Changes

| 1897 || cryobiology || science || || [https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetyev] || [https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetyev] starts studying the phenomena of anabiosis during overcooling of animals.

| 1901 || cryonics || futurism || || [https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetyev] || In his essay “The Recipe for Survival to the 21st Century” (“Natural Science and Geography”, 1901), [https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 Porfiry Ivanovich Bakhmetyev] suggests using the phenomenon of anabiosis to prolong human life, to “travel to the future”.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fandom.ru/about_fan/hal_59.htm|title=ЏредвидениЯ ЏорфириЯ Ѓахметьева - ”антаст|website=www.fandom.ru|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref>

| 1931-07 || cryonics || writing || fiction || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} reads Neil R. Jones' newly published story, "The Jameson Satellite",<ref name="regis87">{{cite book |title= Great Mambo Chicken and the Transhuman Condition: Science Slightly Over The Edge|last= Regis|first= Ed|authorlink=wikipedia:Ed Regis (author) |coauthors= |year= 1991|publisher= Westview Press|location= |isbn= 0-201-56751-2|page= |pages= 87–88|url= }}</ref>, in which a professor has his corpse sent into earth orbit where it would remain preserved indefinitely at near absolute zero (note: this is not scientifically accurate), until millions of years later, when, with humanity extinct, a race of mechanical beings discovers, revives, and repairs him by transferring his brain in a mechanical body.<ref name="RCWE">{{cite web | title = {{W| Robert Ettinger}} | publisher = Cryonics Institute | url = http://www.cryonics.org/bio.html#Robert_Ettinger | accessdate = May 24, 2009 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://www.webcitation.org/6ASYHJ6M9?url=http://www.cryonics.org/bio.html#Robert_Ettinger | archivedate = September 5, 2012 | df = mdy-all }}</ref>|-| 1936 || reanimatology || organisation || founding || Negovsky || Negovsky founds the first resuscitation research laboratory in the world. In 1986 his laboratory would be renamed Institute of Reanimatology of the USSR (since 1991 of the Russian) Academy of Medical Sciences. This marks the inception of both reanimatology (resuscitation medicine) and critical care medicine both of which would be crucial to the credibility of cryonics paradigm.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safar|first=P.|date=June 2001|title=Vladimir A. Negovsky the father of 'reanimatology'|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11723996|journal=Resuscitation|volume=49|issue=3|pages=223–229|issn=0300-9572|pmid=11723996}}</ref>

| 1950-05 1940 || cryobiology || technological development writing || vitrification book || Basil Luyet, Gonzales Marie Pierre Gehino || Basil Luyet and Gonzales achieve successful Marie Pierre Gehino publish "[https://books.google.ca/books/about/Life_and_Death_at_Low_Temperatures.html?id=a3YMtAEACAAJ Life and Death at Low Temperatures]", the book which marks the beginning of cryobiology as a formal area of study. In this landmark work they document the survival of a wide variety of cells and some tissues after ultra-rapid cooling to -194.5°C providing that ice formation in the tissue is inhibited by vitrification of chicken embryo hearts using ethylene glycoldue to the ultra-rapid cooling.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gonzales|first=F.|last2=Luyet|first2=B.|date=1950-5|title=Resumption of heart-beat in chick embryo frozen in liquid nitrogenbook|url=httpshttp://wwwworldcat.ncbi.nlm.nih.govorg/pubmedoclc/15426631716713726|journaltitle=BiodynamicaLife and death at low temperatures|volumelast=7J.|issuefirst=126-128Luyet, B.|pagesdate=1–51940|issnpublisher=0006-3010Biodynamica|pmidoclc=15426631716713726}}</ref>

| 1954-06 1940s ||cryogenics | suspended animation |technological development | science |cold | nature || Smith et al. |{{W| Smith et al., demonstrate the ability of golden hamsters to recover and survive long term following freezing of ~60% of the water in their brains and the survival a full recovery of hamsters cooled to -5°CLiquid nitrogen}} becomes commercially available.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=ParkesCooper|first=A. S.M|last2=LovelockDawber|first2=J. E.|last3=Smith|first3=A. U.R P R|date=1954-06April 2001|title=Resuscitation The history of Hamsters after Supercooling or Partial Crystallization at Body Temperatures Below 0° C.cryosurgery|url=https://www.naturencbi.comnlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/1731136a0PMC1281398/|journal=Nature|language=enJournal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=17394|issue=44154|pages=1136–1137196–201|issn=0141-0768|doipmc=10.1038/1731136a01281398|issnpmid=1476-468711317629}}</ref>

| 1959-05 1947 || cryobiology cryogenics || technological development || vitrification || LovelockPolge, Smith, Bishop Parkes ||{{W| Lovelock and Bishop discover Robert Ettinger}}, while in the cryoprotective properties of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO). Me2SO would subsequently become a mainstay of most experimental vitrification solutions used hospital for his battle wounds, discovers {{W|Jean Rostand}} research in organ preservation{{W|cryogenics}}.<refname="CITimeline">{{Cite journal|last=LOVELOCK|first=J. E.|last2=BISHOP|first2=M. W. H.|date=1959-05|title=Prevention of Freezing Damage to Living Cells by Dimethyl Sulphoxideweb|url=httphttps://dxwww.doicryonics.org/10.1038ci-landing/history-timeline/1831394a0|journaltitle=NatureHistory/Timeline {{!}} Cryonics Institute|volumewebsite=183|issue=4672|pages=1394–1395|doi=10www.cryonics.1038/1831394a0org|issnaccess-date=00282019-01-083621}}</ref>

