Difference between revisions of "Timeline of infection control"

Latest revision as of 19:52, 27 July 2023

This is a timeline of infection control, attempting to describe significant events related to the development of this field.

Sample questions

What are some events describing the introduction of chemical agents used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfectant introduction".
- You will mostly see a large number of substances used for disinfection, starting from alcohol and vinegar, which were introduced in ancient times.
What are some events describing research on disinfectants?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfectant research".
What are some events describing the discovery and/or introduction of disinfection methods other than chemical agents?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfection method introduction".
- You will see a variety of physical methods of disinfection, like boiling, heat, steam sterilization, X-rays; a number of elements and artifacts introduced for disinfection, like porcelain and the autoclave, as well as some protocols introduced in modern hospitals.
What are some of the several developed methods of social distancing with the purpose to prevent infection?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Social distancing".
- You will see between parenthesis different methods, like "cordon sanitaire", and "quarantine", both very old practices.
What are other events describing infection prevention methods?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Prevention".
- For events related to hand washing, look for the group of rows with value "Prevention (hand washing)".
- For events related to face mask use, look for the group of rows with value "Prevention (face mask)".
What are some events describing research on disinfection methods?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfection method research".
What are some historically significant applications of public measures aimed at preventing and controlling infection outbreaks?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the groups of rows with values "Contact tracing" and "Survaillance".
- You will see some different types of response to outbreaks, including historic plague epidemics, and recent pandemics.
- For contact tracing, you will see a number of recent events related to digital contact tracing launched during the COVID-19 pandemic.
What are some events describing the introduction of new terms and concepts related to infection control?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Concept development".
- Youy will see the introduction of basic terms like disinfectant, septic, and germ, as well as others.
What are some notable publications related to infection control?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Publication".
- You will see a number of notable books, papers and documents related to the topic.
What are some types of infection mentioned in the timeline?
- Look for the column with the value "Infection type"
- You will read specific types of infection in some cases, and more general (like "Microbial infection" and "Bacterial infection") in other rows.

Big picture

Time period	Development summary	More details
17th–18th centuries	Early scientific development	The word disinfectant is introduced in 1658 for removal of infection. Years later in the 17th century, Antonie Van Leuwenhoek discovers microorganisms and first sees bacteria. In the first half of the 18th century, an early scientific study of hospital or nosocomial cross-infection begins in Britain.^[1]
19th century	Hospital reform	Early hospital for infectious diseases are established in Europe. In the 1840s, Ignaz Semmelweis in Austria proposes the practice of washing hands with chlorinated lime solutions, considerably reducing mortality at hospitals. In the 1860s, the work by Florence Nightingale in England motivates new policies of control of cross-infection in many hospitals. The 19th century is one of prolific scientific achievements. A considerable number of disinfectants and disinfection methods are introduced.
20th century	Antibiotic revolution and birth of infection control discipline	In the 1930s, with the discovery of sulfa and penicillin, the ability to fight infection becomes reality.^[2] In the 1940s, the discovery of more antibiotics makes a dramatic difference to the control of infections in the body.^[3] In the 1960s, modern disposable masks grow in popularity.^[4] By the 1970s, hospital based infection control emerges as a distinct specialty.^[5] In the 1980s, alcohol-based hand sanitizer starts being commonly used in Europe. In the 1990s, cubicle curtain design undergoes a period of rapid growth in the decade.^[6]
21st century	Increased infection control awareness	The 2001 anthrax attacks, the SARS outbreak in 2002 and the continued concern about an avian influenza pandemic motivate a heightened awareness of the importance of disaster (natural or bioterrorism related) preparedness.^[7] This awareness is taken to an unprecedented level by 2020 with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic. Digital contact tracing also flourishes in this century.

