Difference between revisions of "Timeline of radiology"

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This is a '''tiemeline of {{w|radiology}}''', listing important events in the development of the field.
  
 
==Big picture==
 
==Big picture==
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! Time period !! Development summary  
 
! Time period !! Development summary  
 
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| 1950s || In the decade comes the development of image intensifier and x-ray television.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/>
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| 19th century || Late in the century, {{w|Wilhelm Röntgen}} first discovers the {{w|X-ray}}.
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1960s || Ultrasound gains popularity.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century">{{cite web |title=Origins of radiology |url=https://www.bir.org.uk/patients-public/history-of-radiology/origins-of-radiology/ |website=bir.org.uk |accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref>
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| 20th century || Soon after the turn of the century, lay x-ray operators start being appointed as assistants.<ref name="Historical timeline"/> In the 1950s comes the development of image intensifier and x-ray television.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/> In the 1960s, ultrasound gains popularity.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century">{{cite web |title=Origins of radiology |url=https://www.bir.org.uk/patients-public/history-of-radiology/origins-of-radiology/ |website=bir.org.uk |accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref> The 1970s are known as the "golden decade" of radiology, when the CT scanner opens up new opportunities and discoveries which would be further developed in the following decades.<ref name="The history of radiology timeline covers the">{{cite web |title=History of radiology |url=https://www.bir.org.uk/patients-public/history-of-radiology/ |website=bir.org.uk |accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref> Magnetic resonance imaging develops.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/> In the 1980s, position emission tomography (PET) emerges as new technology.<ref name="Historical timeline"/> Clinical MRI is also introduced in the 1980s.<ref name="Functional Brain Imaging"/> in the 1990s, a rising interest in the construction of a combined {{w|PET-CT}} scanner emerges.<ref name="Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches -, Volume 1"/>
 
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| 1970s || The 1970s are known as the "golden decade" of radiology, when the CT scanner opens up new opportunities and discoveries which would be further developed in the following decades.<ref name="The history of radiology timeline covers the">{{cite web |title=History of radiology |url=https://www.bir.org.uk/patients-public/history-of-radiology/ |website=bir.org.uk |accessdate=9 August 2018}}</ref> Magnetic resonance imaging develops.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/>
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| 21st century || {{w|PET/CT}} becomes one of the fastest growing medical imaging modalities, rivaling the growth of MR during the 1980s and 1990s.<ref name="Combined PET/CT: the historical perspective"/> As of 2008, over 2500 {{w|PET-CT}} scanners are operational worldwide.<ref name="Combined PET/CT: the historical perspective"/>
 
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! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Country/region
 
! Year !! Event type !! Details !! Country/region
 
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| 1895 || || German physicist {{w|Wilhelm Röntgen}} first discovers the X-ray.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/><ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org">{{cite web |title=History of radiology |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/history-of-radiology |website=radiopaedia.org |accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> ||
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| 1895 || Field development || German physicist {{w|Wilhelm Röntgen}} first discovers the X-ray.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/><ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org">{{cite web |title=History of radiology |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/history-of-radiology |website=radiopaedia.org |accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1896 || || French physicist {{w|Antoine-Henri Becquerel}} discovers radioactivity.<ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> || {{w|France}}
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| 1896 || Field development || French physicist {{w|Antoine-Henri Becquerel}} discovers radioactivity.<ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1896 || Journal || ''Archives of Clinical Skiagraphy'' launches as the first radiology scientific journal.<ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Archives of Clinical Skiagraphy |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/archives-of-clinical-skiagraphy |website=radiopaedia.org |accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}  
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| 1896 || Literature || Journal ''Archives of Clinical Skiagraphy'' launches as the first radiology scientific journal.<ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/><ref>{{cite web |title=Archives of Clinical Skiagraphy |url=https://radiopaedia.org/articles/archives-of-clinical-skiagraphy |website=radiopaedia.org |accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}  
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1896 || || After learning about Röntgen’s discoveries, American inventor {{w|Thomas Edison}} invents {{w|fluoroscopy}}. Fluoroscopic screens would be then used as an alternation to still x-ray images for some time.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions">{{cite web |title=10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions |url=https://www.bicrad.com/blog/2017/6/9/10-minute-history-of-radiology-overview-of-monumental-inventions |website=bicrad.com |accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1896 || Field development || After learning about Röntgen’s discoveries, American inventor {{w|Thomas Edison}} invents {{w|fluoroscopy}}. Fluoroscopic screens would be then used as an alternation to still x-ray images for some time.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions">{{cite web |title=10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions |url=https://www.bicrad.com/blog/2017/6/9/10-minute-history-of-radiology-overview-of-monumental-inventions |website=bicrad.com |accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1898 || || Marie Curie publishes her paper ''Rays emitted by uranium and thorium compounds''.<ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> || {{w|France}}
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| 1898 || Literature || Marie Curie publishes her paper ''Rays emitted by uranium and thorium compounds''.<ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> || {{w|France}}
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1901 || Award || {{w|Wilhelm Röntgen}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physics}} for his contribution to the study of {{w|radiation}}.||
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| 1900 || Organization || The American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS) is founded.<ref name="Historical timeline">{{cite web |title=Historical timeline |url=https://www.rcr.ac.uk/college/about-college/history-college/historical-timeline#3 |website=rcr.ac.uk |accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1903 || || Lay x-ray operators start being appointed as assistants. ||
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| 1901 || Award || {{w|Wilhelm Röntgen}} is awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physics}} for his contribution to the study of {{w|radiation}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=An Illuminating Accident |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1901/speedread/ |website=nobelprize.org |accessdate=13 September 2018}}</ref> ||
 
