Timeline of chemotherapy

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This is a timeline of chemotherapy, tracing its emergence from early twentieth-century experimental concepts to modern multimodal cancer treatments. It highlights discoveries, clinical breakthroughs, drug developments, institutional programs, and evolving therapeutic strategies that transformed chemotherapy into a central pillar of oncology, improving survival rates and shaping contemporary cancer care worldwide.

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Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
Early 1900s–1940s Foundations and Conceptual Origins Early theoretical and experimental groundwork is established. Paul Ehrlich coins “chemotherapy” and promotes chemical therapeutics. Animal tumor models and screening programs emerge, while wartime observations (e.g., nitrogen mustard) reveal cytotoxic effects on rapidly dividing cells.
1940s–1950s Emergence of Systemic Chemotherapy Chemotherapy becomes a clinical reality. First systemic treatments using nitrogen mustard demonstrate temporary remissions. Antifolates (e.g., methotrexate) achieve the first leukemia remissions, while institutional programs such as the National Cancer Institute coordinate drug discovery and screening.
1960s–1970s Combination Therapy and Curative Potential Conceptual breakthroughs transform outcomes. Combination chemotherapy regimens overcome resistance and enable cures in diseases like childhood leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease. The “cell kill hypothesis” and clinical protocols establish chemotherapy as a central, potentially curative modality.
1980s–Present Expansion, Targeting, and Integration Chemotherapy evolves within a broader oncology framework. Advances in molecular biology enable targeted therapies (e.g., imatinib), while combination regimens, adjuvant therapy, and integration with surgery, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy improve survival and reduce mortality globally.

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Geographical location
Early 1900s Development Chemotherapy is first developed, although not initially intended for the treatment of cancer.[1] Multiple (primarily Europe and United States)
Early 20th century Research Initial attempts to treat cancer with chemotherapy begin, focusing on narrowing effective chemical compounds through screening methods using transplantable tumors in rodents.[2]
1900s Concept Paul Ehrlich coins the term chemotherapy and promotes the use of chemicals to treat disease, while pioneering animal models for drug screening.[3] Germany
1908 Medical advance Ehrlich develops arsenical treatments for syphilis using rabbit models, establishing proof of concept for chemical therapeutics.[3] Germany
Early 1910s Model development George Clowes develops the first transplantable tumor systems in rodents at Roswell Park, enabling standardized cancer drug screening.[3] United States
1929 Clinical use Early local chemotherapy is applied by Adair and Bagg in a small group of patients, marking one of the first therapeutic uses of chemical agents against cancer.[4] United States
1930s Controversy Cornelius P. Rhoads writes a racist letter alleging harmful experimentation in Puerto Rico; subsequent investigations absolve him and the incident is managed through public relations efforts.[4] Puerto Rico / United States
1935 Research program Murray Shear establishes an organized cancer drug screening program, testing thousands of compounds using murine tumor models.[3] United States
1937 Discovery Folic acid is synthesized, later becoming central to antifolate chemotherapy development.[3] United States
1937 Institution Shear’s program becomes associated with the National Cancer Institute following institutional consolidation.[3] United States
1939 Appointment Rhoads becomes Director of the Memorial Hospital for the Treatment of Cancer and Allied Diseases.[4] United States (New York)
1939 Medical advance Charles Huggins demonstrates hormonal therapy effectiveness in prostate cancer, introducing systemic cancer treatment approaches.[3] United States
1940s Discovery During World War II, exposure to nitrogen mustard is observed to reduce white blood cell counts, suggesting potential effects on rapidly dividing cells.[1] Multiple (wartime research contexts)
1940s Research program World War II–related research programs lead to the discovery of anticancer properties in certain chemical agents, laying the groundwork for modern chemotherapy.[2]
1942 Clinical milestone The first systemic chemotherapy treatment is administered (patient “JD”), marking the beginning of systemic anticancer drug therapy.[4] United States