Full timeline

Year	Event type	Infection type	Details	Present time country/region
c.3000 BC	Disinfectant introduction		Ancient Egyptians use palm wine and vinegar to rinse the abdominal cavities of human and animal cadavers prior to embalming.^[8]	Egypt
800 BC	Disinfectant introduction		The oldest reference to disinfection of premises with a chemical product seems to be that described by Homer in book xii of the Odyssey, where the hero, having killed his rivals, demands that sulphur be burnt in the house which they had occupied.^[8]
1347–1348	Social distancing (quarantine)	Plague	The term quarantine is derived from the Italian number “quaranta,” or 40, with the practice originating around this time, during the Black Plague.^[9]	Italy
1363	Disinfectant introduction	Wound infection	Alcohol as an antiseptic is recommended for wound treatment by French physician Guy de Chauliac.^[10]	France
1523	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Plague	During a plague outbreak in Birgu, Malta, the town is cordoned off by guards to prevent the disease from spreading to the rest of the island.^[11]	Malta
1523	Prevention	Anthrax	English scholar Anthony Fitzherbert recommends removal of animals which have died from 'murrain' (anthrax), except the skin (which is sent to a tannery) and the head (which 'was to be placed on a pole to notify to others "that sickness existed in the township" ')^[8]	United Kingdom
1598	Concept development		The word disinfectant is first recorded in writing, with the meaning "to cure, to heal".^[12]
1605	Concept development		The word septic is first recorded, meaning "putrefying".^[12]
1658	Concept development		The word disinfectant is used in a more modern sense, to remove infection.^[12]
1659	Disinfectant introduction		Potassium permanganate is first obtained by German-Dutch chemist Johann Rudolf Glauber.^[13]^[14]	Netherlands
1666	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Plague	The English village of Eyam famously imposes a cordon sanitaire on itself after an outbreak of the bubonic plague in the community.^[15]^[16]	United Kingdom
1675	Scientific development	Microbial infection	Antonie Van Leuwenhoek discovers microorganisms.^[17]
1676	Scientific development	Microbial infection	Dutch scientist Antonie Van Leuwenhoek first sees bacteria.^[12] In the same year, he discovers that vinegar kills some microorganisms.^[17] Van Leuwenhoek provides the first scientific proof of the action of acids on 'animalcules', which he discovered using the microscope of his own invention.^[8]	Netherlands
1708–1712	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Plague	A broad cordon sanitaire is extended around the border of the former Duchy of Prussia during a plague outbreak. Those crossing into the exclave are quarantined.^[18]	Russia
1715	Disinfectant introduction	Cattle plague	Italian physician Giovanni Maria Lancisi recommends using vinegar (or vinegar water) for disinfecting objects (and even animals or persons) which have been in contact with cases of cattle plague.^[19]^[20]^[8]	Italy
1716	Policy	Cattle plague	Frederick the Great in Prussia introduces policy mandating that the clothing of persons who have attended animals affected by cattle plague should be aired and 'exposed to flame'.^[8]	Germany, ex-Prussian territories
1718	Disinfection method introduction		French naturalist Louis Joblot sterilizes a hay infusion by boiling it for 15 minutes and then sealing the container.^[21]^[22]^[8]	France
1719	Disinfectant introduction		Thymol is first isolated by the German chemist Caspar Neumann.^[23]	Germany
1720	Social distancing (quarantine)	Plague	During a bubonic plague epidemic, local merchants in Marseille pressure authorities to release a cargo ship from quarantine after just about 10 days; when the crew and cargo enter the city, an outbreak erupts in Marseille and kills 60,000 of its inhabitants.^[24]	France
1730	Disinfectant introduction	Glanders infection	Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor decrees that stables which have housed glanderous horses should be plastered with quicklime. Such arrangements figure in numerous texts published in Europe around the time.^[8]	Europe
1733	Social distancing (quarantine)	Leprosy	The Lazzaretto of Ancona starts being built on an artificial island as a quarantine station and leprosarium for the port town of Ancona, Italy.^[25]	Italy
1745	Prevention	Plague	A decree in Oldenburg prescribes the cleaning with caustic soda of troughs from which cattle with plague have fed, and the cleaning of the woodwork and walls of their houses with lime-wash.^[8]	Germany
1770	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Plague	Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa sets up a cordon sanitaire between Austria and the Ottoman Empire to prevent people and goods infected with plague from crossing the border. Cotton and wool are held in storehouses for weeks, with peasants paid to sleep on the bales and monitored to see if they show signs of disease.^[26]	Austrian Empire region
1771	Prevention	Epizootic infection	Policy is introduced in France stipulating that animals killed or dead from epizootic disease may not be abandoned in forests, thrown into rivers or placed on rubbish dumps, nor may they be buried in stables, courtyards, gardens or elsewhere within the precincts of towns and villages.^[8]	France
1774	Disinfectant introduction	Microbial infection	Swedish chemist Carl Wilhelm Scheele discovers chlorine.^[27]
1776	Disinfection method research	Microbial infection	Italian biologist Lazzaro Spallanzani demonstrates that it is impossible for 'spontaneous generation' of microorganisms to occur once the fluid they lived in has been boiled for an hour.^[8]^[21]	Italy
1784	Prevention	Non-human animal contagious diseases	A decree issued by the Council of the King of France obliges the owners of animals affected by contagious diseases to burn or scald all harnesses, wagons and any other objects which has been in contact with these animals.^[8]	France
1789	Disinfectant introduction		French chemist Claude Louis Berthollet produces potassium hypochlorite for the first time in his laboratory located in Javel in Paris.^[28]^[29]	France
1793	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Yellow fever	During a yellow fever epidemic in Philadelphia, roads and bridges leading to the city are blocked off by soldiers from the local militia to prevent the illness from spreading.^[30]	United States
1794	Prevention	Plague	English physician Erasmus Darwin recommends that if cattle plague are introduced into England, all cattle within a five mile radius of any confirmed outbreak should be 'immediately slaughtered, and consumed within the circumscribed district; and their hides put into quicklime before proper inspectors'.^[8]	United Kingdom
1800	Infrastructure	Hospital-acquired infection, communicable infection	A Hospital for Sick Children is established in Paris, initially admitting infectious cases, with consequent high mortality from cross-infection.^[31]	France
1801	Infrastructure	General	The first hospital for infectious diseases is established in London.^[32]	United Kingdom
1803	Concept development	Smallpox	The word 'germ', in relation to a smallpox infection, is printed.^[12]
1811	Disinfectant introduction	Microbial pathogens	Chlorine dioxide is discovered.^[33]^[34]^[35]
1813–1814	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Plague	During the 1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic, cordon sanitaires are implemented in the main urban settlements and rural settlements with a high mortality rate. People are prevented from entering or leaving.^[36]^[37]	Malta
1818	Disinfectant introduction		Louis Jacques Thénard first produces hydrogen peroxide by reacting barium peroxide with nitric acid.^[38]	France
1821	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)		The term cordon sanitaire dates to this year.^[39]^[40]^[41]	France
1823	Disinfectant introduction		French chemist Antoine Germain Labarraque uses hypochlorite as a deodorant and disinfectant in a catgut factory.^[27]	France
1827	Disinfectant introduction		English surgeon Thomas Alcock shows the possibility to use hypochlorite for disinfection.^[21]	United Kingdom
1829	Disinfectant introduction		Lugol's iodine is first made by French physician Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol.^[42]^[43]	France
1831	Disinfection method introduction		English chemist William Henry investigates the disinfection of infected clothing using heat rendered them harmless. Henry devises a jacketed dry heat (hot air) steriliser.^[21]	United Kingdom
1832	Disinfectant introduction	Cholera	English surgeon Joseph Lister introduces the first reasoned attempt to sterilize air during a cholera epidemic.^[27]^[44]	United Kingdom
1834	Disinfectant introduction	Microbial infection	German chemist Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge discovers a phenol, now known as carbolic acid, which he derives in an impure form from coal tar.^[45]	Germany
1834	Disinfectant introduction		Hypochlorous acid is discovered by French chemist Antoine Jérôme Balard by adding, to a flask of chlorine gas, a dilute suspension of mercury(II) oxide in water.^[46]
1839	Disinfectant introduction	Wound infection	Davies uses iodine for treating infected wounds. This is the first reference to using tincture of iodine in wounds.^[21]
1844	Disinfectant introduction		Bayard in France prepares an antiseptic powder from coal tar, plaster, ferrous sulphate and clay.^[47]	France
1847	Medical development	Childbed fever	Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis presents evidence that childbed fever is spread from person to person on the unclean hands of health-care workers.^[48]	Austria
1847	Disinfectant introduction	Childbed fever	Motivated by Ignaz Semmelweis discovery, a bleach derivative is introduced as the hand disinfectant agent at the Vienna Medical Center to help reduce the risk of postpartum women who developed “Childbed Fever”, which had an 80% mortality rate. After introduction, the mortality rate plummets to 90% the first month.^[17]	Austria
1850	Disinfectant introduction		French pharmacist Ferdinand Le Beuf makes a useful disinfectant based on the bark of quillaia, a South American tree.^[47]	France
1850	Disinfection method introduction	Anthrax, bacterial infection	French physician Casimir Davaine finds the bacillus of anthrax in the blood of dying sheep. Davaine works on animal infections. Later, he works on a porcelain filter, to remove bacteria.^[21]	France
1852	Disinfectant introduction	Microbial infection	Eucalyptus oil is introduced in Australia.^[49]	Australia
1852	Disinfection method introduction	Cholera	French physician Victor Burq discovers that those working with copper have far fewer deaths to cholera than anyone else, and concludes that putting copper on the skin is effective at preventing someone from getting cholera.^[50]
1852	Infrastructure	Hospital-acquired infection, communicable infection	Great Ormond Street Hospital is founded in London. In this hospital, cross-infection is avoided in the children's wards by admission of such cases as perhaps smallpox, scarlet fever, and diphtheria to fever hospitals.^[31]	United Kingdom
1854	Disinfection method research	Bacterial infection	German scientist Heinrich G. F. Schröder and German physician Theodor von Dusch show that bacteria can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton-wool by boiling infusion.^[21]	Germany
1854	Disinfectant introduction		Chlorinated lime is applied in the tratment of sewage in London.^[21]	United Kingdom
