Difference between revisions of "Timeline of Amazon Web Services"

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| 2014–2016 || AWS continues to grow and add new services and regions. It expands its focus to new areas, such as machine learning tools, Internet of Things, and providing physical infrastructure (such as Snowball and Snowmobile) to facilitate large-scale data migration to the cloud. It launches [[wikipedia:AWS Lambda|AWS Lambda]] and the EC2 Container Service, exploiting and helping further the trends of serverless architecture and containerization respectively. The regional expansions are couched more in terms of helping customers in different parts of the world achieve low latency and meet data privacy requirements to facilitate adoption. AWS loses [[wikipedia:Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]] but gains [[wikipedia:Salesforce.com|Salesforce.com]] and [[wikipedia:VMware|VMware]] as partners.
 
| 2014–2016 || AWS continues to grow and add new services and regions. It expands its focus to new areas, such as machine learning tools, Internet of Things, and providing physical infrastructure (such as Snowball and Snowmobile) to facilitate large-scale data migration to the cloud. It launches [[wikipedia:AWS Lambda|AWS Lambda]] and the EC2 Container Service, exploiting and helping further the trends of serverless architecture and containerization respectively. The regional expansions are couched more in terms of helping customers in different parts of the world achieve low latency and meet data privacy requirements to facilitate adoption. AWS loses [[wikipedia:Dropbox (service)|Dropbox]] but gains [[wikipedia:Salesforce.com|Salesforce.com]] and [[wikipedia:VMware|VMware]] as partners.
 
|}
 
|}
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==Full timeline==
 
==Full timeline==
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| 2011 || September 1 || Ecosystem || [[wikipedia:Cloudyn|Cloudyn]], which provides cloud monitoring and cost optimization for cloud infrastructure (like that of Amazon AWS), launches.<ref name="Cloudyn">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/cloudyn#/entity |title=Cloudyn |newspaper= |date=  |author= |accessdate= June 15, 2016}}</ref>
 
| 2011 || September 1 || Ecosystem || [[wikipedia:Cloudyn|Cloudyn]], which provides cloud monitoring and cost optimization for cloud infrastructure (like that of Amazon AWS), launches.<ref name="Cloudyn">{{cite web |url=https://www.crunchbase.com/organization/cloudyn#/entity |title=Cloudyn |newspaper= |date=  |author= |accessdate= June 15, 2016}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2011 || September 15 || Compliance || AWS obtains the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) Moderate Authorization and Accreditation.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1607074&highlight=|title = Amazon Web Services Earns Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) Moderate Authorization and Accreditation, Expanding the AWS Security and Compliance Framework. U.S. federal, state, local and tribal agencies can now utilize Amazon Web Services at the FISMA Moderate level via the U.S. General Services Administration's Blanket Purchase Agreement|date = September 15, 2011|accessdate = November 2, 2017|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = Amazon cloud earns key FISMA government security accreditation. Amazon has earned the FISMA security accreditation from the US General|last = Brodkin|first = Jon|date = September 15, 2011|accessdate = November 2, 2017|publisher = ''Ars Technica''}}</ref>
+
| 2011 || September 15 || Compliance || AWS obtains the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) Moderate Authorization and Accreditation.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=176060&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1607074&highlight=|title = Amazon Web Services Earns Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) Moderate Authorization and Accreditation, Expanding the AWS Security and Compliance Framework. U.S. federal, state, local and tribal agencies can now utilize Amazon Web Services at the FISMA Moderate level via the U.S. General Services Administration's Blanket Purchase Agreement|date = September 15, 2011|accessdate = November 2, 2017|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2011/09/amazon-cloud-earns-fisma-government-security-accreditation/|title = Amazon cloud earns key FISMA government security accreditation. Amazon has earned the FISMA security accreditation from the US General|last = Brodkin|first = Jon|date = September 15, 2011|accessdate = November 2, 2017|publisher = ''Ars Technica''}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2011 || December 14 || Regional diversification || AWS launches a new region, called sa-east-1, in [[wikipedia:Sao Paulo|Sao Paulo]], [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazil]]. This is its first region in South America.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/now-open-south-america-sao-paulo-region-ec2-s3-and-lots-more/|title = Now Open – South America (Sao Paulo) Region – EC2, S3, and Much More|date = December 14, 2011|accessdate = December 4, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Amazon Web Services|Amazon Web Services]]|last = Barr|first = Jeff}}</ref>
 
| 2011 || December 14 || Regional diversification || AWS launches a new region, called sa-east-1, in [[wikipedia:Sao Paulo|Sao Paulo]], [[wikipedia:Brazil|Brazil]]. This is its first region in South America.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/now-open-south-america-sao-paulo-region-ec2-s3-and-lots-more/|title = Now Open – South America (Sao Paulo) Region – EC2, S3, and Much More|date = December 14, 2011|accessdate = December 4, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Amazon Web Services|Amazon Web Services]]|last = Barr|first = Jeff}}</ref>
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|-
 
|-
 
| 2017 || September 19 || Product (compute) || AWS announces the ability to stop and start spot instances, an ability previously restricted to on-demand and reserved instances. While not technically a new capability (since spot instances already could have attached persistent volumes) it simplifies the process of starting a new spot instance with the right EBS volumes and other configurations, and allows customers to leverage scripts already written for on-demand instances into the spot instance context.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-stop-resume-workloads-on-ec2-spot-instances/|title = New – Stop & Resume Workloads on EC2 Spot Instances|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = September 19, 2017|accessdate = September 22, 2017|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 
| 2017 || September 19 || Product (compute) || AWS announces the ability to stop and start spot instances, an ability previously restricted to on-demand and reserved instances. While not technically a new capability (since spot instances already could have attached persistent volumes) it simplifies the process of starting a new spot instance with the right EBS volumes and other configurations, and allows customers to leverage scripts already written for on-demand instances into the spot instance context.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-stop-resume-workloads-on-ec2-spot-instances/|title = New – Stop & Resume Workloads on EC2 Spot Instances|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = September 19, 2017|accessdate = September 22, 2017|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || November 6 || Product (compute) || AWS announces the launche of new EC2 instance class C5, the fifth-generation of the compute-intensive C instance family.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/now-available-compute-intensive-c5-instances-for-amazon-ec2/|title = Now Available – Compute-Intensive C5 Instances for Amazon EC2|date = November 6, 2017|accessdate = November 23, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2017 || November 28 || Product (compute) || AWS announces the launch of new EC2 instance types: M5 (the fifth-generation of the general-purpose M instance family)<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/m5-the-next-generation-of-general-purpose-ec2-instances/|title = M5 – The Next Generation of General-Purpose EC2 Instances|date = November 28, 2017|last = Barr|first = Jeff|accessdate = April 22, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref> and H1 (the first generation of a new instance family with huge local SSDs but moderate amounts of compute and memory to crunch it -- thus slightly different from D2).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-h1-instances-fast-dense-storage-for-big-data-applications/|title = H1 Instances – Fast, Dense Storage for Big Data Applications|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = November 28, 2017|accessdate = April 22, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 
| 2017 || November 28 || Product (compute) || AWS announces the launch of new EC2 instance types: M5 (the fifth-generation of the general-purpose M instance family)<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/m5-the-next-generation-of-general-purpose-ec2-instances/|title = M5 – The Next Generation of General-Purpose EC2 Instances|date = November 28, 2017|last = Barr|first = Jeff|accessdate = April 22, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref> and H1 (the first generation of a new instance family with huge local SSDs but moderate amounts of compute and memory to crunch it -- thus slightly different from D2).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-h1-instances-fast-dense-storage-for-big-data-applications/|title = H1 Instances – Fast, Dense Storage for Big Data Applications|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = November 28, 2017|accessdate = April 22, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || November 28 || Product (compute) || AWS launches bare metal variants of the I3 instance type, promising similar bare metal variants of other instance types.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-amazon-ec2-bare-metal-instances-with-direct-access-to-hardware/|title = Amazon EC2 Bare Metal Instances with Direct Access to Hardware|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = November 28, 2017|accessdate = November 23, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2017 || November 29 || Product (API) || AWS launches Amazon Comprehend, a continuously trained natural language processing tool available for 100 natural languages.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/amazon-comprehend-continuously-trained-natural-language-processing/|title = Amazon Comprehend – Continuously Trained Natural Language Processing|date = November 29, 2017|accessdate = April 22, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 
| 2017 || November 29 || Product (API) || AWS launches Amazon Comprehend, a continuously trained natural language processing tool available for 100 natural languages.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/amazon-comprehend-continuously-trained-natural-language-processing/|title = Amazon Comprehend – Continuously Trained Natural Language Processing|date = November 29, 2017|accessdate = April 22, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
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| 2017 || December 18 || Regional diversification || AWS launches a new region, called eu-west-3 in Paris, France. This is its fourth region in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/now-open-aws-eu-paris-region/|title = Now Open AWS EU (Paris) Region|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = December 18, 2017|accessdate = April 22, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://techcrunch.com/2017/12/18/new-aws-paris-region-makes-it-easier-for-customers-to-follow-frances-data-privacy-rules/|title = New AWS Paris region makes it easier for customers to follow France’s data privacy rules|last = Shu|first = Catherine|date = December 18, 2017|accessdate = April 22, 2018|publisher = TechCrunch}}</ref>
 
