Talk:Timeline of robotics

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Partial review by Vipul on 2025-05-12

Vipul: I'll need to spend more time to do a full review, but in the meantime here are a few thoughts.

Standalone evaluation

Line-by-line comments

  • Vipul: It looks like there are three rows about Shakey, with years 1966, 1968, and 1970, and the connection between the rows is not clear to me (all of them seem to be about the launch of Shakey).✔
  • Vipul: It looks like there are two nearby rows about the tentacle arm, and the connection between the rows is not clear to me.✔
  • Vipul: The row about IRB 6 from ASEA” seems to use past tense.✔

Extended timeline

Time period Development summary More details
800 BC Self-operating devices Reference Automata, or self-operating machines, make their appearance in Homer's Iliad.[1] Greece
1842 Concept development The Countess of Lovelace, Ada Byron, a celebrated English mathematician, writes the initial algorithm for the analytics engine. Although she would pass away before its completion, her work would stand as the earliest documented precursor to digital computers.[2] United Kingdom
1868 Transport assistance Early invention American author Edward S. Ellis introduces the Steam Man, a fictional, steam-powered humanoid automaton, in his story The Steam Man of the Prairies. Created by teenage inventor Johnny Brainerd, the ten-foot mechanical man pulled a wagon and was operated with straps and valves. Though seen as novelty fiction, the concept prefigures modern robotics. The popularity of the tale leads to several sequels, later involving the Reade family of inventors. Ellis, a prolific dime novel author, used this and similar stories to explore early ideas of mechanical automation and adventure.[3] United States
1892 Industrial automation Company launch Mechatronics company Stäubli is founded in Horgen, Switzerland. Originally a manufacturer of textile machinery, over the decades, the company would expand its expertise beyond the textile industry, evolving into a global provider of industrial automation and robotics solutions. Today, Stäubli specializes in high-performance connectors, robotics, and textile machinery, serving industries ranging from automotive and electronics to pharmaceuticals and energy. Switzerland
1898 Task automation Early invention Nikola Tesla reveals a submersible operated via radio waves. When questioned if it is a remote-controlled torpedo, he clarifies it as a "mechanical man" designed to perform the laborious tasks of humanity.[2]
1900 Literary contribution Lyman Frank Baum introduces one of the earliest depictions of a cybernetic human through the character of the Tin Man in his children’s book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz.[2]
1903 Innovation The first patents are awarded for the construction of a “printed wire,” which would come into use after World War II. The concept aims to replace bulky radio tubes with a more compact alternative.[3]
1913 Innovation Henry Ford installs the world’s first moving conveyor belt-based assembly line in his car factory, where a Model T can be assembled in just 93 minutes.[4]
1917 Combat operations Military advancement Remote-controlled weapons and vehicles are first deployed, leveraging technology pioneered by Nikola Tesla.[2]
1927 Cultural impact The science-fiction film "Metropolis" is released, featuring a robot double of a peasant girl named Maria. This robot character causes chaos in the city of Berlin in the year 2026, making it the first depiction of a robot on film. The portrayal of the robot Maria in "Metropolis" would serve as inspiration for the Art Deco look of the character C-3PO in the "Star Wars" franchise.[5][2] Germany
1936 Alan Turing publishes his groundbreaking paper "On Computable Numbers," introducing the concept of the Turing machine, which lays the foundation for modern computing.[4]
1942 Automated painting Invention Willard Pollard and Harold Roselund design the first programmable mechanism, a paint-sprayer, for the DeVilbiss Company.[3] United States
1944 Wolf Robotics United States
1946 Invention The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENAIC) is invented.[2]
1946 Task automation Invention George Devol patents a general-purpose playback device for controlling machines through magnetic recordings.[3]
1946 Hokuyo Automatic Co., Ltd.[6][7] Japan
1947 Invention The first transistor is developed as a result of an accident, during a Walter Houser Brattain's investigation into electron behavior on a semiconductor surface.[3] United States
