289
edits
Changes
voluntary stopping of eating and drinking
| 1975-07 || suspended animation || technological development || || Gerald Klebanoff || Gerald Klebanoff demonstrates the recovery of dogs from total blood washout and profound hypothermia with no neurological deficit using a defined asanguineous solution. Klebanoff documents the critical importance of adequate amounts of colloid in the perfusate to prevent death from pulmonary edema.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Haff|first=R. C.|last2=Klebanoff|first2=G.|last3=Brown|first3=B. G.|last4=Koreski|first4=W. R.|date=July 1975|title=Asanguineous hypothermic perfusion as a means of total organism preservation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1142760|journal=The Journal of Surgical Research|volume=19|issue=1|pages=13–19|issn=0022-4804|pmid=1142760}}</ref>
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| 1976 || cryonics || Technological technological development || || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Manrise Corporation provides initial funding to Alcor for cryonics research.
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| 1976-04-28 || cryonics || organization || founding || {{W|Cryonics Institute}} || Cryonics Institute is founded, and starts offering cryonics services: preparation, cooling, and long term storage.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cofs.lara.state.mi.us/CorpWeb/CorpSearch/CorpSummary.aspx?ID=800830993&SEARCH_TYPE=1|title=Search Summary State of Michigan Corporations Division|website=cofs.lara.state.mi.us|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 1990-06 || cryonics || technological adoption || remote stabilization || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor patient A-1239 receives a field cryoprotection with glycerol in Australia before being transported on dry ice to Alcor.<ref name="fieldcryoprotection"/>
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| 1990-06 || cryonics || || VSED || Alcor || Arlene Fried does voluntary stopping of eating and drinking (VSED) for approximately 10 days, until clinical death would occur, in order to hasten her cryopreservation, hence reducing damages caused by her cancer which had metastasized to the brain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/ElectiveCryopreservation.html|title=Options for Elective Cryopreservation|website=alcor.org|access-date=2020-01-22}}</ref><ref group=note>This is the earliest example of VSED used for identity preservation purposes that could be found online.</ref>
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| 1990-06-09 || cryonics || quality assessment || || Alcor || First evaluation of viability in a cryonics patient using Na+/K+ ratio in the renal cortex demonstrating good tissue viability following application of the Alcor Transport Protocol, including rapid post-arrest in-field washout and rapid air transport of the patient to the cryoprotective perfusion facility.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.alcor.org/Library/html/fried.html|title=Cryopreservation case report: Arlene Francis Fried, A-1049|last=Darwin|first=MG|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
| 1993 || cryonics || organization || founding || CryoCare || The CryoCare Foundation is founded. It would provide human cryopreservation with assistance from two separate businesses: BioPreservation, which would provide remote standby, stabilization, and transport, and CryoSpan, which would provide the long-term storage of patients in liquid-nitrogen. About 50 former Alcor members join in the founding of the organization.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistoryImmortalist"/><ref name="CryoCare>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cryocare.org/index.cgi|title=CryoCare Foundation - Cryonics Services|website=www.cryocare.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 1993-03 || cryonics || Technological technological development || intermediate storage temperature || CryoNet || Through the CryoNet email list, collaborative effort is put into designing a room to preserve up to 100 people at −130 ºC.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 1994 || cryonics || Technological technological development || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor observes fractures in the brain of a patient following removal from cryopreservation. Alcor thinks of intermediate temperature storage systems, and the development of a new acoustic fracturing monitoring device, the "crackphone."<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hixon|first=H.|date=1995|title=Exploring Cracking Phenomena|url=https://alcor.org/cryonics/cryonics1995-1.pdf|journal=Cryonics|volume=|pages=27-32|via=}}</ref>
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| 1994 || cryonics || Technological technological development || intermediate storage temperature || Timeship || Architect Stephen Valentine begins studying Cold Room intermediate temperature storage design concepts as part of a large cryonics facility design that would eventually be called Timeship.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 1994-02 || cryonics || risk management || natural catastrophes, legal environment || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || Alcor moves to Scottsdale, Arizona, with all its patients.<ref name="BenBestCryonicsHistory"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alcor.org/Library/html/researchhistory.html|title=A Brief History of Alcor Research|website=alcor.org|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
