || Life Extension Foundation || The Life Extension Foundation (LEF) is founded. It would later helped fund various cryonics organisations, notably Alcor, {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation21st Century Medicine}} , Critical Care Research, and {{W|| Manrise Corporation provides initial funding to Alcor for cryonics researchSuspended Animation, Inc}}.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 1976-04-28 1980 || cryonics || organisation || founding || Cryonics Institute for Cryobiological Extension || Cryonics The Institute for Cryobiological Extension is founded, and starts offering cryonics services: preparation, cooling, and long term storage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cofs.lara.state.mi.us/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/CorpSummary.aspx?ID=800830993&SEARCH_TYPE=1|title=Search Summary State would soon published its first volume of Michigan Corporations Division|website=cofsICE Proceedings.lara.state.mi.us|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1976-07-16 1981 || cryonics || futurism || organisation || || The first paper suggesting that nanotechnology could reverse freezing injury is published.<ref>{{WCite journal|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} last=Drexler|first=K. Eric|date=1981-09-01|title=Molecular engineering: An approach to the development of general capabilities for molecular manipulation|url=https://www.pnas.org/content/78/9/5275|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=78|issue=9|pages=5275–5278| Alcor performs its first human cryopreservationdoi=10.1073/pnas.78.9.5275|issn=0027-8424|pmid=16593078}}</ref>

| 1977 1981 || organisation cryonics || organisation || Institute for Advanced Biological Studies || The Institute for Advanced Biological Studies (IABS) is incorporated by Steve Bridge. IABS is a nonprofit research startup.<ref name="IABS">{{Cite journal|last=|first=Cryovita Laboratories |date=1981-03-08|title=The Newsletter of The Institute For Advanced Biological StudiesSoma, Inc.|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8103merges with Cryovita Laboratories.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>

| 1977 1982 || organisation cryobiology || science || Somatoxicity || Fahy, Incet al. || SomaFahy, Incet al. is incorporated. Soma is intended , publish papers which extensively documents the role of cryoprotectant toxicity as a for-profit organization barrier to provide tissue and organ cryopreservation and human storage servicessuggest possible molecular mechanisms. Its president is <ref>{{WCitation|last=Fahy|first=G. M.|title=Prospects for organ preservation by vitrification|date=1982|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6267-8_60|work=Organ Preservation|pages=399–404|publisher=Springer Netherlands|Mike Darwinisbn=9789401162692|access-date=2019-02-01|last2=Hirsch|first2=A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|last2=Lilley|first2=Terence H.|last3=Linsdell|first3=Helen|last4=Douglas|first4=Mary St.John|last5=Meryman|first5=Harold T.|date=1990-06|title=Cryoprotectant toxicity and cryoprotectant toxicity reduction: In search of molecular mechanisms|url=http://dx. It would be disbanded in 1982doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(90)90025-y|journal=Cryobiology|volume=27|issue=3|pages=247–268|doi=10.1016/0011-2240(90)90025-y|issn=0011-2240}}</ref>

| 1977 1982 || cryonics || organisation || || Cryonics Institute {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} | The Cryonics Institute preserves | Alcor begins storing its first patient, Rhea Ettingerown patients. She would be preserved in dry ice for 10 yearsIt was previously storing its patients with Trans Time, and then switch to liquid nitrogenInc.

| 1977(?) - 1986 1982 || social cryonics || organisation || Life Extension Festival || The Life Extension Festival is run by {{W|Fred and Linda ChamberlainAlcor Life Extension Foundation}}.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=July 1983|title=Report on the Lake Tahoe Life Extension Festival|url=https://wwwThe Institute for Advanced Biological Studies merges with Alcor.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8307.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|issue=36|pages=7-13|via=}}</ref>

| 1978 1982-09-15 || cryonics ||social | organisation || founding |{{W| Cryovita Laboratories Society for Cryobiology}} || Cryovita Laboratories is founded by The {{W|Jerry LeafSociety for Cryobiology}}adopts new bylaws denying membership to organizations or individuals supporting cryonics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=httpshttp://businesssearchblog.sosciphergoth.ca.govorg/blog/2010/02/12/CBSsociety-for-cryobiology-statements-on-cryonic/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0849138|title=Business Search Paul Crowley's Blog - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of StateSociety for Cryobiology statements on cryonics|website=businesssearchblog.sosciphergoth.ca.govorg|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>, who had been teaching surgery at <ref>{{WCite web|University of California, Los Angeles}}url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/coldwar. Cryovita is a for-profit organization which would provide cryopreservation services for Alcor html|title=Cold War: The Conflict Between Cryonicists and Trans Time in the 1980sCryobiologists|website=www.alcor. During this time Leaf also collaborates with {{Worg|Mike Darwinaccess-date=2019-01-22}} in a series of hypothermia experiments in which dogs are resuscitated with no measurable neurological deficit after hours in deep hypothermia, just a few degrees above zero Celsius. The blood substitute which was developed for these experiments became the basis for the washout solution used at Alcor. Together, Leaf and Darwin developed a standby-transport model for human cryonics cases with the goal of intervening immediately after cardiac arrest and minimizing ischemic injury.</ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 1980 1983 || cryonics || organisation || founding || Life Institute for Cryobiological Extension Foundation || The Life Leaf changes hats to President of the Institute for Cryobiological Extension Foundation (LEFICE) is foundedwith the intention to devise a new project with the goal of having animal heads frozen, thawed, and reattached to a new body in such a way that would allow for neurocognitive evaluation. It The project would later helped fund various cryonics organisations, notably Alcor, be deemed impractical. <ref>{{WCite journal|last=|first=|date=July 1983|21st Century Medicine}}, Critical Care Research, and {{Wtitle=Report on the Lake Tahoe Life Extension Festival|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8307.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|issue=36|pages=7-13|Suspended Animation, Incvia=}}.</ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 1980s (late) 1984 || legal cryonics || science | || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} Darwin et al. || Alcor Member Dick Clair{{snd}}who was dying Darwin et al., publish the first paper documenting the effects of cryopreservation protocols on human patients. This paper documents the presence of AIDS{{snd}}fights extensive macro-tissue fracturing in all three patients examined and shows relatively good histological preservation in court for the legal right to practice cryonics in California, a battle that would ultimately be wonpatient treated with 3 M glycerol.<ref name>{{Cite journal|last="BenBestCryonicsHistory"Federowicz|first=M.|last2=Hixon|first2=H.|last3=Leaf|first3=J.|date=1984|title=Post-mortem examination of three cryonic suspension patients|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8409.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=5|issue=9|pages=16-28|access-date=2010-08-31|via=}}</ref>

| 1980s (mid) 1984 || suspended animation || legal technological development || || Jackson National Leaf, Darwin, Hixon || Jackson National Leaf, Darwin and Hixon complete 3-years of research demonstrating successful 4-hour asanguineous perfusion of dogs at 5°C with full recovery of health, mentation and long term memory. The paper documenting this work is rejected by the first life insurance company Society for Cryobiology because the work was conducted by cryonicists. The perfusate developed during this research, MHP-2 continues to definitively state that it acknowledges cryonics arrangements constitute a legitimate insurable interestbe used for total body washout through the present.<ref>{{Cite web|url=httpshttp://groupswww.yahooalcor.comorg/Library/html/tbwcanine.html|title=Yahoo! GroupsA mannitol-based perfusate for reversible 5-hour asanguineous ultraprofound hypothermia in canines (Report on work performed from 1984-87)|last=Leaf|first=JD|last2=Darwin|first2=M.|date=|website=groups.yahoo.com1986|archive-url=|languagearchive-date=en|dead-USurl=|access-date=20192010-0108-2231|last3=Hixon|first3=H.}}</ref>

| 1980s (mid) 1984 || cryobiology || science || technological adoption paper || vitrification || The first paper showing that large organs can be cryopreserved without structural damage from ice is published.<ref>{{WCite journal|Greg last=Fahy}} and William F|first=G. M.|last2=MacFarlane|first2=D. R. Rall |last3=Angell|first3=C. A.| Researchers {{Wlast4=Meryman|Greg Fahy}} and William Ffirst4=H. T. Rall help introduce {{W|vitrification}} date=1984-08-01|title=Vitrification as an approach to reproductive cryopreservation|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0011224084900798|journal=Cryobiology|volume=21|issue=4|pages=407–426|doi=10.1016/0011-2240(84)90079-8|issn=0011-2240}}</ref>

| 1981 1984 || cryonics || science || paper observation ||{{W| Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || The first paper suggesting that nanotechnology could reverse freezing injury is publishedAlcor observes fractures in human cryopreservation patients.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=DrexlerFederowicz|first=KM.|last2=Hixon|first2=H.|last3=Leaf|first3=J. Eric|date=1981-09-011984|title=Molecular engineering: An approach to the development Postmortem Examination of general capabilities for molecular manipulationThree Cryonic Suspension Patients|url=https://www.pnasalcor.org/contentLibrary/78html/9/5275postmortemexamination.html|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=enCryonics|volume=78|issue=9|pages=5275–5278|doi=10.1073/pnas.78.9.5275|issn=002716-842428|pmidvia=16593078}}</ref>

