289
edits
Changes
→Major events: replaced the section with a Big Picture
[[File:Historical_cost_of_cryonics,_inflation_adjusted.png]]
== Major events Big Picture ==
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! Date !! Type !! Subtype !! Organisation or individual !! Event |-| 1773-04 || writing || letter || {{W|Benjamin Franklin}} || In a letter to [[wikipedia:Jacques Barbeu-Dubourg|Jacques Dubourg]], {{W|Benjamin Franklin}} says: "I wish it were possible … to invent a method of embalming drowned persons, in such a manner that they might be recalled to life at any Time period, however distant; for having a very ardent desire to see and observe the state of America a hundred years hence, I should prefer to an ordinary death, being immersed with a few friends in a cask of Madeira, until that time, then to be recalled to life by the solar warmth of my dear country! But … in all probability, we live in a century too little advanced, and too near the infancy of science, to see such an art brought in our time to its perfection …".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Works_of_the_Late_Doctor_Benjamin_Franklin_(1793).djvu/233|title=Page:Works of the Late Doctor Benjamin Franklin (1793).djvu/233 - Wikisource, the free online library|website=en.wikisource.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>|-| 1948-03 || writing || fiction || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || Ettinger publishes the story [https://archive.is/20120801065253/http://www.cryonics.org/Trump.html "The Penultimate Trump"], in which the explicit idea of cryopreservation of legally dead people for future repair is promulgated. This story was written in 1947.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?80014|title=Title: The Penultimate Trump|website=www.isfdb.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>|-| 1962 || writing || non-fiction || Evan Cooper || Evan Cooper publishes "Immortality: Physically, Scientifically, Now" under the pseudonym Nathan Duhring.<ref name="cryonics9208">{{Cite journal|last=Perry|first=Michael|date=August 1992|title=Unity and Disunity in Cryonics|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics9208.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=13|issue=145|pages=5|via=}}</ref> He coins the immortal "freeze, wait, reanimate" slogan.<ref name="cryonet23124">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=23124|title=Ev Cooper|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref><ref name="EvCooperClassic">{{Cite web|url=https://www.biostasis.com/ev-coopers-cryonics-classic-published-online/|title=Ev Cooper's cryonics classic published online – Biostasis|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-21}}</ref>|-| 1962 || writing || non-fiction || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || Ettinger privately publishes a preliminary version of ''The Prospect of Immortality'', in which he makes the case for cryonics.<ref name="regis87"/>|-| 1965 || || || Karl Werner || Karl Werner coins the word "{{W|cryonics}}".<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory">{{Cite web|url=http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/history.html|title=A HISTORY OF CRYONICS|website=www.benbest.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>|-| 1967-01-12 || technological adoption || cryonics || Cryonics Society of California || {{W|James Bedford}} is the first human to be cryopreserved. The freezing is carried out by affiliates of the newly-formed Cryonics Society of California: {{W|Robert Prehoda}}, author and cryobiological researcher; Dante Brunol, physician and biophysicist; and Robert Nelson, President of the Society. Also assisting is Bedford's physician, Renault Able. 6 days later, relatives would move Bedford to the Cryo-Care facility in Phoenix. Later, his son would store him, and finally on September 22, 1987, Bedford would be moved to Alcor.<ref name="BedfordSuspension"/><ref name="AlcorCase">{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/cases.html|title=Alcor Cases|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>|-| 1972-02-23 || organisation || founding || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || The {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}}, a cryonics service provider, is founded by {{W|Fred and Linda Chamberlain}}. The organisation is named after a star in the Big Dipper used in ancient times as a test of visual acuity. It's initially founded as a response team for the Cryonics Society of California.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C0645886|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>Development summary
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| 2005 1897-1961 || organisation || founding || {{W|KrioRus}} || {{W|KrioRus}}Early cryobiology research starts, and reaches one of the first important success by cryopreserving human sperms by 1961.During that time, a the idea of cryonics provider in Russia, is founded conceived by {{W|Danila Medvedev}} and Valerya Pridevarious people; presumably independently from each other. In 1901, Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetyev suggests using the phenomenon of anabiosis to prolong human life, to “travel to the future”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwwIn 1931, Neil R.rferlJones writes a story about someone preserved in orbit because of the cold temperature.org/In 1948, Robert Ettinger publishes a/russia-story explaining the idea of cryonics-dead-people-vats-immortality-medvedev/28314196.html|title=From The Cradle To The VatIn 1962, Russia's 'Temporarily Dead' Await Evan Cooper publishes "Immortality|website=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|language=en|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>: Physically, Scientifically, Now" and coins the slogan "freeze, wait, reanimate".
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| 20051960-08 1966 || technological adoption || vitrification || Cryonics Institute || CI starts using The first cryonics activists start grouping, and developping the capabilities to perform cryopreservations. They have difficulty finding a {{W|vitrification}} solution for first person interested in receiving the first time, named CI-VM-1procedure.<ref name="CITimeline"/>
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| 20051966-10 1975 || technological adoption || vitrification || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor starts using a {{W|vitrification}} solution called M22Early cryonics organisations struggle to maintain their patients in liquid nitrogen. Out of 22 cryopreservations done during that period, a cryoprotectant licensed from {{W|21st Century Medicine}}.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/newtechnology.html|title=New Cryopreservation Technology|website=alcor.org|access-date=only 3 would remain preserved to this day [2019-01-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=|title=M22 Implementation|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/alcornews044].html|journal=Alcor News Bulletin|volume=|issue=44|pages=|via=}}</ref>
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| 2014 || writing || || 1976-1990 || 68 scientists from relevant disciplines sign an open letter to legitimize The two cryonics organisations that have provided continuous service for the longest time and support have the right to be cryopreservedmost members are created in 1976.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwwThey would slowly grow during the following years.biostasis.com/scientists-open-letter-on-cryonics/|title=Scientists’ Open Letter on Cryonics – Biostasis|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 2016 1991-2000 || science || || {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || Robert McIntyre, The Cryonics Institute preserves their third patient in 1991{{W|Greg Fahysnd}}, and {{W|21st Century Medicine}} wins the Large Mammal Prize first two being relatives from the founder, {{W|Brain Preservation FoundationRobert Ettinger}} with a vitrifixation technique.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wwwAlcor and the Cryonics Institute start getting more members and patients.brainpreservation.org/large-mammal-announcement/|title=Large Mammal BPF Prize Winning Announcement – The Brain Preservation Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 2001-2018-10-30 || legal || || Norman Hardy || For Alcor starts using a vitrification solution in 2001, and the first timeCryonics Institute follows in 2004. Some CT scans analyzed in 2018 by Mike Darwin would reveal that Alcor member Fred Chamberlain III, cryopreserved in 2012, a cryonics patient uses was the Death With Dignity legislation. The first patient's name is Norman Hardythat was demonstrated to have their brain cryopreserved essentially ice-free.<ref>In 2015, {{Cite webW|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/casesummary1990.html21st Century Medicine}} wins a prize from the {{W|title=Alcor Case Summary: A-1990|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22Brain Preservation Foundation}}</ref>for having demonstrably preserved the connectome of a pig with a technique combining vitrification and fixation.
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