| 2017 || December 18 || Regional diversification || AWS launches a new region, called eu-west-3 in Paris, France. This is its fourth region in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/now-open-aws-eu-paris-region/|title = Now Open AWS EU (Paris) Region|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = December 18, 2017|accessdate = April 22, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://techcrunch.com/2017/12/18/new-aws-paris-region-makes-it-easier-for-customers-to-follow-frances-data-privacy-rules/|title = New AWS Paris region makes it easier for customers to follow France’s data privacy rules|last = Shu|first = Catherine|date = December 18, 2017|accessdate = April 22, 2018|publisher = TechCrunch}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2018 || April 4 || Product (storage) || AWS launches a new storage class called one zone-IA (a variant of IA where data is stored on a single pre-specified zone), and makes S3 Select, a tool with the ability to get specific parts of a S3 object, generally available.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/amazon-s3-update-new-storage-class-general-availability-of-s3-select/|title = Amazon S3 Update: New Storage Class and General Availability of S3 Select|date = April 4, 2018|accessdate = April 22, 2018|last = Barr|first = Jeff|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
+
| 2018 || March 28 || Partnerships || GoDaddy enters a multi-year deal with AWS whereby it migrates most of its infrastructure to AWS.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180328005408/en/|title = GoDaddy Goes All-In on AWS. AWS helps GoDaddy, a world-leading provider of Internet services to small, independent ventures, enhance services around the world|date = March 28, 2018|accessdate = April 27, 2018|publisher = ''BusinessWire''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/28/godaddy-to-move-most-of-its-infrastructure-to-aws-not-including-domain-management-for-its-75m-domains/|title = GoDaddy to move most of its infrastructure to AWS, not including domain management for its 75M domains|date = March 28, 2018|accessdate = April 27, 2018|publisher = ''TechCrunch''|last = Lunden|first = Ingrid}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || April 4 || Product (storage) || AWS launches a new storage class called one zone-IA (a variant of IA where data is stored on a single pre-specified zone), and makes S3 Select, a tool with the ability to get specific parts of a S3 object, generally available.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/amazon-s3-update-new-storage-class-general-availability-of-s3-select/|title = Amazon S3 Update: New Storage Class and General Availability of S3 Select|date = April 4, 2018|accessdate = April 22, 2018|last = Barr|first = Jeff|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://techcrunch.com/2018/04/04/aws-launches-a-cheaper-single-zone-version-of-its-s3-storage-service/|title = AWS launches a cheaper single-zone version of its S3 storage service|date = April 4, 2018|accessdate = April 27, 2018|publisher = ''TechCrunch''|last = Lardinois|first = Frederic}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || May 17 || Product (compute) || AWS launches a new instance class called C5d. This is a variant of its compute-intensive instance class C5, but with local NVMe storage.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/ec2-instance-update-c5-instances-with-local-nvme-storage-c5d/|title = EC2 Instance Update – C5 Instances with Local NVMe Storage (C5d)|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = May 17, 2018|accessdate = November 23, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref> Shortly after, AWS would launch M5d, a similar variant for the M5 instance class.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/ec2-instance-update-m5-instances-with-local-nvme-storage-m5d/|title = EC2 Instance Update – M5 Instances with Local NVMe Storage (M5d)|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = June 4, 2018|accessdate = November 23, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || May 30 || Product (database) || AWS makes Amazon Nepture generally available. Amazon describes Neptune as a "purpose-built, high-performance graph database engine optimized for storing billions of relationships and querying the graph with millisecond latencies."<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/amazon-neptune-generally-available/|title = Amazon Neptune Generally Available|last = Hunt|first = Randall|date = May 30, 2018|accessdate = November 23, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || July 17 || Product (Internet of Things) || AWS introduces EC2 instances into Snowball Edge, so that a given Snowball Edge can include EC2 instances from AMIs; the instances need to be specified at the time of ordering the Snowball Edge from Amazon.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-ec2-compute-instances-for-aws-snowball-edge/|title = New – EC2 Compute Instances for AWS Snowball Edge|date = July 17, 2018|accessdate = November 23, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || September 27 || Product (compute) || AWS launches three bare metal high-memory instances: u-6tb1.metal (6 TB RAM), u-9tb1.metal (9 TB RAM), and u-12tb1.metal (12 TB RAM) respectively. These instances have 448 logical and 224 physical cores, and are intended for intensive workloads such as SAP HANA. SAP HANA benchmarks are also run on the instances to demonstrate this.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/now-available-amazon-ec2-high-memory-instances-with-6-9-and-12-tb-of-memory-perfect-for-sap-hana/|title = Now Available – Amazon EC2 High Memory Instances with 6, 9, and 12 TB of Memory, Perfect for SAP HANA|date = September 27, 2018|accessdate = November 23, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || November 6 || Product (compute) || AWS launches the M5a and R5a instance classes that have lower cost than their M5 and R5 counterparts; these are similar to M5 and R5 but use AMD chips instead of Intel chips.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-lower-cost-amd-powered-ec2-instances/|title = New Lower-Cost, AMD-Powered M5a and R5a EC2 Instances|date = November 6, 2018|accessdate = November 23, 2018|last = Barr|first = Jeff|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || November 12 || Regional diversification || AWS launches its second GovCloud region in the United States, this time in US East (the first was in US West). This is intended for use by federal, state, and local government agencies.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/aws-govcloud-us-east-now-open/|title = AWS GovCloud (US-East) Now Open|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = November 12, 2018|accessdate = November 23, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2018 || Undetermined; announced April 4, 2017 || Regional diversification || AWS plans to launch a region in Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/coming-in-2018-new-aws-region-in-sweden/|title = Coming in 2018 – New AWS Region in Sweden|date = April 4, 2017|accessdate = April 22, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
+
| 2018 || November 14 || Product (compute) || AWS now allows autoscaling groups to contain multiple instance types (with the scaling decisions made to select the lowest-cost way of scaling in or out) and a specified mix of on-demand and spot instances.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-ec2-auto-scaling-groups-with-multiple-instance-types-purchase-options/|title = New – EC2 Auto Scaling Groups With Multiple Instance Types & Purchase Options|date = November 14, 2018|accessdate = November 23, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || November 20 || Product (compute) || AWS makes predictive scaling available in autoscaling groups.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-predictive-scaling-for-ec2-powered-by-machine-learning/|title = New – Predictive Scaling for EC2, Powered by Machine Learning|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = November 20, 2018|accessdate = November 23, 2018|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || November 28 || Product (compute) || AWS offers the option to hibernate instances, whereby an instance writes its in-memory state out to EBS so that, when restarted, it can be restarted to the same state as it was when stopped.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-hibernate-your-ec2-instances/|title = New – Hibernate Your EC2 Instances|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = November 28, 2018|accessdate = April 13, 2019|publisher = Amazon Web Services|last = Barr|first = Jeff}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || December 12 || Regional diversification || AWS launches a region called eu-north-1 in Stockholm, Sweden. This is its first region in the Nordic area.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/now-open-aws-europe-stockholm-region/|title = Now Open – AWS Europe (Stockholm) Region|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = December 12, 2018|accessdate = April 13, 2019|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
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| 2019 || January 9 || Product (database) || AWS launches Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). The announcement blog post describes DocumentDB as a fast, scalable, and highly available document database that is designed to be compatible with existing MongoDB applications and tools.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-amazon-documentdb-with-mongodb-compatibility-fast-scalable-and-highly-available/|title = New – Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB Compatibility): Fast, Scalable, and Highly Available|date = January 9, 2019|accessdate = April 13, 2019|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
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| 2019 || January 16 || Product || AWS announces AWS Backup, a solution to centrally manage a plan for backups, building upon the snapshotting capabilities offered by the individual AWS services.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/aws-backup-automate-and-centrally-manage-your-backups/|title = AWS Backup – Automate and Centrally Manage Your Backups|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = January 16, 2019|accessdate = April 13, 2019|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 || January 24 || Product (compute) || AWS announces early TLS termination for its network load balancers (NLBs). This allows people to use NLBs without setting up TLS termination on their own instances, and also makes it easier to switch from classic load balancers to network load balancers.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-tls-termination-for-network-load-balancers/|title = New – TLS Termination for Network Load Balancers|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = January 24, 2019|accessdate = April 13, 2019}}</ref>
 +
|-
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| 2019 || February 14 || Product (compute) || AWS announces the availability of five new bare-metal versions of its instances: M5, M5d, R5, R5d, and z1d.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/now-available-five-new-amazon-ec2-bare-metal-instances-m5-m5d-r5-r5d-and-z1d/|title = Now Available – Five New Amazon EC2 Bare Metal Instances: M5, M5d, R5, R5d, and z1d|date = February 14, 2019|accessdate = April 13, 2019|last = Barr|first = Jeff|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 || March 27 || Product (storage) || AWS announces a new storage class called Glacier Deep Archive, which it describes as a good fit for storing content over the long term at low cost (comparable to the cost of tapes) but with retrieval times of 12 hours. Rarely accessed content in Glacier may be a good fit for this use case.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/new-amazon-s3-storage-class-glacier-deep-archive/|title = New Amazon S3 Storage Class – Glacier Deep Archive|date = March 27, 2019|accessdate = April 13, 2019}}</ref>
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 2019 || Undetermined; announced September 25, 2017 || Regional diversification || AWS plans to launch a region in Bahrain, its first in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/in-the-works-aws-region-in-the-middle-east/|title = In the Works – AWS Region in the Middle East|date = September 25, 2017|accessdate = April 22, 2018|last = Barr|first = Jeff|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 
| 2019 || Undetermined; announced September 25, 2017 || Regional diversification || AWS plans to launch a region in Bahrain, its first in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/in-the-works-aws-region-in-the-middle-east/|title = In the Works – AWS Region in the Middle East|date = September 25, 2017|accessdate = April 22, 2018|last = Barr|first = Jeff|publisher = Amazon Web Services}}</ref>
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || Undetermined; announced October 25, 2018 || Regional diversification || AWS plans to launch a region in South Africa, its first in the continent of Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/aws/in-the-works-aws-region-in-south-africa/|title = In the Works – AWS Region in South Africa|last = Barr|first = Jeff|date = October 25, 2018|accessdate = November 23, 2018}}</ref>
 