| 1965-03 1948 || cryobiology || technological development || cryoprotection vitrification || James Farrant || James Farrant shows that viable ice free cryopreservation Polge, Smith and Parkes discover the cryoprotective effects of glycerol and publish a highly organized tissue is possible and that eliminating ice formation, even at -79 °C, eliminates virtually all paper documenting the successful hatching of the extensive mechanical (histological) and ultrastructural disruption observed chicks from fowl sperm cryopreserved with conventional cryoprotection and freezing of complex tissuesglycerol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=FARRANTPOLGE|first=JC.|date=1965-03June 1951|title=Mechanism Functional Survival of Cell Damage During Fowl Spermatozoa after Freezing and Thawing and its Preventionat −79° C.|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/2051284a0167949b0|journal=Nature|volume=205167|issue=49784258|pages=1284–1287949–950|doi=10.1038/2051284a0167949b0|issn=0028-0836}}</ref>

| 19681948-02 03 || cryonics || science writing || resuscitation fiction || Ames, et al. {{W|Robert Ettinger}} || Ames, et al{{W|Robert Ettinger}} publishes the story [https://archive.is/20120801065253/http://www.cryonics.org/Trump.html The Penultimate Trump], discover the cerebral no-re-flow phenomenon in which prevents adequate reperfusion of the brain after ~10 minutes explicit idea of global cerebral ischemia and identifies this as the likely cause cryopreservation of failure to achieve brain resuscitation after 6-10 minutes of normothermic ischemia rather than the acute death of brain cells as the supposed causelegally dead people for future repair is promulgated. This story was written in 1947.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ames|first=A.|last2=Wright|first2=R. L.|last3=Kowada|first3=M.|last4=Thurston|first4=J. M.|last5=Majno|first5=G.|date=1968-2|title=Cerebral ischemia. II. The no-reflow phenomenon.web|url=httpshttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nihisfdb.govorg/pmc/articles/PMC2013326cgi-bin/title.cgi?80014|journaltitle=Title: The American Journal of PathologyPenultimate Trump|volumewebsite=52www.isfdb.org|issueaccess-date=2|pages=437–453|issn=00022019-01-9440|pmc=PMC2013326|pmid=563586121}}</ref>