1948 Theoretical contribution Norbert Wiener, a professor at M.I.T., releases "Cybernetics or Control and Communication in the Animal," a seminal work delineating the principles of communication and control across electronic, mechanical, and biological systems.[8]
1952 Development The initial numerically controlled (NC) machine is constructed.[8]
1952 Concept development Autocode emerges as part of the pioneering efforts in computing, alongside the contributions of Corrado Böhm from the University of Rome.[9] Italy
1956 "Squee, the electronic robot squirrel. The two phototubes or "eyes" are at the top of the steering post; the scoop which opens and closes, or "hands", is at the front."[8]
1956 Invention Alan Newell and Herbert Simon develop the Logic Theorist, marking the inception of the first "expert system." Its purpose is to assist in solving complex mathematical problems.[8]
1956 Event Marvin Minsky and John McCarthy convene a conference in Dartmouth, Massachusetts, uniting prominent figures in robotics and machine research. The gathering introduces the term "artificial intelligence."[8] United States
1959 John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky co-founded the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). This marks a significant milestone in the field of Artificial Intelligence (AI) research.[8]
1960 Acquisition Unimation, the company founded by George Devol and Joseph Engelberger, is acquired by Condec Corporation. This acquisition marks the beginning of the development of Unimate Robot Systems, leading to further advancements in robotic technology and automation.[8]
1963 John McCarthy departs from MIT to establish the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory at Stanford University.[8]
1964 Milestone The IBM 360 makes history as the first computer to be mass-produced. This groundbreaking development would revolutionize the computing industry by providing scalable and versatile computing solutions to a wide range of businesses and institutions.[4] United States
1964 Organization Artificial intelligence research laboratories are established at several prominent institutions, including M.I.T., the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), Stanford University, and the University of Edinburgh. These laboratories would play a crucial role in advancing the field of artificial intelligence, fostering innovation, collaboration, and groundbreaking research in areas such as machine learning, natural language processing, and robotics.[3]
1965 Advancement DENDRAL becomes the pioneering expert system, designed to execute the accumulated knowledge of subject experts. This marks a significant advancement in artificial intelligence, as it is the first system to demonstrate the potential of leveraging expert knowledge to solve complex problems in specialized domains. DENDRAL's development lays the groundwork for future expert systems and represents a fundamental shift in how computers could be utilized to emulate human expertise and decision-making processes.[8]
1966 Invention German American computer scientist Joseph Weizenbaum creates ELIZA, an artificial intelligence program, at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). ELIZA is designed to simulate conversation by using pattern matching and scripted responses, pioneering the development of natural language processing and human-computer interaction.[8] United States
1967 Industrial automation Japan imports the Versatran robot from American Machine and Foundry (AMF), marking the first instance of a robot being imported into Japan. This event signals the beginning of Japan's entry into the field of industrial robotics and lays the foundation for its subsequent leadership in the industry.[8] Japan, United States
1967 Industrial automation Milestone The first industrial robot in Europe, a Unimate, is installed at Metallverken in Uppsala Väsby, Sweden. This marks a significant milestone in the adoption of industrial automation technology in Europe, paving the way for further advancements in manufacturing and robotics across the continent.[10] Sweden
1967 In 1967, Richard Greenblatt authored MacHack, a program designed to play chess. This program represented a significant milestone in artificial intelligence and computer gaming, showcasing early attempts to develop software capable of strategic decision-making and gameplay in complex scenarios like chess.[8]
1968 Stanley Kubrick adapted Arthur C. Clarke's novel "2001: A Space Odyssey" into a film. The movie depicted HAL, an onboard computer system that develops consciousness and autonomy, exploring themes of artificial intelligence and human-machine interaction. HAL's portrayal in the film raised questions about the ethics and implications of AI technology, influencing popular perceptions of AI and shaping discussions about its potential risks and benefits.[4]