|-
 
|-
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| 1913 || || German surgeon [[w:Albert Salomon (surgeon)|Albert Salomon]] initiates research leading to {{w|mammography}}.<ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> ||
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| 1903 || Field development || Lay x-ray operators start being appointed as assistants.<ref name="Historical timeline"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1918 || || George Eastman introduces film, which would replace radiographs made onto glass photographic plates.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/><ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> ||
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| 1913 || Field development || German surgeon [[w:Albert Salomon (surgeon)|Albert Salomon]] initiates research leading to {{w|mammography}}.<ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> Solomon becomes the first to use x-ray imaging to view the gross anatomy of mastectomy specimens and is the first to demonstrate successful visualization of microcalcifications.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bassett |first1=Lawrence W. |last2=Mahoney |first2=Mary C |last3=Apple |first3=Sophia |last4=D'Orsi |first4=Carl |title=Breast Imaging Expert Radiology Series E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Cxegz9jHaKgC&pg=PA79&dq=%22in+1913%22+%22Albert+Salomon%22+%22mammography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd_b6j17jdAhVDvZAKHf4mD_MQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201913%22%20%22Albert%20Salomon%22%20%22mammography%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Kaiser |first1=Werner A. |title=Signs in MR-Mammography |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=8KXDVO6nXlsC&pg=PR6&dq=%22in+1913%22+%22Albert+Salomon%22+%22mammography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd_b6j17jdAhVDvZAKHf4mD_MQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201913%22%20%22Albert%20Salomon%22%20%22mammography%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Classic Papers in Modern Diagnostic Radiology |edition=Adrian M. K. Thomas, Arpan K. Banerjee, Uwe Busch |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=CHR0E9A8k34C&pg=PA540&dq=%22in+1913%22+%22Albert+Salomon%22+%22mammography%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjd_b6j17jdAhVDvZAKHf4mD_MQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201913%22%20%22Albert%20Salomon%22%20%22mammography%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
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| 1914 – 1918 || Field development || Radiological equipment is used in field hospitals during {{w|World War I}}.<ref name="Historical timeline"/> ||
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| 1915 || Organization || The Western Roentgen Society is founded in {{w|Chicago}}.<ref name="Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care - E-Book">{{cite book |last1=Adler |first1=Arlene M. |last2=Carlton |first2=Richard R. |title=Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care - E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gDwcBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA21&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Western+Roentgen+Society%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjassKT27jdAhWEHJAKHamHCSgQ6AEILjAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Western%20Roentgen%20Society%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mould |first1=R.F |title=A Century of X-Rays and Radioactivity in Medicine: With Emphasis on Photographic Records of the Early Years |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IXPz7bVR7g0C&pg=PT64&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Western+Roentgen+Society%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjassKT27jdAhWEHJAKHamHCSgQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201915%22%20%22Western%20Roentgen%20Society%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hussey |first1=David H. |last2=Beck |first2=Bill |title=ASTRO: A Celebration of 50 Years |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MKkTAQAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1915%22+%22Western+Roentgen+Society%22&dq=%22in+1915%22+%22Western+Roentgen+Society%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjassKT27jdAhWEHJAKHamHCSgQ6AEIRTAG}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1916 || Organization || The Russian Society of Radiology is founded. It is the oldest and the only national society of Russian radiologists, nuclear medicine specialists, medical physics, radiographers, technitians and other specialists related to radiology, diagnostic and interventional imaging.<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian Society of Radiology |url=https://healthmanagement.org/site/p/russian-society-of-radiology |website=healthmanagement.org |accessdate=17 November 2018}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
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|-
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| 1918 || Field development || George Eastman introduces film, which would replace radiographs made onto glass photographic plates.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/><ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> ||
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|-
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| 1918 || Literature || The {{w|Radiological Society of North America}} publishes journal ''Radiology''.<ref name="Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care - E-Book"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1920 || Organization || The Society of Radiographers is formed in the United Kingdom as a trade union and professional body for x-ray and radiation technicians.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/><ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
| 1920 || Organization || The Society of Radiographers is formed in the United Kingdom as a trade union and professional body for x-ray and radiation technicians.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/><ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1920 || Organization || The American Society of Radiologic Technologists is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the American Society of Radiologic Technologists |url=https://www.asrt.org/main/about-asrt/asrt-history |website=asrt.org |accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
| 1920 || Organization || The American Society of Radiologic Technologists is founded.<ref>{{cite web |title=History of the American Society of Radiologic Technologists |url=https://www.asrt.org/main/about-asrt/asrt-history |website=asrt.org |accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1927 || || Portuguese neurologist {{w|António Egas Moniz}} develops {{w|cerebral angiography}}.<ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> || {{w|Portugal}}
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| 1921 || Field development || Diagnostic radiology takes a great leap forward with the introduction of pneumoventriculography and pneumoencephalography.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Tandon |first1=Prakash Narain |last2=Ramamurthi |first2=Ravi |title=Textbook of Neurosurgery, Third Edition, Three Volume Set |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=ppO0ye8tUYoC&pg=PA7&dq=%22in+1851%22+Hermann+von+Helmholtz+invents+the+ophthalmoscope&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjS896s-LHdAhUBDZAKHZqzA8IQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201851%22%20Hermann%20von%20Helmholtz%20invents%20the%20ophthalmoscope&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1923 || Literature || Monthly, peer reviewed, medical journal [[w:Radiology (journal)|Radiology]] is released by the {{w|Radiological Society of North America}}.<ref name="Medical Journals  Recommended by Neil Gerardo">{{cite web |title=Medical Journals  Recommended by Neil Gerardo |url=http://mrx.com/mrxmedicaljournals.html |website=mrx.com |accessdate=29 August 2018}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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|-
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| 1927 || Field development || Portuguese neurologist {{w|António Egas Moniz}} develops {{w|cerebral angiography}}, a technique using X-rays to visualize arteries and veins that are transiently opacified with the injection of high density agent.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Medical Basis of Psychiatry |edition=S. Hossein Fatemi, Paula J. Clayton |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=xgLNCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA979&dq=%22in+1927%22+Ant%C3%B3nio+Egas+Moniz+develops+cerebral+angiography&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRs9HBvcDdAhUCfpAKHW03DT8Q6AEIKjAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201927%22%20Ant%C3%B3nio%20Egas%20Moniz%20develops%20cerebral%20angiography&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Oakes |first1=Elizabeth H. |title=Encyclopedia of World Scientists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uPRB-OED1bcC&pg=PA203&dq=%22in+1927%22+Ant%C3%B3nio+Egas+Moniz+develops+cerebral+angiography&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRs9HBvcDdAhUCfpAKHW03DT8Q6AEILzAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201927%22%20Ant%C3%B3nio%20Egas%20Moniz%20develops%20cerebral%20angiography&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Neuroimaging, Part 1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=MaD3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151&dq=%22in+1927%22+Ant%C3%B3nio+Egas+Moniz+develops+cerebral+angiography&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjRs9HBvcDdAhUCfpAKHW03DT8Q6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201927%22%20Ant%C3%B3nio%20Egas%20Moniz%20develops%20cerebral%20angiography&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> || {{w|Portugal}}