May 1942 Clinical use Louis Goodman and Alfred Gilman, with Gustav Linskog, administer nitrogen mustard (azotiprites) to a lymphoma patient, achieving a temporary remission.[5] United States (Yale School of Medicine)
1943 Experiment Alfred Gilman and Louis Goodman, along with Gustav Linskog, conduct early clinical experiments using mustine (nitrogen mustard) to treat non-Hodgkin lymphoma, demonstrating temporary tumor reduction.[1] United States (Yale University)
1943 Breakthrough Alfred Gilman and Louis Goodman demonstrate antitumor effects of nitrogen mustard in lymphoma patients.[3] United States
1945 Institutional founding Rhoads secures funding from Alfred P. Sloan and Charles F. Kettering to establish the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, advancing organized cancer research and chemotherapy development.[4] United States (New York)
1945 Historical context The atomic bombing of Hiroshima occurs on August 6, the same date sometimes incorrectly associated with key chemotherapy developments.[4] Japan
1940s Drug introduction Introduction of nitrogen mustard and antifolate drugs marks the beginning of modern cancer chemotherapy.[6] United States
Post-1945 Advocacy Rhoads promotes chemotherapy for cancer, drawing on prior work with mustard gas and contributing to institutional and financial support for the field.[4] United States
1946 Publication Results of nitrogen mustard treatment studies are published, leading to broader adoption of alkylating agents in cancer therapy.[1] United States
1946 Publication Clinical results of nitrogen mustard therapy are published, generating optimism about chemotherapy.[3] United States
1947 Breakthrough First partial remission in leukemia is achieved using aminopterin, demonstrating the potential of antifolate chemotherapy.[5] United States (Boston Children's Hospital)
Late 1940s Drug class Nitrogen mustard and related compounds are classified as alkylating agents, capable of damaging DNA, RNA, and proteins to inhibit cancer cell growth.[1] United States and Europe
Late 1940s Research Sidney Farber investigates folates and develops antifolate drugs such as methotrexate, capable of suppressing cancer cell proliferation.[5] United States
Late 1940s Drug discovery Antibiotic screening programs identify antitumor agents such as actinomycin D.[3] United States
1948 Breakthrough Sidney Farber and colleagues demonstrate that antifolates such as methotrexate can induce remission in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, marking the first successful chemotherapy-induced remissions.[1] United States (Harvard Medical School)
1948 Drug development Gertrude Elion and George Hitchings develop thiopurines (e.g., 6-mercaptopurine) for leukemia treatment.[3] United States
1948 Medical advance Sidney Farber demonstrates leukemia remission using antifolates (e.g., methotrexate), marking a major milestone in pediatric oncology.[3] United States
Early 1950s Screening Leukemia L1210 model emerges as a key system for predicting anticancer drug activity.[3] United States
1953 Program closure Shear’s screening program is dissolved due to limited clinical success and toxicity concerns.[3] United States
1955 Program The Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center (CCNSC) is established at the National Cancer Institute to coordinate drug discovery and development.[5] United States
1955 Program The Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center (CCNSC) is established at the National Cancer Institute to coordinate drug discovery and development.[4] United States
1955 Institution Establishment of the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center, initiating a coordinated national drug development effort in the United States.[2]
1955 Institution Establishment of the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center (CCNSC), launching a coordinated national drug development program.[3] United States
1956 Drug discovery C. Gordon Zubrod promotes large-scale screening of natural products, leading to discovery of key drug classes including taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel) and camptothecins.[5] United States
1956 Drug discovery C. Gordon Zubrod promotes large-scale screening of natural products, leading to discovery of key drug classes including taxanes (e.g., paclitaxel) and camptothecins.[4] United States
1958 Drug introduction 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) enters clinical use as a treatment for solid tumors.[3] United States
1950s Program The Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center (CCNSC) is established, creating a centralized system for drug screening, development, and clinical testing that later underpins the modern cancer pharmaceutical industry.[7] United States (National Cancer Institute)
