Timeline of cryptocurrencies

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This is a timeline of cryptocurrencies.


Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
1990s Prelude time Smart contracts are first described by Nick Szabo, who coins the term, using it to refer to "a set of promises, specified in digital form, including protocols within which the parties perform on these promises".[1][2][3]
Bitcoin era
Altcoin era

Full timeline

Year Event type Details
1900 BC Cryptography The earliest known use of cryptography is found in non-standard hieroglyphs carved into the wall of a tomb from the Old Kingdom of Egypt.[4]
1983 Prelude American cryptographer David Chaum at the University of Berkeley, California, starts experimenting with several forms of electronic cash. He devises a token currency that individuals could transfer between themselves privately and safely. Chaum's “blinding formula” would be used to encrypt information that is transferred between individuals. This concept shares notable similarities with modern-day cryptocurrencies.[1]
1985 Zero-knowledge proofs are first conceived by Shafi Goldwasser, Silvio Micali, and Charles Rackoff in their paper "The Knowledge Complexity of Interactive Proof-Systems".[5] This paper introduces the IP hierarchy of interactive proof systems (see interactive proof system) and conceivea the concept of knowledge complexity, a measurement of the amount of knowledge about the proof transferred from the prover to the verifier. They also givethe first zero-knowledge proof for a concrete problem, that of deciding quadratic nonresidues mod m.
1990 Prelude Milton Friedman writes: “One thing we are still lacking and will soon develop is reliable e-cash—a method by which money can be transferred from A to B on the Internet without A knowing B and vice versa.”[1]
1993 László Babai and Shlomo Moran publish a landmark paper on interactive proof systems.
1996 Prelude Douglas Jackson and Barry Downey create an online platform to sell digital portions of gold coins, named e-gold. Over the next four years, e-gold would become a digital payment system with about a million users. It is the first non-credit card payment service that enables e-commerce and can be integrated into online shops. Lack of secutrity would prompt e-gold to be hacked along with its users, with no adequate protection by the insecure Windows Internet Explorer. Many e-gold customers would lose their deposits. Finally, Jackson and Downey would be brought to justice for failing to operate with a license.[1]
1997 Hashcash is introduced by Adam Back, who incorporates a Proof of Work protocol that helps verify a transaction’s validity. Hashcash would fail to remain relevant due to scalability issues. Regarded as one of the most successful pre-bitcoin digital currencies, this project would be cited in Bitcoin’s white paper.[1]
1998 Developer Wei Dai introduces the concept of an “anonymous, distributed electronic cash system” known as B-money. He proposes two separate protocols, one of which requires a broadcast channel that is “unjammable and synchronous.” This digital currency would never be successful.[1]
1998 Prelude Flooz.com issues a virtual currency as part of their marketing campaign. The value of each Flooz is tied to one dollar and those who purchase on the Flooz.com website are rewarded with Flooz coins. However, despite a multi-million-dollar advertising campaign, the currency would fail to achieve the level of adoption necessary to sustain the project, which would be finally destroyed by Filipino and Russian hackers, who made lots of purchases with stolen credit cards.[1]
2001 Ring signatures are invented by Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Yael Tauman Kalai, and introduced at ASIACRYPT.[6] The name, ring signature, comes from the ring-like structure of the signature algorithm.
2007 (May) Satoshi Nakamoto starts coding the first implementation of Bitcoin in C++.[1]
2009 (January 3) The first Bitcoin block is mined.[7]