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| 1934 || Field development || French scientists [[w:Frédéric Joliot-Curie|Frederic]] and {{w|Irène Joliot-Curie}} artificially produce {{w|radioisotope}}s.<ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> || {{w|France}}
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| 1935 || || The higher radiological qualification known as the Fellowship is created by The British Association of Radiologists.<ref name="Historical timeline"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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|-
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| 1935 || Organization || The Society of Radiotherapists of Great Britain and Ireland is established.<ref name="Historical timeline"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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|-
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| 1936 || Field development || American hematologist John H. Lawrence of the {{w|University of California, Berkeley}} introduces phosphorus-32 for the treatment of {{w|leukemia}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Geoffrey |last2=Beatty |first2=William K. |title=The Precious Metals of Medicine |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=QO5sAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+1936%22+John+Lawrence+uses+phosphorus-32+to+treat+leukaemia&dq=%22in+1936%22+John+Lawrence+uses+phosphorus-32+to+treat+leukaemia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP-JPz47jdAhWMHpAKHQNECI4Q6AEIMjAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Oreskes |first1=Naomi |last2=Krige |first2=John |title=Science and Technology in the Global Cold War |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=FjMqBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA37&dq=%22in+1936%22+John+Lawrence+uses+phosphorus-32+to+treat+leukaemia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP-JPz47jdAhWMHpAKHQNECI4Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201936%22%20John%20Lawrence%20uses%20phosphorus-32%20to%20treat%20leukaemia&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Positron Emission Tomography: Basic Sciences |edition=Dale L. Bailey, David W. Townsend, Peter E. Valk, Michael N. Maisey |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=svliBnNd2LcC&pg=PR6&dq=%22in+1936%22+John+Lawrence+uses+phosphorus-32+to+treat+leukaemia&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiP-JPz47jdAhWMHpAKHQNECI4Q6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201936%22%20John%20Lawrence%20uses%20phosphorus-32%20to%20treat%20leukaemia&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1939 || Literature || Kitty Clark publishes ''Clark’s Positioning in Radiography'', which would become a preeminent text on positioning technique for diagnostic radiographers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Clark's Positioning in Radiography 13E |url=https://www.crcpress.com/Clarks-Positioning-in-Radiography-13E/Whitley-Jefferson-Holmes-Sloane-Anderson-Hoadley/p/book/9781444122350 |website=crcpress.com |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=CLARK'S POSITIONING RADIOGRAPHY 12th Edition Hardcover – 26 Aug 2005 |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/CLARKS-POSITIONING-RADIOGRAPHY-Stewart-Whitley/dp/0340763906 |website=amazon.co.uk |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Yeung |first1=Andy WK |title=Tube shift or tube tilt? The terminology of dental radiography is heterogeneous relative to radiological convention |url=http://www.hkmj.org/abstracts/v23n1/97.htm |website=hkmj.org |accessdate=14 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> ||
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| 1939 || Organization || The Faculty of Radiologists is formed, amalgamating the British Association of Radiologists and the Society of Radiotherapists of Great Britain and Ireland.<ref name="Historical timeline"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1953 || Field development || Swedish radiologist {{w|Sven Ivar Seldinger}} pioneers the Seldinger technique, laying down the foundation of interventional radiology.<ref name="Brief history of interventional radiology">{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Z |last2=Jia |first2=A |last3=Li |first3=L |last4=Li |first4=C |title=[Brief history of interventional radiology]. |pmid=25208839 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25208839}}</ref><ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> || {{w|Sweden}}
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| 1954 || Field development || David Kuhl, a medical student at the {{w|University of Pennsylvania}}, invents the "photoscan", which would replace the scintiscanner.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kevles |first1=Bettyann |title=Naked to the Bone: Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Century |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=et2k_o-K-fQC&pg=PA205&dq=%22in+1950..1959%22+David+Kuhl+invents+Positron+Emission+Tomography&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo-uqP5rjdAhXCDZAKHSSyBZgQ6AEINDAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201950..1959%22%20David%20Kuhl%20invents%20Positron%20Emission%20Tomography&f=false}}</ref> ||
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| 1958 || Field development || Scottish physician {{w|Ian Donald}} develops the first medically used ultrasound to observe the health and growth of fetuses. Donald also uses the ultrasound to study lumps, cysts, and fibroids. Donald, Together with engineer Tom Brown, develop a portable ultrasound machine to be used on patients.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/><ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1961 || Field development || James Robertson, working at the {{w|Brookhaven National Laboratory}}, builds the first single-plane {{w|positron emission tomography}} (PET) scan.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1962 || Field development || American scientist {{w|David E. Kuhl}} introduces emission reconstruction tomography. This method later becomes known as SPECT and [[w:Positron emission tomography|PET]].<ref name="Historical timeline"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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|-
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| 1958 || || Scottish physician {{w|Ian Donald}} develops the first medically used ultrasound to observe the health and growth of fetuses. Donald also uses the ultrasound to study lumps, cysts, and fibroids. Donald, Together with engineer Tom Brown, develop a portable ultrasound machine to be used on patients.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1962 || Organization || The {{w|European Association of Radiology}} is established.<ref>{{cite book |last1= |title=The British Journal of Radiology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=D6QfAAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1962%22+%22European+Association+of+Radiology%22&dq=%22in+1962%22+%22European+Association+of+Radiology%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzwPaW9sDdAhWGHpAKHaa2BsIQ6AEIKDAA}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Weber |first1=Robert L. |title=Physics on stamps |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=gGHvAAAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1962%22+%22European+Association+of+Radiology%22&dq=%22in+1962%22+%22European+Association+of+Radiology%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzwPaW9sDdAhWGHpAKHaa2BsIQ6AEINDAD}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Calder |first1=John F. |title=The History of Radiology in Scotland 1896-2000 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=870eAQAAIAAJ&q=%22in+1962%22+%22European+Association+of+Radiology%22&dq=%22in+1962%22+%22European+Association+of+Radiology%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzwPaW9sDdAhWGHpAKHaa2BsIQ6AEILDAB}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1961 || || James Robertson, working at the {{w|Brookhaven National Laboratory}}, builds the first single-plane {{w|positron emission tomography}} (PET) scan.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> || {{w|United States}}
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| 1963 || Field development || American radiologist {{w|Charles Theodore Dotter}} first proposes the idea of interventional radiology.<ref name="Brief history of interventional radiology"/> || {{w|United States}}
 