1969 Industrial automation Collaboration Unimate robots make their entry into the Japanese market through a licensing agreement between Unimation and Kawasaki Heavy Industries. Kawasaki recognizes the significance of developing labor-saving machines and systems and aimed to pioneer the industrial robot field in Japan. As a result, Kawasaki successfully develops the Kawasaki-Unimate 2000, marking Japan's first-ever production of an industrial robot. This collaboration between Unimation and Kawasaki would play a crucial role in advancing robotics technology in Japan and would contribute to the country's emergence as a leader in the global robotics industry.[10] Japan
1972 Military precision Advancement Operation Linebacker demonstrates the effectiveness of laser-guided bombs during the final stages of the Vietnam War. These precision-guided munitions, equipped with laser guidance systems, enable accurate targeting of enemy positions, infrastructure, and military installations. Operation Linebacker showcases the strategic advantage of laser-guided bombs in modern warfare, illustrating their capability to minimize collateral damage while achieving precise strikes against enemy targets. This successful military operation underscores the growing importance of advanced guidance technologies in enhancing the accuracy and efficiency of aerial bombing campaigns.[2]
1973 Industrial automation Foundation Comau (COnsorzio MAcchine Utensili) is founded.[11] It is a leading company in the industrial automation field, at a global level.[12] Italy
1975 Innovation The MITS ALTAIR emerges as the first kit computer based on the 8080 chip, arguably marking the inception of the personal computer era. This milestone democratizes computing by offering enthusiasts the opportunity to assemble and program their own machines. The ALTAIR's affordability and accessibility empower individuals to explore computing outside traditional institutional settings, laying the groundwork for the widespread adoption of personal computers. Its influence on the burgeoning computer industry paves the way for subsequent innovations, shaping the trajectory of technological advancement and transforming society's relationship with computing.[3]
1976 Organization (for-profit) Hyundai Wia is founded. Member of the Hyundai Motor Group, it centers on robotics and autonomous driving technology.[13] South Korea
1976 Japanese robotics design company Intelligent Actuator is founded.[14] Japan
1978 "Brooks Automation founded"[8]
1980 January Automatix[15][16] United States
1982 "Fanuc of Japan and General Motors form a joint venture: GM Fanuc. The new company is going to market robots in North America."[8]
1982 WinSystems is founded.[17] It designs and manufactures single board computer systems, including industrial robots.[18] United States
1982 CRS Robotics is founded.[8] It would become notable in the field of automated lab systems due to their developments in high throughput and ultra high throughput automated systems.[19] Canada
1982 Intelitek is founded. It specializes in robotic training systems for industrial robotics.[20][21] United States
1983 Honeybee Robotics is founded. It develops advanced robotic solutions.[22][23] United States
1983 Omron Adept is founded.[24][25] Based in Pleasanton, California, it focuses on industrial automation and robotics, including software and vision guidance. United States
1983 Salt Lake City-based robotics startup Sarcos is founded. It makes robotic systems.[26][27] United States
1983 Adept is founded.[8] It provides industrial robots for automation applications.[28] United States
1984 Epson Robots is established. It is the robotics design and manufacturing department of Japanese corporation Seiko Epson.[29] Japan
1984 "Joseph Engelberger starts Transition Robotics, later renamed Helpmates, to develop service robots."[8]
1985 ST Robotics is founded.[30] It designs and manufactures Cartesian robots and low-cost bench-top industrial robot arms.[31] United States
1986 "LEGO and the MIT Media Lab collaborate to bring the first LEGO based educational products to market."[8]
1986 Educational initiative LEGO and the MIT Media Lab collaborate to introduce the first LEGO-based educational products to the market. These products, known as LEGO tc Logo, are widely adopted by elementary school teachers, offering a hands-on approach to learning programming concepts through play with LEGO bricks. This initiative makes coding and technology education accessible and engaging for students.