1950s Discovery Eli Lilly and Company identifies anticancer properties in plant alkaloids derived from Vinca rosea, showing effectiveness against leukemia.[1] United States
1960 Model system The L1210 leukemia system is established as a primary experimental model for screening drugs and studying treatment strategies for acute leukemia.[7] United States
Early 1960s Clinical context Chemotherapy faces strong resistance in clinical medicine; anticancer drugs are widely viewed as toxic “poisons,” and medical oncology is not yet recognized as a specialty.[7] United States
1960s Medical advance Development of combination chemotherapy demonstrates curative potential in acute childhood leukemia, challenging prior pessimism about drug-based cancer treatment.[2]
1960s Medical advance combination chemotherapy demonstrates curative potential in acute childhood leukemia.[3] United States
1960s Experimental insight Frank Schabel and Howard Skipper demonstrate that combination chemotherapy prevents resistance and that drugs kill a fraction of cancer cells rather than a fixed number.[5] United States (Southern Research Institute)
1960s Drug introduction Vinca alkaloids such as vinblastine and vincristine are introduced as chemotherapy agents for Hodgkin's disease and pediatric leukemia.[1] United States
1960s Experimental insight Frank Schabel and Howard Skipper demonstrate that combination chemotherapy prevents resistance and that drugs kill a fraction of cancer cells rather than a fixed number.[4] United States (Southern Research Institute)
1964 Preclinical breakthrough Howard Skipper reports the first cure of L1210 leukemia in mice and formulates the “cell kill hypothesis,” demonstrating that chemotherapy kills a constant fraction of tumor cells.[7] United States (Southern Research Institute)
1965 Clinical results Early results of combination chemotherapy for Hodgkin's disease (MOMP regimen) are presented, showing major improvements in remission rates.[7] United States (National Cancer Institute)
1965 Discovery Cisplatin is discovered by Barnett Rosenberg, later becoming a major anticancer drug.[5] United States
1967 Clinical results The MOPP regimen (including procarbazine) is presented, demonstrating high complete remission rates in advanced Hodgkin’s disease.[7] United States (NCI)
1960s Treatment paradigm Recognition of micrometastasis leads to integration of chemotherapy with surgery and radiotherapy.[3] United States
1960s–1970s Treatment strategy Combination chemotherapy regimens, using multiple drugs with different mechanisms, become widely adopted, improving survival rates.[1] Global (initially United States and Europe)
Mid-1960s Regimen development Combination chemotherapy protocols such as VAMP (vincristine, methotrexate, 6-mercaptopurine, prednisone) are introduced, significantly increasing remission rates in childhood leukemia.[7] United States (multiple institutions including NCI, St. Jude, Boston Children’s)
1965 Discovery Cisplatin is discovered by Barnett Rosenberg, later becoming a major anticancer drug.[4] United States
Circa 1968 Innovation Min Chiu Li develops curative chemotherapy approaches for metastatic choriocarcinoma and testicular cancer.[7] United States (Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center)
1970 Publication Results of MOPP chemotherapy are published, establishing chemotherapy as a curative treatment for advanced Hodgkin’s disease in adults.[7] United States
1970 Outcome By this time, a significant fraction of childhood leukemia cases are considered curable through combination chemotherapy. Global (led by U.S. institutions)
Early 1970s Medical advance Combination chemotherapy achieves cures in advanced Hodgkin's disease, reinforcing drug-based cancer treatment.[3] United States
1970s Treatment strategy The concept of adjuvant chemotherapy emerges, applying chemotherapy after surgery or radiotherapy to eliminate micrometastases. United States and Europe
1970s Research expansion Successes in chemotherapy facilitate the development and study of adjuvant chemotherapy and contribute to the growth of the national cancer program.[2]
1970s Clinical strategy Development of adjuvant chemotherapy and combined modality treatment becomes standard clinical practice.[3] United States
1971 Policy The National Cancer Act is passed, expanding federal support for cancer research and enabling the creation of new cancer centers.[7] United States
1972 Award The Lasker Award is granted to key researchers demonstrating that chemotherapy can cure cancer; C. Gordon Zubrod is recognized for program leadership.[7] United States
1973 Institutionalization Medical oncology is formally established as a subspecialty of internal medicine, with chemotherapy as a central tool.[7] United States