1858	Disinfectant introduction		British physician Benjamin Ward Richardson takes note of the capacity of hydrogen peroxide to remove foul odours and subsequently proposes its use as disinfectant.^[21]	United Kingdom
1858	Disinfectant introduction	Bacterial infection	Fuchsine is first prepared by August Wilhelm von Hofmann from aniline and carbon tetrachloride.^[51]^[52]
1859	Disinfectant introduction		Russian chemist Alexander Butlerov discovers formaldehyde.^[53]^[54]^[27]	Russia
1859	Disinfection method research		Heinrich G. F. Schröder shows that boiling infusion at temperatures above 100°C (e.g., egg yolks, milk and meat) for prolonged time destroys growth but boiling for a short period at 100 °C does not stop growth.^[21]	Germany
1860	Publication	Hospital-acquired infection	English social reformer Florence Nightingale publishes Notes on Nursing, a series of guidelines with recommendations on sanitation and hospital environment. These publications prompt new policies of control of cross-infection in most hospitals.^[31]	United Kingdom
1863	Disinfection method research	Anthrax	Casimir Devaine demonstrates that porcelain filters retained anthrax bacteria.^[21]	France
1865	Disinfectant introduction	Microbial infection	Joseph Lister applies a piece of lint dipped in carbolic acid solution to the wound of an eleven-year-old boy at Glasgow Royal Infirmary, who had sustained a compound fracture after a cart wheel had passed over his leg. After four days, he renewes the pad and discovers that no infection has developed. After a total of six weeks he discovers that the boy's bones have fused back together, without the danger of suppuration.^[55]^[56]	United Kingdom
1866	Disinfectant introduction		Methyl violet is manufactured in France by the Saint-Denis-based firm of Poirrier et Chappat and marketed under the name "Violet de Paris". It is a mixture of the tetra-, penta- and hexamethylated pararosanilines.^[57]	France
1867	Disinfectant introduction		The first reasoned attempt to sterilize air is made by Joseph Lister in his pursuit of antiseptic surgery.^[27]	United Kingdom
1869	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Cholera	French epidemiologist Achille Adrien Proust (father of novelist Marcel Proust) proposes the use of an international cordon sanitaire to control the spread of cholera, which emerged from India and, and threatening Europe and Africa at the time. Proust proposes that all ships bound for Europe from India and Southeast Asia be quarantined at Suez, however his ideas would not be generally embraced.^[58]^[59]^[60]	France
1871	Disinfectant introduction		Soap is used with coal tar to make an antiseptic preparation. This formulation is patented.^[27]
1871	Disinfection method introduction	Anthrax	German botanist Ernst Tiegel filters anthrax fluids through porous cell of unburnt clay with the aid of a Bunsen air pump.^[21]	Germany
1872	Disinfectant research		Early work by German biochemist Karl Heinrich Ritthausen shows that phenol is a solvent for proteins.^[27]	Germany
1873–1875	Disinfectant research	Anthrax	Casimir Davaine reports bactericidal efficiency of iodine solutions against the anthrax bacillus.^[21]	France
1874	Concept development		The word 'sterilization' is first used as in: sterilization by heat of organic liquids.^[21]
1875	Disinfectant introduction	Microbial infection	Bucholtz publishes his determinations of the concentrations of, amongst other substances, phenol, creosote and salicylic and benzoic acid required to inhibit the growth of and to kill mixed cultures of unnamed micro-organisms.^[27]
1876	Scientific development	Anthrax	German microbiologist Robert Koch publishes his work on anthrax, for the first time conclusively proving that a bacterium could be a specific infectious agent.^[32]	Germany
1877	Scientific development	Bacterial infection	English physicist John Tyndale discovers the heat resistant phase of bacteria, the spore. Tyndale creates tyndallization, a method of fractional, intermitent processing to inactivate spores, by turning them into less resistant vegetative microbes, upon incubation in a growth medium.^[21]	United Kingdom
1877	Concept development		The word 'sterile' is first used.^[12]
1877	Disinfection method research	Bacterial infection	Downes and Blunt demonstrate sterilization of a bacterial culture after nine hours of exposure to sunlight. This is the precursor of ultraviolet light (UV).^[21]
1877	Disinfectant introduction		British chemical manufacturer John Jeyes patents his Jeyes fluid.^[61]	United Kingdom
1878	Disinfection method introduction		Joseph Lister recommends heating of glassware at 150°C for 2 hours to produce sterilization.^[21]
1878	Disinfection method research	Pathogenic bacteria	American physician George Miller Sternberg shows that pathogenic bacteria (vegetative or non-spores) are killed in 10 minutes at a relatively benigntemperature of 62°C to 72°C.^[21]	United States
1878	Concept development	Bacterial infection	Irish physicist John Tyndall uses the adjective bactericidal.^[12]	United Kingdom
1881	Disinfectant research	Anthrax	Robert Koch concludes that ethanol is innefective as an antiseptic based on his work with anthrax spores.^[10]	Germany
1881	Disinfection method research	Bacterial infection	Robert Koch and coworkers determine the exact value of dry heat and the limitations of steam at 100°C. They additionally create the silk thread technique for testing bactericidal agents, impregnated with anthrax spores.^[21]	Germany
1881	Disinfectant research	Diphtheria	Evidence is found about the use of ozone as a disinfectant, mentioned by Kellogg in his book on diphtheria.^[21]
1882	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Yellow fever	In response to a virulent outbreak of yellow fever in Brownsville, Texas, and in northern Mexico, a cordon sanitaire is established 180 miles north of the city, terminating at the Rio Grande to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.^[62]^[63]	United States
1883	Medical equipment introduction	Hospital-acquired infection	Sterile gowns and caps are invented by German surgeon Gustav Adolf Neuber using a form of autoclave.^[21]	Germany
1884	Disinfection method introduction	Microbial infection	French microbiologist Charles Chamberland invents the first autoclave.^[21]
1884	Disinfection method introduction	Bacterial infection	Louis Pasteur and Charles Chamberland design the first candle-shaped porcelain depth filter for the removal of bacteria.^[21]	France
1885	Disinfection method introduction	Germ infection	German surgeon Curt Schimmelbusch develops and evaluates details of aseptic technique. He is the first to sterilize surgical dressing by steam. Schimmelbusch also advocates adding sodium carbonate to boiling water to enhance its germicidal value and prevent corrosion of instruments.^[21]	Germany
1885	Disinfection method introduction		Gaston Poupinel in France introduces the first device of dry heat sterilization, which begins to be used in many hospitals.^[21]	France
1886	Disinfectant introduction	Bacterial infection	Formaldehyde is examined as a bactericide by Loew & Fisher.^[27]
1887	Disinfectant introduction	Bacterial infection	Rosahegyi notes that dyes are inhibitory to bacteria.^[27]
1987	Publication	Body substances infection	A document entitled Body substance isolation emphasizes avoiding contact with all moist and potentially infectious body substances except sweat even if blood not present. The document shares some features with universal precautions.^[64]
1888	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Yellow fever	During a yellow fever epidemic, the city of Jacksonville, Florida, is surrounded by an armed cordon sanitaire by order of Governor Edward A. Perry.^[65]^[66]	United States
1888	Publication	Wound infection	Fred Kilmer publishes Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment, which helps spread the adoption of antiseptic surgery.^[21]
1888	Disinfection method introduction	Bacterial infection	German surgeon Ervis Von Esmarch investigates the sterilizing efficiency of unsaturated and superheated steam and recommends the use of bacteriological tests as a proof of sterilization.^[21]	Germany
1888	Disinfection method introduction	Bacterial infection	American bacteriologist Joseph J. Kinyoun makes important contributions to the design of the steam sterilization chamber and recommends a vacuum process to augment steam penetration of objects.^[21]	United States
1889	Concept development	parasitic fungi infection	The word fungicide appears for the first time.^[12]
1880s	Disinfectant introduction		Joseph Lister uses a phenol agent in his groundbreaking work on surgical antisepsis.^[17]
1891	Disinfection method introduction		Information about the steam sterilizer appears in print.^[21]
1891	Disinfection method introduction	Hospital-acquired infection	Heat sterilization of instruments is introduced by German surgeon Ernst Von Bergmann.^[21]
1892	Disinfectant introduction		The name ethanol is coined as a result of a resolution adopted at the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature held in Geneva, Switzerland.^[67]	Switzerland
1893	Disinfection method introduction	Bacterial infection	British botanist Harry Marshall Ward experiments on the bactericidal effects of different coloured lights.^[68]^[69] Ward demonstrates that it is primarily the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum that has the bactericidal action.^[70]	United Kingdom
1894	Disinfectant introduction		English industrialist William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme introduces the first mass-produced carbolic soap to the market, Lifebuoy.^[71]	United Kingdom
1896	Disinfection method introduction	Microbial infection	German physicist Wilhelm Röntgen discovers X-rays, which soon become known for their ability to destroy microbes.^[21]
1897	Prevention (face mask)		French surgeon Paul Berger becomes one of the first surgeons to ever wear a face mask during an operation.^[4]	France
1897	Test introduction		Defries develops an ingenious test which seeks to eliminate the continuing action of a disinfectant and to establish a time for a true endpoint to the disinfection process.^[27]
1897	Disinfection method introduction		Kronig and Paul in Germany publish paper examining the kinetics or dynamics of the course of the disinfection process.^[27]^[72]^[73]	Germany
1897	Publication	Hospital-acquired infection	Kilmer publishes a classical paper entitled Modern Surgical Dressings.^[21]
1897	Concept development	Microbial infection	The adjective microbiocidal appears.^[12]
1898	Disinfection method introduction		A. Schmidt reports on disinfection using formaldehyde as a wet vapour to fumigate sick rooms.^[21]
1898	Disinfection method introduction	Bacterial infection	H. Rieder describes the bactericidal activity of X-rays, achieving almost complete sterilization of agar and gelatin plates of cholera, diphtheria, typhoid, and colon organisms, with exposure for about 1 hour.^[21]^[74]
1899	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Plague	An outbreak of plague in Honolulu is managed by a cordon sanitaire around the Chinatown district. In an attempt to control the infection, a barbed wire perimeter is created and people's belongings and homes are burned.^[75]^[76]	United States
1900	Disinfection method research		Strebel demonstrates the inhibitory action of radioactive substances (radium).^[21]^[77]
1900–1904	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Plague	San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 The Chinatown is subjected to a cordon sanitaire.^[78]	United States