2009 (anuary 9) Cryptocurrency launch Nakamoto officially open-sources the codebase and the Bitcoin network is launched. Bitcoin (BTC) 0.1.0 is released.[1]
2009 (January 12) The first-ever Bitcoin transaction to another person happens when Satoshi sends 10 bitcoins, then worth nothing, to a gentleman called Hal Finney.[7]
2009 (October) An initial exchange rate is fixed where anyone could get 1,309 Bitcoins for US$1.[1]
2010 (May 22) The first ever recorded purchase with bitcoins happens when "Laszlo" buys a pizza worth 25 USD for 10,000 bitcoins.[7]
2011 (April 18) Cryptocurrency launch Namecoin is introduced as the first Bitcoin fork, around two years after Bitcoin's creation. Having almost everything the same as Bitcoin, it is now able to store data within its own blockchain transaction database. This fork is supposed to create the censorship-resistant domain.[7]
2011 (July 28) Exchange launch Kraken launches.
2011 (October 7) Cryptocurrency launch Litecoin (LTC) is released.[8] An early Bitcoin fork, LTC allows faster transaction processing times, with blocks mined four times more frequently, and avoiding the hashing algorithm to prevent the race to the top among miners. LTC is limited to 84 million cryptocoins.[9]
2012 (June) The XRP Ledger first launches.[10] It is a decentralized, public blockchain led by a global developer community.[11]
2012 (August 12) Cryptocurrency launch Peercoin is released.
2013 Exchange launch Crypto exchange HitBTC launches. It provides exchange, custodial and other related services.[12]
2013 Exchange launch Gate.io launches. It is based in Malta, Illinois.[13]
2013 (July 7) Cryptocurrency launch Primecoin is introduced.
2013 (October 29) A Robocoin machine opens in the Waves coffee shop in downtown Vancouver, Canada. This machine is understood to be the world's first publicly available Bitcoin ATM.
2013 (December) Cryptocurrency launch Open-source digital currency Dogecoin (DOGE) is forked from Litecoin. Based on the popular "doge" Internet meme, the open-source digital currency is created by Billy Markus from Portland, Oregon and Jackson Palmer from Sydney, Australia.[14]
2014 (January 18) Cryptocurrency launch Open source cryptocurrency Dash, whose name comes from "digital cash," is launched as a fork of Litecoin.[15]
2014 (January) Exchange launch LedgerX is founded.[16] It is a digital currency futures and options exchange and clearinghouse regulated by the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission.[17]
2014 (January) Platform launch DeFi platform and Internet protocol Counterparty is released.
2014 (February 7) Cryptocurrency launch MazaCoin is released.
2014 (April) Cryptocurrency launch Monero (XMR) is launched, with the goal to "allow transactions to take place privately and with anonymity."[18][19]
2014 Hardware wallet launch Ledger is launched.[20]
2014 (June 21) Cryptocurrency launch Titcoin is launched.
2014 (July) Cryptocurrency launch Stablecoin Tether (USDT) is launched by Brock Pierce, Reeve Collins and Craig Sellars, originally launched as a Realcoin. It mirrors the price of the U.S. dollar, and is issued by a Hong Kong-based company Tether.[21]
2014 (July 15) Cryptocurrency launch Filecoin (FIL) is initially released.[22]
2014 (July 29) Hardware wallet launch The first generation of Trezor is first released.[23]
2014 (July 31) Cryptocurrency launch Network system Stellar (XLM) is launched by Jed McCaleb, the founder of Mt. Gox and co-founder of Ripple.[24]
2014 Exchange launch South Korea-based cryptocurrency exchange platform Bithumb launches.[25]
2014 Exchange launch Bittrex is founded.[26]
2014 Exchange launch Poloniex is founded. It is a global crypto-to-crypto exchange headquartered in Seychelles.[27]
2014 (August 25) Vitalik Buterin proposes the problem of creating a "unique identity system" for cryptocurrencies, which would give each human user one and only one anti-Sybil participation token.[28]
2015 (March 31) Cryptocurrency launch NEM (XEM) mainnet goes live.[29]
2015 (April) The Sigma protocol (one-out-of-many proofs) is introduced.[30]