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| 1971 || || English electrical engineer {{w|Godfrey Hounsfield}} builds the prototype computerized tomography (CT) machine, which utilizes both x-rays and computer software to create cross-sectional images of the body. In the same year, the first successful medical scan using this machine is done on a live patient.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
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| 1964 || Field development || {{w|Charles Theodore Dotter}} introduces image-guided intervention.<ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> ||
 
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| 1972 || || The first CT scan is announced.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/> ||
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| 1965 || Field development || [[w:Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization|Transcatheter arterial embolization]] becomes one of the most important basic techniques for interventional radiology.<ref name="Brief history of interventional radiology"/> ||
 
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| 1973 || || American chemist {{w|Paul Lauterbur}} develops the way to generate the first two-dimensional and three-dimensional magnetic resonance images (MRIs). In the same year, Lauterbur publishes the first {{w|nuclear magnetic resonance}} image.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> || {{w|United States}}
+
| 1965 || Literature || Benjamin Felson publishes his ''Principles of Chest Roentgenology''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Felson's Principles of Chest Roentgenology—A Programmed Text |url=https://www.ejradiology.com/article/S0720-048X(07)00498-6/abstract |website=ejradiology.com |accessdate=13 September 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Principles of Chest Roentgenology : A Programmed Text |url=https://www.thriftbooks.com/w/principles-of-chest-roentgenology-a-programmed-text_benjamin-felson/539277/#isbn=0721636055 |website=thriftbooks.com |accessdate=13 September 2018}}</ref><ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1975 || || Frank T Farmer gives an interesting historical review of the physical basis of radiology and demonstrates diffraction patterns as obtained by Von Laue.<ref name="1970s medical physics">{{cite web |title=1970s medical physics |url=https://www.bir.org.uk/patients-public/history-of-radiology/1970s/1970s-medical-physics/ |website=bir.org.uk |accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> ||
+
| 1967 || Field development || The first clinical use of {{w|magnetic resonance imaging}} takes place in {{w|England}}.<ref name="Historical timeline"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1975 – 1980 || || "Real-time" ultrasound machines are introduced.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/> ||
+
| 1967 || Field development || Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt becomes a comprehensive interventional radiology technology, in which the biliary system can be reached through a jugular vein.<ref name="Brief history of interventional radiology"/> ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1977 || || English physicist {{w|Peter Mansfield}} of the {{w|University of Nottingham}} describes the general principles of echo-planar imaging.<ref name="Principles and Applications of Echo-planar Imaging: A Review for the General Radiologist">{{cite journal |last1=Poustchi-Amin |first1=Mehdi |last2=Mirowitz |first2=Scott A. |last3=Brown |first3=Jeffrey J. |last4=McKinstry |first4=Robert C. |last5=Li |first5=Tao |title=Principles and Applications of Echo-planar Imaging: A Review for the General Radiologist |accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> Mansfield develops echo-planar imaging for MRIs by mathematically analyzing the radio signals from {{w|magnetic resonance imaging}}. This development allows for images to be collected much faster than previously possible.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+
| 1971 || Field development || English electrical engineer {{w|Godfrey Hounsfield}} builds the prototype computerized tomography (CT) machine, which utilizes both x-rays and computer software to create cross-sectional images of the body. In the same year, the first successful medical scan using this machine is done on a live patient.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1977 || || The first human image is obtained through magnetic resonance imaging, in Aberdeen, Scotland.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}  
+
| 1972 || Field development || Godfrey Hounsfield introduces the first clinical prototype of CT scanner.<ref name="Functional Brain Imaging">{{cite book |last1=Orrison |first1=William W. |last2=Lewine |first2=Jeffrey |last3=Sanders |first3=John |last4=Hartshorne |first4=Michael F. |title=Functional Brain Imaging |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=piWKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=%22in+1972%22+Godfrey+Hounsfield+introduces+the+CT+scanner&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNncn-uuvcAhWDfpAKHYueDbAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201972%22%20Godfrey%20Hounsfield%20introduces%20the%20CT%20scanner&f=false}}</ref><ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/><ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/><ref name="Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches -, Volume 1"/><ref name="Clinical PET-CT in Radiology: Integrated Imaging in Oncology">{{cite book |last1=Shreve |first1=Paul |last2=Townsend |first2=David W. |title=Clinical PET-CT in Radiology: Integrated Imaging in Oncology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mcpY0CuNkvgC&pg=PA1&dq=%22in+1972%22+Godfrey+Hounsfield+introduces+the+CT+scanner&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNncn-uuvcAhWDfpAKHYueDbAQ6AEINTAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201972%22%20Godfrey%20Hounsfield%20introduces%20the%20CT%20scanner&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience: An Introduction to Biological Psychology">{{cite book |last1=Freberg |first1=Laura |title=Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience: An Introduction to Biological Psychology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=z51TCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9&dq=%22in+1972%22+Godfrey+Hounsfield+introduces+the+CT+scanner&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNncn-uuvcAhWDfpAKHYueDbAQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=%22in%201972%22%20Godfrey%20Hounsfield%20introduces%20the%20CT%20scanner&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1972 || Field development || The EMI parallel beam scanner is introduced.<ref name="Clinical PET-CT in Radiology: Integrated Imaging in Oncology"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1972 || Field development || Non-vascular interventional techniques becomes an important branch of interventional radiology.<ref name="Brief history of interventional radiology"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1973 || Field development || American chemist {{w|Paul Lauterbur}} develops the way to generate the first two-dimensional and three-dimensional magnetic resonance images (MRIs). In the same year, Lauterbur publishes the first {{w|nuclear magnetic resonance}} image.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/><ref name="Functional Brain Imaging"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1975 || Field development || Frank T Farmer gives an interesting historical review of the physical basis of radiology and demonstrates diffraction patterns as obtained by Von Laue.<ref name="1970s medical physics">{{cite web |title=1970s medical physics |url=https://www.bir.org.uk/patients-public/history-of-radiology/1970s/1970s-medical-physics/ |website=bir.org.uk |accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1975 || Field development || Michael E. Phelps, Michel Ter-Pogossian, and co-workers at Washington University School of Medicine introduce the modern PET scanner. The design is a ring system surounding the patient.<ref name="Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches -, Volume 1">{{cite book |title=Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches -, Volume 1 |edition=Antonio Luna, Joan C. Vilanova, L. Celso Hygino da Cruz Jr., Santiago E. Rossi |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=VJW4BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA413&dq=%22in+1972%22+Godfrey+Hounsfield+introduces+the+CT+scanner&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjNncn-uuvcAhWDfpAKHYueDbAQ6AEIMDAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201972%22%20Godfrey%20Hounsfield%20introduces%20the%20CT%20scanner&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1975 – 1980 || Field development || "Real-time" ultrasound machines are introduced.<ref name="Medical radiology has now existed for over a century"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1977 || Field development || English physicist {{w|Peter Mansfield}} of the {{w|University of Nottingham}} describes the general principles of echo-planar imaging.<ref name="Principles and Applications of Echo-planar Imaging: A Review for the General Radiologist">{{cite journal |last1=Poustchi-Amin |first1=Mehdi |last2=Mirowitz |first2=Scott A. |last3=Brown |first3=Jeffrey J. |last4=McKinstry |first4=Robert C. |last5=Li |first5=Tao |title=Principles and Applications of Echo-planar Imaging: A Review for the General Radiologist |accessdate=13 August 2018}}</ref> Mansfield develops echo-planar imaging for MRIs by mathematically analyzing the radio signals from {{w|magnetic resonance imaging}}. This development allows for images to be collected much faster than previously possible.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1977 || Field development || American physician {{w|Raymond Damadian}} completes the first MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).<ref>{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=hfjSVIWViRUC&pg=RA1-PA847&dq=%22in+1977%22+Ray+Damadian+builds+the+first+commercial+MRI+scanner&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3uPPL6cDdAhUPlpAKHUSqDPwQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201977%22%20Ray%20Damadian%20builds%20the%20first%20commercial%20MRI%20scanner&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Reece |first1=Richard L. |title=Innovation-Driven Health Care: 34 Key Concepts for Transformation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=dxe5IPU96agC&pg=PA228&dq=%22in+1977%22+Ray+Damadian+builds+the+first+commercial+MRI+scanner&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3uPPL6cDdAhUPlpAKHUSqDPwQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201977%22%20Ray%20Damadian%20builds%20the%20first%20commercial%20MRI%20scanner&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Winterstein |first1=Andrew P. |title=Athletic Training Student Primer: A Foundation for Success |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IsjfF2-kxxIC&pg=PA220&dq=%22in+1977%22+Ray+Damadian+builds+the+first+commercial+MRI+scanner&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj3uPPL6cDdAhUPlpAKHUSqDPwQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201977%22%20Ray%20Damadian%20builds%20the%20first%20commercial%20MRI%20scanner&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 
|-
 