| 1982 1985 || organisation cryonics || technological adoption || remote stabilization || || For the first time, a cryonics patient is given remote standby with in-field total body washout. Cardiopulmonary support (CPS) is initiated within 2 minutes following monitored cardiac arrest. This is also the first case where anesthesia is used to inhibit consciousness during cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and external cooling.<ref>{{WCite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MG|last2=Leaf|first2=JD|last3=Hixon|first3=H.|date=1986|title=Case report: neuropreservation of Alcor Life Extension Foundationpatient A-1068 (1 of 2)|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8602.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=7|issue=2|pages=17-32|via=}} </ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MG|last2=Leaf|first2=JD|last3=Hixon| first3=H.|date=1986|title=Case report: neuropreservation of Alcor begins storing its own patientspatient A-1068 (2 of 2)|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8603.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=7|issue=3|pages=15-29|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryocare.org/index.cgi?subdir=bpi&url=tech21. It was previously storing its patients with Trans Time, Inctxt|title=Securing anesthesia in the human cryopreservation patient|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=1997-01-18 16:38:31|website=CryoNet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 1982 1985 || organisation cryobiology || vitrification || vitrification || Fahy, Rall || Fahy and Rall successfully apply vitrification to embryo preservation introducing the technique to mainstream medicine and highlighting its potential utility in solid organ cryopreservation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rall|first=W. F.|last2=Fahy|first2=G. M.|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} date=1985 Feb 14-20|title=Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at -196 degrees C by vitrification| The Institute for Advanced Biological Studies merges with Alcorurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3969158|journal=Nature|volume=313|issue=6003|pages=573–575|issn=0028-0836|pmid=3969158}}</ref>

| 1982-09-15 1980s (mid) || cryonics || social legal || || Society for Cryobiology Jackson National || The Society for Cryobiology adopts new bylaws denying membership Jackson National is the first life insurance company to organizations or individuals supporting definitively state that it acknowledges that cryonicsarrangements constitute a legitimate insurable interest.<ref>{{Cite web|url=httphttps://bloggroups.ciphergothyahoo.org/blog/2010/02/12/society-for-cryobiology-statements-on-cryoniccom/|title=Paul Crowley's Blog - Society for Cryobiology statements on cryonicsYahoo! Groups|website=bloggroups.ciphergothyahoo.orgcom|access-datelanguage=2019en-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/coldwar.html|title=Cold War: The Conflict Between Cryonicists and Cryobiologists|website=www.alcor.orgUS|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1983 1980s (mid) || cryobiology || technological adoption || Institute for Cryobiological Extension vitrification || Leaf changes hats to President of the Institute for Cryobiological Extension (ICE) with the intention to devise a new project with the goal of having animal heads frozen, thawed, and reattached to a new body.<ref>{{Cite journalW|last=Greg Fahy}} and William F. Rall |first=|date=July 1983Researchers {{W|title=Report on the Lake Tahoe Life Extension Festival|url=https://wwwGreg Fahy}} and William F.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8307.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=Rall help introduce {{W|issue=36|pages=7-13|via=vitrification}}</ref>to reproductive cryopreservation.

| 1984 1986 || science cryonics || paper writing || textbook || The Darwin || M. Darwin publishes the first paper showing that large organs can be cryopreserved without structural damage from ice is publishedtextbook on acute stabilization of human cryopreservation patients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=G. M.|last2=MacFarlane|first2=D. R.|last3=Angell|first3=C. A.|last4=Meryman|first4=H. T.|date=1984-08-01|title=Vitrification as an approach to cryopreservationweb|url=http://www.sciencedirectalcor.comorg/scienceLibrary/articlehtml/pii/00112240849007981990manual.html|journaltitle=CryobiologyTransport Protocol for Cryonic suspension of Humans|volumelast=21Darwin|issuefirst=4MG|pagesdate=407–4261986|doiwebsite=10.1016/0011Alcor Life Extension Foundation|location=Fullerton, CA|archive-2240(84)90079url=|archive-8date=|issndead-url=0011|access-2240date=}}</ref>

| 1984 1986 || cryobiology || science || paper vitrification || {{WFahy |Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor observes fractures in human cryopreservation patientsGreg Fahy proposes vitrification as a mean of achieving viable parenchymatous organ preservation.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=FederowiczFahy|first=G. M.|last2=Hixon|first2=H.|last3=Leaf|first3=J.|date=19841986|title=Postmortem Examination of Three Cryonic Suspension PatientsVitrification: a new approach to organ cryopreservation|url=https://alcorwww.org/Libraryncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htmlpubmed/postmortemexamination.html3540994|journal=CryonicsProgress in Clinical and Biological Research|volume=224|pages=16305–335|issn=0361-287742|viapmid=3540994}}</ref>

| 1986 || writing cryonics || futurism || non-fiction || {{W| K. Eric Drexler }} ||{{W| K. Eric Drexler }} publishes ''Engines of Creation'',<ref>{{Cite book|title=Engines of creation|last=K. Eric|first=Drexler|publisher=Anchor Press/Doubleday|year=1986|isbn=0385199724|location=Garden City, N.Y|pages=}}</ref> -- the first book on molecular nanotechnology--. The book has a chapter on cryonics. It creates a surge in growth in cryonics interest and membership.

| 1986 || suspended animation || science || paper || || The first paper showing that large mammals can be recovered after three hours of total circulatory arrest (“clinical death”) at +3°C (37°F) is published. This supports the reversibility of the hypothermic phase of cryonics.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haneda|first=Kiyoshi|last2=Thomas|first2=Robert|last3=Sands|first3=Murray P.|last4=Breazeale|first4=Donald G.|last5=Dillard|first5=David H.|date=1986-12-01|title=Whole body protection during three hours of total circulatory arrest: An experimental study|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001122408690057X|journal=Cryobiology|volume=23|issue=6|pages=483–494|doi=10.1016/0011-2240(86)90057-X|issn=0011-2240}}</ref>

| 1986 || cryonics || organisation || organisation's first || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor cryopreserves a member's companion animal, its for the first non-human animaltime.

| 1987 || cryonics || organisation || founding || Cryonics Society of Canada || Douglas Quinn launches the Cryonics Society of Canada and Canadian Cryonics News.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryocdn.org/cdnhist.html|title=Cryonics Society of Canada -- The Story of the Organization and Its People|website=www.cryocdn.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1987 || cryonics || technological adoption || cold || Cryonics Institute || The Cryonics Institute starts using liquid nitrogen instead of dry ice.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 1987-12 || cryonics || legal || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || {{W|Saul Kent}} brings his terminally ill mother ({{W|Dora Kent}}) into the Alcor facility where she deanimates. Her head would be cryopreserved.

| 1988 || cryonics || social || || || The Cryonet email list starts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1|title=administrivia|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>|-| 1988 || cryonics || legal || || Dick Clair || Alcor member Dick Clair (who is dying of AIDS) sues for, and ultimately wins for everyone, the right to be cryopreserved in the State of California.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/CaliforniaAppellateCourtDecison.html|title=California Appellate Court Decision on Legality of Cryonics|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>|-| 1989 || cryonics || technological development || cooling rate || Darwin || M. Darwin creates the portable ice bath (PIB) to substantially increase the efficacy of external cooling with Fred Chamberlain subsequently developing a surface convective cooling device to further improve heat exchange doubling the rate of cooling during external cooling for induction of hypothermia.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pizer|first=David|date=1989|title=Alcor outstanding support award nominee|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8907.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=17|issue=7|pages=10|via=}}</ref>|-| 1989 || cryonics || technological adoption || || Darwin || M. Darwin introduces high impulse [[cardiopulmonary resuscitation]] (CPR) improving cardiac output during cardiopulmonary support (CPS).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=1989|title=A major advance in suspension patient support|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8908.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=10|issue=8|pages=7-14|access-date=2010-09-29|via=}}</ref>|-| 1980s (late) || cryonics || legal || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor Member Dick Clair{{snd}}who was dying of AIDS{{snd}}fights in court for the legal right to practice cryonics in California, a battle that would ultimately be won.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>|-| 1990 || cryonics || technological development || pre-medication || Darwin || M. Darwin publishes the first pre-medication protocol to minimize ischemia reperfusion injury in cryonics patients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=1991|title=Reducing ischemic damage in cryonic suspension patients by premedication|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics9104.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=12|pages=13-15|access-date=2010-09-29|via=}}</ref>

| 1988 1990 || legal cryonics || quality assessment || Dick Clair || Alcor member Dick Clair (who is dying Darwin || M. Darwin introduces end-tidal CO2 monitoring to cryonics and sets out a comprehensive set of AIDS) sues guidelines for, and ultimately wins for everyone, determining the right to be cryopreserved efficacy of in the State of California-field cardiopulmonary support.<ref>{{Cite webjournal|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=1990|title=Cardiopulmonary support: Evaluation and intervention|url=httpshttp://www.alcor.org/Library/htmlcryonics/CaliforniaAppellateCourtDecisoncryonics9004.htmltxt|titlejournal=California Appellate Court Decision on Legality of Cryonics|websitevolume=11|issue=4|pages=www.alcor.org26-31|access-date=20192010-0109-2229|via=}}</ref>

| 1990 || cryonics || legal || right-to-die || {{W|Thomas K. Donaldson}} || {{W|Thomas K. Donaldson}}, after being diagnosed with terminal brain cancer, petitions the California courts, seeking a declaration that he has a constitutional right to achieve cryonic suspension before his natural death. Donaldson and his doctors build their argument in light of the recent right-to-die legislation where patients could have life-sustaining medical treatment withdrawn. The trial court would dismiss the complaint for failure to state a cause of action, and Donaldson would then appeal. The court holds that he does not have a constitutional right to assisted death because the cryonic process would necessarily involve physician-assisted death, or the aiding, advising, or encouraging of another to commit suicide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/Donaldson-VanDeKampAbstract.html|title=Donaldson v. Van de Kamp (Abstract)|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1990 || cryobiology || science || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Greg Fahy}} || Fahy publishes a detailed study of fracturing in large volumes of {{W|vitrification}} solution.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|last2=Saur|first2=Joseph|last3=Williams|first3=Robert J.|date=1990-10|title=Physical problems with the vitrification of large biological systems|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(90)90038-6|journal=Cryobiology|volume=27|issue=5|pages=492–510|doi=10.1016/0011-2240(90)90038-6|issn=0011-2240}}</ref>

| 1990 || cryonics || || || Trygve Bauge || Trygve Bauge, a member of the {{W|American Cryonics Society}}, brings his deceased grandfather from Norvegia to the United States.