|}
 
|}
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== Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 +
=== Mentions on Google Scholar ===
 +
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 18, 2021.
 +
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! amazon.com
 +
! Amazon Web Services
 +
! Amazon Alexa
 +
! Amazon Echo
 +
|-
 +
| 1995 || 534 || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 4,740 || || || 
 +
|-
 +
| 2002 || 5,450 || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || 5,710 || || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || 7,220 || 9,630 || || 
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || 8,190 || 14,000 || || 
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 12,400 || 22,400 || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || 15,800 || 26,300 || ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2014 || 18,600 || 30,800 || 207 || 3,600 
 +
|-
 +
| 2016 || 20,100 || 34,300 || 1,960 || 4,840 
 +
|-
 +
| 2017 || 21,000 || 35,800 || 3,390 || 6,490 
 +
|-
 +
| 2018 || 21,600 || 36,100 || 5,820 || 8,080 
 +
|-
 +
| 2019 || 23,800 || 35,600 || 7,990 || 9,190 
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || 22,200 || 30,600 || 9,170 || 10,100   
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 +
[[File:Amazon tb.png|thumb|center|700px]]
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 +
=== Google trends ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows Google Trends data for both Amazon Web Services (topic) in blue, and Amazon Web Services (company) in red,fromJanuary 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Web Services |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F05nrgx,%2Fm%2F0rznzt1 |website=trends.google.com |access-date=6 January 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Amazon Web Services.jpeg|thumb|center|700px]]
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 +
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data comparing Amazon Web Services (Search term) with competitors {{w|Microsoft Azure}} (Search term), {{w|Google Cloud}} (Search term), and {{w|Alibaba Cloud}} (Search term), from January 2017 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud and Alibaba Cloud |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=Microsoft%20Azure,Amazon%20Web%20Services,Google%20Cloud,Alibaba%20Cloud |website=Google Trends |access-date=20 February 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Aws compared gt.jpeg|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The chart shows Google Ngram Viewer data for {{w|Amazon Web Services}} from 2006 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Web Services |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Amazon+Web+Services&year_start=2006&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=1&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=13 January 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Aws ngram.jpeg|thumb|center|700px]]
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 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
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==References==
 
==References==

Latest revision as of 18:10, 9 June 2023

The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of Amazon Web Services". The original page still exists at Timeline of Amazon Web Services. The common ancestor The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license. This page has been edited significantly on the Timelines Wiki after forking and may differ significantly from the current version on Wikipedia.

This is a timeline of Amazon Web Services, which offers a suite of cloud computing services that make up an on-demand computing platform.

Big picture

Time period Key developments at Amazon Web Services
2003–2005 Amazon Web Services is in the planning and private beta phase. The blog is launched and EC2 is made available to select customers privately.
2006–2007 AWS releases its first product in the categories of storage (Amazon S3), compute (Amazon EC2), database (Amazon SimpleDB), and data flow (Amazon Simple Queue Service). The service remains in beta, in only one region, without the concept of availability zones.
2008–2010 AWS exits beta and offers a Service Level Agreement (SLA). It launches many new products to help with more logical and controlled infrastructure management as well as more redundancy and high availability. It introduces the concept of availability zones and elastic IPs, facilitating redundancy and availability, and launches new AWS regions. It also introduces core AWS features such as autoscaling, elastic load balancing, CloudWatch, CloudFront, Elastic Block Store, CloudFormation, Simple Notification Service, and Route 53. In this period, companies such as Reddit, Zynga, and Netflix announce the intent to migrate to AWS, and a new generation of companies built on AWS from day one, including Pinterest and Airbnb, gets started.
2011–2013 AWS continues expanding to more regions and adding to its product offerings in storage, compute, database, and other areas. Migration of existing companies to AWS and the building of new companies on AWS also continues. One emerging trend over this period is a growth of the AWS ecosystem, with tools like Netflix's Simian Army, and entire companies such as Cloudyn that help with understanding and navigating AWS. Competition from Microsoft and IBM also picks up, and Zynga announces its decision to move off AWS. High-profile AWS outages cause downtime for widely used websites that rely on AWS.
2014–2016 AWS continues to grow and add new services and regions. It expands its focus to new areas, such as machine learning tools, Internet of Things, and providing physical infrastructure (such as Snowball and Snowmobile) to facilitate large-scale data migration to the cloud. It launches AWS Lambda and the EC2 Container Service, exploiting and helping further the trends of serverless architecture and containerization respectively. The regional expansions are couched more in terms of helping customers in different parts of the world achieve low latency and meet data privacy requirements to facilitate adoption. AWS loses Dropbox but gains Salesforce.com and VMware as partners.