2015 (May 29) Ross Ulbricht is imprisoned to a life sentence for money laundering and drug trafficking with cryptocurrencies.[7]
2015 (July 30) The Ethereum network goes live.[31]
2016 (February) Cryptocurrency launch Blockchain-based cryptocurrency Decred (DCR) is launched. The token and protocol are created to facilitate open governance, community interaction, and sustainable funding policies.[32]
2016 (May) Wallet launch imToken is launched as a light cryptocurrency wallet for Ethereum-based cryptocurrencies and decentralized applications (dApps), Bitcoin, and EOS. The manufacturer is headquartered in Hangzhou, China.[33]
2016 (June) Cryptocurrency launch VeChain (VET) launches.[34] It is a blockchain platform designed to enhance supply chain management and business processes.[35]
2016 (June) Cryptocurrency launch Waves (WAVES) is launched.[36] It is an open blockchain protocol and development toolset for Web 3.0 applications and decentralized solutions.[37]
2016 (Summer) An investment vehicle called the DAO (Decentralized Autonomous Organization) is conceived.[7]
2016 (September) Wallet launch Metamask is created.
2016 September 28) Cryptocurrency launch Firo is launched.
2016 (October 28) Cryptocurrency launch Zcash (ZEC) is first released. It is originally based on Bitcoin’s codebase.[38]
2017 (April 24) Cryptocurrency launch Gnosis (GNO) tokens are first released for sale.[39]
2017 (April 29) The first text using the term proof of personhood is published, proposing an approach based on pseudonym parties.[40]
2017 (May) "Litecoin community. This helps with innovation but also gets criticized by those who rather see a cryptocurrency be more decentralized. Litecoin was the first top-5 cryptocurrency based on market capitalization to adopt Segregated Witness (SegWit) in May 2017, and then also adopted the Lightning Network shortly after. Depending on its innovation, Litecoin could definitely keep its place among the top."[7]
2017 Guarda Wallet is launched.[41]
2017 (July 7) Security “One of the Biggest Ethereum and Bitcoin Exchanges Got Hacked” [42]
2017 (July 14) Cryptocurrency exchange launch Binance is launched.[43]
2017 (August) Cryptocurrency launch Bitcoin Cash (BCH) is forked from Bitcoin Core, in order to modify the protocol to devote more storage in each block to transactions, dramatically increasing the transaction processing rate.[9]
2017 (September 27) Cryptocurrency launch Cardano (ADA) is released. "Launched in 2017 by one of Ethereum’s co-founders, Cardano is a research-driven proof-of-stake blockchain designed for running smart contracts and building decentralized applications. It consumes less energy than proof-of-work blockchains and already has some interesting use cases. The project, along with its native cryptocurrency ADA, has generated enthusiasm in the community, which can be seen at times in its price history."[44]
2017 (October) Cryptocurrency launch Polygon (MATIC) is launched.[45] It is an Ethereum token that powers the Polygon Network — a protocol and framework for building and connecting Ethereum-compatible blockchain networks.[46]
2017 Cryptocurrency launch "BNB was launched through an initial coin offering in 2017, 11 days before the Binance cryptocurrency exchange went online"[47]
2017 Exchange launch OKEx is launched. It is based in Seychelles.[48]
2017 (September) Cryptocurrency launch Synthetix (SNX) network is launched by Kain Warwick under the name Havven (HAV). About a year later the company would be rebranded to Synthetix. A decentralized finance (DeFi) protocol, Synthetix provides on-chain exposure to a wide variety of crypto and non-crypto assets. The protocol is based on the Ethereum (ETH) blockchain.[49]
2017 (September) Cryptocurrency launch The Qtum (QTUM) platform goes live.[50]
2017 (September) "The KuCoin Exchange opened for cryptocurrency trading in September 2017 which located in Seychelles."[51]
2017 (November) Cryptocurrency launch "Aave (which means “ghost” in Finnish) was originally known as ETHLend when it launched in November 2017, but the rebranding to Aave happened in September 2018. (This helps explain why this token’s ticker is so different from its name!)"[52]