| 1990-06 || cryonics || technological adoption || field cryoprotection remote stabilization || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor patient A-1239 receives a field cryoprotection with glycerol in Australia before being transported on dry ice to Alcor.<ref name="fieldcryoprotection"/>|-| 1992 || cryonics || futurism || paper || || The application of nanotechnology to reverse human cryopreservation is discussed in a paper for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Merkle|first=R. C.|date=1992-09-01|title=The technical feasibility of cryonics|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/030698779290133W|journal=Medical Hypotheses|volume=39|issue=1|pages=6–16|doi=10.1016/0306-9877(92)90133-W|issn=0306-9877}}</ref>|-| 1982 || cryonics || organisation || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor starts providing its own cryopreservation as well as patient-storage services.

| 1992 1993 || cryonics || organisation | |founding | paper |{{W| 21st Century Medicine}} || The application of nanotechnology to reverse human cryopreservation {{W|21st Century Medicine}}, a cryogenics and cryonics research organisation, is discussed in a paper for the first timefounded.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Merkle|first=R. C.|date=1992-09-01|title=The technical feasibility of cryonicsweb|url=http://www.sciencedirect21cm.com/science/article/pii/030698779290133W|journaltitle=Medical Hypotheses21st Century Medicine --Expanding the Boundaries of Preservation Science|volumewebsite=39www.21cm.com|issue=1|pages=6–16|doiaccess-date=10.1016/03062019-9877(92)90133-W|issn=030601-987722}}</ref>

| 1992 1993 || cryonics || organisation || founding || CryoCare || The CryoCare Foundation is founded. It would provide human cryopreservation with assistance from two separate businesses: BioPreservation, which would provide remote standby, stabilization, and transport, and CryoSpan, which would provide the long-term storage of patients in liquid-nitrogen. About 50 former Alcor members join in the founding of the organisation.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist"/><ref name="CryoCare>{{WCite web|url=http://www.cryocare.org/index.cgi|Alcor Life Extension title=CryoCare Foundation}} - Cryonics Services|website=www.cryocare.org| Alcor starts providing its own cryopreservation as well as patientaccess-date=2019-01-storage services.22}}</ref>

| 1993 -03 || organisation cryonics || founding R&D || {{Wintermediate storage temperature |21st Century Medicine}} |CryoNet | {{W|21st Century Medicine}}Through the CryoNet email list, collaborative effort is put into designing a cryogenics and cryonics research organisation, is foundedroom to preserve up to 100 people at −130 ºC.<ref>{{Cite web|urlname=http:"IntermediateTemperatureStorage"//www.21cm.com/|title=21st Century Medicine --Expanding the Boundaries of Preservation Science|website=www.21cm.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1993 1994 || organisation cryonics || founding R&D || CryoCare intermediate storage temperature ||{{W| The CryoCare Alcor Life Extension Foundation is founded. It would provide human cryopreservation with assistance from two separate businesses: BioPreservation, which would provide remote standby, stabilization, and transport, and CryoSpan, which would provide }} || Alcor observes fractures in the long-term storage brain of patients in liquid-nitrogena patient following removal from cryopreservation. About 50 former Alcor members join in thinks of intermediate temperature storage systems, and the founding development of a new acoustic fracturing monitoring device, the organisation"crackphone."<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalistIntermediateTemperatureStorage"/><ref name="CryoCare>{{Cite webjournal|last=Hixon|first=H.|date=1995|title=Exploring Cracking Phenomena|url=httphttps://www.cryocarealcor.org/indexcryonics/cryonics1995-1.cgipdf|titlejournal=CryoCare Foundation - Cryonics Services|websitevolume=www.cryocare.org|accesspages=27-date32|via=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 1993-03 1994 || cryonics || R&D || intermediate storage temperature || CryoNet Timeship || Through the CryoNet email list, collaborative effort is put into designing Architect Stephen Valentine begins studying Cold Room intermediate temperature storage design concepts as part of a room to preserve up to 100 people at −130ºClarge cryonics facility design that would eventually be called Timeship.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>

| 1994 -02 || R&D cryonics || intermediate storage temperature risk management || natural catastrophes, legal environment || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor observes fractures in the brain of a patient following removal from cryopreservation. Alcor thinks of intermediate temperature storage systemsmoves to Scottsdale, and the development of a new acoustic fracturing monitoring deviceArizona, the "crackphonewith all its patients."<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorageBenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hixon|first=H.|date=1995|title=Exploring Cracking Phenomenaweb|url=https://alcor.org/cryonicsLibrary/html/cryonics1995-1researchhistory.pdfhtml|journaltitle=CryonicsA Brief History of Alcor Research|volumewebsite=alcor.org|pagesaccess-date=272019-01-32|via=22}}</ref>

| 1994 1995 || R&D cryonics || intermediate storage temperature technological adoption || Timeship cryoprotection || Architect Stephen Valentine begins studying Cold Room intermediate temperature storage design concepts Alcor, Biopreservation || Both Alcor and Biopreservation begin using high morality glycerol (7.5 to 8. M) as part of a large cryonics facility design that would eventually be called Timeshiptheir cryoprotective strategy.<ref name>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Tanya L.|date=1995-07|title=Alcor Member Anatole Epstein Suspended|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics1995-3.pdf|journal=Cryonics Magazine|volume="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"16|issue=3|pages=8-11|via=}}</ref>

| 1994-02 1995 ||cryonics | risk management |technological adoption | natural catastrophes, legal environment |pre-medication | {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} Darwin || Alcor moves Darwin et al., document the first use of a premedication protocol to Scottsdale, Arizona, with all its patientsmitigate ischemia-reperfusion injury in a cryonics patient.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryCryoCareFirst"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=httpshttp://www.alcor.org/Library/html/researchhistorycasereportC2150.htmlhtm|title=A Brief History Cryopreservation of Alcor ResearchJames Gallagher, CryoCare patient #C-2150|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=|website=alcor.org|accessarchive-url=|archive-date=2019|dead-01url=|access-22date=}}</ref>

| 1997 || cryonics || technological adoption || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor brings the crackphone (an acoustic fracturing monitoring device) into clinical use.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>The Alcor crackphone has never been tested or validated in any animal or human model, nor in bulk [[wikipedia:cryoprotectant|cryoprotective agents] solutions cooled to deep subzero temperatures.

| 1997 || cryonics || risk management || economic stability || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || After a substantial effort led by then-president Steve Bridge, Alcor forms the Patient Care Trust as an entirely separate entity to manage and protect the funding for cryopatients.

| 1999 1998 || organisation cryonics || closing technological development || CryoCare cooling rate || BioPreservation doesn't renew its contract with CryoCareDarwin, Harris, Russell || Darwin, Harris, and stops offering cryonics services altogetherRussell invent liquid assisted pulmonary cooling allowing for rapid, non-invasive cooling of dogs at rate of 0.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> CryoCare doesn't find a new provider5 °C per minute.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> They would transfer their 10 patients from the {{Wcite patent |American Cryonics Society}} to the Cryonics Institute on 2004country = | number = EP1117455A1 | status = | title = Mixed-04mode liquid ventilation gas and heat exchange | pubdate = | gdate = | fdate = | pridate = 1998-06, and their 2 other patients to Alcor on 200110-01-24.| inventor = | invent1 = Michael Gregory Darwin | invent2 = Steven Bradley Harris | invent3 = Sandra Renee Russell | assign1 = Critical Care Research Inc | assign2 = | class = | url = }}</ref name="AlcorCase"/><ref name>{{Cite journal|last="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist"Harris|first=S. B.|last2=Darwin|first2=M. G.|last3=Russell|first3=S. R.|last4=O'Farrell|first4=J. M.|last5=Fletcher|first5=M.|last6=Wowk|first6=B.|date=2001-8|title=Rapid (0.5 degrees C/>min) minimally invasive induction of hypothermia using cold perfluorochemical lung lavage in dogs|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11719148|journal=Resuscitation|volume=50|issue=2|pages=189–204|issn=0300-9572|pmid=11719148}}</ref name="CryoCare/>