|-
 
| 1979 || Award || South African physicist {{w|Allan McLeod Cormack}} and {{w|Godfrey Hounsfield}} are awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} "for the development of computer assisted tomography". ||
 
| 1979 || Award || South African physicist {{w|Allan McLeod Cormack}} and {{w|Godfrey Hounsfield}} are awarded the {{w|Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine}} "for the development of computer assisted tomography". ||
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1985 || || Argentine physician {{w|Julio Palmaz}} develops the balloon-expandable {{w|stent}}, thus transforming interventional radiology.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> || {{w|United States}}
+
| c.1980 || Field development || The first commercial PET scanner is introduced.<ref name="Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches -, Volume 1"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1985 || Field development || Argentine physician {{w|Julio Palmaz}} develops the balloon-expandable {{w|stent}}, thus transforming interventional radiology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Fogarty |first1=Thomas J. |last2=White |first2=Rodney A. |title=Peripheral Endovascular Interventions |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=nc6oBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA8&dq=%22in+1985%22+%22Julio+Palmaz%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOwYWyu8DdAhXJPpAKHa5yDnUQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=%22in%201985%22%20%22Julio%20Palmaz%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Price |first1=Matthew J. |title=Coronary Stenting: A Companion to Topol's Textbook of Interventional Cardiology E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=cS4RAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&dq=%22in+1985%22+%22Julio+Palmaz%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOwYWyu8DdAhXJPpAKHa5yDnUQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201985%22%20%22Julio%20Palmaz%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Mauro |first1=Matthew A. |last2=Murphy |first2=Kieran P.J. |last3=Thomson |first3=Kenneth R. |last4=Venbrux |first4=Anthony C. |last5=Morgan |first5=Robert A. |title=Image-Guided Interventions E-Book: Expert Radiology Series |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=_aMtAAAAQBAJ&pg=PR39&dq=%22in+1985%22+%22Julio+Palmaz%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiOwYWyu8DdAhXJPpAKHa5yDnUQ6AEIMzAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201985%22%20%22Julio%20Palmaz%22&f=false}}</ref><ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 1989 || Field development || {{w|3D}} data acquisition becomes available with the introduction of spiral CT by W.A. Kalender.<ref name="Clinical PET-CT in Radiology: Integrated Imaging in Oncology"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schoepf |first1=U. Joseph |title=Multidetector-Row CT of the Thorax |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=9GftpYoZ39IC&pg=PA35&dq=%22in+1989%22+spiral+CT+by+W.A.+Kalender&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBoKeQ98DdAhUJHpAKHdzlAwsQ6AEILTAB#v=onepage&q=%22in%201989%22%20spiral%20CT%20by%20W.A.%20Kalender&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shreve |first1=Paul |last2=Townsend |first2=David W. |title=Clinical PET-CT in Radiology: Integrated Imaging in Oncology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=mcpY0CuNkvgC&pg=PA1&dq=%22in+1989%22+spiral+CT+by+W.A.+Kalender&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiBoKeQ98DdAhUJHpAKHdzlAwsQ6AEIMjAC#v=onepage&q=%22in%201989%22%20spiral%20CT%20by%20W.A.%20Kalender&f=false}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1991 || Field development || The first functional MRI (fMRI) of the brain is conducted by Belliveau et al.<ref name="Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience: An Introduction to Biological Psychology"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 1998 || Field development || Ronald Nutt and David Townsend present the first combined {{w|PET-CT}} prototype scanner. It combines positron emission tomography and computerized tomography in such a way as to make it easier for physicians to locate tumors and other structures on the images. The combination also makes it much easier and less expensive for physicians and hospitals to have access to both forms of technology.<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/><ref name="Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches -, Volume 1"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || || The PET-CT scanner, attributed to David Townsend and Ronald Nutt, is named by TIME Magazine as the medical invention of the year.<ref name="Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches -, Volume 1"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2001 || Field development || The first commercial {{w|PET-CT}} system, Discovery LS, is released by American multinational {{w|GE Healthcare}}. It consists in a single-slice spiral CT integrated with a PET scanner with BGO detectors.<ref name="Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches -, Volume 1"/> || {{w|United States}}
 +
|-
 +
| 2003 || Award || {{w|Peter Mansfield}} shares with Paul Lauterbur the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, , for discoveries concerning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2004 || Field development || The Siemens 64-slice spiral CT is introduced.<ref name="Clinical PET-CT in Radiology: Integrated Imaging in Oncology"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2006 || Field development || PET-only scanners are no longer obtainable as major medical centers and clinics opt for PET/CT to replace their PET-only scanners and newly-established diagnostic imaging centers go directly to {{w|PET-CT}}.<ref name="Combined PET/CT: the historical perspective">{{cite journal |last1=Townsend |first1=David W. |title=Combined PET/CT: the historical perspective |doi=10.1053/j.sult.2008.05.006 |pmid=18795489 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2777694/}}</ref> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2008 || Field development || As of date, over 2500 {{w|PET-CT}} scanners are operational worldwide.<ref name="Combined PET/CT: the historical perspective"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
| 2012 || || The {{w|International Day of Radiology}} (IDoR) is introduced. It is celebrated on November 8 each year.<ref name="History of radiologyradiopaedia.org"/> ||
 +
|-
 +
|}
 +
 