1901	Disinfectant introduction	Bacterial infection	Meyer conducts the first systematic experiment on the nature of the antibacterial action of phenols. Meyer shows that the antibacterial action of phenols is paralleled by their distribution between protein and water, suggesting that protein is the prime target.^[27]
1903	Disinfectant introduction	Salmonella typhi	English chemists Samuel Rideal and J. T. Ainslie Walker propose the phenol coefficient test.^[21] The Rideal-Walker test is introduced to evaluate the performance of phenolic disinfectants against Salmonella typhi.^[27]	United Kingdom
1903–1914	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Trypanosomiasis	The Belgian colonial government imposes a cordon sanitaire on Uele Province in the Belgian Congo to control outbreaks of trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness).^[79]	Congo D.R
1910	Disinfection method introduction	Microbial infection	Chick and Martin consider microbes are killed by heat by protein coagulation in two stages, first by denaturation of the protein and second by agglutination when protein separates out.^[21]^[80]
1910	Disinfectant introduction		Using ultraviolet light for disinfection of drinking water dates back to this year in Marseille, France.^[81]	France
1912	Disinfectant research	Bacterial infection	E.A. Cooper, working with bacteria and phenols, concludes that phenols destroy intracellular protein by coagulation.^[27]
1913	Disinfectant introduction	Bacterial infection	Cooper states that adsorption of phenol onto bacterial cells is the first reaction of the disinfection process.^[27]
1916	Disinfectant introduction	Bacterial infection	A new agent known as quaternary ammonium salts are first reported by the Rockefeller Institute as having bactericidal properties.^[17]	United States
1916	Disinfectant introduction	Microbial infection	An antimicrobial molecule is introduced. These are organic derivatives of the positively charged ammonium ion where at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by a long chain alkyl radical and the three remaining atoms substituted usually by methyl groups.^[27]
1918	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Influenza	The 1918 flu pandemic spreads so rapidly that, in general, there is no time to implement cordons sanitaires. However, to prevent an introduction of the infection, residents of Gunnison, Colorado isolate themselves from the surrounding area for two months at the end of the year. All highways are barricaded near the county lines.^[82]	United States
1918	Prevention (face mask)	Influenza	During the 1918 flu pandemic face masks become very important. Police forces, medical workers, and even residents in some cities in the United States are all required to wear them.^[4]	United States
1918	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Influenza	In the South Pacific, the Governor of American Samoa, John Martin Poyer, imposed a reverse cordon sanitaire of the islands from all incoming ships, successfully achieving zero deaths within the territory during the influenza epidemic.^[83] In contrast, the neighboring New Zealand-controlled Western Samoa is among the hardest hit, with a 90% infection rate and over 20% of its adults dying from the disease.^[84]	American Samoa, Western Samoa
1918	Social distancing	Influenza	In late year, Spain attempts unsuccessfully to prevent the spread of the Spanish flu by imposing border controls, roadblocks, restricting rail travel, and a maritime cordon sanitaire prohibiting ships with sick passengers from landing, but by then the epidemic is already in progress in the country.^[85]	Spain
1918	Disinfectant introduction	Germ infection	Hydrogen peroxide is used in World War I as a germicide.^[21]
1920	Disinfectant introduction		Standard Oil first produces isopropyl alcohol by hydrating propene.^[86]^[87]
1921	Scientific development		Bigelow describes the logarithmic nature of thermal death time (TDT) curves.^[21]
1921	Publication		Samuel Rideal and Eric Rideal publish Chemical Disinfection and Sterilization.^[21]
1922	Scientific development		Bigelow and Esty, utilizing spores, determine the thermal death time (TDT), as a means of evaluating sterilization of thermophilic microbes.^[88]
1922	Disinfection method introduction	Bacterial infection	Zsigmondy and Buchmann introduce a membrane filter composed of cellulose esters for the removal of bacteria from solution.^[21]
1925	Concept development	Viral infection	The adjective virucidal is first noted.^[12]
1928	Disinfection method introduction	Germ infection	Gates discovers the germicidal wavelength of ultraviolet light.^[21]^[89]^[90]
1929	Disinfectant research	Bacterial infection	Schrader and Bossert find that ethylene oxide (EO) has bactericidal properties.^[21]
1929	Scientific development	Bacterial infection	Otto Rahn discovers that the size of bacteria is the cause of the logarithmic order of death.^[21]
Late 1920s	Disinfectant research	Bacterial infection	American chemist Lloyd Hall exploits bactericidal activity of ethylene oxide to lower the microbiological content of spices.^[21]	United States
1933	Disinfectant introduction	Hospital-acquired infection	Dettol is launched in India. It is used by doctors in hospitals to disinfect before delivering babies.^[91]^[92]^[93]	India
1933	Disinfectant introduction		Gross and Dixon patent use of ethylene oxide as a sterilizing agent.^[21]
1933	Disinfectant introduction		Soap-solubilized formulation containing chloroxylenol and terpineol is introduced by Colebrook and Maxted.^[27]
1933	Disinfection method introduction		American engineer Weeden Underwood makes notable advances in design of, and application of pressure steam sterilizers. This is considered the beginning of the era of scientific sterilization.^[21]	United States
1933	Disinfectant research	Microbial infection	Schauffler documents the antimicrobial properties of chlorine dioxide solutions.^[21]
1934	Publication		Weeden Underwood writes an early textbook on sterilization called Textbook on Sterilization.^[21]	United States
1935	Disinfectant introduction	Germ infection	The use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as a germicide/disinfectant is formally recognized.^[17]
1936	Publication		Ernest Carr McCulloch publishes Disinfection and Sterilization.^[21]
1938	Disinfection method introduction		Carl Walter describes the first rapid, safe mechanical process for routine cleaning and terminal sterilization, called the washer-sterilizer.^[21]
1938	Disinfection method research		Corona discharge is found to be a sterilizing agent.^[21]
1939	Disinfectant research		Nordgren reports on early work in regard to formaldehyde efficacy, particularly under deep vacuum.^[21]^[94]
1941	Disinfectant research		Robertson, Bigg, Miller and Baker report on the aerosol disinfection of glycols.^[21]
1942	Disinfectant research	Bacterial infection	Amidines are studied as antitrypanocidal drugs are shown to be antibacterial by Fuller.^[27]^[95]^[96]
1942	Disinfection method introduction		Weeden Underwood defines the first "flash sterilization" at 30 min at 121°C.^[21]	United States
1943	Social distancing		An early isolation ward in the United States is established.^[97]	United States
1943	Disinfectant research	Bacterial infection	Theodore Puck, Robertson and Henry Lemon report on the bactericidal activity of propylene glycol (hydrolysis by-product of propylene oxide) vapour.^[21]
1943–1945	Disinfection method research	Microbial infection	Otto Rahn describes the logarithmic kinetics and temperature coefficient values of sterilants and antimicrobial agents.^[21]
1946	Organization	General	The Centers for Disease Control and Infection control (CDC) is founded.^[32]	United States
1946	Disinfection method research	Microbial infection	Ewell demonstrates that microbes are more readily killed by ozone in high humidity than at low humidity.^[21]
1947	Disinfection method research	Microbial infection	English experimental physicist Douglas Lea reports on the actions of radiation on living cells. In the main, ionizing radiation destroys microbes by direct hits of the radiations on or near the organism.^[21]	United Kingdom
1947	Disinfectant introduction	Fungus, HIV-1 (AIDS), Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C infection	The barbicide is invented by Maurice King and marketed heavily around the United States by his brother James.^[98]	United States
1947	Program launch	Gastroenteritis	A widespread outbreak of gastroenteritis in the United Kingdom, causing the death of 4,500 children under the age of one, motivates a national objective of sterilising all baby's milk bottles. Milton sterilizing fluid becomes the antiseptic advocated by hospitals and government agencies. This cold water method is generally available and simple for all to use, and virtually all mothers adopted this method.^[99]	United Kingdom
1947	Disinfectant introduction	Escherichia coli infection	Jordan et al. write 12 papers on the dynamics of the disinfection of Escherichia coli by phenol and heat.^[27]
1949	Disinfectant research	Anthrax	Kolb and Schneiter show methyl bromide to be bactericidal for anthrax spores and its use is recommended for sterilization of improved wool.^[21]
1949	Disinfectant research	Bacillus thermoacidurans	Hutchins and Xezones report peracetic acid to be highly germicide against spores of bacillus thermoacidurans.^[21]
1950s	Field development	Staphylococcus aureus infection	The hospital discipline of infection control is established in the United States in response to a nationwide epidemic of nosocomial Staphylococcus aureus and the recognition of the need for nosocomial infection surveillance.^[7]	United States
1950	Disinfectant introduction	Bacterial infection	Berry and Michaels publish eleven papers on the bactericidal activity of ethylene glycol and its mono alkyl ethers on the same organism. These publications record in detail the time course of the disinfection process, the effect of temperature and other factors upon it and how loss of activity with dilution-the concentration exponent-is a variant property of antibacterial substances.^[27]
1950	Concept development		The term sanitizer appears first in the Journal of Milk and Food Technology.^[12]
1954	Disinfectant introduction	Microbial infection	Davies et al. describe the new antimicrobial compound chlorhexidine.^[27]
1954	Disinfectant introduction	Microbial infection	Antimicrobial chemical compound elaiomycin is first isolated from Streptomyces.^[100]^[101]
1955	Disinfectant introduction		Peracetic acid is introduced.^[27]
1955	Disinfectant introduction		Povidone-iodine comes into commercial use.^[102]
Mid-1950s	Disinfection method introduction		Baby wipes emerge around this time as more people travel and need a way to clean up on the go.^[103]
1956	Disinfectant introduction		Chlorine dioxide is introduced as a drinking water disinfectant on a large scale, when Brussels, Belgium, changes from chlorine to chlorine dioxide.^[104]	Belgium
1956	Disinfectant introduction		Glyoxal and related compounds are first used as potential blood sterilizing agents.^[21]^[105]
1957	Disinfectant introduction		Glutaraldehyde is introduced.^[27]
1957	Publication		John Perkins publishes the first edition of Principals and Methods of Sterilization.^[21]
1957	Disinfection method introduction		American Arthur Julius invents the wet wipes.^[106]	United States
1958	Publication		G. Sykes publishes Disinfection and Sterilization.^[21]
1950s	Disinfectant introduction		Chlorhexidine comes into medical use.^[107]
1959	Medical development		Exeter microbiologist Brendan Moore becomes the first appointed Infection Control Nurse.^[108]^[109]^[110]	United Kingdom
1960	Disinfection method introduction		It is found that conveyor ovens can provide continuous sterilization of syringes.^[21]