| 2000 1999 || science cryonics || paper organisation || closing || The application of CryoCare || BioPreservation doesn't renew its contract with CryoCare, and stops offering cryonics services altogether.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> CryoCare doesn't find a new provider.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/> They would transfer their 10 patients from the {{W|vitrificationAmerican Cryonics Society}} to a relatively large tissue of medical interest is successful for the first timeCryonics Institute on 2004-04-06, and their 2 other patients to Alcor on 2001-01-24.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Michael J.|last2=Brockbank|first2=Kelvin G. M.|last3=Lightfoot|first3=Fred|last4=Khirabadi|first4=Bijan S.|last5=Song|first5=Ying C.|date=2000-03|title=Vitreous cryopreservation maintains the function of vascular grafts|urlname=https:"AlcorCase"//www.nature.com/articles/nbt0300_296|journal=Nature Biotechnology|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=296–299|doi><ref name=10.1038"BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist"/73737|issn><ref name=1546-1696}}<"CryoCare/ref>

| 2000 -03 || cryobiology || technological adoption science || intermediate storage temperature vitrification || Song, et al. || The application of {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundationvitrification}} || Alcor acquires to a −130ºC Harris CryoStar laboratory freezer from GS Laboratory Equipment and begins testing its utility relatively large tissue of medical interest, vascular grafts, is successful for possible storage of neuropatientsthe first time.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Michael J.|last2=Brockbank|first2=Kelvin G. M.|last3=Lightfoot|first3=Fred|last4=Khirabadi|first4=Bijan S.|last5=Song|first5=Ying C.|date=2000-03|title=BioTransport Purchases CryoStar FreezerVitreous cryopreservation maintains the function of vascular grafts|url=https://alcorwww.orgnature.com/cryonicsarticles/cryonics2000-3.pdfnbt0300_296|journal=CryonicsNature Biotechnology|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=11296–299|doi=10.1038/73737|viaissn=1546-1696}}</ref>

| 2000 || organisation cryonics || founding technological adoption || Critical Care Research intermediate storage temperature || Critical Care Research, {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor acquires a research organisation on critical care medicine, is founded−130 ºC Harris CryoStar laboratory freezer from GS Laboratory Equipment and begins testing its utility for possible storage of neuropatients.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/><ref>{{Cite webjournal|last=|first=|date=2000|title=BioTransport Purchases CryoStar Freezer|url=https://www.researchgatealcor.netorg/profilecryonics/Steven_Harris12cryonics2000-3.pdf|titlejournal=Steven B. Harris {{!}} Canine respiratory and hypothermia physiology labCryonics|websitevolume=ResearchGate|languagepages=en11|access-datevia=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2001 2000 || technological adoption cryonics || vitrification organisation || {{Wfounding ||Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} Critical Care Research || Alcor switches from glycerol (which was reducing ice formationCritical Care Research, but not vitrifying the brain) to a proprietary mixture of cryoprotectants designed to eliminate ice formation completelyresearch organisation on critical care medicine, ideally achieving {{W|vitrification}} of the entire brainis founded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcorwww.orgresearchgate.net/sciencefaq.htmprofile/Steven_Harris12|title=Scientists’ Cryonics FAQSteven B. Harris {{!}} Canine respiratory and hypothermia physiology lab|website=alcor.orgResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2001 || cryonics || technological adoption || vitrification || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor begins switches from glycerol (which was reducing ice formation, but not vitrifying the brain) to a proprietary mixture of cryoprotectants designed to eliminate ice formation completely, ideally achieving {{W|vitrification}} perfusion of cryonics patients with a cryoprotectant mixture called B2Cthe entire brain.<ref name>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/sciencefaq.htm|title=Scientists’ Cryonics FAQ|website=alcor.org|access-date="BenBestCryonicsHistory"2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2002 summer 2001 || cryonics || technological adoption || intermediate storage temperature vitrification || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || An Alcor neuropatient receives an excellent uniform begins {{W|vitrification}} perfusionof cryonics patients with a cryoprotectant mixture called B2C, allowing them to reach the lowest temperature without fracturing ever recorded to date, −128°C. Cryobiologist consultants would evaluate that this may be the best cryopreservation to date. The patient which is transferred to the CryoStar freezer for continued slow cooling and annealing for fracture avoidance. However, the patient would be moved to liquid nitrogen in July 2003 as the maneuver wouldn't be successful. In December, another patient, A-1034, would be also placed into the CryoStar to accommodate the family's preference for this type of storage, and later transferred in a new validated neuroped in April 2006developed by 21st Century Medicine.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorageBenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/newtechnology.html|title=New Cryopreservation technology.|last=|first=|date=2005-10|website=Alcor News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 2002 || cryonics || science || paper || || For the first time, a paper shows rigorous demonstration of memory retention after cooling to +10°C (59°F): "Learning and memory is preserved after induced asanguineous hyperkalemic hypothermic arrest in a swine model of traumatic exsanguination".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.surgjournal.com/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Farticle%2FS0039-6060%2802%2900085-5%2Ffulltext|title=Surgery|website=www.surgjournal.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2002 || cryonics || R&D || intermediate storage temperature || Timeship Project || Physicist {{W|Brian Wowk}} and Brookhaven National Laboratory cryogenic engineer Mike Iarocci start collaborating with architect Stephen Valentine to design intermediate temperature storage systems suitable for cryonics in connection with the Timeship Project.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>

| 2002 || cryonics || organisation || founding || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}} || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}}, a for-profit organisation that provides cryonics standby, stabilization, and transport services, is founded.<ref name="Alcor2018-2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C2276225|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2002 || cryonics || political || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor cryopreserves baseball legend {{W|Ted Williams}}.

| 2002 || cryonics || social || || {{W| Frozen Dead Guy Days }} festival || After media turmoil from Trygve Bauge having brought his cryopreserved grandfather to the town of {{W|Nederland, Colorado}}, some people take this opportunity to create an annual {{W|Frozen Dead Guy Days }} festival which would feature coffin races, snow sculptures, and many other activities.

| 2002 summer || cryonics || technological adoption || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || An Alcor neuropatient receives an excellent uniform perfusion, allowing them to reach the lowest temperature without fracturing ever recorded to date, −128 °C. Cryobiologist consultants would evaluate that this may be the best cryopreservation to date. The patient is transferred to the CryoStar freezer for continued slow cooling and annealing for fracture avoidance. However, the patient would be moved to liquid nitrogen in July 2003 as the maneuver wouldn't be successful. In December, another patient, A-1034, would be also placed into the CryoStar to accommodate the family's preference for this type of storage, and later transferred in a new validated neuroped in April 2006.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>|-| 2002-12-13 || cryonics || writing || newsletter || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || The first issue of ''Alcor News'', an online newsletter, is distributed.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/alcornewsarchive.html|title=Alcor News Archive|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>|-| 2003 || cryonics || || procedure || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || There is continued work to create a new patient care bay, operating room, and laboratory area. A truck is purchased for conversion as an ambulance that would be large enough to permit surgical procedures. Alcor makes radical changes to its medications to conform with results of resuscitation research.

| 2003 || cryonics || organisation || procedure founding || {{W|Alcor Life Extension FoundationKrioRus}} || There is continued work to create {{W|KrioRus}}, a new patient care baycryonics provider in Russia, operating roomis started by {{W|Danila Medvedev}} and Valerya Pride, and laboratory area. A truck is purchased for conversion as an ambulance that but would be large enough to permit surgical procedures. Alcor makes radical changes to officially start its medications to conform with results of resuscitation researchoperations only in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kriorus.ru/en|title=KrioRus {{!}} the first cryonics company in Eurasia|website=kriorus.ru|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcorsputniknews.orgcom/interviews/AboutAlcor201810111068799075-kriorus-immortality-project/|title=Alcor‘Your Blood Will Freeze’: About AlcorHow Foreigners Seek Immortality in Russia|last=Sputnik|website=alcorsputniknews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-cryonics-dead-people-vats-immortality-medvedev/28314196.html|title=From The Cradle To The Vat, Russia's 'Temporarily Dead' Await Immortality|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2003 -05-12 || cryonics || organisation || founding first || {{W|KrioRus}} || {{W|KrioRus}}, a cryonics provider in Russia, is started by {{W|Danila Medvedev}} and Valerya Pride, but would officially start cryopreserves its operations only in 2005first human patient.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kriorus.ru/en/cryopreserved%20people|title=List of people cryopreserved at KrioRus {{!}} the first cryonics company in EurasiaKrioRus|website=kriorus.ru|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/interviews/201810111068799075-kriorus-immortality-project/|title=‘Your Blood Will Freeze’: How Foreigners Seek Immortality in Russia|last=Sputnik|website=sputniknews.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-cryonics-dead-people-vats-immortality-medvedev/28314196.html|title=From The Cradle To The Vat, Russia's 'Temporarily Dead' Await Immortality|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2003-05-12 06 || cryonics || organisation technological adoption || first intermediate storage temperature || {{W|KrioRusAlcor Life Extension Foundation}} || {{W|KrioRusBrian Wowk}} cryopreserves its first human , Mike Iarocci, and Stephen Valentine present new designs for intermediate temperature storage systems to the Alcor board of directors. Alcor acquires an experimental single-patient.<ref>"neuropod" intermediate temperature storage system developed by {{Cite web|url=http://kriorus.ru/en/cryopreserved%20peopleW|title=List of people cryopreserved at KrioRus {{!Brian Wowk}} KrioRus|website=kriorusat 21CM.ru|access-date<ref name=2019-01-22}}<"IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/ref> 