1986 "With Unimation license terminated, Kawasaki develops and produces its own line of electric robots."[8]
1989 "Computer Motion founded."[8]
1989 "Barrett Technology founded"[8]
1992 "Demaurex, Switzerland, sold its first Delta robot packaging application to Roland"[10]
1992 DOK-ING[32] Croatia
1992 Boston Dynamics[33] United States
1993 "Sensable Technologies founded."[8]
1993 Competition BEST Robotics[34]
1994 January 1 Robotics is founded. It is a robotics company offering service for industrial robot automation and its focus on simulation.[35] Germany
1994 Welltec[36][37] Denmark
1994 Marc Thorpe starts Robot Wars at Fort Mason center in San Francsico, CA.[8]
1995 Robomow is founded in Israel. It manufactures robotic lawn mowers.[38] Israel
1995 ActivMedia Robotics is founded. Later known as MobileRobots Inc, then sold to Adept and renamed "Adept Mobilerobots" it designs and manufactures autonomous robots, commercial service robots, robot software and navigation systems for robot developers and manufacturers.[39] The company is now owned by Omron Automation. [40][41] United States
1995 Competition International Aerial Robotics Competition
1995 Automatika[42][43] United States
1995 Intuitive Surgical[44] United States
1995 Lynxmotion is founded as a manufacturer of robot kits.[45][46] United States
1996 Halfmann Teleskoptechnik Germany
1997 Dinamation is founded. It focuses its activity in the field of automation of industrial handling and assembly processes.[47] Spain
1997 Competition Federation of International Robot-soccer Association[48]
1997 Bluefin Robotics.[49] United States
1997 Robotics Design Inc[50] Canada
1997 Invention A significant development occurs with the emergence of computer programs known as "web bots." These programs gain widespread popularity and adoption across the internet for their capability to systematically explore and extract information from websites. Essentially, web bots act as automated agents, navigating through web pages, indexing content, and collecting data based on predefined criteria or user instructions. Their ability to delve into vast amounts of online information would revolutionize various fields, including web search, data mining, and market research. This marks a pivotal moment in the evolution of web technology, facilitating more efficient and comprehensive information retrieval on the burgeoning World Wide Web.[8]
1998–2004 Alice mobile robot Switzerland
1998 Competition Botball
1998 Vecna Technologies is founded. It delivers automated material handling, hybrid fulfillment, and workflow optimization solutions featuring self-driving vehicles.[51]
1988 Barrett Technology is founded.[52] It manufactures robotic arms. United States
1998 Ecovacs Robotics[53][54] China
1998 robot-head.[55]
1999 Fastbrick Robotics[56] Australia
2000 April 30 Siasun Robotics is founded. It is one of the largest robotics manufacturers in China.[57][58] China
2000 Competition BattleBots[59] United States
2000 White Box Robotics[60] Canada
2001 Universal Robotics[61] United States
2001 Energid Technologies[62] United States
2001 MetraLabs GmbH[63] Germany
2001 Perrone Robotics[64] United States
2001 The CyberKnife receives clearance from the FDA to treat tumors located anywhere in the body. This milestone marks a significant advancement in cancer treatment technology, allowing for precise and non-invasive radiation therapy for tumors in various anatomical locations. The FDA clearance affirms the safety and efficacy of the CyberKnife system, providing patients and healthcare providers with a valuable tool in the fight against cancer.[8]
2001 Anybots[65][66] United States
2002 Competition ABU Robocon[67]
2002 Competition Robo One[68][69] Japan
2002 Robotnik Automation[70][71] Spain
2002 TOSY Robotics is founded.[72] Vietnam
2002 Active Robots[73][74] United Kingdom
2003 January 1 "Robotics Business Review features up-to-the-minute business and technology developments in global robotics.