2017 (November) Wallet Trust Wallet launches and immediately gains significant user adoption.[53]
2017 (December 18) Cryptocurrency launch Dai (DAI) and its associated smart contracts are officially launched on the main Ethereum network.
2017 (December) Cryptocurrency launch Maker (MKR) is launched.[54]
2018 (January) Cryptocurrency launch Huobi Token (HT) is launched.[55]
2018 (January) Cryptocurrency launch TrueUSD (TUSD) is first launched.[56] It is a United States dollar-backed ERC20 stablecoin that is fully collateralized, legally protected, and transparently verified by third-party attestations.[57]
2018 (January 31) Cryptocurrency launch EOS (EOS) is launched.[58] It is a blockchain-based, decentralized platform used to develop, host, and run business applications, or dApps.[59]
2018 (February) Wallet launch Cobo Wallet is launched.[60]
2018 (April 29) The Nexo platform is launched, offering the world’s first instant crypto-backed loans.[61]
2018 (June) Tron is launched. It is a blockchain-based smart contract platform for powering decentralized applications, or DApps, competing with similar platforms such as Ethereum, Tezos, Cardano and EOS.[62]
2018 (June) Cryptocurrency launch Arweave (AR) is launched.[63] It is a Decentralized Storage Network (DSN) that connects people who have extra available computer disk space with those who need more computer storage.[64]
2018 (June) Cryptocurrency launch "Quant (QNT) launched in June 2018 with the goal of connecting blockchains and networks on a global scale, without reducing the efficiency and interoperability of the network. It is the first project to solve the interoperability problem through the creation of the first blockchain operating system."[65]
2018 (June) Cryptocurrency launch Enjin Coin (ENJ) is launched on the Ethereum mainnet.[66]
2018 (June) Celsius (CEL) is launched.[67]
2018 (June) ZT is launched. It is a centralized exchange based in Hong Kong.[68]
2018 (June 30) Cryptocurrency launch Tezos (XTZ) is launched.[69]
2018 Wallet launch Cryptocurrency wallet SafePal is launched.[70]
2018 (July) BitTorrent is purchased by blockchain platform TRON.[71]
2018 (August) Exchange launch BitMax (later AscendEX) is launched.[72]
2018 (September) Cryptocurrency launch Pax Dollar (USDP) is released. It is a flat-collateralized stablecoin.[73]
2018 (October) Cryptocurrency launch HUSD first launches as a stablecoin solution available on Huobi Global exchange.[74]
2018 (November 2) Decentralized trading protocol Uniswap (UNI) is launched. It is known for its role in facilitating automated trading of decentralized finance (DeFi) tokens.[75][76]
2018 (November–December) Cryptocurrency launch Crypto.com Coin (CRO) goes live.[77] It is an Ethereum token that powers Crypto.com Pay, a payment service that offers cashback and other rewards to users for paying and getting paid in crypto.[78]
2018 (December 24) Cryptocurrency launch AmbaCoin is launched.
2019 (January 31) Wrapped Bitcoin (WBTC) is officially launched.[79]
2019 (February) IOST (IOST) launches its mainnet.[80] It describes itself as an “ultra-fast,” fully fledged and decentralized blockchain network and ecosystem with its own nodes, wallets and based on the “next-generation” consensus protocol dubbed “proof-of-believability.”[81]
2019 (March) Cosmos (ATOM) is released.[82]
2019 (March) "Theta (THETA) is a blockchain powered network purpose-built for video streaming. Launched in March 2019, the Theta mainnet operates as a decentralized network in which users share bandwidth and computing resources on a peer-to-peer (P2P) basis.The project is advised by Steve Chen, co-founder of YouTube and Justin Kan, co-founder of Twitch."[83]
2019 (April) Terra (LUNA) is launched.[84]
2019 (April 18) Bitcoin BEP2 (BTCB) is launched.[85]
2019 (May 8) FTX Token (FTT) is launched.[86]
2019 (May) Chainlink (LINK) is launched.[87]
2019 (June) Zilliqa (ZIL) platform launches its mainnet.[88]