| 2003-06 08 || technological adoption cryobiology || R&D || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Alcor Life Extension FoundationCarnegie Mellon University}} || {{W|Brian WowkCarnegie Mellon University}}, Mike Iarocci, and Stephen Valentine present new designs for intermediate temperature storage systems to receives a $1.3 million grant from the Alcor board of directorsU.S. Alcor acquires an experimental single-patient "neuropod" intermediate temperature storage system developed by government to study fracturing during {{W|Brian Wowkvitrification}} at 21CMof tissue for medical applications, which would considerably advance the field.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>

| 2003-08 10 || cryonics || R&D || intermediate storage temperature || Carnegie Mellon University {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || Carnegie Mellon University receives a $1.3 million grant from the U.S. government to study fracturing during {{W|vitrification21st Century Medicine}} of tissue , Inc., constructs a prototype dewar for medical applications, storage at intermediate temperature in which would considerably advance most of the volume of the fielddewar is converted into a uniform-temperature storage space kept cold by liquid nitrogen.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>

| 2003-10 2004 || R&D cryobiology || intermediate storage temperature science || {{Wtoxicity |21st Century Medicine}} |Fahy, et al. | {{W|21st Century Medicine}}Fahy, Incet al., constructs make a prototype dewar for storage at intermediate temperature major advance in which most of understanding the volume nature of the dewar is converted into a uniform-temperature storage space kept cold by liquid nitrogenvitrification cryoprotectant toxicity, and significant advances in moderating it.<ref name>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"GM|last2=Wowk|first2=B|last3=Wu|first3=J|last4=Paynter|first4=S|date=2004|title=Improved vitrification solutions based on the predictability of vitrification solution toxicity|url=|journal=Cryobiology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=22-35|via=}}</ref>

| 2004 -04-01 ||cryobiology | science |technological development | paper |vitrification | |Fahy, et al. | For the first time| Fahy, et al., a paper shows good ultrastructure of vitrified/re-warmed mammalian brains and the reversibility develop several highly stable vitrification solutions using synthetic ice blockers which also have extremely low toxicity. It is possible to perfuse kidneys with 9+ molar vitrification solution (~60%) without loss of prolonged warm ischemic injury in dogs without subsequent neurological deficitsviability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=LemlerFahy|first=JerryGregory M.|last2=HarrisWowk|first2=Steven B.Brian|last3=PlattWu|first3=CharlesJun|last4=HuffmanPaynter|first4=Todd M.Sharon|date=2004-2|title=The Arrest Improved vitrification solutions based on the predictability of Biological Time as a Bridge to Engineered Negligible Senescencevitrification solution toxicity|url=https://nyaspubswww.onlinelibraryncbi.wileynlm.comnih.gov/doipubmed/abs/10.1196/annals.1297.10414969679|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=enCryobiology|volume=101948|issue=1|pages=559–56322–35|doi=10.11961016/annalsj.1297cryobiol.1042003.11.004|issn=17490011-66322240|pmid=14969679}}</ref>

| 2004 || science cryonics || paper legal || || The first report Cryonics Institute || As a result of media coverage of {{W|Ted Williams}}'s cryopreservation, even though the Cryonics Institute was not involved in that case, the consistent survival State of transplanted kidneys after cooling to and rewarming from −45°C is published.<ref>Michigan places the organization under a "{{Cite journalW|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M|last2=Wowk|first2=Brian|last3=Wu|first3=Jun|last4=Phan|first4=John|last5=Rasch|first5=Chris|last6=Chang|first6=Alice|last7=Zendejas|first7=Eric|date=Cease and Desist}}" order for six months, ultimately classifying and regulating the Cryonics Institute as a cemetery in 2004-04-01|title=Cryopreservation . In the spirit of organs by vitrification: perspectives and recent advances|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011224004000264|journal=Cryobiology|series=Special issue: Keynote papers from CRYOBIOMOLde- 2003|volume=48|issue=2|pages=157–178|doi=10regulation, the new Republican Michigan government would remove the cemetery designation for CI in 2012.1016/j.cryobiol.2004.02.002|issn<ref name=0011-2240}}<"BenBestCryonicsHistory"/ref>

| 2004 -08 || legal cryonics || technological adoption || vitrification || Cryonics Institute || As The Cryonics Institute uses a result of media coverage of {{W|Ted Williams}}'s cryopreservationcryoprotectant, even though the Cryonics Institute was not involved in that caseCI-VM-1, for the State first time. The dog of Michigan places the organization under a "Cease and Desist" order for six months, ultimately classifying and regulating CI member is the Cryonics Institute as a cemetery in 2004. In the spirit patient of de-regulation, the new Republican Michigan government would remove the cemetery designation for experimental perfusion. The mixture was developed by CI in 2012staff cryobiologist Yuri Pichugin.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryCITimeline"/>

| 2004-08 10-23 || cryonics || technological adoption || vitrification remote stabilization || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}} | Cryonics Institute |{{W| The Cryonics Institute uses Suspended Animation, Inc}} performs a cryoprotectant, named CI-VM-1, field cryoprotection with glycerol for the first time. The dog of a CI member is {{W|American Cryonics Society}} before transporting the patient of on dry ice to the experimental perfusionCryonics Institute for long-term care.<ref name="fieldcryoprotection">{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/fieldcryoprotection. The mixture was developed by CI staff cryobiologist Yuri Pichuginhtml|title=Field Cryoprotection|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2004-10-23 2005 || technological adoption cryonics || field cryoprotection science || {{Wpaper |Suspended Animation, Inc}} || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}} performs Cryonics is discussed in a field cryoprotection with glycerol major medical journal for the {{W|American Cryonics Society}} before transporting first time. It addresses the patient on dry ice to definition of death in the Cryonics Institute for long-term intensive careunit context.<ref name="fieldcryoprotection">{{Cite webjournal|last=Whetstine|first=Leslie|last2=Streat|first2=Stephen|last3=Darwin|first3=Mike|last4=Crippen|first4=David|date=2005-10-31|title=Pro/con ethics debate: When is dead really dead?|url=https://alcordoi.org/Library10.1186/html/fieldcryoprotection.htmlcc3894|journal=Critical Care|volume=9|issue=6|titlepages=Field Cryoprotection538|websitedoi=alcor10.org1186/cc3894|access-dateissn=2019-011364-228535}}</ref>

| 2005 (mid) || cryonics || organisation || founding || Neural Archives Foundation OregonCryo || The Neural Archives Foundation Oregon Cryonics is conceived. The organisation offers brain preservation services. In 2008 it would be incorporatedestablished as a Non Profit Mutual Benefit corporation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://neuralarchivesfoundationwww.oregoncryo.orgcom/aboutOC.html|title=NAFOregon Cryonics - About OC|website=neuralarchivesfoundationwww.oregoncryo.orgcom|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2005 -02 || cryonics || science organisation || paper || Sociedad Crionica || Cryonics The website crionica.org is discussed in a major medical journal for the first time. It addresses the definition of death in the intensive care unit contextcreated.<refname="CI2017-4">{{Cite journal|last=WhetstineTripplett|first=Leslie|last2=Streat|first2=Stephen|last3=Darwin|first3=Mike|last4=Crippen|first4=DavidDonald|date=2005-10-312017|title=Pro/con ethics debate: When is dead really dead?Sociedad Crionica|url=https://doiwww.cryonics.org/10images/uploads/magazines/CI-NEWS-04-2017.1186/cc3894pdf|journal=Critical CareCryonics Institute Newsletter|volume=9|issue=64|pages=53827|doivia=10.1186/cc3894|issn=1364-8535}}</ref>

| 2005 (mid) || cryonics || organisation || founding || OregonCryo Neural Archives Foundation || Oregon Cryonics The Neural Archives Foundation is established as a Non Profit Mutual Benefit corporationconceived. The organisation offers brain preservation services. In 2008 it would be incorporated.<refname="fieldcryoprotection">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oregoncryoneuralarchivesfoundation.comorg/aboutOC.html|title=Oregon Cryonics - About OCNAF|website=www.oregoncryoneuralarchivesfoundation.comorg|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2005-02 08 || organisation cryonics || technological adoptoin || vitrification || Sociedad Crionica Cryonics Institute || The website crionica.org CI's 69th patient is createdCI's first patient to be vitrified.<ref name="CI2017-4">It receives a {{Cite journalW|last=Tripplett|first=Donald|date=2017|title=Sociedad Crionica|url=https://www.cryonics.org/images/uploads/magazines/vitrification}} solution named CI-NEWSVM-04-20171.pdf|journal<ref name=Cryonics Institute Newsletter|volume=|issue=4|pages=27|via=}}<"CITimeline"/ref>