1974 Clinical research Lawrence Einhorn begins studies using combination chemotherapy (cisplatin, vinblastine, bleomycin), dramatically improving survival in metastatic testicular cancer.[7] United States
1974 Clinical adoption The FAC regimen (fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide) enters clinical use as an anthracycline-containing adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable breast cancer, with studies indicating strong efficacy and establishing doxorubicin as a key agent in treatment. [8] United States
1975 Clinical advance Cure of advanced diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is reported using the C-MOPP regimen.[7] United States (NCI)
1975 Trial result L-PAM adjuvant chemotherapy trial shows benefit in breast cancer and is published in the New England Journal of Medicine.[7] United States
1975 Clinical modification Variants of the CMF regimen (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil) introduce oral and intravenous cyclophosphamide administration schedules, demonstrating comparable efficacy while offering flexibility in treatment delivery and patient management. [9] Italy
1976 Trial result CMF adjuvant chemotherapy trial led by Gianni Bonadonna demonstrates effectiveness in breast cancer.[7] Italy (Istituto Nazionale Tumori)
1976 Clinical trial The CMF regimen (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil) is established as an effective adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable breast cancer, demonstrating improved outcomes and becoming a standard postoperative treatment. [10] Italy
Late 1970s Breakthrough Cure rates for metastatic testicular cancer rise from ~10% to ~60% due to combination chemotherapy. United States
1978–1979 Clinical adoption Cisplatin becomes a key treatment for testicular cancer; carboplatin is later developed as a less toxic derivative.[5] United States / United Kingdom
1984 Outcome National mortality from childhood leukemia and Hodgkin’s disease declines by approximately 65% due to adoption of chemotherapy.[7] United States
1986 Clinical trial The fluorouracil, doxorubicin, and methotrexate (FAMTX) regimen is introduced and evaluated for metastatic gastric cancer, showing improved response rates compared to earlier regimens such as FAM, with an overall response rate of about 59% and establishing FAMTX as a standard chemotherapy option in advanced disease. [11]
1987 Clinical trial A phase II study evaluates intensive-dose doxorubicin as a single-agent salvage therapy for metastatic breast cancer, confirming its activity in previously treated patients despite limited durability of responses and notable cardiotoxicity risks. [12]
1980s Research focus Expansion of cytotoxic drug discovery alongside increasing use of molecular and genetic approaches to understand tumor biology.[4] Global
1980s Research focus Expansion of cytotoxic drug discovery alongside increasing use of molecular and genetic approaches to understand tumor biology.[5] Global
1989 Clinical trial The AC regimen (doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide) is introduced as an effective adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable breast cancer, demonstrating comparable efficacy with fewer treatment cycles than CMF regimen and improving tolerability and convenience. [13] United States
1990–present Outcome trend Cancer mortality rates decline steadily due to advances in early detection and the increasing effectiveness of chemotherapy treatments.[1] Global
1990 Clinical trial The PCV regimen (procarbazine, lomustine [CCNU], and vincristine) demonstrates improved survival and longer time to tumor progression compared to single-agent carmustine (BCNU) when used as adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery and radiotherapy in anaplastic gliomas. [14] United States
1991 Clinical trial A phase II study evaluates a combination chemotherapy regimen of mitoxantrone, fluorouracil, and leucovorin (NFL) for metastatic breast cancer, demonstrating activity with relatively manageable toxicity and supporting its use as an alternative to doxorubicin-based regimens. [15]
1991 Clinical trial The etoposide, fluorouracil, and cisplatin (EFP) regimen is evaluated as neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy for locoregional (potentially curable) gastric cancer, demonstrating substantial tumor response and a 72% curative resection rate in early studies, supporting its use in perioperative treatment strategies. [16]
1992 Clinical trial Combined-modality therapy using cisplatin and fluorouracil (C/5-FU) with radiotherapy is evaluated for localized esophageal cancer, demonstrating improved survival compared to radiotherapy alone, albeit with increased toxicity, supporting the adoption of chemoradiation as a standard approach. [17]