Full timeline

Year Month and date (if available) Event type Details
2000 Prelude Amazon.com, the parent company of the as yet nonexistent AWS, begins work on merchant.com, an e-commerce platform intended for use by other large retailers such as Target Corporation. In the process, Amazon's team realizes that they need to decouple their code better, with cleaner interfaces and access APIs. Around the same time, the company also realizes the need to build infrastructure-as-a-service internally, to improve the speed of development and not have it bottlenecked by infrastructure availability. All these changes help pave the way for AWS.[1][2]
2003 Prelude Benjamin Black and Chris Pinkham write a short paper describing a vision for Amazon infrastructure that, in Black's words, "was completely standardized, completely automated, and relied extensively on web services for things like storage."[3][4][5][6][7]
2004 Prelude Jeff Bezos approves the idea of experimenting with Amazon infrastructure. Pinkham leaves for South Africa to set up a satellite development office. While there, he works on a pilot along with help from Chris Brown and Wiljem Van Biljo. Although the team works from South Africa, the servers are hosted in the United States.[5][6][8]
2004 November 9 Customer outreach The Amazon Web Services blog is launched, with a first blog post by Jeff Barr.[9][10] At the time, the name Amazon Web Services refers to a collection of APIs and tools to access the Amazon.com catalog, rather than the Infrastructure as a Service solution it would eventually become.[10][11][12][13]
2005 Prelude A private precursor to AWS launches, with a small number of customers.[6] At the same time, Amazon begins planning for a public launch of AWS. Based on internal discussions, they decide to launch storage, compute, and database offerings so that developers can use all of them together.[2]
2006 March 19 Product (storage) Amazon Web Services launches by releasing the Simple Storage Service (S3).[14][15]
2006 July 13 Product (data flow) Amazon Simple Queue Service (SQS) is released in production.[16] SQS had been around (but not available in production) since 2004.[10]
2006 August 25 Product (compute) Amazon launches Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2), which forms a central part of Amazon.com's cloud-computing platform, Amazon Web Services (AWS), by allowing users to rent virtual computers on which to run their own computer applications. The service initially includes machines (instances) available for 10 cents an hour, and is available only to existing AWS customers rather than the general public. The EC2 region is us-east-1, also known as compute-1, and is located in North Virginia.[17][18]
2007 June 1 Partnerships Dropbox is founded.[19] Dropbox, a storage and backup solution aimed at ordinary consumers and businesses, would grow into one of the biggest users of Amazon S3.
2007 August 22 Product (compute) Amazon EC2 is now available in unlimited public beta, so that anybody can sign up and start using it. It also launches new instance types.[20]
2007 November 6 Regional diversification Amazon launches S3 in Europe, reducing latency and bandwidth for European users and helping them comply with privacy requirements.[21]
2007 December 13 Product (database) Amazon launches Amazon SimpleDB, which allows businesses, researchers, data analysts, and developers to easily and cheaply process vast amounts of data. It uses a hosted Hadoop framework running on the web-scale infrastructure of EC2 and Amazon S3.[22][23]
2008 March 26 Product, regional diversification Amazon announces Elastic IPs, IP addresses that can be decoupled from physical EC2 machines, as well as availability zones, clusters of one or more data centers in a region such that different availability zones are isolated from each other in terms of power and water sources.[24]
2008 April 7 Competition Google launches Google App Engine, a platform as a service (PaaS) cloud computing platform for developing and hosting web applications in Google-managed data centers.[25] This is part of the Google Cloud.
2008 August Partnerships Netflix announces it will start moving all its data to the Amazon Web Services cloud. It finally shifts all its data to the cloud by January 2016.[26]
2008 August 20 Product (storage) Amazon announces the launch of Amazon Elastic Block Store (EBS), which provides raw block-level storage that can be attached to Amazon EC2 instances.[27]
2008 October 23 Product (service) Amazon EC2 exits beta and begins offering a service level agreement.[28]
2008 November 18 Product (Internet delivery) AWS launches Amazon CloudFront, a content delivery network (CDN).[29]
2008 December 10 Regional diversification Amazon launches EC2 in Europe (specifically, the region eu-west-1 in Ireland), making it easier for European customers to run their instances locally and benefit from higher bandwidth and lower latency. This comes a year after the setting up of S3 in Europe.[30][31]
2009 April Product (compute) Amazon launches Amazon Elastic MapReduce, which allows businesses, researchers, data analysts, and developers to easily and cheaply process vast amounts of data. It uses a hosted Hadoop framework running on the web-scale infrastructure of EC2 and Amazon S3.
2009 May 18 Product (compute) Amazon introduces Elastic Load Balancing (which makes it easy for users to distribute web traffic across Amazon EC2 instances), Auto Scaling (which allows users to scale policies driven by metrics collected by Amazon CloudWatch), and Amazon CloudWatch (for tracking per-instance performance metrics including CPU load).[32]
2009 May 21 Product (data migration) AWS announces an Import/Export service, whereby people can send their storage device to AWS and AWS will upload the data to S3. This is a predecessor of the Snowball service that they would launch in October 2015.[33]
2009 June 15 Partnerships Zynga announces that it will move its data to AWS.[34]
2009 October 22 Product (database) Amazon launches Amazon Relational Database Service, a web service running "in the cloud" designed to simplify the setup, operation, and scaling of a relational database for use in applications. It starts out by supporting MySQL databases.[35][36]
2009 November Partnerships reddit announces that it has finished decommissioning its physical servers and moves its data to AWS.[37]
2009 November 11 Compliance, evaluation AWS successfully completes its first Statement on Auditing Standards No. 70 (SAS70) Type II Audit, obtaining a favorable unbiased opinion ftom the independent auditors.[38][39]
2009 December 3 Regional diversification AWS launches in a second region in the United States called us-west-1, located in Northern California.[40]
2009 December 13 Product (compute) AWS announces EC2 Spot Instances, allowing users to bid for one or more EC2 instances at the price they are willing to pay.[41]
2010 February Competition Microsoft launches Microsoft Azure, its foray into cloud computing.[42]
2010 March Partnerships Pinterest launches the first prototype of its product.[43] Pinterest would grow into one of AWS's most famous customers and a case study in how a startup can grow extremely quickly by relying on the cloud.[44]
2010 April 7 Product (Internet delivery) AWS launches Simple Notification Service, a tool to allow developers to push messages generated from an application to other systems and people (by methods such as email or webhooks).[45]
2010 April 29 Regional diversification AWS launches a region, called ap-southeast-1, in Singapore. This is its first region in the Asia-Pacific, and is intended to meet the demand for lower latency and better bandwidth for the growing customer base in the Asia-Pacific region.[46]
2010 May 15 Product (management) Amazon launches AWS CloudFormation, its tool to help customers define collections of AWS resources (called stacks) with AWS taking care of using the definitions to provision and configure the required resources. CloudFormation is an early example of a declarative Infrastructure as Code tool.[47]
2010 November Product Amazon announces that Amazon.com has migrated its retail web services to AWS.[48]
2010 November 16 Compliance AWS announces that it has obtained ISO 27001 certification.[39]
2010 December 5 Product (Internet delivery) AWS launches Amazon Route 53, a scalable and highly available Domain Name System that can be accessed via programmatic APIs.[49][50]
2010 December 7 Compliance, evaluation AWS announces compliance with the Payment Card Industry Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS) v2. The compliance report, completed on November 30 by a Qualified Service Assessor, would lead AWS to be listed by payment processor Visa as one of its validated service providers.[51][52]
2010 Compliance, evaluation Sometime within the year, AWS publishes its first SOC report based on a third-party auditor (AWS's current auditor is Ernst & Young; it's not clear if they were also the auditor for the first report). The date is inferred from the announcement in 2015 that it is their sixth year producing SOC reports,[53] as well as from the reference to an already existing SOC report in a January 2011 AWS cloud security risk and compliance whitepaper.[54]
2011 January 19 Product (management) AWS launches AWS Elastic Beanstalk, an orchestration service for deploying infrastructure which orchestrates AWS services including EC2, S3, SNS, CloudWatch, autoscaling, and Elastic Load Balancers.[55][56]
2011 January 25 Product (Internet delivery) AWS announces the launch of Amazon Simple Email Service (SES), a service for large-scale email deivery.[57][58] A week later, MailChimp announces its own Simple Transaction Service (STS) for bulk email sounding using SES.[59]
2011 March 2 Regional diversification AWS launches a new region, named ap-northeast-1 in Tokyo, Japan, its second in the Asia-Pacific region. The region is launched to meet the needs of AWS' current and potential Japanese customer base for low latency and better bandwidth.[60]
2011 June Partnerships Zynga CEO Allan Leinwand announces that Zynga will shift its data from AWS to its own zCloud. It moves from 20% to 80% of its data being stored on the zCloud from the beginning to the end of 2011.[61]
2011 June 21 Competition DigitalOcean launches.[62] By November 2015, it becomes the second largest hosting company in the world in terms of web-facing computers.[63][64]
2011 July 19 Ecosystem Netflix announces its suite of tools ("Simian Army") including Chaos Monkey, that randomly terminates EC2 instances within an autoscaling group during working hours so that the company is forced to design its systems with fault tolerance and rapid recovery.[65]