2019 (June) Harmony (ONE) mainnet is launched.[89]
2019 (June) Cryptocurrency launch UNUS SED LEO (LEO) launches. Unlike many other cryptocurrencies out there, it is not designed to exist forever.[90]
2019 (June) The Algorand (ALGO) mainnet becomes live.[91]
2019 (June) Cryptocurrency launch Klaytn is launched. It is a public blockchain platform which provides an accessible user experience and development environment in order to convey the value of blockchain technology.[92]
2019 (July) "The Helium (HNT) mainnet is launched. It allows low-powered wireless devices to communicate with each other and send data across its network of nodes.[93]
2019 (September) Cryptocurrency launch Hedera Hashgraph (HBAR) first launches open access to its mainnet.[94]
2019 (November 19) Proof-of-work blockchain platform Nervos Network is released.
2019 (December) Fantom (FTM) launches its mainnet.[95]
2019 MathWallet is launched. It is a multi-platform crypto wallet that supports more than 50 public blockchains.[96]
2020 (January) Curve DAO Token (CRV) is launched. It is a decentralized exchange for stablecoins that uses an automated market maker (AMM) to manage liquidity.[97]
2020 (January) Coin98 wallet is launched.[98]
2020 (March) Adoption Visa begins allowing settlements, or payments from a merchant bank to the Visa network, using USD Coin starting with Crypto.com, a crypto platform and credit-card issuer that links cryptocurrency holdings with payments and member benefits.[9]
2020 (April) Solana is launched.[99]
2020 (April) Cryptocurrency launch Celo (CELO) mainnet is launched. A blockchain ecosystem for DeFi[100], Celo focuses on increasing cryptocurrency adoption among smartphone users.[101]
2020 (April 22) Cryptocurrency launch NEAR Protocol (NEAR) launches its mainnet, with 1 billion NEAR tokens created at genesis.[102]
2020 (May) Wallet launch Swipe wallet is launched.[103]
2020 (May 26) The Genesis block of the Polkadot network is launched, as a Proof of Authority (PoA) network.[104]
2020 (July 30) Elrond (EGLD) launches its mainnet.[105]
2020 (August) Cryptocurrency launch Shiba Inu (SHIB) coin is created anonymously under the pseudonym “Ryoshi.” The meme coin would quickly gain speed and value as a community of investors becomes attacted, in addition to headlines and Tweets from personalities like Elon Musk and Vitalik Buterin.[106]
2020 (November) Axie Infinity (AXS) starts trading.[107]
2020 (September) TerraUSD (UST) is launched.[108]
2020 (September) Cryptocurrency launch SushiSwap is launched as a fork of Uniswap.[109]
2020 (September) PancakeSwap (CAKE) launches.[110]
2020 (September) Avalanche (AVAX) launches its mainnet.[111]
2020 (September) BakeryToken (BAKE) is launched. It is a part of the BakerySwap ecosystem.[112]
2020 (September) As of date, there are over 7,000 altcoins in existence.[1]
2020 (November) An academic paper estimates that up to date over US$10 billion has been stolen in cryptocurrency fraud.[113]
2020 (December 17) The Graph (GRT) is launched.[114]
2020 (December) The Mandala Exchange opens for trading. It is based in Seychelles.[115]
2021 (January 27) Flow (FLOW) starts trading.[116]
2021 (January 31) Wallet launch European blockchain startup Elrond announces the official launch of the Maiar wallet.[117]
2021 (February 25) Userbase The estimated number of global crypto users surpasses 100 million.[118]
2021 (March) Adoption PayPal announces it would allow most customers who were in the United States to pay most U.S.-based businesses using Bitcoin, Bitcoin Cash, Ether, or Litecoin.[9]
2021 (April 29) Cryptocurrencies hit a valuation of US$2 trillion, about the same valuation as all US dollars in circulation. However, it would since hit as high as $2.25 trillion.[119]
2021 (March 23) Mina (MINA) protocol is launched.[120]
2021 (May 10) Internet Computer (ICP) genesis.[121]
2021 (December 20) The Frontier wallet V2 is launched.[122]
2022 (May) Notable case TerraUSD and Luna both collapse, wiping out almost $45 billion of market capitalization over the course of a week.