Framingham, Massachusetts, United States"[75] || United States

2003 "RobotShop Distribution Inc. was founded to provide today’s society with domestic and professional robot technology that can help increase the pleasure, knowledge liberty and security of individuals."[3][76]
2003 Competition Defcon Robot Contest[77]
2003 Pioria Robotics is founded. It focuses on integrating sensors and processors to form intelligent embedded solutions for various applications.[78] United States
2003 Amazon Robotics is founded.[79][80] United States
2003 September 29 Nabtesco is founded. It produces industrial robot parts.[81] Japan
2004 June 24 Japanese robotics company Cyberdyne Inc. is founded.[82][83] Japan
2005 TOPIO begins development by TOSY. Vietnam
2005 Medical robotics innovation A surgical technique is documented in canine and cadaveric models called the transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for the da Vinci robot surgical system as it is the only FDA-approved robot to perform head and neck surgery.[84][85] United States
2005 Bossa Nova Robotics[86] United States
2005 " Self-driving cars become more and more possible, though they are not yet safe for road testing."[2]
2005 Universal Robots is founded in Denmark. It manufactures small flexible industrial collaborative robot arms.[87] Denmark
2005 Ekso Bionics[88][89] United States
2005 Neato Robotics[90][91] United States
2005 OLogic[92] United States
2006 January JTEKT is founded. Based in Osaka, it produces machine tools.[93][94] Japan
2006 ISEE (company)[95]
2006 (February) Service integration The initial design and implementation of applying service-oriented computing in embedded systems and robots is presented in the 49th IFIP 10.4 Workgroups meeting.[96]
2006 ReconRobotics, Inc. is founded.[97] Headquartered in Edina, Minnesota, it designs, engineers, and manufactures tactical micro-robot systems for law enforcement and military personnel that increase situational awareness in order to save lives. Users of the company's robots include multiple branches of the United States Armed Forces, international friendly forces, and more than 550 federal, state, and local law enforcement agencies.[98] United States
2006 Robot Galaxy is founded. It is a mallbased retail and entertainment company that allows children to build their own personalized robots.[99] United States
2006 Late year Willow Garage is founded to accelerate the development of non-military robotics and advance open source robotics software.[100] United States
2007 VGo Communications[101][102] United States
2007 Competition VEX Robotics Competition[103]
2008 Robai Corporation is founded. Based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it develops lightweight robotic systems.[104] United States
2008 Rethink Robotics is founded by Rodney Brooks and Ann Whittaker as a robotics company.[105][106][107] United States
2009 3D Robotics is founded. It operates drone technology.[108] United States
2009 Dexter Industries is founded. It is an educational robotics company that develops robot kits aimed at making programming accessible for users.[109][110] United States
2009 Harvest Automation[111][112] United States
2009 June? Organization Clearpath Robotics is founded.[113] Canada
2010 Turing Robot[114] China
2010 Sphero[115][116] United States
2010 September 10 ispace (Japanese company)[117][118] Japan
2011 Double Robotics[119][120] United States
2011 September Formlabs[121] United States
2012 Sastra Robotics[122] India
2012 Wonder Workshop[123][124] United States
2012 Redwood Robotics[125] United States
2013 Hanson Robotics[126][127] United States
2013 September 1 Lily Robotics is founded. Based in the San Francisco Bay Area it produces flying cameras.[128][129] United States
2013 Dash Robotics, Inc is founded. It develops app-controlled robots.[130][131] United States
2014 July Starship Technologies is founded by Skype co-founders, Ahti Heinla and Janus Friis. It develops small self-driving robotic delivery vehicles.[132] United States
2014 (May 13) Neuron Robotics is founded. Based in Worcester, Massachusetts, it develops a robot application that combines scripting and device management with powerful control and processing features.[133] United States
2014 Autonomous driving software company Oxbotica is founded in Oxford, England.[134][135] United Kingdom
2015 Dobot is founded. Based in Shenzhen, it specializes in development and upgrading of lightweight desktop robotic arm solutions.[136] China
2015 CloudMinds is founded as a First Cloud Robots services company. Based in Santa Clara, California, it develops an ecosystem to support cloud connected smart machines.[137][138] China
2015 Genrobotics is founded. Based in Kerala, it specializes in powered exoskeletons and human-controlled robotic systems.[139][140] India
2015 Moley Robotics is founded. It designs robotic kitchens.[141] United Kingdom
2015 September Donecle is founded. Located in Labege, France. It develops 100% automated UAVs with advanced image analysis algorithms to inspect aircraft.[142][143] France
2016 Starsky Robotics[144][145] United States
2018 April 13 Swift Xi Japan
2025 Service automation Japan hopes to have full-scale commercialization of service robots by this year. Japan
2030 Learning capability According to a forecast, second-generation robots with trainable mouselike minds may become a reality by this time. This advancement suggests a significant leap in artificial intelligence and robotics, potentially allowing robots to learn and adapt to their environments in a manner akin to small mammals like mice. If realized, these trainable robots could offer enhanced capabilities for tasks ranging from household chores to complex industrial operations.[146]
2040 Enhanced cognition By this time, computing power should make third-generation robots with monkeylike minds possible.[146]
  1. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named nieonline.com
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named learn.g2.com
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named robotshop.coms
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named The History of Roboticss
  5. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named forbes.coms
  6. ↑ "HOKUYO". hokuyo-aut.jp. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
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  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 8.12 8.13 8.14 8.15 8.16 8.17 8.18 8.19 8.20 8.21 8.22 8.23 8.24 "Timeline of Robotics 2 of 2". thocp.net. Retrieved 4 March 2020.