2011 August 4 Product (networking) AWS lauches AWS Direct Connect, dedicated networking from remote servers to the cloud. Initial solution providers for the dedicated networking include AboveNet, Equinix, and Level 3 Communications.[66] Direct Connect would be announced to be HIPAA-eligible in May 2017,[67] and would be enhanced to allow for inter-region VPC access in November 2017.[68]
2011 August 16 Partnerships AWS launches AWS GovCloud, a US region designed to meet the regulatory requirements of the United States government, and intended for use by United States government agencies.[69][70]
2011 November 9 Regional diversification AWS launches a new region called us-west-2 and located in Oregon, its third region in the United States for general public use.[71][72]
2011 September 1 Ecosystem Cloudyn, which provides cloud monitoring and cost optimization for cloud infrastructure (like that of Amazon AWS), launches.[73]
2011 September 15 Compliance AWS obtains the Federal Information Security Management Act (FISMA) Moderate Authorization and Accreditation.[74][75]
2011 December 14 Regional diversification AWS launches a new region, called sa-east-1, in Sao Paulo, Brazil. This is its first region in South America.[76]
2012 January 18 Product (database) Amazon launches Amazon DynamoDB, a fully managed proprietary NoSQL database service that is offered by Amazon.com as part of the Amazon Web Services portfolio.[77]
2012 July 30 Ecosystem Netflix open sources Chaos Monkey, its tool for simulating outages by randomy terminating EC2 instances, to help other companies build fault tolerant systems in the AWS cloud.[78][79][80]
2012 August 21 Product (storage) Amazon launches Amazon Glacier, an online file storage web service that provides storage for data archiving and backup.[81]
2012 October 22 Outage A major outage occurs (due to latent memory leak bug in an operational data collection agent), affecting many sites such as Reddit, Foursquare, Pinterest, and others.[82]
2012 November Product (storage) AWS announces Amazon Redshift, a cloud-based data warehouse service.[83]
2012 November 12 Regional diversification AWS launches a region, ap-southeast-2, in Sydney, Australia. This is its third region in the Asia-Pacific and its eight public region (excluding AWS GovCloud).[84]
2012 December 24 Outage AWS suffers an outage, causing websites such as Netflix instant video to be unavailable for customers in the Northeastern United States.[85]
2013 May 13 Recognition AWS is awarded an Agency Authority to Operate (ATO) from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) under the Federal Risk and Authorization Management Program (FedRAMP).[86]
2013 June 4 Competition IBM acquires SoftLayer, which marks IBM's entry into cloud computing.[87]
2013 October 10 Customer outreach AWS announces AWS Activate, a global program for startups. Participating startups receive promotional credits that can be spent within AWS, as well as training, support, and access to a forum.[88]
2013 November 4 Product (compute) Amazon announces G2 instances, a new Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) instance type designed for applications that require 3D graphics capabilities.[89]
2013 December 17 Product (data flow) Amazon releases Amazon Kinesis, a service for real-time processing of streaming data.[90][91]
2013 December 18 Regional diversification AWS launches in China, with a limited preview of its Beijing region.[92][93] However, due to Internet censorship in China, its China data center is not part of the global AWS network. Rather, it is a standalone region with the same APIs and services as available in other AWS regions, but a user must create a separate AWS account for AWS China and cannot use the AWS Global account. The service operator is Beijing Sinnet Technology Co.[94]
2014 January Partnerships Moz announces its decision to move off AWS, citing expenses.[95]
2014 August 25 Partnerships Amazon.com acquires Twitch Interactive for US$970 million.[96][97] The ability to store Twitch data on AWS is specifically cited as one of the major reasons why Twitch decided to go under Amazon.
2014 October 23 Regional diversification AWS launches its second region in Europe, specifically, eu-central-1 in Frankfurt, Germany.[98]
2014 November 12 Product (database) AWS announces Amazon Aurora, a MySQL-compatible database offering enhanced high availability and performance.[99][100] The feature becomes available to all AWS customers on July 27, 2015.[101][102]
2014 November 13 Product (compute) AWS launches EC2 Container Service, facilitating the use of container infrastructure on AWS. Third-party integration such as those with Docker are available at the time of release.[103][104][105][106]
2014 November 13 Product (compute) AWS launches AWS Lambda, its Functions as a Service (FaaS) tool. With Lambda, AWS customers can define and upload functions with specific triggers and execution code. AWS takes care of executing the function on the trigger occurring, and the AWS customer does not have to provision or manage the compute resources.[107][108] Lambda is an early harbinger of the concept of "serverless architecture", referring to the idea of providing services without having dedicated servers to provide those services.[109][110][111]
2015 April 9 Product AWS announces a new machine learning platform at the AWS Summit in San Francisco, specifically suited to machine learning without requiring specific expertise.[112]
2015 April 28 Acquisitions AWS acquires ClusterK, a startup that allows users to run apps on Amazon’s cloud for 1/10th of the regular price.[113]
2015 May 8 Partnerships Zynga announces that it will move all its data back to AWS, after diversifying away from AWS in 2011.[114]
2015 May 19 Evaluation Gartner releases an updated version of its Magic Quadrant, evaluating Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) solutions. Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure are the only two services in the top right quadrant ("Leaders") with AWS higher up. A number of services are in the bottom right and bottom left quadrants.[115][116][117]
2015 September 20 Outage The Amazon DynamoDB service experiences an outage in an availability zone in the us-east-1 (North Virginia) region, due to a power outage and inadequate failover procedures. The outage, which occurs on a Sunday morning, lasts for about three hours (with some residual impact till Monday) and affects a number of related Amazon services include Simple Queue Service, EC2 autoscaling, Amazon CloudWatch, and the online AWS console.[118] A number of customers are negatively affected, including Netflix, but Netflix is able to recover quickly because of its strong disaster recovery procedures.[119]
2015 October 7 Product (data migration) AWS launches Snowball, a physical appliance with 50 TB of storage and a Kindle on the side. Customers can get a Snowball for 10 days for $200, during which they can fill it with data and then ship it back to Amazon. The Snowball costs $15 for every additional day kept.[120][121] This is the second generation of their data import/export hardware after a previous release in 2009.[121]
2015 October 8 Product (Internet of Things) AWS announces its managed cloud platform for the Internet of Things.[122][123] The platform becomes generally available on December 18, 2015.[124]
2016 January 6 Regional diversification AWS launches a new region, called ap-northeast-2, in Seoul, the capital city of South Korea. The region is the fourth in the Asia-Pacific.[125]
2016 February Partnerships, Competition Spotify announces it will move its data from Amazon AWS to Google Cloud.[126]
2016 March Partnerships, Competition Dropbox announces that it now stores over 90% of its user data on its own infrastructure stack as it continues to transition from Amazon S3.[127][128][129]
2016 May 18 Product (compute) AWS announces x1 instances, its largest-memory instances so far, with the first announced instance having 128 vCPUs and 2 TB of memory. Later members of the x1 family would range from 4 to 16 TB of RAM.[130]
2016 May 25 Partnerships Salesforce.com, a cloud computing company that makes money primarily through its customer relationship management product suite, selects Amazon Web Services as its preferred public cloud infrastructure provider. However, Salesforce.com does not plan to move entirely to Amazon, but rather use Amazon only to meet infrastructure expansion needs in new geographical areas and for specific use cases.[131][132][133] On December 2, 2016, the partnership is extended and it is announced that Salesforce will use AWS infrastructure in Canada.[134][135]
2016 June 5 Outage AWS Sydney experiences an outage for several hours as a result of severe thunderstorms in the region causing a power outage to the data centers.[136][137]
2016 June 27 Regional diversification AWS launches its first region in India, located in Mumbai, and called ap-south-1.[138][139][140][141]
2016 June 28 Product (storage) AWS launches Elastic File System (EFS) in production in three AWS regions (us-east-1, us-west-2, and eu-west-1). EFS allows customers to create POSIX-compliant file systems that can be attached to multiple EC2 instances. The file system grows and shrinks as needed and performance scales with storage size.[142][143][144] The service was originally announced on April 9, 2015.[145][146]
2016 July 14 Acquisitions AWS acquires Cloud9, a San Francisco-based startup that has built an integrated development environment (IDE) for web and mobile developers to collaborate together.
2016 August 4 Evaluation Gartner publishes an update to its Magic Quadrant for Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) offerings. The top right quadrant (for leaders) has only two players: Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure, with AWS significantly higher. The only other player on the right half is Google Cloud Platform (a change from last year, when there were many others in the right half as well), and all other players are in the bottom left.[147][148]
2016 October 13 Partnerships VMWare, a company that provides cloud and virtualization services, announces a partnership with AWS, under which all of VMware's infrastructure will soon be available on AWS.[149][150][151]
2016 October 17 Regional diversification AWS launches its fourth public region in the United States, called us-east-2, in Ohio, with three availability zones. AWS also announces that it will treat this region and the North Virginia region as one region when considering transfer pricing (for instance, EC2 to EC2 transfer will be charged at the inter-availablity zone price, and S3 to EC2 transfer will be free), allowing its customers to have more regional redundancy and to migrate data off of the North Virginia data center.[152][153][154]