1993 Clinical trial Preoperative combined-modality therapy using cisplatin, vinblastine, and fluorouracil (CVF) with concurrent radiotherapy is evaluated for locoregional esophageal cancer, showing improved resectability and survival outcomes compared to surgery alone, supporting neoadjuvant chemoradiation strategies. [18]
1993 Clinical trial Neoadjuvant chemotherapy using carmustine (BCNU) and cisplatin prior to radiotherapy shows improved outcomes in high-grade astrocytoma, with Phase II trials reporting 1-year survival of 64% and overall response rates up to 70%, supporting the benefit of pre-radiation chemotherapy over conventional approaches. [19][20] United States
Early 1990s Clinical study FAC regimen (fluorouracil, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide) is applied as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced breast cancer, demonstrating high tumor response rates (≈90% regression) and enabling tumor downstaging to allow breast-conserving surgery. [21][22] United States
Early 1990s Clinical study A modified “3-week” CMF regimen (cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil) demonstrates similar efficacy to the conventional 4-week regimen in adjuvant treatment of resectable breast cancer, with reduced toxicity and improved dose intensity, supporting shorter-duration chemotherapy strategies. [23] Italy
1990s Paradigm shift Emergence of targeted therapy, aiming to direct drugs toward specific molecular targets in cancer cells.[5] Global
1990s Clinical practice Carmustine (BCNU) is used as a single-agent and adjuvant chemotherapy for high-grade malignant gliomas, often combined with radiotherapy; however, evidence shows combination regimens (e.g., CCNU, procarbazine, vincristine) achieve superior outcomes compared to BCNU alone, reinforcing the shift toward multi-agent therapy. [24][25][26] United States
1994 Drug development Imatinib (Gleevec/Glivec) is developed as a targeted therapy.[5] Global
1994 Clinical adoption The FAC regimen (fluorouracil, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide) is widely established as an anthracycline-containing adjuvant chemotherapy for resectable breast cancer, with accumulated clinical evidence confirming its efficacy and reinforcing doxorubicin as a key therapeutic agent. [27] United States
1994 Clinical study Combination chemotherapy with cisplatin and fluorouracil (C/5-FU) is evaluated for advanced esophageal cancer, demonstrating meaningful response rates—particularly in squamous cell carcinoma—and becoming a commonly used regimen, often combined with radiotherapy despite limited survival gains. [28]
1995 Clinical trial Sequential chemotherapy using doxorubicin followed by the CMF regimen (A→CMF) demonstrates long-term efficacy in adjuvant treatment of breast cancer, particularly in patients with multiple positive lymph nodes, supporting the strategy of combining anthracycline-based and CMF regimens. [29] Italy
1995 Clinical trial Combination chemotherapy using paclitaxel and doxorubicin demonstrates high antitumor efficacy in metastatic breast cancer, contributing to the integration of taxanes into standard chemotherapy regimens. [30] Italy
1995 Clinical trial Paclitaxel is evaluated as a single-agent therapy for anthracycline-resistant metastatic breast cancer, with phase II studies demonstrating significant antitumor activity and supporting its role as an effective salvage treatment option following prior doxorubicin-based therapy. [31]
1999 Regulatory approval Food and Drug Administration approves imatinib for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.[4] United States
1999 Regulatory approval Food and Drug Administration approves imatinib for treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia.[5] United States
2000s Research focus Increased emphasis on targeting tumor survival mechanisms, including pathways supporting growth and resistance.[4] Global
Late 20th century–present Innovation Shift toward targeted therapy and molecularly guided drug development, using specific genetic and molecular abnormalities to design and screen new cancer treatments.[2]
Late 20th century Paradigm shift Transition toward molecular and biochemical targeting in drug development begins.[3] Global
Late 20th century Clinical role Chemotherapy becomes a central modality in cancer treatment, widely used as both primary and auxiliary therapy across multiple cancer types. [6] Global
Late 20th century Limitation Recognition that single-agent chemotherapy often leads to drug resistance and tumor recurrence due to pathway overlap and biological complexity. [6] Global
Late 20th century Therapeutic shift Emergence of combination chemotherapy as a standard approach to improve efficacy and overcome resistance mechanisms. [6] Global