| 2005-02 10 || cryonics || technological adoption || vitrification || Cryonics Institute {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} | The use of | Alcor starts using a {{W|vitrification}} mixture is published for the solution called M22, a cryoprotectant licensed from {{W|21st Century Medicine}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/newtechnology.html|title=New Cryopreservation Technology|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first time; the subject being the dog Thor=|date=|title=M22 Implementation|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/alcornews044.html|journal=Alcor News Bulletin|volume=|issue=44|pages=|via=}}</ref>

| 20052006-04-08 01 || technological adoption cryobiology || science || vitrification || Cryonics Institute Pichugin, et al. || The Cryonics Institute's 69th patient is CI's first human patient Pichugin, et al., demonstrate the conservation of both viability and excellent histological and ultrastructural preservation in the rabbit brain hippocampal brain slice subjected to receive a vitrification as well as proving the vast superiority of vitrification over freezing in preserving viability and tissue architecture in rabbit brain slices.<ref>{{WCite journal|last=Pichugin|first=Yuri|last2=Fahy|first2=Gregory M.|last3=Morin|first3=Robert|date=2006-04-01|title=Cryopreservation of rat hippocampal slices by vitrification|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0011224005001896|journal=Cryobiology|volume=52|issue=2|pages=228–240|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2005.11.006|issn=0011-2240}} solution.</ref name="CITimeline"/>

| 20052006-10 01 || cryonics || technological adoption || vitrification intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || An Alcor starts using a neuropatient cryopreserved with M22 {{W|vitrification}} solution called M22, sets a cryoprotectant licensed from {{W|21st Century Medicine}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/newtechnologynew record for lowest temperature reached without fracturing of −134 °C.html|title=New Cryopreservation Technology|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=M22 Implementation|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/alcornews044.html|journalname=Alcor News Bulletin|volume=|issue=44|pages=|via=}}<"IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/ref>

| 2006 2008 || science cryonics || paper writing || || For the first time it || A review of scientific justifications of cryonics is demonstrated that both the viability and structure of complex neural networks can be well preserved by {{W|vitrification}}published.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=PichuginBest|first=Yuri|last2=Fahy|first2=Gregory MBenjamin P.|last3=Morin|first3=Robert|date=20062008-04-0128|title=Cryopreservation Scientific Justification of rat hippocampal slices by vitrificationCryonics Practice|url=http://wwwdx.sciencedirectdoi.comorg/science10.1089/article/pii/S0011224005001896rej.2008.0661|journal=CryobiologyRejuvenation Research|volume=5211|issue=2|pages=228–240493–503|doi=10.10161089/j.cryobiol.2005rej.112008.0060661|issn=00111549-22401684|pmc=PMC4733321|pmid=18321197}}</ref>

| 2006-01 2008 || cryonics || organisation ||founding | technological adoption |Advanced Neural Biosciences | intermediate storage temperature |Advanced Neural Biosciences, Inc., is founded by Aschwin de Wolf. The organisation mainly aims to improve brain preservations. The laboratory would receive funding from the {{W| Immortalist Society}}, the Life Extension Foundation, the Cryonics Institute, the {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} , as well as various individuals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.advancedneuralbio.com/|title=Advanced Neural Biosciences|language=en-US| An Alcor neuropatient cryopreserved with M22 access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{WCite web|url=http://immortalistsociety.org/anb_research.htm|title=Human Cryopreservation Research at Advanced Neural Biosciences|last=de Wol|first=Aschwin|last2=Phaedra|first2=Chana|date=|website=Immortalist Society|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|vitrificationaccess-date=2019-01-22}} solution sets a new record for lowest temperature reached without fracturing of −134°C.</ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>

| 2008 || cryonics || organisation || paper first || Neural Archives Foundation || A review of scientific justifications of cryonics is publishedNeural Archives Foundation preserves its first human patient.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Best|first=Benjamin P.|date=2008-04-28|title=Scientific Justification of Cryonics Practiceweb|url=http://dxwww.doineuralarchivesfoundation.org/10.1089/rej.2008.0661about|journal=Rejuvenation Research|volume=11|issue=2|pagestitle=493–503NAF|doiwebsite=10www.1089/rejneuralarchivesfoundation.2008.0661org|issnaccess-date=15492019-01-1684|pmc=PMC4733321|pmid=1832119722}}</ref>

| 2008 2009 || organisation cryonics || founding science || Advanced Neural Biosciences || Advanced Neural Biosciences, Inc || A vital mammalian organ is funded by Aschwin de Wolf. The organisation mainly aims to improve brain preservations. The laboratory would receive funding from the {{W|Immortalist Society}}, the Life Extension Foundationsuccessfully vitrified, the Cryonics Institutetransplanted, and reused for the {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}}, as well as various individualsfirst time.<ref>{{Cite webjournal|urllast=Fahy|first=http://wwwGregory M.advancedneuralbio.com/|titlelast2=Wowk|first2=Brian|last3=Pagotan|first3=Advanced Neural BiosciencesRoberto|languagelast4=en-USChang|access-datefirst4=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite webAlice|urllast5=http://immortalistsociety.org/anb_research.htmPhan|titlefirst5=Human Cryopreservation Research at Advanced Neural BiosciencesJohn|lastlast6=de WolThomson|firstfirst6=AschwinBruce|last2last7=PhaedraPhan|first2first7=ChanaLaura|date=July 2009|websitetitle=Immortalist SocietyPhysical and biological aspects of renal vitrification|archive-url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/org.5.3.9974|journal=Organogenesis|volume=5|issue=3|archive-datepages=167–175|dead-urldoi=10.4161/org.5.3.9974|access-dateissn=2019-011547-226278}}</ref>

| 2008 2009-05 || brain preservation || organisation || first || Neural Archives {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation }} ||The {{W| Neural Archives Brain Preservation Foundation preserves its first human patient}} is founded by Kenneth Hayworth and John Smart with the goal of furthering research in whole brain preservation.<refname="SmallMammalBrainPrize">{{Cite web|url=http://www.neuralarchivesfoundationbrainpreservation.org/aboutsmall-mammal-announcement/|title=NAFSmall Mammal BPF Prize Winning Announcement – The Brain Preservation Foundation|websitelanguage=www.neuralarchivesfoundation.orgen-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2009 2010 || science cryonics || paper organisation || standby || A vital mammalian organ is successfully vitrifiedCryonics Institute || The Cryonics Institute starts offering, transplantedthrough {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}}, standby and reused for the first timetransport options.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonlinecryonics.comorg/actionresources/captchaChallenge?redirectUrlsuspended-animation-inc-standby-stabilization-and-transport-for-ci-members|title=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.4161%2Forg.5.3.9974&Resources {{!}} Cryonics Institute|website=www.tandfonlinecryonics.com|doi=10.4161/org.5.3.9974|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 20092010-05 || brain preservation || organisation || || {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} || The Saar Wilf donates $100,000 to the {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} is founded by Kenneth Hayworth , which then launches its large and John Smart with small mammal brain preservation prizes, which would be given to the goal first groups that could reliably preserve the synaptic structure of furthering research in whole the brain preservation.<ref name="SmallMammalBrainPrize">{{Cite web|url=http://www.brainpreservation.org/small-mammal-announcement/|title=Small Mammal BPF Prize Winning Announcement – The Brain Preservation Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2010 2011 || organisation cryonics || standby technological development || Cryonics Institute intermediate storage temperature || The Cryonics Institute starts offeringWowk || Brian Wowk develops a passive, through {{W|Suspended Animationnon-mechanical, Inc}}“fail safe” system for intermediate temperature storage in order to reduce or eliminate fracturing in vitrified tissues, standby organs and transport optionspatients.<ref>{{Cite web|urlname=https://www.cryonics.org"IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/resources/suspended-animation-inc-standby-stabilization-and-transport-for-ci-members|title=Resources {{!}} Cryonics Institute|website=www.cryonics.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2010-05 2011 ||cryonics | organisation |quality assessment | |scan | {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} Alcor || Saar Wilf donates $100,000 to Alcor initiates CT scanning of neuropatients after discovering that CT examination reveals regional differences in cryoprotectant concentration in the brain and other soft tissues of patients.<ref>{{WCite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/casereportA1088DennisRoss.pdf|title=Alcor A-1088 Case Report|last=Sullivan|Brain Preservation Foundationfirst=Mathew|date=2013-08|website=Alcor|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}, which then launches its large and small mammal brain preservation prizes, which would be given to the first groups that could reliably preserve the synaptic structure of the brain.</ref><ref name>{{Cite web|url="SmallMammalBrainPrize"https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/casereportA1546.pdf|title=Alcor A-1546 Case Report|last=Drake|first=Aaron|date=2012-01|website=Alcor|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 2011 || cryonics || || || Cryonics Institute || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} is cryopreserved at the age of 92.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/from-phyics-teacher-to-founder-of-the-cryonics-movement/2011/07/24/gIQAupuIXI_story.html|title=Robert Ettinger, founder of the cryonics movement, dies at 92|last=Brown|first=Emma|date=2011-06-24|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2011-01 || cryonics || technological adoption || field cryoprotection remote stabilization || Cryonics Institute || The Cryonics Institute ships its {{W|vitrification}} solution (CI-VM-1) to the United Kingdom so that European cryonics patients could be vitrified before shipping in dry ice to the United States.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/>