2016 November 30 Product (data migration) AWS announces the AWS Snowmobile, a secure data truck that can store up to 100 PB of data and supports data transfer at a rate of 1 Tb/second across multiple 40 Gb/second connections (so the truck can be filled in 10 days).[155][156][157][158]
2016 November 30 Product (Internet of Things, data migration) AWS announces Snowball Edge, an augmentation of its previous device Snowball. Snowball Edge is a piece of hardware with 100 TB of storage and an attached Kindle, as well as the capability to run AWS Lambda functions with the compute capability of the m4.4xlarge EC2 instance. Customers can request a Snowball Edge at $300 for ten days with an additional charge of $30 per day; after shipping it back the data can be uploaded to S3 as with the original Snowball.[159][160][158]
2016 November 30 Product (integrated solution) AWS announces Amazon Lightsail, intended to compete against existing virtual private server offerings such as those by Linode and DigitalOcean. Lightsail packages together a compute server, storage, and transfer into fixed-price plans, like VPS providers do.[161][162][163] Lightsail is a little more expensive than but otherwise comparable to similarly priced plans offered at the time by Linode and DigitalOcean. Linode is cheaper in terms of RAM and both Linode and DigitalOcean are cheaper in terms of network overage costs, but Lightsail costs less if the server is being spun up for only a few hours.[164]
2016 December 8 Regional diversification AWS launches its first region in Canada, called ca-central-1 for Canada (Central).[165][166]
2016 December 13 Regional diversification AWS launches its London region (eu-west-2). This is its third region in Europe and first in the United Kingdom, the other two regions being in Frankfurt (Germany) and Ireland.[167][168][169] Plans for the region had been announced in November 2015.[170]
2017 February 23 Product (compute) AWS launches i3 instances, a new generation of instances with large SSDs intended to be used for high-throughput datastores. The instances are more than 50% cheaper than the corresponding previous generation i2 instances, and have larger memory, putting Amazon ahead of Google and Microsoft Azure in this space.[171][172][173]
2017 February 28 Outage Amazon experiences an outage of S3 in us-east-1. There are also related outages for other services in us-east-1 including CloudFormation, autoscaling, Elastic MapReduce, Simple Email Service, and Service Workflow Service. A number of websites and services using S3, such as Medium, Slack, Imgur and Trello, are affected. AWS's own status dashboard initially fails to reflect the change properly due to a dependency on S3.[174][175][176] On March 2, AWS reveals that the outage was caused by an incorrect parameter passed in by an authorized employee while running an established playbook, that ended up deleting more instances than the employee intended.[177]
2017 March 28 Product (customer service) AWS launches Amazon Connect, a solution to help AWS users manage a customer contact center. The product is aimed at business teams including those who have little prior experience with customer service centers or IT management.[178][179][180]
2017 May 1 Compliance An AWS blog post lists a number of AWS services that are eligible for Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). This is primarily to make it feasible for companies operating in the United States healthcare space to use AWS while staying compliant with HIPAA.[67] Further additions to the list would be announced in July 2017[181] and October 2017.[182]
2017 September 7 Product (compute) AWS introduces a network load balancer (NLB), a load balancer better suited for more scaling, where the HTTP connection is not terminated at the load balancer but rather at the node being balanced to.[183]
2017 September 12 Compliance, evaluation The Defense Information Systems Agency in the United States Department of Defense grants AWS GovCloud (an AWS region dedicated for use by United States government agencies) an an Impact Level 5 (IL5) Department of Defense (DoD) Cloud Computing Security Requirements Guide (CC SRG) Provisional Authorization (PA) for six core services: EC2, EBS, Identity and Access Management (IAM), Key Management Service (KMS), VPC, and S3. The status is granted as a result of an independent validation by a certified Third Party Assessment Organization (3PAO).[184]
2017 September 18 Product (compute) AWS switches to per-second billing for Linux EC2 instances (on-demand, reserved, and spot) and EBS volumes, from the per-hour billing it has used since launch. The change is effective October 2, both for already running instances and for new instances.[185][186][187]
2017 September 19 Product (compute) AWS announces the ability to stop and start spot instances, an ability previously restricted to on-demand and reserved instances. While not technically a new capability (since spot instances already could have attached persistent volumes) it simplifies the process of starting a new spot instance with the right EBS volumes and other configurations, and allows customers to leverage scripts already written for on-demand instances into the spot instance context.[188]
2017 November 6 Product (compute) AWS announces the launche of new EC2 instance class C5, the fifth-generation of the compute-intensive C instance family.[189]
2017 November 28 Product (compute) AWS announces the launch of new EC2 instance types: M5 (the fifth-generation of the general-purpose M instance family)[190] and H1 (the first generation of a new instance family with huge local SSDs but moderate amounts of compute and memory to crunch it -- thus slightly different from D2).[191]
2017 November 28 Product (compute) AWS launches bare metal variants of the I3 instance type, promising similar bare metal variants of other instance types.[192]
2017 November 29 Product (API) AWS launches Amazon Comprehend, a continuously trained natural language processing tool available for 100 natural languages.[193]
2017 December 18 Regional diversification AWS launches a new region, called eu-west-3 in Paris, France. This is its fourth region in Europe.[194][195]
2018 March 28 Partnerships GoDaddy enters a multi-year deal with AWS whereby it migrates most of its infrastructure to AWS.[196][197]
2018 April 4 Product (storage) AWS launches a new storage class called one zone-IA (a variant of IA where data is stored on a single pre-specified zone), and makes S3 Select, a tool with the ability to get specific parts of a S3 object, generally available.[198][199]
2018 May 17 Product (compute) AWS launches a new instance class called C5d. This is a variant of its compute-intensive instance class C5, but with local NVMe storage.[200] Shortly after, AWS would launch M5d, a similar variant for the M5 instance class.[201]
2018 May 30 Product (database) AWS makes Amazon Nepture generally available. Amazon describes Neptune as a "purpose-built, high-performance graph database engine optimized for storing billions of relationships and querying the graph with millisecond latencies."[202]
2018 July 17 Product (Internet of Things) AWS introduces EC2 instances into Snowball Edge, so that a given Snowball Edge can include EC2 instances from AMIs; the instances need to be specified at the time of ordering the Snowball Edge from Amazon.[203]
2018 September 27 Product (compute) AWS launches three bare metal high-memory instances: u-6tb1.metal (6 TB RAM), u-9tb1.metal (9 TB RAM), and u-12tb1.metal (12 TB RAM) respectively. These instances have 448 logical and 224 physical cores, and are intended for intensive workloads such as SAP HANA. SAP HANA benchmarks are also run on the instances to demonstrate this.[204]
2018 November 6 Product (compute) AWS launches the M5a and R5a instance classes that have lower cost than their M5 and R5 counterparts; these are similar to M5 and R5 but use AMD chips instead of Intel chips.[205]
2018 November 12 Regional diversification AWS launches its second GovCloud region in the United States, this time in US East (the first was in US West). This is intended for use by federal, state, and local government agencies.[206]
2018 November 14 Product (compute) AWS now allows autoscaling groups to contain multiple instance types (with the scaling decisions made to select the lowest-cost way of scaling in or out) and a specified mix of on-demand and spot instances.[207]
2018 November 20 Product (compute) AWS makes predictive scaling available in autoscaling groups.[208]
2018 November 28 Product (compute) AWS offers the option to hibernate instances, whereby an instance writes its in-memory state out to EBS so that, when restarted, it can be restarted to the same state as it was when stopped.[209]
2018 December 12 Regional diversification AWS launches a region called eu-north-1 in Stockholm, Sweden. This is its first region in the Nordic area.[210]
2019 January 9 Product (database) AWS launches Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB compatibility). The announcement blog post describes DocumentDB as a fast, scalable, and highly available document database that is designed to be compatible with existing MongoDB applications and tools.[211]
2019 January 16 Product AWS announces AWS Backup, a solution to centrally manage a plan for backups, building upon the snapshotting capabilities offered by the individual AWS services.[212]
2019 January 24 Product (compute) AWS announces early TLS termination for its network load balancers (NLBs). This allows people to use NLBs without setting up TLS termination on their own instances, and also makes it easier to switch from classic load balancers to network load balancers.[213]
2019 February 14 Product (compute) AWS announces the availability of five new bare-metal versions of its instances: M5, M5d, R5, R5d, and z1d.[214]
2019 March 27 Product (storage) AWS announces a new storage class called Glacier Deep Archive, which it describes as a good fit for storing content over the long term at low cost (comparable to the cost of tapes) but with retrieval times of 12 hours. Rarely accessed content in Glacier may be a good fit for this use case.[215]
2019 Undetermined; announced September 25, 2017 Regional diversification AWS plans to launch a region in Bahrain, its first in the Middle East.[216]
2020 Undetermined; announced October 25, 2018 Regional diversification AWS plans to launch a region in South Africa, its first in the continent of Africa.[217]