1960	Disinfectant research		Alkalinized glutaraldehyde is found to be effective as a sterilant.^[21]
1961	Disinfection method introduction		High vacuum infrared ovens become available for batch sterilization.^[21]
1961	Disinfectant research	Microbial infection	Propylene oxide is demonstrated to have microbicidal activity within powered or flaked food.^[21]
1961	Disinfection method research	Hospital-acquired infection	Robert Ernst shows that the use of iodophores at elevated temperature (e.g., 50-60°C) in combination with ultrasonics could be an effective sterilizing agent for surgical and dental instruments.^[21]
1962	Disinfection method research	Bacterial infection	It is found that the rate of bacterial spore destruction improves with simultaneous applied ionizing and thermal processing.^[21]
1962	Disinfection method introduction		Robert McDonald invents the prehumidification step for effective ethylene oxide sterilization.^[21]
1962	Disinfectant research		The first antimicrobial indications of dialdehydes, e.g., glutaldehyde, are described by Pepper and Liebermann.^[21]
1963	Disinfection method introduction	Hospital-acquired infection	The first gamma irradiator is used in the United States for sterilization of medical devices.^[21]
1963	Disinfectant introduction		Gaseous propylene oxide is used to sterilize and de-infest food products.^[21]
1963	Scientific development	Microbial infection	Guerin shows that desiccated microbes are more resistant to ozone than hydrated cells.^[21]
1963	Social distancing		American cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall coins the term proxemics to define studies about social distancing in everyday life. Hall’s concern is that closer distances between two persons may increase visual, tactile, auditory, or olfactory stimulation to the point that some people may feel intruded upon and react negatively.^[111]	United States
1964	Disinfection method introduction		Johnson and Johnson starts providing commercial gamma irradiation.^[21]
1964	Disinfection method introduction		Armstrong discovers a gaseous ozone sterilization process.^[21]
1965	Disinfectant research		Sydney Rubbo and Joan Gardner show that glutaraldehyde is not only more effective than formaldehyde but also less irritating.^[21]
1966	Disinfectant introduction		Hand sanitizers are first introduced.^[112]
1966	Disinfection method introduction		Alder and co-workers develop a low temperature steam and formaldehyde system similar to high vacuum steam sterilization but operating at 65-80°C.^[21]
1967	Disinfectant research		Saul Kaye demonstrates that formic acid is microcidal synergistic with ethylene oxide and other epoxides.^[21]
1968	Concept development		Paul Borick describes and defines chemosterilizers.^[113]^[114]
1968	Disinfection method introduction		Earle H. Spaulding devises a rational approach of disinfection and classification for patient care items and equipment – non-critical items, semi-critical items, and critical items.^[21]
1969	Disinfection method research		Marcel Reynolds discovers the feasibility of using thermo-irradiation as sterilization of spacecraft.^[21]
1960s	Disinfectant introduction		Glutaraldehyde comes into medical use.^[115]
1970	Disinfectant introduction		Trimethylene oxide (oxetane) is patented for its disinfecting capabilities, and possible use in sterilization processes.^[21]
1970	Disinfection method introduction		Russian scientists pubish a method detailing using a gas mixture of methyl bromide and ethylene oxide for sterilization of a space lander in a plastic bag.^[21]	Russia
1970	Disinfection method introduction		Continuous ethylene oxide sterilization process is developed.^[21]
1970	Disinfection method introduction	Hospital-acquired infection	A document entitled Isolation Technique for Use in Hospitals introduces seven isolation precaution categories with color-coded cards: Strict, Respiratory, Protective, Enteric, Wound and Skin, Discharge, and Blood.^[116]	United States
1970	Surveillance	Hospital-acquired infection	The U.S. National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance (NNIS) System is created by the CDC to establish a national nosocomial infections database. It is the largest and oldest performance measurement system in the United States devoted to hospital-acquired infections.^[117]^[118]	United States
1971	Disinfection method introduction		D.A. Gunther patents a balance pressure process for use with ethylene oxide sterilization.^[21]
1972	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Smallpox	During the 1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak, over 10,000 people are sequestered in cordons sanitaires of villages and neighborhoods using roadblocks, and a general prohibition of public meetings, a closure of all borders and a prohibition of all non-essential travel is implemented.^[119]^[120]	Serbia, Kosovo
1972	Disinfection method introduction		Leland Ashman and Wilson Menashi use low temperature gas plasma for sterilization of contaminated surfaces.^[21]
1972	Prevention (face mask)		The N95 mask is developed by the 3M Company.^[4]^[121]	United States
1972	Organization	General	The U.S. Association for Practitioners in Infection Control, Inc. (APIC) is established as a multidisciplinary organization with the purpose to meet the education and practice needs of infection control professionals in the United States.^[117]	United States
1973	Disinfection method research		Researchers at Battelle Columbus Laboratories conduct a comprehensive literature, technology, and patent search tracing the history of understanding the "bacteriostatic and sanitizing properties of copper and copper alloy surfaces", which demonstrates that copper, in very small quantities, has the power to control a wide range of molds, fungi, algae, and harmful microbes.^[122]	United States
1976	Disinfection method introduction		A method of cold sterilization using frozen dimethyl dicarbonate is developed.^[123]
1976	Disinfection method introduction		Lowell Tensmeyer devises a method of killing micro-organisms in the inside of a container utilizing a plasma initiated by a focused laser beam and sustained by an electromagnetic field.^[21]
1979	Disinfection method introduction		Francis C. Moore and Leon R. Perkinson devise a hydrogen peroxide vapour sterilization method.^[21]
1980	Disinfection method introduction		A seeded (dialdehyde) gas plasma sterilization method is patented by G. Boucher.^[21]
1981	Organization	General	The U.S. Certification Board of Infection Control (CBIC) is established.^[117]	United States
1984	Statistics	Hospital-acquired infection	A survey in Australia documents that 6.3% of 28,643 hospitalized patients in the country have a hospital-acquired infection, with the highest rates in larger hospitals.^[124]	Australia
1985	Disinfectant research		A.A. Rosenblatt, D.H. Rosenblatt and J.E. Knapp find chlorine to be a sterilant in a gaseous phase.^[125]^[126]
1985	Disinfection method introduction	HIV infection	A document entitled Universal precautions is issued in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It dictates application of blood and body fluid precautions to all patients, regardless of infection status.^[127]^[128]^[129]	United States
1986	Disinfection method introduction		Pulsed laser sterilization is described.^[21]
1987	Disinfection method introduction	Human body substance infection	The practice of Universal precautions is adjusted by a set of rules known as Body Substance Isolation (BSI), which is proposed in the United States as an alternative to diagnosis-driven isolation systems. BSI focuses on the isolation of all moist and potentially infectious body substances (blood, feces, urine, sputum, saliva, wound drainage, and other body fluids) from all patients, regardless of their presumed infection status, primarily through the use of gloves. Personnel are instructed to put on clean gloves just before contact with mucous membranes and non-intact skin, and to wear gloves for anticipated contact with moist body substances.^[129]	United States
1988	Disinfection method introduction		Joslyn introduces a post-steam sterilization process for removing ethylene oxide residuals more effectively, than mere heated aeration.^[21]
1989	Disinfection method introduction		The use of the vapor phase of hydrogen peroxide as a surface decontaminant and sterilant is discovered.^[21]
1980s	Disinfectant introduction		Alcohol-based hand sanitizer starts being commonly used in Europe.^[130]	Europe
1993	Surveillance	Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease	The European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Network (EuroCJD) is established by seven countries to conduct epidemiological surveillance for Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease.^[131]	Europe
1995	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Ebolavirus infection	A cordon sanitaire is used to control an outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Kikwit, Zaire.^[132]^[133]	Congo D.R.
1995	Statistics	Hospital-acquired infection	The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that approximately 1.9 million cases of hospital-acquired infection occurred in the United States.^[134]	United States
1995	Prevention (face mask)		The N95 mask becomes a healthcare standard in epidemics.^[4]
1996	Surveillance	Influenza	The European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS) is established.^[135]	Europe
1998	Statistics	Hospital-acquired infection	According to CDC, approximately one third of healthcare acquired infections are preventable.^[136]
1998	Organization	Microbial infection	The Global Campaign for Microbicides is established as a non-profit organization which promotes the development and use of microbicides to improve health.^[137]	United States
1998	Surveillance	Microbial infection	The European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System is established.^[138]
1998	Surveillance	General	The Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC) first publishes its Recommended Practices for Surveillance. This publication introduces new technology and methodologies, like online resources to the practice of surveillance.^[139]	United States
1999	Disinfection method introduction		A new plasma sterilizer is approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.^[140]	United States
1999	Surveillance	Vaccine-preventable infection	EUVAC.NET is established as European surveillance network for selected vaccine-preventable diseases.^[141]	Europe
1999	Surveillance	Hospital-acquired infection	The 1999 landmark Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on medical errors identifies nosocomial infection surveillance as a model for voluntary patient safety reporting systems.^[117]	United States
2000	Statistics	Hospital-acquired infection	An estimated 100,000 cases of hospital-acquired infection occured in England in this year, with 5000 deaths, costing the National Health Services as much as US$1.4 billion a year.^[7]	United Kingdom
2000	Surveillance	General	The Hospitals in Europe for Infection Control through Surveillance is created. From 2000 to 2002, HELICS would standardize the European methodology for the surveillance of surgical site infections and of nosocomial infections in intensive care units.^[142]
2001	Disinfectant research	General	Disinfection with performic acid is noted.^[21]
2001	Prevention hand washing		The Global Handwashing Partnership (GHP) is established as a coalition of international stakeholders "working to promote handwashing with soap and recognize hygiene as a pillar of international development and public health."^[143]