 +
 
 +
== Numerical and visual data  ==
 +
 
 +
=== Google Scholar ===
 +
 
 +
The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 20, 2021.
 +
 
 +
{| class="sortable wikitable"
 +
! Year
 +
! radiology
 +
|-
 +
| 1900 || 119
 +
|-
 +
| 1910 || 352
 +
|-
 +
| 1920 || 501
 +
|-
 +
| 1930 || 980
 +
|-
 +
| 1940 || 1,260
 +
|-
 +
| 1950 || 2,250
 +
|-
 +
| 1960 || 4,270
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 1998 || || "Ronald Nutt and David Townsend invent the PET-CT scan which combines positron emission tomography and computerized tomography in such a way as to make it easier for physicians to locate tumors and other structures on the images. By combining these two scans into one machine, they also made it much easier and less expensive for physicians and hospitals to have access to both forms of technology."<ref name="10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions"/> ||
+
| 1970 || 7,440
 
|-
 
|-
−
| 2003 || Award || {{w|Peter Mansfield}} shares with Paul Lauterbur the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, , for discoveries concerning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
+
| 1980 || 16,500
 +
|-
 +
| 1990 || 36,000
 +
|-
 +
| 2000 || 105,000
 +
|-
 +
| 2010 || 201,000
 +
|-
 +
| 2020 || 107,000
 
|-
 
|-
 
|}
 
|}
 +
 +
[[File:Radiology gscho.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Trends ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Radiology (Medical discipline), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radiology |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F013x4m |website=Google Trends |access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Radiology gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
 +
 +
=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Radiology, from 1850 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radiology |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=Radiology&year_start=1850&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=13 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Radiology ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
 +
 +
=== Wikipedia Views ===
 +
 +
The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Radiology}}, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to March 2021.<ref>{{cite web |title=Radiology |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Radiology&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=13 April 2021}}</ref>
 +
 +
[[File:Radiology wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 +
  
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
 
==Meta information on the timeline==
Line 74: Line 205:
 
===How the timeline was built===
 
===How the timeline was built===
  
−
The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:FIXME|FIXME]].
+
The initial version of the timeline was written by [[User:Sebastian]].
  
 
{{funding info}} is available.
 
{{funding info}} is available.
Line 91: Line 222:
  
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
 +
 +
* [[Timeline of nuclear medicine]]
  