| 1969-04-11 || cryonics || futurism || || Jerome White || Jerome White, one of the founders of the Bay Area Cryonics Society, proposes the use of specially engineered viruses to effect repair of cells that are damaged by freezing and compromised by aging.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=J. B.|date=1969-04-11|title=Viral Induced Repair of Damaged Neurons with Preservation of Long-Term Information Content,|url=https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/White1969.pdf|journal=Second Annual Cryonics Conference|volume=|pages=|via=|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan}}</ref>|-| 19701950-05-22 || cryobiology || science || theory || Peter Mazur || Peter Mazur publishes his “two factor theory” elucidating the basic mechanisms of freezing damage to living cells: solution effects injury and/or intracellular freezing. This insight facilitates more rational design of freezing and thawing protocols allowing the development of freezing techniques for animal embryos.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mazur|first=P.|date=1970-05-22|title=Cryobiology: the freezing of biological systems|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5462399|journal=Science (New York, N.Y.)|volume=168|issue=3934|pages=939–949|issn=0036-8075|pmid=5462399}}</ref>|-| 1971 || resuscitation || science || || Hossmann || Hossmann demonstrate possible recovery of the cat brain after complete ischemia for 1 hour. The field of cerebral resuscitation is born.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hossmann|first=K.-A.|last2=Lechtape-Grüter|first2=H.|date=1971|title=Blood Flow and Recovery of the Cat Brain after Complete Ischemia for 1 Hour|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000114515|journal=European Neurology|volume=6|issue=1-6|pages=318–322|doi=10.1159/000114515|issn=0014-3022}}</ref>|-| 1971-08 || cryonics || writing || journal || Manrise Technical Review || Fred and Linda Chamberlain begin publishing a bi-monthly technical journal, Manrise Technical Review and in 1972 they publish the first comprehensive technical manual of human cryopreservation procedures. This marks the beginning of a biomedically informed and rigorously scientific approach to cryonics. In this manual the Chamberlains suggest apoplication of the Farrant technique to cryonics patients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chamberlain|first=FR|last2=Chamberlain|first2=LL|date=1972|title=Instructions for the Induction of Solid State Hypothermia|url=|journal=Manrise Corporation|location=La Canada, CA|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>|-| 1973-03 || cryonics || || || Cryonics Society of New York || Fahy and Darwin publish the first technical case report documenting the procedures, problems and responses of a human patient (Clara Dostal) to cryoprotective perfusion and freezing. The report is severely critical of the way cryonics patients are being treated and suggests many reform and inprovements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MD|date=1973|title=Perfusion and freezing of a 60-year-old woman|url=http://www.lifepact.com/images/MTRV3N1.pdf|journal=Manrise Technical Review|volume=3(1)|pages=9-32|access-date=2010-08-31|via=}}</ref>|-| 1975-07 || suspended animation || technological development || || Gerald Klebanoff || Gerald Klebanoff demonstrates recovery of dogs from total blood washout and profound hypothermia with no neurological deficit using a defined asanguineous solution. Klebanoff documents the critical importance of adequate amounts of colloid in the perfusate to prevent death from pulmonary edema.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haff|first=R. C.|last2=Klebanoff|first2=G.|last3=Brown|first3=B. G.|last4=Koreski|first4=W. R.|date=1975-7|title=Asanguineous hypothermic perfusion as a means of total organism preservation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1142760|journal=The Journal of Surgical Research|volume=19|issue=1|pages=13–19|issn=0022-4804|pmid=1142760}}</ref>|-| 1977-07 || cryonics || futurism || || Darwin || Darwin is the first to conceive of the idea of an autonomous, bioengineered cell repair and replacement device to reverse cryo-injury and aging, which he called the “anabolocyte”.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Darwin|first=MG|date=July/August 1977|title=The anabolocyte: a biological approach to repairing cryoinjury|url=http://www.nanomedicine.com/NMI/1.3.2.1.htm|journal=Life Extension Magazine: A Journal of the Life Extension Sciences|volume=1|pages=|via=}}</ref>|-| 1978-07 || cryonics || technological adoption || || Cryovita Laboratories || Jerry Leaf of Cryovita Laboratories introduces the principles and equipment of extracorporeal medicine into cryonics with the cryopreservation of Samuel Berkowitz. This included the use the heart-lung machine, closed circuit perfusion, 40µ arterial filtration and sterile technique and Universal Precautions to protect the staff caring for the patient:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leaf|first=JD|date=March-April 1979|title=Cryonic Suspension of Sam Berkowitz,|url=|journal=Long Life Magazine|volume=|pages=30-35|via=}}</ref>|-| 1981-03 || cryonics || writing || journal || Darwin, Bridge || Michael Darwin and Stephen Bridge begin publication of the monthly magazine Cryonics which, for the next 10 years, would be the principle vehicle for publication of technical and scientific papers in cryonics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/CryonicsMagazine/archive.html|title=Cryonics Magazine|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>|-| 1983-01 || cryonics || technological development || || Darwin, et al. || Darwin, et al. carry out an extensive study to evaluate the efficacy of a human cryopreservation protocol on whole mammals (rabbits). This research discloses extensive ultrastructural disruption of the brain even when freezing in the presence of 3 M glycerol is employed. This work also documentes the extremely adverse effects of prolonged cold ischemia on cryoprotective perfusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1389|title=Cryoprotective perfusion and freezing of the ischemic and nonischemic cat|last=Darwin|first=M|last2=Leaf|first2=JD|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1390|title=CRYONICS: Freezing Damage (Darwin) Part 2|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1391|title=CRYONICS: Freezing Damage (Darwin) Part 3|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryonet.org/cgi-bin/dsp.cgi?msg=1392|title=CRYONICS: Freezing Damage (Darwin) Part 4|website=www.cryonet.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MG|last2=Leaf|first2=JD|date=1983-01|title=Tahoe Research Proposals|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8301.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=|issue=30|pages=14|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chronopause.com/index.php/2012/02/13/the-effects-of-cryopreservation-on-the-cat-part-1/|title=THE EFFECTS OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE CAT, Part 1|last=chronopause|website=CHRONOSPHERE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chronopause.com/index.php/2012/02/14/the-effects-of-cryopreservation-on-the-cat-part-2/|title=THE EFFECTS OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE CAT, Part 2|last=chronopause|website=CHRONOSPHERE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://chronopause.com/index.php/2012/02/21/the-effects-of-cryopreservation-on-the-cat-part-3/|title=THE EFFECTS OF CRYOPRESERVATION ON THE CAT, Part 3|last=chronopause|website=CHRONOSPHERE|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>|-| 1987-06 || cryonics || technological development || [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] || Leaf, Darwin, Hixon || Leaf, Darwin and Hixon develop a mobile [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] (ECMO) cart which is capable of providing acute, in-field extracorporeal life support and cooling providing the first truly adequate method of maintaining viability and achieving rapid induction of hypothermia in cryonics patients.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leaf|first=Jerry D|last2=Hixon|first2=Hugh|last3=Hugh|first3=Mike|date=1987|title=Development of a mobile advanced life support system for human biostasis operations|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8703.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=8|issue=3|pages=23-40|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/AlcorCaseA1133.pdf|title=Cryonic suspension case report: A-1133|last=Darwin|first=Michael G.|last2=Leaf|first2=Jerry D.|date=|website=Alcor Life Extension Foundation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=|last3=Hixon|first3=Hugh L.}}</ref>|-| 1987-06-08 || cryonics || technological adoption || [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] || || First use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support on a cryonics patient.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/AlcorCaseA1133.pdf|title=Cryonic suspension case report: A-1133|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>|-| 1989-02 || cryonics || writing || textbook || Wowk, Darwin || Wowk and Darwin author the first comprehensive textbook on cryonics designed for use in recruiting new members to Alcor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cryoeuro.eu:8080/download/attachments/425990/AlcorReachingForTomorrow1989.pdf|title=Cryonics: Reaching for Tomorrow,|last=Wowk|first=B.|last2=Darwin|first2=M.|date=1990|website=Alcor Life Extension Foundation|location=Riverside, CA|isbn=101880209004|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2010-10-09}}</ref>|-| 1990-06-09 || cryonics || quality assessment || || Alcor || First evaluation of viability in a cryonics patient using Na+/K+ ratio in the renal cortex demonstrating good tissue viability following application of the Alcor Transport Protocol, including rapid post-arrest in-field washout and rapid air transport of the patient to the cryoprotective perfusion facility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/fried.html|title=Cryopreservation case report: Arlene Francis Fried, A-1049|last=Darwin|first=MG|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>|-| 1990-10 || cryobiology || technological development || re-warming || Ruggera, Fahy || Ruggera and Fahy demonstrate uniform radio frequency re-warming of vitrified solution in volumes compsarable to those of the rabbit kidney without thermal runaway and at rates of re-warming sufficient to inhibit devitrification in their model system.