2002	Publication		The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners publishes a revised standard for office-based infection control which covers the sections of managing immunization, sterilization and disease surveillance.^[144]^[145]	Australia
2002	Organization	HIV infection	The International Partnership for Microbicides is founded as a product development partnership. It focuses on developing antiretroviral (ARV)-based microbicides.^[146]
2002	Prevention hand washing		The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention publishes guidelines for hand hygiene.^[7]	United States
2002–2004	Prevention (face mask)	Severe acute respiratory syndrome	Cloth masks are used in Asia during the 2002–2004 SARS outbreak.^[147]	Asia
2003	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Severe acute respiratory syndrome	During the 2003 SARS outbreak in Canada, "community quarantine" is used to successfully reduce transmission of the disease.^[148]	Canada
2003	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Severe acute respiratory syndrome	During the SARS outbreak in mainland China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Singapore, large-scale quarantine is imposed on travelers arriving from other SARS areas, work and school contacts of suspected cases, and, in a few instances, entire apartment complexes where high attack rates of SARS were occurring.^[149]	China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore
2003	Prevention (face mask)	Severe acute respiratory syndrome	During the SARS outbreak, which affects several countries in East Asia, an increased use of face masks is experienced, particularly in Hong Kong.^[150]	East Asia
2003	Surveillance	Influenza	Influenzanet launches in the Netherlands and Belgium as a participatory surveillance system with the purpose to monitor the incidence of influenza-like illness in Europe. It is based on data provided by volunteers who self-report their symptoms via the Internet throughout the influenza season.^[151]^[152]	Netherlands, Belgium
2004	Publication	Microbial infection	Ferric Fang publishes a paper on antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.^[153]
2004	Social distancing (cordon sanitaire)	Ebolavirus infection	A cordon sanitaire is established around some of the most affected areas of the 2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak.^[154]^[155] On 19 August, the Liberian government quarantines the entirety of West Point, Monrovia and issued a curfew statewide.^[156]	Liberia
2004	Surveillance	Gonococcal Infection	The European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (Euro-GASP) is initiated.^[157]	Europe
2004	Surveillance		Healthcare researcher Gunther Eysenbach begins working on a system of syndromic surveillance system based on search queries.^[158]
2005	Publication	Hospital-acquired infection	The American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America publish guidelines suggesting antibiotics specifically for hospital-acquired pneumonia.^[159]	United States
2005	Organization	Rectal microbial infection	The International Rectal Microbicide Advocates is founded. Based in Chicago, it is a global network of advocates, policymakers and scientists working to advance a robust rectal microbicide research and development agenda.^[160]	United States
2006	Organization	HIV infection	The Microbicide Trials Network is established by the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases as an HIV/AIDS clinical trials network. It focuses on research into microbicides aimed at preventing HIV infection.^[161]	United States
2007	Program launch	Respiratory infection	A campaign named Catch It, Bin It, Kill It is launched by the British National Health Service to encourage the public to practise correct respiratory and hand hygiene when coughing and sneezing in order to prevent the spread of viruses particularly during the colds and flu season.^[162]	United Kingdom
2007	Contact tracing		Digital contact tracing is described.^[163]^[164]^[165]
2008 (February)	Disinfection method introduction		The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approves the registrations of five different groups of copper alloys as "antimicrobial materials" with public health benefits.^[166]	United States
2008 (April)	Publication	Respiratory infection	The World Health Organization publishes Early recognition, reporting and infection control management of acute respiratory diseases of potential international concern, an aide-mémoire on emergencies preparedness and response.^[167]
2008 (June)	Publication		The World Health Organization publishes Core components for infection prevention and control programmes, a report of the Second Meeting of the Informal Network on Infection Prevention and Control in Health Care.^[168]	Switzerland (Geneva)
2008 (November)	Disinfection method research	Bacterial infection	A non-peer-reviewed^[169] study is presented to the European Tissue Symposium by the University of Westminster, London, comparing the bacteria levels present after the use of paper towels, warm air hand dryers, and modern jet-air hand dryers.^[170] Of those three methods, only paper towels reduced the total number of bacteria on hands, with "through-air dried" towels the most effective.
2008 (November)	Surveillance	Influenza	Google Flu Trends is launched as a web service operated by Google, with aims at providing estimates of influenza activity in over 25 countries. By aggregating Google Search queries, GFT attempts to make accurate predictions about flu activity.^[171] DFT would be proposed as a method to estimate influenza-like illness (ILI) in the general population and to be used in conjunction with traditional surveillance systems.^[172]
2009 (April)	Social distancing	Influenza	During the Swine flu pandemic, United States President Barack Obama gives a press conference and recommends that schools with confirmed or suspected cases of H1N1 influenza close temporarily, and businesses and parents should "think about contingency plans if their children do have to stay home."^[173]	United States
2009	Publication	Influenza	During the 2009 swine flu pandemic, the World Health Organization publishes Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings.^[174]
2009	Publication	Influenza	During the 2009 swine flu pandemic, the World Health Organization publishes measures on infection-control for health care of patients with acute respiratory diseases in community settings.^[175]
2011 (April)	Publication		The World Health Organization publishes Core components for infection prevention and control programmes.^[176]
2011	Statistics	Hospital-acquired infection	Researchers estimate that by this time, 648,000 hospitalized patients in then United States have to battle at least one hospital-acquired infection. The total number of infections is estimated at 721,800. To put that number in perspective, about 34 million people are admitted to 5,000 community hospitals in the country each year.^[177]	United States
2012	Scientific development	General	A published study claims that "new mathematical modelling, diagnostic, communications, and informatics technologies can identify and report hitherto unknown microbes in other species, and thus new risk assessment approaches are needed to identify microbes most likely to cause human disease". The study investigates challenges in moving the global pandemic strategy from response to pre-emption.^[178]
2014	Organization	General	The Global Health Security Agenda (GHSA) is launched as global partnership devoted to the purpose of strengthening the world’s ability to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats. As of 2020 it has 67 member countries.^[179]
2014	Prevention (hand washing)		A study shows that Saudi Arabia has the highest rate of hand washing with soap, with 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.^[180]
2014–2016	Contact tracing	Ebolavirus infection	During the West African Ebola virus epidemic, hundreds of contact tracers are recruited by the United Nations Population Fund from local communities in the most affected areas, with the purpose to identify everyone who has been in contact with an infected person, monitor their health for symptoms, and refer suspected cases for testing.^[181]^[182]	Liberia, Guinea, Sierra Leone
2014–2016	Prevention (face mask)	Ebolavirus infection	Cloth masks are used in West Africa during the Ebola epidemic.^[147]	West Africa
2015	Prevention hand washing		A study of hand washing in 54 countries finds that on average, 38.7% of households practice hand washing with soap.^[183]
2015	Social distancing		A study suggests that long-term social isolation (in the absence of a threat like the current viral infection) increases the risk of mortality by 29% in such chronic conditions as heart disease, depression, and dementia.^[111]
2018	Contact tracing		A patent application by Facebook discusses a Bluetooth proximity-based trust method of digital contact tracing.^[184]
2019	Disinfection method research	Hospital-acquired infection	A number of studies find that copper surfaces may help prevent infection in the healthcare environment.^[185]
2019	Surveillance	Microbial infection	The European Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Surveillance Network (EURGen-Net) launches. Coordinated by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, it is a network for genomic-based surveillance of multidrug-resistant bacteria of public health importance.^[186]	Europe
2020 (January 30)	Crisis	Coronavirus disease 2019	The World Health Organization declares the COVID-19 pandemic.^[187] Countries around the world start implementing measures of prevention, including close borders, quarantines, stay-at-home orders, and variable levels of social distancing for citizens, including 1, 1.5 and 2 meters.^[188]^[189] Governments also start launching full country requirements of use of face masks.^[190]	Worldwide
2020 (February 19)	Contact tracing	Coronavirus disease 2019	Covid Watch is created as an open source nonprofit with the mission to build mobile technology to fight the COVID-19 pandemic while defending digital privacy.^[191]^[192]
2020 (April)	Contact tracing	Coronavirus disease 2019	Apple Inc. and Google launch the Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing Project, a framework and specification developed to facilitate digital contact tracing during the 2019-20 COVID-19 pandemic.^[193]^[194]
2020 (May)	Prevention (face mask)	Coronavirus disease 2019	About 88% of the world's population live in countries where their government and leading disease experts recommend or mandate the use of masks in public places to limit the spread of COVID-19.^[195]
2020 (June 5)	Prevention (face mask)	Coronavirus disease 2019	The World Health Organization recommends that the general public should wear non-medical fabric masks where there is known or suspected widespread transmission of COVID-19 and where physical distancing is not possible, and that vulnerable people (aged over 60 or with underlying health risks) and people with any symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 as well as caregivers and healthcare workers should wear medical masks.^[196]
2020 (July)	Disinfection method research	Coronavirus disease 2019	The concept of "hygiene theater" emerges after an article[1] is published by The Atlantic.^[197] It is defined as "cleaning or disinfecting practices that are performed just for the sake of looking good, or to provide a false sense of security against infection".^[198] Opinions state that the term "hygiene theater" represents a waste of time, money, and potential danger to people.^[197]	United States, English-speaking world