| 2012 || brain preservation || organisation || || {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} || Shawn Mikula at the Winfred Denk lab in Germany uses uses plastic embedding to preserve mouse brains, and submits his results for the Small Mammal Brain Preservation Prize. But the preservation quality is not complete.<ref name="SmallMammalBrainPrize"/>

| 2012 || brain preservation || organisation || || {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} || {{W|Greg Fahy}} at {{W|21st Century Medicine}} (21CM) uses cryobiological techniques to preserve mouse brains, and submits his results for the Small Mammal Brain Preservation Prize. But The Brain Preservation Foundation deems the preservation quality is not completesubmitted micrographs as inadequate to win the prize because the extensive dehydration produced by M22 perfusions makes an examination of brain ultrastructure and of the connectome at the ultrastructural level impossible using existing FIB-SEM techniques.<ref name="SmallMammalBrainPrize"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.brainpreservation.org/21cm-cryopreservation-eval-page/|title=21CM Cryopreservation Eval Page – The Brain Preservation Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-03}}</ref>

| 2012 || cryonics || technological research || field cryoprotection remote stabilization || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Advanced Neural Biosciences collaborates with Alcor to validate Alcor’s proposed field cryoprotection protocol in the rat model. No ice formation is found after up to 48 hours of storing the brains at dry ice temperature prior to further cooling.<ref name="fieldcryoprotection"/>

| 2013 || organisation cryobiology || founding science || Church of Perpetual Life vitrification || Fahy, et al. || The Church of Perpetual Life is foundedFahy, et al. Their first service happens at the end , demonstrate recovery of 2013LTP memory electrophysiology for half millimeter thick hippocampal brain slices that had previously been vitrified and stored for weeks.<ref>{{Cite webjournal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|last2=Guan|first2=Na|last3=de Graaf|urlfirst3=http://wwwInge A.churchofperpetuallifeM.org/|titlelast4=Tan|first4=Yuansheng|last5=Griffin|first5=Church of Perpetual LifeLenetta|websitelast6=Church of Perpetual LifeGroothuis|languagefirst6=enGeny M. M.|access-date=20192012-0110-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Perpetual Life30|title=COPL Grand Opening Cryopreservation of precision- part 1cut tissue slices|url=httpshttp://wwwdx.youtubedoi.comorg/10.3109/watch?v00498254.2012.728300|journal=Xenobiotica|volume=43|issue=1|pages=x_5QmppTsZo113–132|access-datedoi=10.3109/00498254.2012.728300|issn=2019-010049-228254}}</ref>

| 2013-05 || technological adoption life extension || organisation || field cryoprotection founding || Cryonics Institute Church of Perpetual Life || The wife Church of UK cryonicist Alan Sinclair receives a field cryoprotection before being shipped to Perpetual Life is founded. Their first service happens at the Cryonics Instituteend of 2013.<ref name>{{Cite web|url=http://www.churchofperpetuallife.org/|title=Church of Perpetual Life|website=Church of Perpetual Life|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last="BenBestCryonicsHistory"Perpetual Life|title=COPL Grand Opening - part 1|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x_5QmppTsZo|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2014 2013-05 || writing cryonics || technological adoption || remote stabilization || 68 scientists from relevant disciplines sign an open letter Cryonics Institute || The wife of UK cryonicist Alan Sinclair receives a field cryoprotection before being shipped to legitimize cryonics and support the right to be cryopreservedCryonics Institute.<ref>{{Cite web|urlname=https:"BenBestCryonicsHistory"//www.biostasis.com/scientists-open-letter-on-cryonics/|title=Scientists’ Open Letter on Cryonics – Biostasis|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2014 || science cryonics || writing || {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || Robert McIntyre from {{W|21st Century Medicine}} wins the Small Mammal Prize 68 scientists from relevant disciplines sign an open letter to legitimize cryonics and support the right to be cryopreserved.<ref>{{WCite web|Brain Preservation Foundation}} with a technique called vitrifixation, an Aldehyde Stabilized Cryopreservation (ASC)url=https://www.biostasis. He combines research done by {{Wcom/scientists-open-letter-on-cryonics/|title=Scientists’ Open Letter on Cryonics – Biostasis|language=en-US|Greg Fahyaccess-date=2019-01-22}} and Shawn Mikula.</ref name="SmallMammalBrainPrize"/>

| 2014 || organisation brain preservation || science || || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc21st Century Medicine}} || Robert McIntyre from {{W|21st Century Medicine}} wins the Small Mammal Prize from the {{W|Suspended AnimationBrain Preservation Foundation}} with a technique called vitrifixation, Incan Aldehyde Stabilized Cryopreservation (ASC). He combines research done by {{W|Greg Fahy}} opens an office in Californiaand Shawn Mikula.<ref name="Alcor2018-2SmallMammalBrainPrize">{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/alcorlife/docs/cryonics2018-2|title=Cryonics Magazine March-April 2018|website=Issuu|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2014-05-06 || cryonics || organisation || || OregonCryo {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}} ||{{W| OregonCryo preserves its first patientSuspended Animation, a dog named CupcakeInc}} opens an office in California.<refname="Alcor2018-2">{{Cite web|url=httphttps://www.oregoncryoissuu.com/caseReportsPets.htmlalcorlife/docs/cryonics2018-2|title=Oregon Cryonics Magazine March- Pet Case ReportsApril 2018|website=www.oregoncryo.comIssuu|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2014-07 05-06 || technological adoption cryonics || field cryoprotection organisation ||| {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} OregonCryo || Alcor starts implementing OregonCryo preserves its first patient, a plan to practice field cryoprotection for cases in Canada and Europedog named Cupcake.<ref name>{{Cite web|url="BenBestCryonicsHistory"http://>www.oregoncryo.com/caseReportsPets.html|title=Oregon Cryonics - Pet Case Reports|website=www.oregoncryo.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref name="fieldcryoprotection"/>

| 2015 2014-07 || science cryonics || paper technological adoption || remote stabilization || Memory retention in a cryopreserved and revived animal is demonstrated for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journalW|last=Vita-MoreAlcor Life Extension Foundation}} |first=Natasha|last2=Barranco|first2=Daniel|date=2015-10|title=Persistence of Long-Term Memory Alcor starts implementing a plan to practice field cryoprotection for cases in Vitrified Canada and Revived Caenorhabditis elegans|url=http://dxEurope.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2014.1636|journal=Rejuvenation Research|volume=18|issue=5|pages=458–463|doi<ref name=10.1089"BenBestCryonicsHistory"/rej.2014.1636|issn=1549-1684|pmc=PMC4620520|pmid><ref name=25867710}}<"fieldcryoprotection"/ref>

| 2015 || cryonics || science || paper || || Whole brain {{W|vitrification}} with perfect preservation of neural connectivity (“connectome”) throughout the entire brain Memory retention in a cryopreserved and revived animal is demonstrated for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McIntyreVita-More|first=Robert L.Natasha|last2=FahyBarranco|first2=Gregory M.Daniel|date=2015-12-0110|title=AldehydePersistence of Long-stabilized cryopreservationTerm Memory in Vitrified and Revived Caenorhabditis elegans|url=http://wwwdx.sciencedirectdoi.comorg/science10.1089/article/pii/S001122401500245Xrej.2014.1636|journal=CryobiologyRejuvenation Research|volume=7118|issue=35|pages=448–458458–463|doi=10.10161089/j.cryobiol.2015rej.092014.0031636|issn=00111549-22401684|pmc=PMC4620520|pmid=25867710}}</ref>