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of November 23, 2021.

Year cryptocurrency
2008 42
2009 70
2010 59
2011 78
2012 102
2013 199
2014 743
2015 1,070
2016 1,700
2017 4,330
2018 12,100
2019 15,300
2020 13,800

The chart below shows Google Trends data for Cryptocurrency (Topic), from January 2004 to November 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[123]

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Cryptocurrency, from 2000 to 2019.[124]

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Cryptocurrencies, from July 2015 to October 2021.[125]hello world


Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

  • Base literature:
    • An Introduction to Cryptocurrencies: The Crypto Market Ecosystem (2020), by Nikos Daskalakis and Panagiotis Georgitseas.
    • The Cryptocurrency Revolution (2021), by Rhian Lewis.
  • Main consulting website: coinmarketcap.com

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing


Timeline update strategy

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 Torres, Jesus A. Blockchain Technology and The Cryptocurrency Revolution.
  2. ↑ Morris, David Z. (21 January 2014). "Bitcoin is not just digital currency. It's Napster for finance". Fortune. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  3. ↑ Schulpen, Ruben R.W.H.G. (1 August 2018). "Smart contracts in the Netherlands - University of Tilburg". uvt.nl. Twente University. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  4. ↑ "A Brief History of Cryptography". Cypher Research Laboratories. 24 January 2006. Retrieved 1 April 2022.
  5. ↑ Goldwasser, S.; Micali, S.; Rackoff, C. (1989), "The knowledge complexity of interactive proof systems" (PDF), SIAM Journal on Computing, 18 (1): 186–208, doi:10.1137/0218012, ISSN 1095-7111
  6. ↑ How to leak a secret, Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Yael Tauman Kalai, ASIACRYPT 2001. Volume 2248 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages 552–565.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.6 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Hosp
  8. ↑ "What is Litecoin?". Tech Monitor. 14 February 2014. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Fleishman, Glenn (5 November 2021). Take Control of Cryptocurrency. alt concepts inc. ISBN 978-1-954546-07-3.
  10. ↑ "History | XRPL.org". xrpl.org. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  11. ↑ "Home | XRPL.org". xrpl.org. Retrieved 22 February 2022.
  12. ↑ "HitBTC trade volume and market listings". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  13. ↑ "Gate.io - Crunchbase Investor Profile & Investments". Crunchbase. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  14. ↑ "Dogecoin price today, DOGE live marketcap, chart, and info". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  15. ↑ "Dash price today, DASH to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  16. ↑ "Ledger nano customer support - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding". Crunchbase. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  17. ↑ "About". www.ledgerx.com. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  18. ↑ "About Monero". getmonero.org, The Monero Project. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  19. ↑ "Monero price today, XMR live marketcap, chart, and info". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  20. ↑ "The company". Ledger. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  21. ↑ "Tether price today, USDT live marketcap, chart, and info". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  22. ↑ "Filecoin: A Cryptocurrency Operated File Storage Network" (PDF). filecoin.io. Retrieved 4 June 2021.
  23. ↑ "Trezor". Trezor Wiki. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  24. ↑ "Everything you need to know about Stellar Lumens". Abra. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
  25. ↑ "Bithumb - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding". Crunchbase. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  26. ↑ "Bittrex trade volume and market listings". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  27. ↑ "Poloniex trade volume and market listings". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  28. ↑ Buterin, Vitalik (25 Aug 2014). "Problems". GitHub.
  29. ↑ "NEM price today, XEM to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  30. ↑ Groth, J; Kohlweiss, M (14 April 2015). "One-Out-of-Many Proofs: Or How to Leak a Secret and Spend a Coin". Annual International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Cryptographic Techniques. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. 9057. Berlin, Heidelberg: EUROCRYPT 2015: 253–280. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-46803-6_9. ISBN 978-3-662-46802-9.
  31. ↑ "What is Ethereum and how doeas it work? | Firi". firi.com. Retrieved 8 April 2022.