 
==External links==
 
==External links==

Latest revision as of 20:24, 6 March 2024

This is a tiemeline of radiology, listing important events in the development of the field.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
19th century Late in the century, Wilhelm Röntgen first discovers the X-ray.
20th century Soon after the turn of the century, lay x-ray operators start being appointed as assistants.[1] In the 1950s comes the development of image intensifier and x-ray television.[2] In the 1960s, ultrasound gains popularity.[2] The 1970s are known as the "golden decade" of radiology, when the CT scanner opens up new opportunities and discoveries which would be further developed in the following decades.[3] Magnetic resonance imaging develops.[2] In the 1980s, position emission tomography (PET) emerges as new technology.[1] Clinical MRI is also introduced in the 1980s.[4] in the 1990s, a rising interest in the construction of a combined PET-CT scanner emerges.[5]
21st century PET/CT becomes one of the fastest growing medical imaging modalities, rivaling the growth of MR during the 1980s and 1990s.[6] As of 2008, over 2500 PET-CT scanners are operational worldwide.[6]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details Country/region
1895 Field development German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen first discovers the X-ray.[2][7]
1896 Field development French physicist Antoine-Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity.[7] France
1896 Literature Journal Archives of Clinical Skiagraphy launches as the first radiology scientific journal.[7][8] United Kingdom
1896 Field development After learning about Röntgen’s discoveries, American inventor Thomas Edison invents fluoroscopy. Fluoroscopic screens would be then used as an alternation to still x-ray images for some time.[9][7] United States
1898 Literature Marie Curie publishes her paper Rays emitted by uranium and thorium compounds.[7] France
1900 Organization The American Roentgen Ray Society (ARRS) is founded.[1] United States
1901 Award Wilhelm Röntgen is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for his contribution to the study of radiation.[10]
1903 Field development Lay x-ray operators start being appointed as assistants.[1]
1913 Field development German surgeon Albert Salomon initiates research leading to mammography.[7] Solomon becomes the first to use x-ray imaging to view the gross anatomy of mastectomy specimens and is the first to demonstrate successful visualization of microcalcifications.[11][12][13] Germany
1914 – 1918 Field development Radiological equipment is used in field hospitals during World War I.[1]
1915 Organization The Western Roentgen Society is founded in Chicago.[14][15][16] United States
1916 Organization The Russian Society of Radiology is founded. It is the oldest and the only national society of Russian radiologists, nuclear medicine specialists, medical physics, radiographers, technitians and other specialists related to radiology, diagnostic and interventional imaging.[17] Russia
1918 Field development George Eastman introduces film, which would replace radiographs made onto glass photographic plates.[2][9]
1918 Literature The Radiological Society of North America publishes journal Radiology.[14] United States
1920 Organization The Society of Radiographers is formed in the United Kingdom as a trade union and professional body for x-ray and radiation technicians.[2][9] United Kingdom
1920 Organization The American Society of Radiologic Technologists is founded.[18] United States
1921 Field development Diagnostic radiology takes a great leap forward with the introduction of pneumoventriculography and pneumoencephalography.[19]
1923 Literature Monthly, peer reviewed, medical journal Radiology is released by the Radiological Society of North America.[20] United States
1927 Field development Portuguese neurologist António Egas Moniz develops cerebral angiography, a technique using X-rays to visualize arteries and veins that are transiently opacified with the injection of high density agent.[21][22][23][7] Portugal
1934 Field development French scientists Frederic and Irène Joliot-Curie artificially produce radioisotopes.[7] France
1935 The higher radiological qualification known as the Fellowship is created by The British Association of Radiologists.[1] United Kingdom
1935 Organization The Society of Radiotherapists of Great Britain and Ireland is established.[1] United Kingdom
1936 Field development American hematologist John H. Lawrence of the University of California, Berkeley introduces phosphorus-32 for the treatment of leukemia.[24][25][26] United States
1939 Literature Kitty Clark publishes Clark’s Positioning in Radiography, which would become a preeminent text on positioning technique for diagnostic radiographers.[27][28][29][7]
1939 Organization The Faculty of Radiologists is formed, amalgamating the British Association of Radiologists and the Society of Radiotherapists of Great Britain and Ireland.[1] United Kingdom
1953 Field development Swedish radiologist Sven Ivar Seldinger pioneers the Seldinger technique, laying down the foundation of interventional radiology.[30][7] Sweden
1954 Field development David Kuhl, a medical student at the University of Pennsylvania, invents the "photoscan", which would replace the scintiscanner.[31]
1958 Field development Scottish physician Ian Donald develops the first medically used ultrasound to observe the health and growth of fetuses. Donald also uses the ultrasound to study lumps, cysts, and fibroids. Donald, Together with engineer Tom Brown, develop a portable ultrasound machine to be used on patients.[9][7] United Kingdom
1961 Field development James Robertson, working at the Brookhaven National Laboratory, builds the first single-plane positron emission tomography (PET) scan.[9] United States
1962 Field development American scientist David E. Kuhl introduces emission reconstruction tomography. This method later becomes known as SPECT and PET.[1] United States
1962 Organization The European Association of Radiology is established.[32][33][34]
1963 Field development American radiologist Charles Theodore Dotter first proposes the idea of interventional radiology.[30] United States
1964 Field development Charles Theodore Dotter introduces image-guided intervention.[7]
1965 Field development Transcatheter arterial embolization becomes one of the most important basic techniques for interventional radiology.[30]
1965 Literature Benjamin Felson publishes his Principles of Chest Roentgenology.[35][36][7]
1967 Field development The first clinical use of magnetic resonance imaging takes place in England.[1] United Kingdom
1967 Field development Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent-shunt becomes a comprehensive interventional radiology technology, in which the biliary system can be reached through a jugular vein.[30]
1971 Field development English electrical engineer Godfrey Hounsfield builds the prototype computerized tomography (CT) machine, which utilizes both x-rays and computer software to create cross-sectional images of the body. In the same year, the first successful medical scan using this machine is done on a live patient.[9] United Kingdom
1972 Field development Godfrey Hounsfield introduces the first clinical prototype of CT scanner.[4][7][2][5][37][38] United Kingdom
1972 Field development The EMI parallel beam scanner is introduced.[37]
1972 Field development Non-vascular interventional techniques becomes an important branch of interventional radiology.[30]
1973 Field development American chemist Paul Lauterbur develops the way to generate the first two-dimensional and three-dimensional magnetic resonance images (MRIs). In the same year, Lauterbur publishes the first nuclear magnetic resonance image.[9][4] United States
1975 Field development Frank T Farmer gives an interesting historical review of the physical basis of radiology and demonstrates diffraction patterns as obtained by Von Laue.[39]
1975 Field development Michael E. Phelps, Michel Ter-Pogossian, and co-workers at Washington University School of Medicine introduce the modern PET scanner. The design is a ring system surounding the patient.[5] United States
1975 – 1980 Field development "Real-time" ultrasound machines are introduced.[2]
1977 Field development English physicist Peter Mansfield of the University of Nottingham describes the general principles of echo-planar imaging.[40] Mansfield develops echo-planar imaging for MRIs by mathematically analyzing the radio signals from magnetic resonance imaging. This development allows for images to be collected much faster than previously possible.[9] United Kingdom
1977 Field development American physician Raymond Damadian completes the first MRI (magnetic resonance imaging).[41][42][43] United States
1979 Award South African physicist Allan McLeod Cormack and Godfrey Hounsfield are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for the development of computer assisted tomography".
c.1980 Field development The first commercial PET scanner is introduced.[5]
1985 Field development Argentine physician Julio Palmaz develops the balloon-expandable stent, thus transforming interventional radiology.[44][45][46][9] United States
1989 Field development 3D data acquisition becomes available with the introduction of spiral CT by W.A. Kalender.[37][47][48]
1991 Field development The first functional MRI (fMRI) of the brain is conducted by Belliveau et al.[38]
1998 Field development Ronald Nutt and David Townsend present the first combined PET-CT prototype scanner. It combines positron emission tomography and computerized tomography in such a way as to make it easier for physicians to locate tumors and other structures on the images. The combination also makes it much easier and less expensive for physicians and hospitals to have access to both forms of technology.[9][5] United States
2000 The PET-CT scanner, attributed to David Townsend and Ronald Nutt, is named by TIME Magazine as the medical invention of the year.[5]
2001 Field development The first commercial PET-CT system, Discovery LS, is released by American multinational GE Healthcare. It consists in a single-slice spiral CT integrated with a PET scanner with BGO detectors.[5] United States
2003 Award Peter Mansfield shares with Paul Lauterbur the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, , for discoveries concerning Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
2004 Field development The Siemens 64-slice spiral CT is introduced.[37]
2006 Field development PET-only scanners are no longer obtainable as major medical centers and clinics opt for PET/CT to replace their PET-only scanners and newly-established diagnostic imaging centers go directly to PET-CT.[6]
2008 Field development As of date, over 2500 PET-CT scanners are operational worldwide.[6]
2012 The International Day of Radiology (IDoR) is introduced. It is celebrated on November 8 each year.[7]


Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of October 20, 2021.