Late 20th century Treatment principle Establishment of key principles of combination chemotherapy, including non-overlapping toxicity, non-cross resistance, and enhanced tumor cell killing. [6] Global
Late 20th century Drug regimen Development of major chemotherapy combinations such as methotrexate-, anthracycline-, and paclitaxel-based regimens. [6] Global
Late 20th century Mechanism Identification of mechanisms of action of key drugs, including DNA crosslinking by cyclophosphamide and thymidylate synthase inhibition by 5-fluorouracil. [6] Global
Late 20th century Clinical application Adoption of combination regimens such as paclitaxel with cisplatin or carboplatin for advanced ovarian and lung cancers. [6] Global
21st century Innovation Use of molecular abnormalities to guide targeted therapy and drug screening transforms chemotherapy approaches.[3] Global
21st century Multimodal therapy Increasing integration of chemotherapy with radiotherapy and immunotherapy in combined treatment strategies. [6] Global
21st century Technology Integration of nanotechnology in chemotherapy enables co-delivery of drugs, controlled release, and improved targeting. [6] Global
21st century Clinical practice Use of chemotherapy in advanced cancers such as pancreatic cancer through monotherapy and combination regimens in clinical trials. [6] Global
21st century Innovation Development of new multidrug combinations and optimization of administration strategies to improve therapeutic outcomes and reduce toxicity. [6] Global
21st century Preclinical research Emergence of novel combination strategies demonstrating improved outcomes, including reversal of drug resistance in experimental models. [6] Global
2003 Drug approval Gefitinib (targeted inhibitor) and Cetuximab (monoclonal antibody) are approved for cancer treatment.[5] United States
2004 Drug approval Bevacizumab, an anti-angiogenic targeted therapy, is approved for multiple cancers including lung, kidney, and ovarian cancer.[5] United States

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References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 Mandal, Ananya (2023-06-23). "History of Chemotherapy". News-Medical. Retrieved 2026-04-08.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 DeVita, Vincent T. Jr.; Chu, Edward (1 November 2008). "A history of cancer chemotherapy". Cancer Research. 68 (21): 8643–8653. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611. PMID 18974103.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 DeVita, Vincent T. Jr.; Chu, Edward (1 November 2008). "A History of Cancer Chemotherapy". Cancer Research. 68 (21). American Association for Cancer Research: 8643–8653. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611.
  4. ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 Radhakrishnan, Jayant (2025-07-31). "The history of chemotherapy". Hektoen International. Retrieved 2026-04-08.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 "The history of chemotherapy". Onkologik. 2024-01-30. Retrieved 2026-04-08.
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 "Patient History of Chemotherapy". ScienceDirect. Elsevier. Retrieved 9 April 2026.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 DeVita Jr., Vincent T.; Chu, Edward (2008-11-01). "A History of Cancer Chemotherapy". Cancer Research. 68 (21): 8643–8653. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-07-6611. Retrieved 2026-04-08.
  8. ↑ Buzdar, A.U.; Hortobagyi, G.N.; Kau, S.-W. (1990). "Doxorubicin-containing adjuvant therapy for patients with stage II breast cancer". Adjuvant therapy of cancer VI. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 210–215.
  9. ↑ Bonadonna, G.; Valagussa, P. (1985). "Adjuvant systemic therapy for breast cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 3: 259–275.
  10. ↑ Bonadonna, G.; Brusamolino, E.; Valagussa, P. (1976). "Combination chemotherapy as an adjuvant treatment in operable breast cancer". New England Journal of Medicine. 294: 405–410.
  11. ↑ Klein, H.O.; Wickramanayake, P.D.; Farrokh, G.-R. (1986). "5-fluorouracil, Adriamycin, and methotrexate: a combination protocol (FAMTX) for treatment of metastasized stomach cancer". Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 5: 84.
  12. ↑ Jones, R.B.; Holland, J.F.; Bhardwaj, S. (1987). "A phase II study of intensive-dose Adriamycin for advanced breast cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 5: 172–177.
  13. ↑ Fisher, B.; Redmond, C.; Wickerham, D.L. (1989). "Doxorubicin-containing regimens for the treatment of stage II breast cancer: the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project experience". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 7: 572–582.