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ruggera|first=P. S.|last2=Fahy|first2=G. M.|date=1990-10|title=Rapid and uniform electromagnetic heating of aqueous cryoprotectant solutions from cryogenic temperatures|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2249450|journal=Cryobiology|volume=27|issue=5|pages=465–478|issn=0011-2240|pmid=2249450}}</ref>|-| 1990-10 || cryobiology || science || vitrification || FahyLuyet, et al. Gonzales || Fahy, et al., publish first paper documenting the behavior of large volumes of vitrification solution with respect to fracture temperature, thermal gradient, cooling rate, ice nucleation Luyet and crystal growth as a preliminary step to avoid fracturing in vitrified organs and tissues and to prevent devitrification during re-warming.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=G. M.|last2=Saur|first2=J.|last3=Williams|first3=R. J.|date=1990-10|title=Physical problems with the vitrification of large biological systems|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2249453|journal=Cryobiology|volume=27|issue=5|pages=492–510|issn=0011-2240|pmid=2249453}}</ref>|-| 1992-02 || cryonics || technological adoption || [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] || || First application of [[wikipedia:extracorporeal membrane oxygenation|extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]] ECMO in the patient’s home followed by ~8 hours of continuous ECMO support prior to perfusion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/casereport9202.html|title=The Transport of Patient A-1312S|last=Henson|first=HK|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>|-| 1995-05-31 || cryobiology || science || cryoprotection || Darwin || Darwin, et al., demonstrate much improved ultrastructural preservation in the dog brain and preservation of vascular integrity after perfusion with 7.5 M glycerol and freezing to -100 °C.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Darwin|first=M.|last2=Russell|first2=S.|last3=Wakfer|first3=P.|last4=Wood|first4=L.|last5=Wood|first5=C.|date=1995-05-31|title=Effect of Human Cryopreservation Protocol on the Ultrastucture of the Canine Brain|url=|journal=BioPreservation, Inc|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Platt|first=C.|date=July 1995|title=New Brain Study Shows Reduced Tissue Damage|url=http://www.cryocare.org/index.cgi?subdir=&url=ccrpt4.html#BRAIN|journal=CryoCare Report|volume=|pages=|via=}}</ref>|-| 2000-07-15 || cryobiology || technological development || vitrification || Fahy, Kheirabadi || Fahy and Kheirabadi Gonzales achieve permanent life support after perfusion of rabbit kidneys with 7.5 M a successful vitrification solution demonstrating for the first time that concentrations of cryoprotectant compatible with vitrification are tolerable without the loss of renal viability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kheirabadi|first=B. S.|last2=Fahy|first2=G. M.|date=2000-07-15|title=Permanent life support by kidneys perfused with a vitrifiable (7.5 molar) cryoprotectant solution|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10919575|journal=Transplantation|volume=70|issue=1|pages=51–57|issn=0041-1337|pmid=10919575}}</ref>|-| 2004-02 || cryobiology || technological development || vitrification || Fahy, et al. || Fahy, et al., develop several highly stable vitrification solutions chicken embryo hearts using synthetic ice blockers which also have extremely low toxicity. It is possible to perfuse kidneys with 9+ molar vitrification solution (~60%) without loss of viabilityethylene glycol.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=FahyGonzales|first=Gregory MF.|last2=WowkLuyet|first2=Brian|last3=Wu|first3=Jun|last4=Paynter|first4=Sharon|date=2004-2|title=Improved vitrification solutions based on the predictability of vitrification solution toxicity|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14969679|journal=Cryobiology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=22–35|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2003.11.004|issn=0011-2240|pmid=14969679}}</ref>|-| 2010-05 || cryobiology || technological development || cryoprotection || Wowk, et al. || Creation of first synthetic ice blockers and their application to organ and tissue preservation to radically increase the stability of vitrification solutions.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wowk|first=B.|last2=Leitl|first2=E.|last3=Rasch|first3=C. M.|last4=Mesbah-Karimi|first4=N.|last5=Harris|first5=S. B.|last6=Fahy|first6=G. M.|date=2000-5|title=Vitrification enhancement by synthetic ice blocking agents|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10860622|journal=Cryobiology|volume=40|issue=3|pages=228–236|doi=10.1006/cryo.2000.2243|issn=0011-2240|pmid=10860622}}</ref>|-| 2010-07 || cryobiology || technological development || toxicity || Fahy, et al. || Fahy, et al., make significant advances in neutralizing cryoprotectant toxicity.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|date=2010-7May 1950|title=Cryoprotectant toxicity neutralization|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19501081|journal=Cryobiology|volume=60|issue=3 Suppl|pages=S45–53|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2009.05.005|issn=1090-2392|pmid=19501081}}</ref>|-| 2012-03-22 || cryonics || || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Fred Chamberlain III, a co-founder Resumption of Alcor, becomes the first patient to be demonstrably preserved free of ice formation as would observe from CT scans in 2018.|heart-| 2017-03 || cryobiology || technological development || re-warming || Bischoff, et al. || Bischoff, et al., develop a novel technique of inductive heat re-warming using magnetic nanoparticles beat in the vasculature allowing for uniform re-warming of organs the size of rabbit kidneys at rates high enough to prevent devitrification of M-22 vitrification solution at a concentration compatible with kidney viability. The system is potentially applicable to larger organs, such as the human brain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manuchehrabadi|first=Navid|last2=Gao|first2=Zhe|last3=Zhang|first3=Jinjin|last4=Ring|first4=Hattie L.|last5=Shao|first5=Qi|last6=Liu|first6=Feng|last7=McDermott|first7=Michael|last8=Fok|first8=Alex|last9=Rabin|first9=Yoed|date=03 01, 2017|title=Improved tissue cryopreservation using inductive heating of magnetic nanoparticles|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28251904|journal=Science Translational Medicine|volume=9|issue=379|doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4586|issn=1946-6242|pmc=PMC5470364|pmid=28251904}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/organ-cryopreservation-becoming-reality-bringing-whole-bodies-back-still-100-years-away-1609149|title=Organ cryopreservation is becoming a reality – but bringing whole bodies back still 100 years away|date=2017-03-01|website=International Business Times UK|language=en|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref>|-| 2018 || cryonics || quality assessment || scan || Darwin || M. Darwin publishes “Preliminary Evaluation of Alcor Patient Cryogenic CT Scans” analyzing three of the four available Alcor neuropatient CT scans. Darwin concludes that it is highly likely that Alcor patient A-1002 was possibly the first human cryonics patient to achieve essentially ice free brain cryopreservation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaces.hightail.com/receive/qqSYgDnnI1|title=Preliminary Evaluation of Alcor Patient Cryogenic CT Scans|last=Darwin|first=Michael|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>|-| 1936 || reanimatology || organisation || founding || Negovsky || Negovsky founds the first resuscitation research laboratory chick embryo frozen in the world. In 1986 his laboratory would be renamed Institute of Reanimatology of the USSR (since 1991 of the Russian) Academy of Medical Sciences. This marks the inception of both reanimatology (resuscitation medicine) and critical care medicine both of which would be crucial to the credibility of cryonics paradigm.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Safar|first=P.|date=2001-06|title=Vladimir A. Negovsky the father of 'reanimatology'liquid nitrogen|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1172399615426631|journal=ResuscitationBiodynamica|volume=497|issue=3|pages=223–229|issn=0300-9572|pmid=11723996}}</ref>|-| 1940 || cryobiology || writing || book || Basil Luyet, Marie Pierre Gehino || Basil Luyet and Marie Pierre Gehino publish "[https://books.google.ca/books/about/Life_and_Death_at_Low_Temperatures.html?id=a3YMtAEACAAJ Life and Death at Low Temperatures]", the book which marks the beginning of cryobiology as a formal area of study. In this landmark work they document the survival of a wide variety of cells and some tissues after ultra-rapid cooling to -194.5°C providing that ice formation in the tissue is inhibited by vitrification due to the ultra-rapid cooling.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/716713726|title=Life and death at low temperatures|last=J.|first=Luyet, B.|date=1940|publisher=Biodynamica|oclc=716713726}}</ref>|-| 1940s || cryogenics || technological development || cold || || {{W|Liquid nitrogen}} becomes commercially available.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cooper|first=S M|last2=Dawber|first2=R P R|date=2001126-4|title=The history of cryosurgery|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1281398/|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume=94|issue=4128|pages=196–2011–5|issn=01410006-0768|pmc=PMC12813983010|pmid=11317629}}</ref>|-| 1947 || cryogenics || || || Polge, Smith, Parkes || {{W|Robert Ettinger}}, while in the hospital for his battle wounds, discovers {{W|Jean Rostand}} research in {{W|cryogenics}}.<ref name="CITimeline">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cryonics.org/ci-landing/history-timeline/|title=History/Timeline {{!}} Cryonics Institute|website=www.cryonics.org|access-date=2019-01-2115426631}}</ref>