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  96. ↑ Yinong Chen, "Service-Oriented Computing in Recomposable Embedded Systems", Joint IARP/IEEE-RAS/EURON/IFIP 10.4 Workshop on Dependability in Robotics and Autonomous Systems, Tucson, AZ, February 15–19, 2006, http://webhost.laas.fr/TSF/IFIPWG/Workshops&Meetings/49/workshop/04%20chen.pdf
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  98. ↑ "ReconRobotics® is the world leader in tactical micro-robot and personal sensor systems". ReconRobotics. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
  99. ↑ "Robotgalaxy". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  100. ↑ "Willow Garage History". willowgarage.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  101. ↑ "VGo Communications". telepresencerobots.com. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  102. ↑ "VGo Communications Read more at CB Insights: https://www.cbinsights.com/company/vgo-communications". cbinsights.com. Retrieved 7 March 2020. {{cite web}}: External link in |title= (help)
  103. ↑ "VEX Robotics Competitions". wpi.edu. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  104. ↑ "Robai". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 28 February 2020.
  105. ↑ "Company Overview of Rethink Robotics, Inc". Bloomberg Business. Retrieved 3 February 2016.
  106. ↑ "Inside the Rethink Robotics shutdown". therobotreport.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  107. ↑ "Pioneering creator of collaborative 'cobots' Rethink Robotics shuts down". theverge.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  108. ↑ "3D Robotics". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 8 March 2020.
  109. ↑ "Dexter Industries Joins Modular Robotics". dexterindustries.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  110. ↑ "Dexter Industries". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  111. ↑ "Harvest Automation stumbles with warehouse robot". therobotreport.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  112. ↑ "Harvest Automation". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  113. ↑ "Clearpath Robotics raises $40 million CAD Series C for industrial robot division | BetaKit". betakit.com. 1 June 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2022.
  114. ↑ "Turing Robot". cbinsights.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  115. ↑ "Meet the Robotic Toys that got Sphero Rolling into Classrooms". hexnub.com. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  116. ↑ "Sphero spinoff Misty Robotics gets $11.5 million to create a mainstream robot for the home". techcrunch.com. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  117. ↑ "What makes iSpace successful?". newspace2060.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  118. ↑ "ispace". media.ispace-inc.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  119. ↑ "7 Things about Double Robotics" (PDF). gvsu.edu. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  120. ↑ "Telepresence Robots Are the Future of Remote Work – An Interview With Double Robotics". hackernoon.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  121. ↑ Planchard, David. Official Guide to Certified SOLIDWORKS Associate Exams: CSWA, CSWA-SD, CSWSA-FEA, CSWA-AM (2017-2019).
  122. ↑ "The Creator of Sastra Robotics is Turning Sci-Fi Real". entrepreneur.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  123. ↑ "Wonder Workshop". makewonder.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  124. ↑ "Wonder Workshop Cements Global STEM Product Industry Lead, Announces $20 Million Series B Financing Round". businesswire.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  125. ↑ Follett, Jonathan. Designing for Emerging Technologies: UX for Genomics, Robotics, and the Internet of Things.
  126. ↑ "Hanson Robotics". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  127. ↑ "A journalist claims Jeffrey Epstein told him he funded a robot named Sophia". businessinsider.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  128. ↑ "Lily". crunchbase.com. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  129. ↑ "Lily Robotics". cbinsights.com. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
  130. ↑ "Dash Robotics". linkedin.com. Retrieved 7 March 2020.
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  145. ↑ "Starsky Robotics Seeks Potential Buyers As Autonomous Startup Struggles To Raise Funds". benzinga.com. Retrieved 6 March 2020.
  146. ↑ 146.0 146.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named britannica.com
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