Numerical and visual data

Mentions on Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 18, 2021.

Year amazon.com Amazon Web Services Amazon Alexa Amazon Echo
1995 534
2000 4,740
2002 5,450
2004 5,710
2006 7,220 9,630
2008 8,190 14,000
2010 12,400 22,400
2012 15,800 26,300
2014 18,600 30,800 207 3,600
2016 20,100 34,300 1,960 4,840
2017 21,000 35,800 3,390 6,490
2018 21,600 36,100 5,820 8,080
2019 23,800 35,600 7,990 9,190
2020 22,200 30,600 9,170 10,100
Amazon tb.png

Google trends

The chart below shows Google Trends data for both Amazon Web Services (topic) in blue, and Amazon Web Services (company) in red,fromJanuary 2004 to January 2021, when the screenshot was taken.[218]

Amazon Web Services.jpeg


The chart below shows Google Trends data comparing Amazon Web Services (Search term) with competitors Microsoft Azure (Search term), Google Cloud (Search term), and Alibaba Cloud (Search term), from January 2017 to February 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[219]

Aws compared gt.jpeg

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Amazon Web Services from 2006 to 2019.[220]

Aws ngram.jpeg

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Amazon Web Services from December 2007 to December 2020.[221]

Aws wv.jpeg


Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

  • The first iteration of the timeline was built by Alex K. Chen with payment from Vipul Naik, who provided a little bit of guidance. The version as of the end of this iteration is here.
  • The second iteration was worked on by Vipul Naik, using the following methods:
    • Extensive reading of the AWS blog and its archives, to get a sense of the types of product and service update announcements. Also, eyeballing through the posts in the TechCrunch tag on Amazon Web Services.
    • Completion of systematic coverage for all things in particular categories, such as: new region launches (just loaded up the list of regions and made sure a row is devoted to each), outages (scoured the Internet for list of major AWS outages and added them in), important products (relied on personal experience and hearsay on heaviest used AWS products).
    • Coverage of third-party reviews of AWS, such as the Gartner report.
    • More systematic coverage of major AWS users, their migration to and from AWS, or their start on AWS.

What the timeline is still missing

  • Release information on products and services that the people who've edited the timeline so far didn't consider important.
  • More insight into how competitor product release or advances in their cost structure, regional diversity or other aspects of their service have affected AWS.

Timeline update strategy

  • Look for new items covered on the AWS blog and the TechCrunch AWS tag when doing a single-sitting mass update of the timeline since the last update.
  • Add new region launches or other major product updates or outages, ideally as they happen.