  32. ↑ "Decred price today, DCR to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  33. ↑ Sewell, Dawson; Trojno, Vitaly; Manipula, Melanie; Gadzhikurbanova, Elmira; Asiyat, Balitinova; Rieth, Philip; Otieno, Wyckliffe; Holm, Aleksander; Pumtama, Wichapat; Tramm, Keeri. "imToken - Wiki". Golden. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  34. ↑ "VeChain price today, VET live marketcap, chart, and info". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 19 April 2021.
  35. ↑ "VeChain". Investopedia. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  36. ↑ "Waves price today, WAVES live marketcap, chart, and info". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  37. ↑ "Waves price today, chart, and market cap". CoinGecko. Retrieved 23 February 2022.
  38. ↑ "Zcash price today, ZEC to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  39. ↑ "Gnosis (GNO Coin) – ICO, Prices, Tokens – BitcoinWiki". en.bitcoinwiki.org. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
  40. ↑ Proof-of-Personhood: Redemocratizing Permissionless Cryptocurrencies. IEEE Security & Privacy on the Blockchain (IEEE S&B). 29 April 2017. doi:10.1109/EuroSPW.2017.46. {{cite conference}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ "Guarda Cryptocurrency Wallet Review". Investopedia. Retrieved 3 April 2022.
  42. ↑ "One of the Biggest Ethereum and Bitcoin Exchanges Got Hacked". Fortune. Retrieved 20 February 2021.
  43. ↑ "Binance Exchange Launched Date Set | Binance". www.binance.com. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  44. ↑ Škraba, Žiga P. "Cardano Price - Live ADA Value Chart & Market Cap [2021]". https://kriptomat.io/. Retrieved 2 May 2021. {{cite web}}: External link in |website= (help)
  45. ↑ "Polygon price today, MATIC live marketcap, chart, and info". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 2 June 2021.
  46. ↑ "Polygon (MATIC) Price, Charts, and News | Coinbase: matic price, polygon price, polygon crypto". www.coinbase.com. Retrieved 20 February 2022.
  47. ↑ "Binance Coin price today, BNB live marketcap, chart, and info". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 11 April 2021.
  48. ↑ "OKEx". linkedin.com. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  49. ↑ "Synthetix price today, SNX to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  50. ↑ "CoinDesk: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Crypto News and Price Data". CoinDesk: Bitcoin, Ethereum, Crypto News and Price Data. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  51. ↑ "KuCoin trade volume and market listings". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  52. ↑ "Aave price today, AAVE live marketcap, chart, and info". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  53. ↑ Abel, David (26 July 2021). "Coin98 Finance AMA – Session with Founder, Lê Thanh". Altcoin Buzz. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
  54. ↑ "Maker price today, MKR to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  55. ↑ "Huobi Token price today, HT to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  56. ↑ "TrueUSD price today, TUSD to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  57. ↑ "What is TrueUSD (TUSD)? Overview & FAQ". Medium. 17 June 2019. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  58. ↑ "Releases · EOSIO/eos". GitHub. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  59. ↑ "What Is EOS?". Investopedia. Retrieved 18 February 2022.
  60. ↑ "Cobo Raises $13M to Take Cobo Wallet Cryptocurrency App Global & Launch Cobo Vault". www.prnewswire.com. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  61. ↑ "Nexo Launches Platform for the World's First Instant Crypto-backed Loans". Medium. 21 September 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
  62. ↑ "Tron News by Cointelegraph". Cointelegraph. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  63. ↑ "Arweave price today, AR to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 16 September 2021.
  64. ↑ "Arweave: Blockchain Data Storage with AR Coin". Gemini. Retrieved 18 March 2022.
  65. ↑ "Quant price today, QNT live marketcap, chart, and info". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  66. ↑ "Enjin Coin price today, ENJ to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  67. ↑ "Celsius price today, CEL to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  68. ↑ "ZT trade volume and market listings". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 17 September 2021.
  69. ↑ "The History of Tezos: The Infamous ICO Trying to Rebound Amidst Lawsuits and DisputesThe History of Tezos: The Infamous ICO Trying to Rebound Amidst Lawsuits and Disputes". Cointelegraph. Retrieved 14 September 2021.
  70. ↑ "SafePal price today, SFP to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 29 March 2022.
  71. ↑ "BitTorrent price today, BTT to USD live, marketcap and chart". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  72. ↑ "Top stories published by AscendEX in October of 2018 – Medium". Medium. Retrieved 26 June 2021.
  73. ↑ "Pax Dollar price today, USDP live marketcap, chart, and info". CoinMarketCap. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  74. ↑ "Crypto Research, Data, and Tools". messari.io. Retrieved 18 October 2021.
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