| 2002 || cryonics || science || || || For the first time, a paper shows a rigorous demonstration of memory retention after cooling to +10°C (59°F): "Learning and memory is preserved after induced asanguineous hyperkalemic hypothermic arrest in a swine model of traumatic exsanguination".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.surgjournal.com/action/captchaChallenge?redirectUri=%2Farticle%2FS0039-6060%2802%2900085-5%2Ffulltext|title=Surgery|website=www.surgjournal.com|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
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| 2002 || cryonics || Technological technological development || intermediate storage temperature || Timeship Project || Physicist {{W|Brian Wowk}} and Brookhaven National Laboratory cryogenic engineer Mike Iarocci start collaborating with architect Stephen Valentine to design intermediate temperature storage systems suitable for cryonics in connection with the Timeship Project.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 2002 || cryonics || organization || founding || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}} || {{W|Suspended Animation, Inc}}, a for-profit organization that provides cryonics standby, stabilization, and transport services, is founded.<ref name="Alcor2018-2">{{Cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/CBS/SearchResults?SearchType=NUMBER&SearchCriteria=C2276225|title=Business Search - Business Entities - Business Programs {{!}} California Secretary of State|website=businesssearch.sos.ca.gov|access-date=2019-01-22}}</ref>
| 2003-06 || cryonics || technological adoption || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Alcor Life Extension Foundation}} || {{W|Brian Wowk}}, Mike Iarocci, and Stephen Valentine present new designs for intermediate temperature storage systems to the Alcor board of directors. Alcor acquires an experimental single-patient "neuropod" intermediate temperature storage system developed by {{W|Brian Wowk}} at 21CM.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 2003-08 || cryobiology || Technological tTechnological development || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|Carnegie Mellon University}} || {{W|Carnegie Mellon University}} receives a $1.3 million grant from the U.S. government to study fracturing during {{W|vitrification}} of tissue for medical applications, which would considerably advance the field.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 2003-10 || cryonics || Technological technological development || intermediate storage temperature || {{W|21st Century Medicine}} || {{W|21st Century Medicine}}, Inc., constructs a prototype dewar for storage at intermediate temperature in which most of the volume of the dewar is converted into a uniform-temperature storage space kept cold by liquid nitrogen.<ref name="IntermediateTemperatureStorage"/>
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| 2004 || cryobiology || science || vitrification || [[wikipedia:Greg Fahy|Fahy]], et al. || Fahy, et al., make a major advance in understanding the nature of vitrification cryoprotectant toxicity, and significant advances in moderating it. Fahy, et al., develop several highly stable vitrification solutions using synthetic ice blockers which also have extremely low toxicity. It is possible to perfuse kidneys with 9+ molar vitrification solution (~60%) without loss of viability.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fahy|first=GM|last2=Wowk|first2=B|last3=Wu|first3=J|last4=Paynter|first4=S|date=2004|title=Improved vitrification solutions based on the predictability of vitrification solution toxicity|url=|journal=Cryobiology|volume=48|issue=1|pages=22-35|via=}}</ref>
| 2017-01-12 || cryonics || || || The Church of Perpetual Life || The city of Hollywood, FL officially proclaims January 12th as Dr. James Bedford Day in remembrance of the first person to be cryopreserved with the hope of being revived in the future. Here you can see the [https://drive.google.com/open?id=0By3LNRGk0wixbWZrNW14Q24xOFM3bGI4cl9COFdLTmdkNGJJ official proclamation].
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| 2017-01 to 2017-08 || cryonics || Technological technological development || || Oregon Cryonics || OregonCryo trains and does research and development with 38 {{W|body donations}}.<ref name="OregonCryoCaseReports"/>
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| 2017-03-01 || cryobiology || technological development || re-warming || Bischoff, et al. || Bischoff, et al., develop a novel technique of inductive heat re-warming using magnetic nanoparticles in the vasculature allowing for uniform re-warming of organs the size of rabbit kidneys at rates high enough to prevent devitrification of M-22 vitrification solution at a concentration compatible with kidney viability. The system is potentially applicable to larger organs, such as the human brain.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Manuchehrabadi|first=Navid|last2=Gao|first2=Zhe|last3=Zhang|first3=Jinjin|last4=Ring|first4=Hattie L.|last5=Shao|first5=Qi|last6=Liu|first6=Feng|last7=McDermott|first7=Michael|last8=Fok|first8=Alex|last9=Rabin|first9=Yoed|date=1 March 2017|title=Improved tissue cryopreservation using inductive heating of magnetic nanoparticles|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28251904|journal=Science Translational Medicine|volume=9|issue=379|doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aah4586|issn=1946-6242|pmc=5470364|pmid=28251904}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/organ-cryopreservation-becoming-reality-bringing-whole-bodies-back-still-100-years-away-1609149|title=Organ cryopreservation is becoming a reality – but bringing whole bodies back still 100 years away|date=2017-03-01|website=International Business Times UK|language=en|access-date=2019-02-04}}</ref>