| 2015-03-13 12 || brain preservation || technological adoption development || fixation || OregonCryo {{W|21st Century Medicine}} | For the first time, someone is preserved using fixation technology, by having her | Perfect histological and ultrastructural preservation of an entire porcine brain immersed in a fixative solution. The patient was Deborah Cheek, and she was preserved by OregonCryononviable state using aldehyde fixation combined with vitrification.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports">{{Cite webjournal|last=McIntyre|first=Robert L.|last2=Fahy|first2=Gregory M.|date=2015-12-01|title=Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation|url=http://www.oregoncryosciencedirect.com/caseReportsscience/article/pii/S001122401500245X|journal=Cryobiology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=448–458|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.09.003|issn=0011-2240}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=Robert L.|last2=Fahy|first2=Gregory M.html|date=2015-12|title=Oregon Cryonics Aldehyde- Casesstabilized cryopreservation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26408851|journal=Cryobiology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=448–458|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.09.003|issn=1090-2392|pmid=26408851}}</ref> In 2016, Robert McIntyre, {{W|websiteGreg Fahy}}, and {{W|21st Century Medicine}} would win the Large Mammal Prize from the {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}} with this vitrifixation technique.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oregoncryobrainpreservation.comorg/large-mammal-announcement/|title=Large Mammal BPF Prize Winning Announcement – The Brain Preservation Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2016 2015-03-13 || science brain preservation || technological adoption || {{Wfixation ||21st Century Medicine}} OregonCryo || Robert McIntyreFor the first time, a brain is preserved using fixation technology, by having her brain immersed in a fixative solution. The patient was Deborah Cheek, and she was preserved by OregonCryo.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports">{{WCite web|url=http://www.oregoncryo.com/caseReports.html|title=Oregon Cryonics - Cases|website=www.oregoncryo.com|Greg Fahyaccess-date=2019-01-22}}, and </ref> Immersion fixation is well established to be ineffective in halting autolysis (decomposition).<ref>{{WCite journal|21st Century last=Kanawaku|first=Yoshimasa|last2=Someya|first2=Satoka|last3=Kobayashi|first3=Tomoya|last4=Hirakawa|first4=Keiko|last5=Shiotani|first5=Seiji|last6=Fukunaga|first6=Tatsushige|last7=Ohno|first7=Youkichi|last8=Kawakami|first8=Saki|last9=Kanetake|first9=Jun|date=2014-07|title=High-resolution 3D-MRI of postmortem brain specimens fixed by formalin and gadoteridol|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.03.003|journal=Legal Medicine|volume=16|issue=4|pages=218–221|doi=10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.03.003|issn=1344-6223}} win the Large Mammal Prize from the </ref><ref>{{WCite journal|last=Shatil|first=Anwar S.|last2=Uddin|first2=Md Nasir|last3=Matsuda|first3=Kant M.|last4=Figley|first4=Chase R.|date=2018-02-20|title=Quantitative Ex Vivo MRI Changes due to Progressive Formalin Fixation in Whole Human Brain Preservation FoundationSpecimens: Longitudinal Characterization of Diffusion, Relaxometry, and Myelin Water Fraction Measurements at 3T|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826187/|journal=Frontiers in Medicine|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fmed.2018.00031|issn=2296-858X|pmc=PMC5826187|pmid=29515998}} </ref> This is documented in the peer-reviewed literature with a vitrifixation techniquethe time to fixation of the immersed brain being on the order of 5-15 weeks.<ref>{{Cite webjournal|last=Yong-Hing|first=Charlotte J.|last2=Obenaus|first2=Andre|last3=Stryker|first3=Rodrick|last4=Tong|first4=Karen|last5=Sarty|first5=Gordon E.|date=2005-8|title=Magnetic resonance imaging and mathematical modeling of progressive formalin fixation of the human brain|url=https://www.brainpreservationncbi.orgnlm.nih.gov/large-mammal-announcementpubmed/16032673|journal=Magnetic Resonance in Medicine|volume=54|titleissue=2|pages=324–332|doi=Large Mammal BPF Prize Winning Announcement – The Brain Preservation Foundation10.1002/mrm.20578|languageissn=en0740-US3194|access-datepmid=2019-01-2216032673}}</ref>However, this procedure is very inexpensive{{snd}}Oregon Cryonics charges 1000 USD{{snd}}so this option is sometimes chosen with the hope that very advance technology might be able to recover some part of the brain.

| 2016 || cryonics || organisation || founding || Osiris || Osiris Back to Life is founded by Dvir Derhy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://osiriscryonics.com/|title=Cryogenics Human & Pet Freezing for Preservation and Revival|website=Osiris {{!}} Back to Life|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2016 || brain preservation || organisation || founding || Nectome || Nectome is started by Robert McIntyre after having won the {{W|Brain Preservation Foundation}}'s Large Mammal Prize. Nectome is a research organization developing biological preservation techniques to better preserve the physical traces of memory.<ref name="Nectome">{{Cite web|url=https://nectome.com/|title=Nectome|website=nectome.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2016-05-06 || cryonics || organisation || training || OregonCryo || OregonCryo starts training its medical team with body donors.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports"/>

| 2016-06-06 || cryonics || risk management || economic stability || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || The Alcor Care Trust Supporting Organization (ACT) is created. The Patient Care Trust (PCT) continues in existence to receive initial funding from new cryopreservations, and to pay for ongoing costs for maintaining patients' cryopreservation. The ACT will make long term investments, continue maintaining the PCT, and possibly eventually fund resuscitation research. Both trusts have different board of directors that can check on each other.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/alcorcaretrust.htm|title=Alcor Care Trust Supporting Organization|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2016-07-30 || cryonics || organisation || founding || Sociedad Crionica || Sociedad Crionica is founded.<ref name="CI2017-4"/>

| 2016-12-24 || brain preservation || technological adoption || fixation || OregonCryo || For the first time, someone is preserved by being perfused with a fixation solution instead of simply being immersed in it. OregonCryo was the organisation that did the preservation.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports"/>|-| 2017-01 to 2017-08 || R&D || || OregonCryo || OregonCryo trains Fixative perfusion and does R&D brain removal for this patient is carried out by the individual's sons in cooperation with 38 {{W|body donations}}a local mortuary and a mobile pathology service. Oregon Cryonics (OC) is storing the brain.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports"/>

| 2018 winter 2017-01 to 2017-08 ||cryonics | organisation |R&D | || Nectome |OregonCryo | Nectome participates in | OregonCryo trains and does R&D with 38 {{W|Y Combinatorbody donations}}.<ref name="NectomeOregonCryoCaseReports"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.ycombinator.com/10-companies-from-yc-winter-2018/|title=10 Companies From YC Winter 2018|last=Combinator|first=Y.|website=Y Combinator|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2018-04-06 winter || brain preservation || organisation || founding || International Cryomedicine Experts Nectome || Alcor signs an agreement with Nectome participates in the newly funded International Cryomedicine Experts, a forstartup accelerator {{W|Y Combinator}}.<ref name="Nectome"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.ycombinator.com/10-companies-from-yc-winter-profit organisation providing international cryonics standby, stabilization, and transport services2018/|title=10 Companies From YC Winter 2018|last=Combinator|first=Y.|website=Y Combinator|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2018-0504-16 06 || risk management cryonics || economic stability organisation || {{Wfounding |Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} | International Cryomedicine Experts || Alcor announces signs an agreement with the creation of newly funded International Cryomedicine Experts, a sibling for-profit organisation called the Alcor Endowment Trust Supporting Organization. Its goal is to maintain funds that are investedproviding international cryonics standby, stabilization, and which support Alcor's general operation and research through giving a fraction of the interests madetransport services.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/blog/the-alcor-endowment-trust-supporting-organization/|title=The Alcor Endowment Trust Supporting Organization|last=admin|date=2018-05-16|website=Alcor News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2018-1005-30 16 || legal cryonics || risk management || economic stability || Norman Hardy {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} | For | Alcor announces the first time, creation of a cryonics patient uses sibling organisation called the Death With Dignity legislationAlcor Endowment Trust Supporting Organization. The patientIts goal is to maintain funds that are invested, and which support Alcor's name is Norman Hardygeneral operation and research through giving a fraction of the interests made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Libraryblog/htmlthe-alcor-endowment-trust-supporting-organization/casesummary1990.html|title=The Alcor Case Summary: AEndowment Trust Supporting Organization|last=admin|date=2018-05-199016|website=alcor.orgAlcor News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2018-11 10-30 || cryonics || social legal || || Society for Cryobiology Norman Hardy || The Society for Cryobiology releases For the first time, a position statement clarifying their stance in regards to cryonics: "The Society recognizes and respects patient uses the freedom of individuals to hold and express their own opinions and to act, within lawful limits, according to their beliefs. Preferences regarding disposition of postmortem human bodies or brains are clearly a matter of personal choice and, therefore, inappropriate subjects of Society policyDeath With Dignity legislation. The Society does, however, take the position that the knowledge necessary for the revival of live or dead whole mammals following cryopreservation does not currently exist and can come only from conscientious and patient research in cryobiology and medicine. In short, the act of preserving a body, head or brain after clinical death and storing it indefinitely on the chance that some future generation may restore it to life 's name is an act of speculation or hope, not science, and as such is outside the purview of the Society for CryobiologyNorman Hardy."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.societyforcryobiologyalcor.org/assetsLibrary/documentshtml/Position_Statement_Cryonics_Nov_18casesummary1990.pdfhtml|title=Society for Cryobiology Position Statement Alcor Case Summary: A- Cryonics|last=|first=|date=November 20181990|website=Society for Cryobiology|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-2322}}</ref>

| 2020 (anticipated) 2018-11 || cryonics || social || organisation || founding {{W|Society for Cryobiology}} | Southern Cryonics |The {{W| Southern Cryonics anticipates opening Society for Cryobiology}} releases a position statement clarifying their stance in regards to cryonics: "The Society recognizes and respects the freedom of individuals to hold and express their own opinions and to act, within lawful limits, according to their beliefs. Preferences regarding disposition of postmortem human bodies or brains are clearly a matter of personal choice and, therefore, inappropriate subjects of Society policy. The Society does, however, take the position that the knowledge necessary for the revival of live or dead whole mammals following cryopreservation does not currently exist and can come only from conscientious and patient research in 2020cryobiology and medicine. In short, the act of preserving a body, head or brain after clinical death and storing it indefinitely on the chance that some future generation may restore it to life is an act of speculation or hope, not science, and as such is outside the purview of the Society for Cryobiology."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://southerncryonicswww.societyforcryobiology.comorg/assets/documents/Position_Statement_Cryonics_Nov_18.pdf|title=Southern Society for Cryobiology Position Statement - Cryonics – The Southern Hemisphere's |last=|first cryonics facility=|date=November 2018|website=southerncryonics.comSociety for Cryobiology|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-2223}}</ref>