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of June 4, 2021.

Year	"infection control"	"infection prevention"	"lockdown"	"quarantine"
2000	5,760	1,100	270	8,680
2002	6,270	1,530	503	10,600
2004	9,900	2,140	698	15,400
2006	11,500	2,440	1,130	20,400
2008	15,100	2,940	1,520	28,700
2010	17,700	3,740	1,680	28,500
2012	21,500	5,940	2,320	29,100
2014	22,800	6,980	2,610	22,500
2016	25,000	8,470	2,800	22,300
2018	24,800	9,770	3,130	21,100
2020	37,700	23,300	106,000	66,900

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data for Infection prevention and control (Topic), from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[199]

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Lockdown (Topic) and Quarantine (Topic), from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[200]

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Infection control, from 1900 to 2019.^[201]

Wikipedia views

The image below shows Wikipedia views desktop data for the articles Infection, Quarantine, and Infection control. Three local maxima in 2008, 2015, and 2020 closely match the 2009 swine flu pandemic, the Western African Ebola virus epidemic, and the COVID-19 pandemic.^[202]

Infection, Quarantine and Infection control wv.png

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

Timelineswiki Facebook group
Infection Control Today Facebook group
Infection Control مكافحة العدوي Facebook group
Infection Control Facebook group
Exploring the World of Yuval Noah Harari Facebook group
Infectious Diseases Hub Facebook group
Clean Hands Facebook group
Infection Control Today Facebook group
World History Facebook group
Infection control and prevention Facebook group
Functional Medicine for Physicians, NPs, PAs and Nurses Facebook group
Asian Water and Sanitation Facebook group
Epidemics - the Dynamics of Infectious Diseases. International study group Facebook group
Infection Control Forum Facebook group
NIGERIAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOCIETY (NIDS) Facebook group
IFCAI - INFECTION CONTROL ACADEMY OF INDIA Facebook group
Outbreak Tracker & News (Infectious Diseases) Facebook group
Infection Prevention and Control Facebook group

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

External links

References

↑ Forder, A A. "A brief history of infection control - past and present". PMID 18250929.
↑ Turkoski, Beatrice B. "Fighting infection: an ongoing challenge, part 1". PMID 5722973. doi:10.1097/00006416-200501000-00012.
↑ "HOSPITAL INFECTION". sciencemuseum.org.uk. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 ^4.2 ^4.3 ^4.4 "A Brief History of Medical Face Masks". gizmodo.com. Retrieved 16 August 2020.
↑ "The Infection Control Nurse: Approaching the End of an Era". infectioncontroltoday.com. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
↑ Zelinsky, Marilyn. "Clients talk about... cubicle curtains." Interiors 156.9 (Sept 1997): 58.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 ^7.2 ^7.3 Torriani, Francesca; Taplitz, Randy. "History of infection prevention and control". doi:10.1016/B978-0-323-04579-7.00006-X.
↑ ^8.00 ^8.01 ^8.02 ^8.03 ^8.04 ^8.05 ^8.06 ^8.07 ^8.08 ^8.09 ^8.10 ^8.11 ^8.12 BLANCOU, J. "History of disinfection from early times until the end of the 18th century" (PDF). oie.int. Retrieved 3 April 2020.
↑ "The Science of Social Distancing". asm.org. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 Block, Seymour Stanton. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation.
↑ Luttrell, Anthony. The Making of Christian Malta: From the Early Middle Ages to 1530.
↑ ^12.00 ^12.01 ^12.02 ^12.03 ^12.04 ^12.05 ^12.06 ^12.07 ^12.08 ^12.09 ^12.10 Block, Seymour Stanton. Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation.
↑ Ahmed, Khalid Abdelazez Mohamed. "Exploitation of KMnO4 material as precursors for the fabrication of manganese oxide nanomaterials". doi:10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.06.005.
↑ Report of the ... Annual Proceedings of the Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association. Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association.
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[164] Farrahi, Katayoun; Emonet, Rémi; Cebrian, Manuel (2014-05-01). "Epidemic Contact Tracing via Communication Traces". PLOS ONE. 9 (5): e95133. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4006791. PMID 24787614. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095133.

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[169] According to p. 35 of the Redway/Fawdar presentation, "Note: this study has not been peer reviewed but it is intended that the test methods described in this document are provided in sufficient detail to allow replication by those who wish to confirm the results."

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[lawfareblog.comp-182] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named lawfareblog.comp

[183] "The Importance of Handwashing (Infographic)". globalhandwashing.org. Retrieved 14 July 2020.

[184] "Proximity-based trust". patents.google.com. Retrieved 24 July 2020.

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Difference between revisions of "Timeline of infection control"