| 1948 1954-06 || cryobiology suspended animation || technological development science || vitrification nature || Smith et al. || PolgeSmith et al., Smith demonstrate the ability of golden hamsters to recover and Parkes discover survive long term following freezing of ~60% of the cryoprotective effects of glycerol water in their brains and publish the survival a paper documenting the successful hatching full recovery of chicks from fowl sperm cryopreserved with glycerolhamsters cooled to -5°C.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=POLGEParkes|first=CA. S.|last2=Lovelock|first2=J. E.|last3=Smith|first3=A. U.|date=1951-06June 1954|title=Functional Survival Resuscitation of Fowl Spermatozoa Hamsters after Freezing Supercooling or Partial Crystallization at −79° Body Temperatures Below 0° C.|url=httphttps://dxwww.doinature.orgcom/10.1038articles/167949b01731136a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=167173|issue=42584415|pages=949–9501136–1137|doi=10.1038/167949b01731136a0|issn=00281476-08364687}}</ref>

| 19481959-03 05 || cryonics cryobiology || writing technological development || fiction vitrification || {{WLovelock, Bishop |Robert Ettinger}} || {{W|Robert Ettinger}} publishes Lovelock and Bishop discover the story [https://archive.is/20120801065253/http://wwwcryoprotective properties of dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO).cryonics.org/Trump.html The Penultimate Trump], in which the explicit idea of cryopreservation Me2SO would subsequently become a mainstay of legally dead people for future repair is promulgated. This story was written most experimental vitrification solutions used in 1947organ preservation.<ref>{{Cite webjournal|last=LOVELOCK|first=J. E.|last2=BISHOP|first2=M. W. H.|date=May 1959|title=Prevention of Freezing Damage to Living Cells by Dimethyl Sulphoxide|url=http://wwwdx.isfdbdoi.org/cgi-bin10.1038/title.cgi?800141831394a0|journal=Nature|volume=183|issue=4672|titlepages=Title: The Penultimate Trump1394–1395|websitedoi=www10.isfdb.org1038/1831394a0|access-dateissn=2019-010028-210836}}</ref>

| 1969-04-11 || cryonics || futurism || || Jerome White || Jerome White, one of the founders of the Bay Area Cryonics Society, proposes the use of specially engineered viruses to effect repair of cells that are damaged by freezing and compromised by aging.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=J. B.|date=1969-04-11|title=Viral Induced Repair of Damaged Neurons with Preservation of Long-Term Information Content,|url=https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/White1969.pdf|journal=Second Annual Cryonics Conference|volume=|pages=|via=|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan}}</ref>|-| 1970 || cryonics || science || || Hossmann, Sato || Hossmann and Sato demonstrate that, contrary to decades of biomedical dogma, it is possible to restore robust electrical activity and demonstrate evoked potentials in cat brains that had been subjected to 1 hour of normothermic ischemia. This marks the beginning of the debunking of 3-6 minute limit on brain viability under conditions of normothermic ischemia. It also shows that brain cells do not undergo autolysis after ~10 minutes of normothermic ischemia, a view that was commonly held by both many physicians and neurologists prior to this time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hossmann|first=K. -A.|last2=Sato|first2=K.|date=1970|title=The effect of ischemia on sensorimotor cortex of cat|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00316134|journal=Zeitschrift f�r für Neurologie|volume=198|issue=1|pages=33–45|doi=10.1007/bf00316134|issn=0340-5354}}</ref>