See also

References

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  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Furrier, John (January 29, 2015). "Exclusive: The Story of AWS and Andy Jassy's Trillion Dollar Baby. As the late Stuart Scott would say "AWS has created so much value it's ridiculous".". Retrieved December 4, 2016. 
  3. ↑ Black, Benjamin. "EC2 Origins". Retrieved December 4, 2016. 
  4. ↑ Higginbotham, Stacey (June 18, 2010). "The Origins of Amazon's Cloud Computing". GigaOm. Retrieved December 4, 2016. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Butler, Brandon (March 2, 2015). "The myth about how Amazon's Web service started just won't die. How AWS got started and what its co-founder is doing now that he says could be bigger than cloud". Network World. Retrieved December 4, 2016. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Clark, Jack (June 7, 2012). "How Amazon exposed its guts: The History of AWS's EC2. One of Amazon Web Service's key components, EC2, was developed by a small team in a satellite development office in South Africa. We trace the history of the EC2 cloud, and talk to the person who came up with the idea". ZDNet. Retrieved December 4, 2016. 
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  148. ↑ Darrow, Barb (August 5, 2016). "Amazon and Microsoft Are Running One and Two in Two-Cloud Race". Fortune Magazine. Retrieved January 6, 2017. 
  149. ↑ Lardinois, Frederic (October 13, 2016). "VMware's new cloud service will run on AWS". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 21, 2016. 
  150. ↑ Miller, Ron (October 14, 2016). "AWS gets richer with VMware partnership". Retrieved December 21, 2016. 
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  152. ↑ Lardinois, Frederic (October 17, 2016). "AWS launches region in Ohio". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 5, 2016. 
  153. ↑ Barr, Jeff (October 17, 2016). "Now Open – AWS US East (Ohio) Region". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved December 4, 2016. 
  154. ↑ Sverdlik, Yevgeniy (October 17, 2016). "Amazon Launches Three Cloud Data Center Sites in Ohio". Data Center Knowledge. Retrieved December 5, 2016. 
  155. ↑ Barr, Jeff (November 30, 2016). "AWS Snowmobile – Move Exabytes of Data to the Cloud in Weeks". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved December 20, 2016. 
  156. ↑ Dignan, Larry (November 30, 2016). "AWS' Snowmobile data transport truck highlights why cloud giant is so damn disruptive. Want to move petabytes of data to AWS? The cloud provider has a tractor trailer for that. The move is a bit nutty, but it highlights how far AWS will go to gain workloads.". ZDNet. Retrieved December 20, 2016. 
  157. ↑ Richman, Dan (November 30, 2016). "Amazon reveals AWS Snowmobile, a 45-foot semi-trailer that moves exabytes of data to the cloud". GeekWire. Retrieved December 20, 2016. 
  158. ↑ 158.0 158.1 Terrell, Bev (December 5, 2016). "Behind AWS Snowball and Snowmobile: exec on latest data storage tools: #reInvent". SiliconAngle. 
  159. ↑ Darrow, Barb (December 1, 2016). "Amazon Extends Cloud Reach With Hardware". Fortune Magazine. Retrieved December 21, 2016. 
  160. ↑ Townsend, Keith (December 7, 2016). "How Amazon is moving closer to on-premises compute with Snowball Edge. At first glance, Snowball Edge looks very similar to a hyperconverged infrastructure solution. AWS is using the device to lower barriers to the public cloud for potential customers.". Tech Republic. Retrieved December 21, 2016. 
  161. ↑ Barr, Jeff (November 30, 2016). "Amazon Lightsail – The Power of AWS, the Simplicity of a VPS". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved December 28, 2016. 
  162. ↑ Lisota, Kevin (November 30, 2016). "Amazon launches Amazon Lightsail with low-cost $5 virtual private servers". GeekWire. Retrieved December 28, 2016. 
  163. ↑ Miller, Ron (November 30, 2016). "AWS announces virtual private servers starting at $5 a month". TechCrunch. Retrieved December 28, 2016. 
  164. ↑ Sherman, Josh (December 1, 2016). "$10 Showdown: Linode vs. DigitalOcean vs. Amazon Lightsail". Retrieved December 28, 2016. 
  165. ↑ Barr, Jeff (December 8, 2016). "Now Open AWS Canada (Central) Region". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved December 18, 2016. 
  166. ↑ Burt, Chris (December 9, 2016). "AWS Heads North, Launches Central Canada Cloud Region". Data Center Knowledge. Retrieved December 18, 2016. 
  167. ↑ Barr, Jeff (December 13, 2016). "Now Open – AWS London Region". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved January 6, 2017. 
  168. ↑ "AWS Europe (London) Region Now Open". AWS Public Sector Blog. December 14, 2016. Retrieved January 6, 2017. 
  169. ↑ Lardinois, Frederic (December 14, 2016). "Amazon's AWS opens its first UK region in London". TechCrunch. Retrieved January 6, 2017. 
  170. ↑ Vogels, Werner (November 5, 2015). "London Calling! An AWS Region is coming to the UK!". Retrieved January 6, 2017. 
  171. ↑ Barr, Jeff (February 23, 2017). "Now Available – I3 Instances for Demanding, I/O Intensive Applications". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved March 3, 2017. 
  172. ↑ Novet, Jordan (February 23, 2017). "AWS launches I3 VM instances starting at 15 cents per hour". Retrieved March 3, 2017. 
  173. ↑ Deutscher, Maria (February 24, 2017). "AWS launches new instance series for data-hungry workloads". Silicon Angle. Retrieved March 3, 2017. 
  174. ↑ Etherington, Darrell (February 28, 2017). "Amazon AWS S3 outage is breaking things for a lot of websites and apps". TechCrunch. Retrieved February 28, 2017. 
  175. ↑ "Amazon's cloud service has outage, disrupting sites". USA Today. February 28, 2017. Retrieved February 28, 2017. 
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  177. ↑ Novet, JOrdan (March 2, 2017). "AWS apologizes for February 28 outage, takes steps to prevent similar events". VentureBeat. Retrieved March 2, 2017. 
  178. ↑ Lunden, Ingrid (March 28, 2017). "AWS launches Amazon Connect, productizes Amazon's in-house contact center software". TechCrunch. Retrieved March 28, 2017. 
  179. ↑ Bishop, Todd (March 28, 2017). "Amazon Web Services jumps into call-center market with new 'Amazon Connect' service". GeekWire. Retrieved March 28, 2017. 
  180. ↑ Barr, Jeff (March 28, 2017). "Amazon Connect – Customer Contact Center in the Cloud". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved March 28, 2017. 
  181. ↑ Barr, Jeff (July 18, 2017). "AWS HIPAA Eligibility Update (July 2017) – Eight Additional Services". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved November 2, 2017. 
  182. ↑ Barr, Jeff (October 31, 2017). "AWS HIPAA Eligibility Update (October 2017) – Sixteen Additional Services". Retrieved November 2, 2017. 
  183. ↑ Barr, Jeff (September 7, 2017). "New Network Load Balancer – Effortless Scaling to Millions of Requests per Second". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved September 22, 2017. 
  184. ↑ Gile, Chris (September 12, 2017). "AWS Earns Department of Defense Impact Level 5 Provisional Authorization". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved November 2, 2017. 
  185. ↑ Barr, Jeff (September 18, 2017). "New – Per-Second Billing for EC2 Instances and EBS Volumes". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved September 22, 2017. 
  186. ↑ Lardinois, Frederic (September 18, 2017). "AWS announces per-second billing for EC2 instances". TechCrunch. Retrieved September 22, 2017. 
  187. ↑ Condon, Stephanie (September 18, 2017). "AWS announces per-second billing for EC2 instances. The new, more granular billing for compute resources will be introduced next month for Linux instances in all AWS regions.". ZDNet. Retrieved September 22, 2017. 
  188. ↑ Barr, Jeff (September 19, 2017). "New – Stop & Resume Workloads on EC2 Spot Instances". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved September 22, 2017. 
  189. ↑ "Now Available – Compute-Intensive C5 Instances for Amazon EC2". Amazon Web Services. November 6, 2017. Retrieved November 23, 2018. 
  190. ↑ Barr, Jeff (November 28, 2017). "M5 – The Next Generation of General-Purpose EC2 Instances". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved April 22, 2018. 
  191. ↑ Barr, Jeff (November 28, 2017). "H1 Instances – Fast, Dense Storage for Big Data Applications". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved April 22, 2018. 
  192. ↑ Barr, Jeff (November 28, 2017). "Amazon EC2 Bare Metal Instances with Direct Access to Hardware". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved November 23, 2018. 
  193. ↑ "Amazon Comprehend – Continuously Trained Natural Language Processing". Amazon Web Services. November 29, 2017. Retrieved April 22, 2018. 
  194. ↑ Barr, Jeff (December 18, 2017). "Now Open AWS EU (Paris) Region". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved April 22, 2018. 
  195. ↑ Shu, Catherine (December 18, 2017). "New AWS Paris region makes it easier for customers to follow France's data privacy rules". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 22, 2018. 
  196. ↑ "GoDaddy Goes All-In on AWS. AWS helps GoDaddy, a world-leading provider of Internet services to small, independent ventures, enhance services around the world". BusinessWire. March 28, 2018. Retrieved April 27, 2018. 
  197. ↑ Lunden, Ingrid (March 28, 2018). "GoDaddy to move most of its infrastructure to AWS, not including domain management for its 75M domains". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 27, 2018. 
  198. ↑ Barr, Jeff (April 4, 2018). "Amazon S3 Update: New Storage Class and General Availability of S3 Select". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved April 22, 2018. 
  199. ↑ Lardinois, Frederic (April 4, 2018). "AWS launches a cheaper single-zone version of its S3 storage service". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 27, 2018. 
  200. ↑ Barr, Jeff (May 17, 2018). "EC2 Instance Update – C5 Instances with Local NVMe Storage (C5d)". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved November 23, 2018. 
  201. ↑ Barr, Jeff (June 4, 2018). "EC2 Instance Update – M5 Instances with Local NVMe Storage (M5d)". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved November 23, 2018. 
  202. ↑ Hunt, Randall (May 30, 2018). "Amazon Neptune Generally Available". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved November 23, 2018. 
  203. ↑ "New – EC2 Compute Instances for AWS Snowball Edge". Amazon Web Services. July 17, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2018. 
  204. ↑ "Now Available – Amazon EC2 High Memory Instances with 6, 9, and 12 TB of Memory, Perfect for SAP HANA". Amazon Web Services. September 27, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2018. 
  205. ↑ Barr, Jeff (November 6, 2018). "New Lower-Cost, AMD-Powered M5a and R5a EC2 Instances". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved November 23, 2018. 
  206. ↑ Barr, Jeff (November 12, 2018). "AWS GovCloud (US-East) Now Open". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved November 23, 2018. 
  207. ↑ "New – EC2 Auto Scaling Groups With Multiple Instance Types & Purchase Options". Amazon Web Services. November 14, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2018. 
  208. ↑ Barr, Jeff (November 20, 2018). "New – Predictive Scaling for EC2, Powered by Machine Learning". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved November 23, 2018. 
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  210. ↑ Barr, Jeff (December 12, 2018). "Now Open – AWS Europe (Stockholm) Region". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved April 13, 2019. 
  211. ↑ "New – Amazon DocumentDB (with MongoDB Compatibility): Fast, Scalable, and Highly Available". Amazon Web Services. January 9, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2019. 
  212. ↑ Barr, Jeff (January 16, 2019). "AWS Backup – Automate and Centrally Manage Your Backups". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved April 13, 2019. 
  213. ↑ Barr, Jeff (January 24, 2019). "New – TLS Termination for Network Load Balancers". Retrieved April 13, 2019. 
  214. ↑ Barr, Jeff (February 14, 2019). "Now Available – Five New Amazon EC2 Bare Metal Instances: M5, M5d, R5, R5d, and z1d". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved April 13, 2019. 
  215. ↑ "New Amazon S3 Storage Class – Glacier Deep Archive". March 27, 2019. Retrieved April 13, 2019. 
  216. ↑ Barr, Jeff (September 25, 2017). "In the Works – AWS Region in the Middle East". Amazon Web Services. Retrieved April 22, 2018. 
  217. ↑ Barr, Jeff (October 25, 2018). "In the Works – AWS Region in South Africa". Retrieved November 23, 2018. 
  218. ↑ "Amazon Web Services". trends.google.com. Retrieved 6 January 2021. 
  219. ↑ "Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud and Alibaba Cloud". Google Trends. Retrieved 20 February 2021. 
  220. ↑ "Amazon Web Services". books.google.com. Retrieved 13 January 2021. 
  221. ↑ "Wikipedia Views: results". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 26 January 2021. 

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