  14. ↑ Levin, V.A.; Silver, P.; Hannigan, J. (1990). "Superiority of post-radiotherapy adjuvant chemotherapy with CCNU, procarbazine, and vincristine over BCNU for anaplastic gliomas". International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 18: 321–324.
  15. ↑ Jones, S.E.; Mennel, R.G.; Brooks, B. (1991). "Phase II study of mitoxantrone, leucovorin, and infusional fluorouracil for treatment of metastatic breast cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 19: 1736–1739.
  16. ↑ Ajani, J.A.; Ota, D.M.; Jackson, D.E. (1991). "Current strategies in the management of locoregional and metastatic gastric carcinoma". Cancer. 67: 260–265.
  17. ↑ Herskovic, A.; Martz, K.; Al-Sarraf, M. (1992). "Combined chemotherapy and radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in patients with cancer of the esophagus". New England Journal of Medicine. 326: 1593–1598.
  18. ↑ Forastiere, A.A.; Orringer, M.B.; Perez-Tamayo, C. (1993). "Preoperative chemoradiation followed by transhiatal esophagectomy for carcinoma of the esophagus: final report". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 11: 1118–1123.
  19. ↑ Grossman, S.A.; Wharam, M.; Sheidler, V. (1992). "BCNU/cisplatin followed by radiation in high-grade astrocytomas". Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 11: 149.
  20. ↑ Gilbert, M.R.; Lunsford, L.D.; Kondziolka, D. (1993). "Phase II trial of continuous infusion chemotherapy and radiotherapy for malignant gliomas". Proceedings of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 12: 176.
  21. ↑ Hortobagyi, G.N. (1992). "Treatment of locally advanced breast cancer". Seminars in Oncology. 19: 278–285.
  22. ↑ Hortobagyi, G.N.; Ames, F.C.; Buzdar, A.U. (1988). "Management of stage III primary breast cancer with primary chemotherapy, surgery, and radiation therapy". Cancer. 62: 2507–2516.
  23. ↑ Moliterni, A.; Bonadonna, G.; Valagussa, P. (1991). "Cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, and fluorouracil with and without doxorubicin in the adjuvant treatment of resectable breast cancer". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 9: 1124–1130.
  24. ↑ Brandes, A.; Soesan, M.; Fiorentino, M.V. (1991). "Medical treatment of high grade malignant gliomas in adults: an overview". Anticancer Research. 11: 719–728.
  25. ↑ Deutsch, M.; Green, S.B.; Strike, T.A. (1989). "Results of a randomized trial comparing BCNU plus radiotherapy and other regimens in malignant glioma". International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 16: 1389–1396.
  26. ↑ Levin, V.A.; Silver, P.; Hannigan, J. (1990). "Superiority of adjuvant chemotherapy with CCNU, procarbazine, and vincristine over BCNU for anaplastic gliomas". International Journal of Radiation Oncology Biology Physics. 18: 321–324.
  27. ↑ Buzdar, A.U.; Hortobagyi, G.N.; Kau, S.-W. (1990). "Doxorubicin-containing adjuvant therapy for patients with stage II breast cancer". Adjuvant therapy of cancer VI. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 210–215.
  28. ↑ Ajani, J.A. (1994). "Contributions of chemotherapy in the treatment of carcinoma of the esophagus: results and commentary". Seminars in Oncology. 21: 474–482.
  29. ↑ Bonadonna, G.; Zambetti, M.; Valagussa, P. (1995). "Sequential or alternating doxorubicin and CMF regimens in breast cancer with more than three positive nodes: ten-year results". JAMA. 273: 542–547.
  30. ↑ Gianni, L.; Munzone, E.; Capri, G. (1995). "Paclitaxel by 3-hour infusion with bolus doxorubicin in women with untreated metastatic breast cancer: high antitumor efficacy and cardiac effects". Journal of Clinical Oncology. 13: 2688–2699.
  31. ↑ Gianni, L.; Munzone, E.; Capri, G. (1995). "Paclitaxel in metastatic breast cancer: a trial of two doses by a 3-hour infusion in patients with disease recurrence after prior therapy with anthracyclines". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 87: 1169–1175.
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