| 1972-01-12 || suspended animation || technological adoption || || Klebanoff || Klebanoff reports survival of the first human after blood washout and induction of profound hypothermia with full recovery of heath and normal mentation, Air Force Seargent Tor Olsen who, as of 2018, would still be alive and well.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Klebanoff|first=G.|last2=Hollander|first2=D.|last3=Cosimi|first3=A. B.|last4=Stanford|first4=W.|last5=Kemmerer|first5=W. T.|date=January 1972-1|title=Asanguineous hypothermic total body perfusion (TBW) in the treatment of stage IV hepatic coma|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/5058015|journal=The Journal of Surgical Research|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–7|issn=0022-4804|pmid=5058015}}</ref>

| 1973-08 || cryobiology || technological development || cryoprotection, re-warming || Hamilton, Lehr || Hamilton and Lehr demonstrate successful preservation of canine small intestine allografts using Me2SO as the cryoprotectant, and cooling and warming using vascular perfusion with helium gas suggesting that even controlled cooling and emptying of the vasculature's fluid/ice are beneficial in organ freezing. The organ is successfully transplanted.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=LaRossa|first=D.|last2=Hamilton|first2=R.|last3=Ketterer|first3=F.|last4=Lehr|first4=H. B.|date=August 1973-08|title=Preservation of structure and function in canine small intestinal autografts after freezing|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/4722678|journal=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery|volume=52|issue=2|pages=174–177|issn=0032-1052|pmid=4722678}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Farticle%2F0022-4804%2873%2990033-4%2Fpdf|title=Journal of Surgical Research|website=www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com|doi=10.1016/0022-4804(73)90033-4|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>|-| 1973-03 || cryonics || || || Cryonics Society of New York || Fahy and Darwin publish the first technical case report documenting the procedures, problems and responses of a human patient (Clara Dostal) to cryoprotective perfusion and freezing. The report is severely critical of the way cryonics patients are being treated and suggests many reform and inprovements.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MD|date=1973|title=Perfusion and freezing of a 60-year-old woman|url=http://www.lifepact.com/images/MTRV3N1.pdf|journal=Manrise Technical Review|volume=3(1)|pages=9-32|access-date=2010-08-31|via=}}</ref>

| 1980 || cryonics || technological development || || Leaf et al. || Leaf et al., carry out the first closed circuit perfusions with stepped increase in cryoprotectant concentration under well controlled conditions with physiological and biochemical monitoring of the patients in real-time. This is also the first case where remote standby and stabilization using continuous heart-lung resuscitator support is carried out.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Leaf|first=JD|last2=Federowicz|first2=Hixon|last3=H.|first3=|date=38;1985|title=Case report: two consecutive suspensions, a comparative study in experimental human suspended animation|url=http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/casereport8511.html|journal=Cryonics|volume=6(11)|pages=13-38|via=}}</ref>

| 1981-03 || cryonics || writing || journal || Darwin, Bridge || Michael Darwin and Stephen Bridge begin publication of the monthly magazine Cryonics which, for the next 10 years, would be the principle vehicle for publication of technical and scientific papers in cryonics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/CryonicsMagazine/archive.html|title=Cryonics Magazine|website=www.alcor.org|access-date=2019-02-01}}</ref>|-| 1982 || cryobiology || science || toxicity || Fahy, et al. || Fahy, et al., publish papers which extensively documents the role of cryoprotectant toxicity as a barrier to tissue and organ cryopreservation suggest possible molecular mechanisms.<ref>{{Citation|last=Fahy|first=G. M.|title=Prospects for organ preservation by vitrification|date=1982|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-6267-8_60|work=Organ Preservation|pages=399–404|publisher=Springer Netherlands|isbn=9789401162692|access-date=2019-02-01|last2=Hirsch|first2=A.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|last2=Lilley|first2=Terence H.|last3=Linsdell|first3=Helen|last4=Douglas|first4=Mary St.John|last5=Meryman|first5=Harold T.|date=June 1990-06|title=Cryoprotectant toxicity and cryoprotectant toxicity reduction: In search of molecular mechanisms|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(90)90025-y|journal=Cryobiology|volume=27|issue=3|pages=247–268|doi=10.1016/0011-2240(90)90025-y|issn=0011-2240}}</ref>

| 1982 || cryonics || organisation || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor begins storing its own patients. It was previously storing its patients with Trans Time, Inc.  

| 1985 || cryonics || technological adoption || remote stabilization || || For the first time, a cryonics patient is given remote standby with in-field total body washout. Cardiopulmonary support (CPS) is initiated within 2 minutes following monitored cardiac arrest. This is also the first case where anesthesia is used to inhibit consciousness during cardiopulmonary arrest (CPA) and external cooling.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MG|last2=Leaf|first2=JD|last3=Hixon|first3=H.|date=1986|title=Case report: neuropreservation of Alcor patient A-1068 (1 of 2)|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8602.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=7|issue=2|pages=17-32|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Federowicz|first=MG|last2=Leaf|first2=JD|last3=Hixon|first3=H.|date=1986|title=Case report: neuropreservation of Alcor patient A-1068 (2 of 2)|url=http://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics8603.txt|journal=Cryonics|volume=7|issue=3|pages=15-29|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryocare.org/index.cgi?subdir=bpi&url=tech21.txt|title=Securing anesthesia in the human cryopreservation patient|last=Darwin|first=M.|date=18 January 1997-01-18 16:38:31|website=CryoNet|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 1985 || cryobiology || vitrification || vitrification || Fahy, Rall || Fahy and Rall successfully apply vitrification to embryo preservation introducing the technique to mainstream medicine and highlighting its potential utility in solid organ cryopreservation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rall|first=W. F.|last2=Fahy|first2=G. M.|date=14 Feb 1985 Feb 14-20|title=Ice-free cryopreservation of mouse embryos at -196 degrees C by vitrification|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3969158|journal=Nature|volume=313|issue=6003|pages=573–575|issn=0028-0836|pmid=3969158}}</ref>