Year radiology
1900 119
1910 352
1920 501
1930 980
1940 1,260
1950 2,250
1960 4,270
1970 7,440
1980 16,500
1990 36,000
2000 105,000
2010 201,000
2020 107,000
Radiology gscho.png

Google Trends

The chart below shows Google Trends data for Radiology (Medical discipline), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[49]

Radiology gt.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Radiology, from 1850 to 2019.[50]

Radiology ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Radiology, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to March 2021.[51]

Radiology wv.png


Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

  • FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 "Historical timeline". rcr.ac.uk. Retrieved 14 August 2018. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 "Origins of radiology". bir.org.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2018. 
  3. ↑ "History of radiology". bir.org.uk. Retrieved 9 August 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Orrison, William W.; Lewine, Jeffrey; Sanders, John; Hartshorne, Michael F. Functional Brain Imaging. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Functional Imaging in Oncology: Biophysical Basis and Technical Approaches -, Volume 1 (Antonio Luna, Joan C. Vilanova, L. Celso Hygino da Cruz Jr., Santiago E. Rossi ed.). 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Townsend, David W. "Combined PET/CT: the historical perspective". PMID 18795489. doi:10.1053/j.sult.2008.05.006. 
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 "History of radiology". radiopaedia.org. Retrieved 13 August 2018. 
  8. ↑ "Archives of Clinical Skiagraphy". radiopaedia.org. Retrieved 13 August 2018. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 9.8 9.9 "10-Minute History of Radiology: Overview of Monumental Inventions". bicrad.com. Retrieved 13 August 2018. 
  10. ↑ "An Illuminating Accident". nobelprize.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018. 
  11. ↑ Bassett, Lawrence W.; Mahoney, Mary C; Apple, Sophia; D'Orsi, Carl. Breast Imaging Expert Radiology Series E-Book. 
  12. ↑ Kaiser, Werner A. Signs in MR-Mammography. 
  13. ↑ Classic Papers in Modern Diagnostic Radiology (Adrian M. K. Thomas, Arpan K. Banerjee, Uwe Busch ed.). 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Adler, Arlene M.; Carlton, Richard R. Introduction to Radiologic and Imaging Sciences and Patient Care - E-Book. 
  15. ↑ Mould, R.F. A Century of X-Rays and Radioactivity in Medicine: With Emphasis on Photographic Records of the Early Years. 
  16. ↑ Hussey, David H.; Beck, Bill. ASTRO: A Celebration of 50 Years. 
  17. ↑ "Russian Society of Radiology". healthmanagement.org. Retrieved 17 November 2018. 
  18. ↑ "History of the American Society of Radiologic Technologists". asrt.org. Retrieved 13 August 2018. 
  19. ↑ Tandon, Prakash Narain; Ramamurthi, Ravi. Textbook of Neurosurgery, Third Edition, Three Volume Set. 
  20. ↑ The Medical Basis of Psychiatry (S. Hossein Fatemi, Paula J. Clayton ed.). 
  21. ↑ Oakes, Elizabeth H. Encyclopedia of World Scientists. 
  22. ↑ Neuroimaging, Part 1. 
  23. ↑ Marks, Geoffrey; Beatty, William K. The Precious Metals of Medicine. 
  24. ↑ Oreskes, Naomi; Krige, John. Science and Technology in the Global Cold War. 
  25. ↑ Positron Emission Tomography: Basic Sciences (Dale L. Bailey, David W. Townsend, Peter E. Valk, Michael N. Maisey ed.). 
  26. ↑ "Clark's Positioning in Radiography 13E". crcpress.com. Retrieved 14 September 2018. 
  27. ↑ "CLARK'S POSITIONING RADIOGRAPHY 12th Edition Hardcover – 26 Aug 2005". amazon.co.uk. Retrieved 14 September 2018. 
  28. ↑ Yeung, Andy WK. "Tube shift or tube tilt? The terminology of dental radiography is heterogeneous relative to radiological convention". hkmj.org. Retrieved 14 September 2018. 
  29. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 30.3 30.4 Tang, Z; Jia, A; Li, L; Li, C. "[Brief history of interventional radiology].". PMID 25208839. 
  30. ↑ Kevles, Bettyann. Naked to the Bone: Medical Imaging in the Twentieth Century. 
  31. ↑ The British Journal of Radiology. 
  32. ↑ Weber, Robert L. Physics on stamps. 
  33. ↑ Calder, John F. The History of Radiology in Scotland 1896-2000. 
  34. ↑ "Felson's Principles of Chest Roentgenology—A Programmed Text". ejradiology.com. Retrieved 13 September 2018. 
  35. ↑ "Principles of Chest Roentgenology : A Programmed Text". thriftbooks.com. Retrieved 13 September 2018. 
  36. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Shreve, Paul; Townsend, David W. Clinical PET-CT in Radiology: Integrated Imaging in Oncology. 
  37. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Freberg, Laura. Discovering Behavioral Neuroscience: An Introduction to Biological Psychology. 
  38. ↑ "1970s medical physics". bir.org.uk. Retrieved 13 August 2018. 
  39. ↑ Poustchi-Amin, Mehdi; Mirowitz, Scott A.; Brown, Jeffrey J.; McKinstry, Robert C.; Li, Tao. "Principles and Applications of Echo-planar Imaging: A Review for the General Radiologist". 
  40. ↑ Encyclopedia of the Neurological Sciences. 
  41. ↑ Reece, Richard L. Innovation-Driven Health Care: 34 Key Concepts for Transformation. 
  42. ↑ Winterstein, Andrew P. Athletic Training Student Primer: A Foundation for Success. 
  43. ↑ Fogarty, Thomas J.; White, Rodney A. Peripheral Endovascular Interventions. 
  44. ↑ Price, Matthew J. Coronary Stenting: A Companion to Topol's Textbook of Interventional Cardiology E-Book. 
  45. ↑ Mauro, Matthew A.; Murphy, Kieran P.J.; Thomson, Kenneth R.; Venbrux, Anthony C.; Morgan, Robert A. Image-Guided Interventions E-Book: Expert Radiology Series. 
  46. ↑ Schoepf, U. Joseph. Multidetector-Row CT of the Thorax. 
  47. ↑ Shreve, Paul; Townsend, David W. Clinical PET-CT in Radiology: Integrated Imaging in Oncology. 
  48. ↑ "Radiology". Google Trends. Retrieved 13 April 2021. 
  49. ↑ "Radiology". books.google.com. Retrieved 13 April 2021. 
  50. ↑ "Radiology". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 13 April 2021. 
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