| 1990 || cryobiology || science || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Greg Fahy}} || Fahy publishes a detailed study of fracturing in large volumes of {{W|vitrification}} solution.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/><refname="Fahy1990">{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.|last2=Saur|first2=Joseph|last3=Williams|first3=Robert J.|date=October 1990-10|title=Physical problems with the vitrification of large biological systems|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-2240(90)90038-6|journal=Cryobiology|volume=27|issue=5|pages=492–510|doi=10.1016/0011-2240(90)90038-6|issn=0011-2240}}</ref>

| 1995 || cryonics || technological adoption || cryoprotection || Alcor, Biopreservation || Both Alcor and Biopreservation begin using high morality glycerol (7.5 to 8. M) as their cryoprotective strategy.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jones|first=Tanya L.|date=July 1995-07|title=Alcor Member Anatole Epstein Suspended|url=https://www.alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics1995-3.pdf|journal=Cryonics Magazine|volume=16|issue=3|pages=8-11|via=}}</ref>

| 1998 || cryonics || technological development || cooling rate || Darwin, Harris, Russell || Darwin, Harris, and Russell invent liquid assisted pulmonary cooling allowing for rapid, non-invasive cooling of dogs at rate of 0.5 °C per minute.<ref>{{cite patent | country = | number = EP1117455A1 | status = | title = Mixed-mode liquid ventilation gas and heat exchange | pubdate = | gdate = | fdate = | pridate = 1998-10-01 | inventor = | invent1 = Michael Gregory Darwin | invent2 = Steven Bradley Harris | invent3 = Sandra Renee Russell | assign1 = Critical Care Research Inc | assign2 = | class = | url = }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harris|first=S. B.|last2=Darwin|first2=M. G.|last3=Russell|first3=S. R.|last4=O'Farrell|first4=J. M.|last5=Fletcher|first5=M.|last6=Wowk|first6=B.|date=August 2001-8|title=Rapid (0.5 degrees C/min) minimally invasive induction of hypothermia using cold perfluorochemical lung lavage in dogs|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11719148|journal=Resuscitation|volume=50|issue=2|pages=189–204|issn=0300-9572|pmid=11719148}}</ref>

| 2000-03 || cryobiology || science || vitrification || Song, et al. || The application of {{W|vitrification}} to a relatively large tissue of medical interest, vascular grafts, is successful for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Taylor|first=Michael J.|last2=Brockbank|first2=Kelvin G. M.|last3=Lightfoot|first3=Fred|last4=Khirabadi|first4=Bijan S.|last5=Song|first5=Ying C.|date=March 2000-03|title=Vitreous cryopreservation maintains the function of vascular grafts|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt0300_296|journal=Nature Biotechnology|language=en|volume=18|issue=3|pages=296–299|doi=10.1038/73737|issn=1546-1696}}</ref>

| 2001 || cryonics || technological adoption || vitrification || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor begins {{W|vitrification}} perfusion of cryonics patients with a cryoprotectant mixture called B2C, which is developed by 21st Century Medicine.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alcor.org/Library/html/newtechnology.html|title=New Cryopreservation technology.|last=|first=|date=October 2005-10|website=Alcor News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> 

| 2002 || cryonics || organisation || founding || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}} || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}}, a for profit organisation that provides cryonics standby, stabilization, and transport services, is founded.<ref name="Alcor2018-2"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C2276225|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2004 || cryobiology || science || toxicity vitrification || Fahy, et al. || Fahy, et al., make a major advance in understanding the nature of vitrification cryoprotectant toxicity, and significant advances in moderating it.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=GM|last2=Wowk|first2=B|last3=Wu|first3=J|last4=Paynter|first4=S|date=2004|title=Improved vitrification solutions based on the predictability of vitrification solution toxicity|url=|journal=Cryobiology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=22-35|via=}}</ref>|-| 2004-04-01 || cryobiology || technological development || vitrification || Fahy, et al. || Fahy, et al., develop several highly stable vitrification solutions using synthetic ice blockers which also have extremely low toxicity. It is possible to perfuse kidneys with 9+ molar vitrification solution (~60%) without loss of viability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=Gregory M.GM|last2=Wowk|first2=BrianB|last3=Wu|first3=JunJ|last4=Paynter|first4=SharonS|date=2004-2|title=Improved vitrification solutions based on the predictability of vitrification solution toxicity|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14969679|journal=Cryobiology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=22–35|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2003.11.004|issn=001122-224035|pmidvia=14969679}}</ref>

| 2005 (mid) || cryonics || organisation || founding || Neural Archives Foundation || The Neural Archives Foundation is conceived. The organisation offers brain preservation services. In 2008 it would be incorporated.<ref name="fieldcryoprotectionneuralarchivesfoundation">{{Cite web|url=http://neuralarchivesfoundation.org/|title=NAF|website=neuralarchivesfoundation.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>

| 2008 || cryonics || writing || || || A review of scientific justifications of cryonics is published.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Best|first=Benjamin P.|date=2008-04-28|title=Scientific Justification of Cryonics Practice|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2008.0661|journal=Rejuvenation Research|volume=11|issue=2|pages=493–503|doi=10.1089/rej.2008.0661|issn=1549-1684|pmc=PMC47333214733321|pmid=18321197}}</ref>

| 2008 || cryonics || organisation || first || Neural Archives Foundation || Neural Archives Foundation preserves its first human patient.<ref>{{Cite web|urlname=http://www."neuralarchivesfoundation.org/about|title=NAF|website=www.neuralarchivesfoundation.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}<"/ref>

| 2008-12-12 || cryonics || popularisation || || LessWrong || Robin Hanson, talking about Eliezer Yudkowsky and himself, writes [http://www.overcomingbias.com/2008/12/we-agree-get-froze.html We Agree: Get Froze]. Eliezer Yudkowsky would go on writing [https://wiki.lesswrong.com/wiki/Cryonics#Blog_posts various articles about cryonics], which would spawn a lot of interest in the topic by people in the LessWrong community{{snd}}in 2013, 13% of "experienced" respondents to a LessWrong survey (that were part of the community for over two years and had over 1000 karma) reported being signed up for cryonics.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Alexander|first=Scott|title=Rationalists Are Less Credulous But Better At Taking Ideas Seriously|url=https://www.lesswrong.com/posts/Gh2qQHrCg3teQen3c/rationalists-are-less-credulous-but-better-at-taking-ideas|website=www.lesswrong.com|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref>

| 2011 || cryonics || quality assessment || scan || Alcor || Alcor initiates CT scanning of neuropatients after discovering that CT examination reveals regional differences in cryoprotectant concentration in the brain and other soft tissues of patients.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/casereportA1088DennisRoss.pdf|title=Alcor A-1088 Case Report|last=Sullivan|first=Mathew|date=August 2013-08|website=Alcor|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/pdfs/casereportA1546.pdf|title=Alcor A-1546 Case Report|last=Drake|first=Aaron|date=January 2012-01|website=Alcor|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>

| 2015 || cryonics || science || || || Memory retention in a cryopreserved and revived animal is demonstrated for the first time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vita-More|first=Natasha|last2=Barranco|first2=Daniel|date=October 2015-10|title=Persistence of Long-Term Memory in Vitrified and Revived Caenorhabditis elegans|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/rej.2014.1636|journal=Rejuvenation Research|volume=18|issue=5|pages=458–463|doi=10.1089/rej.2014.1636|issn=1549-1684|pmc=PMC46205204620520|pmid=25867710}}</ref>

| 2015-12 || brain preservation || technological development || || {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || Perfect histological and ultrastructural preservation of an entire porcine brain in a nonviable state using aldehyde fixation combined with vitrification.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=Robert L.|last2=Fahy|first2=Gregory M.|date=1 December 2015-12-01|title=Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S001122401500245X|journal=Cryobiology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=448–458|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.09.003|issn=0011-2240}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=McIntyre|first=Robert L.|last2=Fahy|first2=Gregory M.|date=December 2015-12|title=Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26408851|journal=Cryobiology|volume=71|issue=3|pages=448–458|doi=10.1016/j.cryobiol.2015.09.003|issn=1090-2392|pmid=26408851}}</ref>

Immersion fixation is well established to be ineffective in halting autolysis (decomposition).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kanawaku|first=Yoshimasa|last2=Someya|first2=Satoka|last3=Kobayashi|first3=Tomoya|last4=Hirakawa|first4=Keiko|last5=Shiotani|first5=Seiji|last6=Fukunaga|first6=Tatsushige|last7=Ohno|first7=Youkichi|last8=Kawakami|first8=Saki|last9=Kanetake|first9=Jun|date=July 2014-07|title=High-resolution 3D-MRI of postmortem brain specimens fixed by formalin and gadoteridol|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.03.003|journal=Legal Medicine|volume=16|issue=4|pages=218–221|doi=10.1016/j.legalmed.2014.03.003|issn=1344-6223}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shatil|first=Anwar S.|last2=Uddin|first2=Md Nasir|last3=Matsuda|first3=Kant M.|last4=Figley|first4=Chase R.|date=20 February 2018-02-20|title=Quantitative Ex Vivo MRI Changes due to Progressive Formalin Fixation in Whole Human Brain Specimens: Longitudinal Characterization of Diffusion, Relaxometry, and Myelin Water Fraction Measurements at 3T|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5826187/|journal=Frontiers in Medicine|volume=5|doi=10.3389/fmed.2018.00031|issn=2296-858X|pmc=PMC58261875826187|pmid=29515998}}</ref> This is documented in the peer-reviewed literature with the time to fixation of the immersed brain being on the order of 5-15 weeks.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yong-Hing|first=Charlotte J.|last2=Obenaus|first2=Andre|last3=Stryker|first3=Rodrick|last4=Tong|first4=Karen|last5=Sarty|first5=Gordon E.|date=August 2005-8|title=Magnetic resonance imaging and mathematical modeling of progressive formalin fixation of the human brain|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16032673|journal=Magnetic Resonance in Medicine|volume=54|issue=2|pages=324–332|doi=10.1002/mrm.20578|issn=0740-3194|pmid=16032673}}</ref> However, this procedure is very inexpensive{{snd}}Oregon Cryonics charges 1000 USD{{snd}}so this option is sometimes chosen with the hope that very advance technology might be able to recover some part of the brain.

| 2018-11 || cryonics || social || || {{W|Society for Cryobiology}} || The {{W|Society for Cryobiology}} releases a position statement clarifying their stance in regards to cryonics, saying they respect people's freedom in chosing this option, but that the procedure is speculative, and that the scientific knowledge necessary to sucessfully cryopreserve someone doesn't currently exist.<ref group=note>"The Society recognizes and respects the freedom of individuals to hold and express their own opinions and to act, within lawful limits, according to their beliefs. Preferences regarding disposition of postmortem human bodies or brains are clearly a matter of personal choice and, therefore, inappropriate subjects of Society policy. The Society does, however, take the position that the knowledge necessary for the revival of live or dead whole mammals following cryopreservation does not currently exist and can come only from conscientious and patient research in cryobiology and medicine. In short, the act of preserving a body, head or brain after clinical death and storing it indefinitely on the chance that some future generation may restore it to life is an act of speculation or hope, not science, and as such is outside the purview of the Society for Cryobiology."</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.societyforcryobiology.org/assets/documents/Position_Statement_Cryonics_Nov_18.pdf|title=Society for Cryobiology Position Statement - Cryonics|last=|first=|date=November 2018|website=Society for Cryobiology|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-23}}</ref>