Latest revision as of 19:52, 27 July 2023

Contents

Sample questions

Big picture

Full timeline

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

Google Trends

Google Ngram Viewer

Wikipedia views

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

Feedback and comments

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

Navigation menu

Personal tools

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Search

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-This is a '''timeline of {{w|infection control}}'''.
+This is a '''timeline of {{w|infection control}}''', attempting to describe significant events related to the development of this field.
+== Sample questions ==
+* What are some events describing the introduction of chemical agents used to inactivate or destroy microorganisms?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfectant introduction".
+** You will mostly see a large number of substances used for disinfection, starting from {{w|alcohol}} and {{w|vinegar}}, which were introduced in ancient times.
+* What are some events describing research on disinfectants?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfectant research".
+* What are some events describing the discovery and/or introduction of disinfection methods other than chemical agents?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfection method introduction".
+** You will see a variety of physical methods of disinfection, like boiling, heat, steam sterilization, {{w|X-ray}}s; a number of elements and artifacts introduced for disinfection, like {{w|porcelain}} and the {{w|autoclave}}, as well as some protocols introduced in modern hospitals.
+* What are some of the several developed methods of {{w|social distancing}} with the purpose to prevent infection?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "{{w|Social distancing}}".
+** You will see between parenthesis different methods, like "{{w|cordon sanitaire}}", and "{{w|quarantine}}", both very old practices.
+* What are other events describing infection prevention methods?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Prevention".
+** For events related to hand washing, look for the group of rows with value "Prevention ({{w|hand washing}})".
+** For events related to face mask use, look for the group of rows with value "Prevention ({{w|face mask}})".
+* What are some events describing research on disinfection methods?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Disinfection method research".
+* What are some historically significant applications of public measures aimed at preventing and controlling infection outbreaks?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the groups of rows with values "Contact tracing" and "Survaillance".
+** You will see some different types of response to outbreaks, including historic {{w|plague}} epidemics, and recent pandemics.
+** For contact tracing, you will see a number of recent events related to {{w|digital contact tracing}} launched during the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}}.
+* What are some events describing the introduction of new terms and concepts related to infection control?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Concept development".
+** Youy will see the introduction of basic terms like ''disinfectant'', ''septic'', and ''germ'', as well as others.
+* What are some notable publications related to infection control?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Publication".
+** You will see a number of notable books, papers and documents related to the topic.
+* What are some types of infection mentioned in the timeline?
+** Look for the column with the value "Infection type"
+** You will read specific types of infection in some cases, and more general (like "Microbial infection" and "Bacterial infection") in other rows.
 ==Big picture==
@@ Line 5: / Line 38: @@
 {| class="wikitable"
 ! Time period !! Development summary !! More details
+|-
+| 17th–18th centuries || Early scientific development || The word ''disinfectant'' is introduced in 1658 for removal of infection. Years later in the 17th century, {{w|Antonie Van Leuwenhoek}} discovers microorganisms and first sees {{w|bacteria}}. In the first half of the 18th century, an early scientific study of hospital or nosocomial cross-infection begins in Britain.<ref name="Forder">{{cite journal |last1=Forder |first1=A A |title=A brief history of infection control - past and present |pmid=18250929 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18250929/}}</ref>
+|-
+| 19th century || Hospital reform || Early hospital for infectious diseases are established in Europe. In the 1840s, {{w|Ignaz Semmelweis}} in {{w|Austria}} proposes the practice of washing hands with [[w:chlorinated lime solutions|chlorinated lime solutions]], considerably reducing mortality at hospitals. In the 1860s, the work by {{w|Florence Nightingale}} in {{w|England}} motivates new policies of control of cross-infection in many hospitals. The 19th century is one of prolific scientific achievements. A considerable number of disinfectants and disinfection methods are introduced.
+|-
+| 20th century || Antibiotic revolution and birth of [[w:Infection prevention and control|infection control]] discipline || In the 1930s, with the discovery of [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfa]] and {{w|penicillin}}, the ability to fight infection becomes reality.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Turkoski |first1=Beatrice B |title=Fighting infection: an ongoing challenge, part 1 |doi=10.1097/00006416-200501000-00012 |pmid=5722973 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15722973/}}</ref> In the 1940s, the discovery of more {{w|antibiotic}}s makes a dramatic difference to the control of infections in the body.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOSPITAL INFECTION |url=https://www.sciencemuseum.org.uk/objects-and-stories/medicine/hospital-infection |website=sciencemuseum.org.uk |accessdate=15 July 2020}}</ref> In the 1960s, modern disposable masks grow in popularity.<ref name="A Brief History o"/> By the 1970s, hospital based infection control emerges as a distinct specialty.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Infection Control Nurse: Approaching the End of an Era |url=https://www.infectioncontroltoday.com/view/q-and-a-nearly-all-healthcare-workers-fighting-covid-19-need-n95s |website=infectioncontroltoday.com |accessdate=15 July 2020}}</ref> In the 1980s, alcohol-based hand sanitizer starts being commonly used in Europe. In the 1990s, {{w|cubicle curtain}} design undergoes a period of rapid growth in the decade.<ref>Zelinsky, Marilyn. "Clients talk about... cubicle curtains." ''Interiors'' 156.9 (Sept 1997): 58.</ref>
+|-
+| 21st century || Increased infection control awareness || The {{w|2001 anthrax attacks}}, the {{w|SARS outbreak}} in 2002 and the continued concern about an avian influenza pandemic motivate a heightened awareness of the importance of disaster (natural or bioterrorism related) preparedness.<ref name="Taplitz"/> This awareness is taken to an unprecedented level by 2020 with the advent of the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}}. {{w|Digital contact tracing}} also flourishes in this century.
 |-
 |}
-== Visual data ==
-=== Google Trends ===
-The image shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for "infection" and "quarantine" search terms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Trends |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=infection,quarantine |website=trends.google.com |accessdate=26 June 2020}}</ref> The latter peaks in March 2020, during the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}}, the month when the {{w|United States}} becomes the country with the highest number of confirmed {{w|COVID-19}} infections.
-[[File:Infection Google Trends.png|thumb|center|800px]]
-=== Wikipedia views ===
-The image shows {{w|Wikipedia}} views desktop data for the articles {{w|Infection}}, {{w|Quarantine}}, and {{w|Infection control}}. Three local maximums in 2008, 2015, and 2020 closely match the {{w|2009 swine flu pandemic}}, the {{w|Western African Ebola virus epidemic}}, and the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wikipedia views |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?pages[0]=Infection&pages[1]=Infection+control&pages[2]=Quarantine&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=desktop |website=wikipediaviews.org |accessdate=26 June 2020}}</ref>
-[[File:Infection Control Wikipedia Views.png|thumb|center|550px]]
-The image shows desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider, and mobile-app {{w|Wikipedia}} views data for the article {{w|Infection control}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Wikipedia views |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Infection+control&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |accessdate=26 June 2020}}</ref>
-[[File:Infection Wikipedia Views.png|thumb|center|550px]]
 ==Full timeline==
 {| class="sortable wikitable"
-! Year !! Event type !! Infection type !! Details !! Country/region
+! Year !! Event type !! Infection type !! Details !! Present time country/region
 |-
-| c.3000 BC || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Ancient Egyptians use palm wine and vinegar to rinse the abdominal cavities of human and animal cadavers prior to embalming.<ref name="oie.int">{{cite web |last1=BLANCOU |first1=J. |title=History of disinfection from early times until the end of the 18th century |url=https://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D8963.PDF |website=oie.int |accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Egypt}}
+| c.3000 BC || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Ancient Egypt}}ians use palm wine and vinegar to rinse the abdominal cavities of human and animal cadavers prior to embalming.<ref name="oie.int">{{cite web |last1=BLANCOU |first1=J. |title=History of disinfection from early times until the end of the 18th century |url=https://www.oie.int/doc/ged/D8963.PDF |website=oie.int |accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Egypt}}
 |-
-| 800 BC || || || The oldest reference to disinfection of premises with a chemical product seems to be that described by [[w:Homer (Homero)|Homer]] in book xii of the ''{{w|Odyssey}}'', where the hero, having killed his rivals, demands that sulphur be burnt in the house which they had occupied.<ref name="oie.int"/> ||
+| 800 BC || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || The oldest reference to disinfection of premises with a chemical product seems to be that described by [[w:Homer (Homero)|Homer]] in book xii of the ''{{w|Odyssey}}'', where the hero, having killed his rivals, demands that sulphur be burnt in the house which they had occupied.<ref name="oie.int"/> ||
 |-
-| 1363 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || Microbial pathogens || Alcohol as an {{w|antiseptic}} is recommended for wound treatment by French physician {{w|Guy de Chauliac}}.<ref name="Block">{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&dq=1363+++Alcohol+is+already+used+as+an+antiseptic.&source=bl&ots=KnIjEt4ON0&sig=ACfU3U19gDSSAKOZfh3tqGXdv6oIFH6fBQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjF25rkucbpAhXwHrkGHSxCCB0Q6AEwDHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1363%20%20%20Alcohol%20is%20already%20used%20as%20an%20antiseptic.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+| 1347–1348 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|quarantine}}) || {{w|Plague}} || The term ''quarantine'' is derived from the Italian number “quaranta,” or 40, with the practice originating around this time, during the {{w|Black Plague}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Science of Social Distancing |url=https://asm.org/Articles/2020/April/The-Science-of-Social-Distancing |website=asm.org |accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
 |-
-| 1523 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Plague}} || During a plague outbreak in {{w|Birgu}}, {{w|Malta}}, the town is cordoned off by guards to prevent the disease from spreading to the rest of the island.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Luttrell |first1=Anthony |title=The Making of Christian Malta: From the Early Middle Ages to 1530 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=c3BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=Birgu+1523+plague+cordon&source=bl&ots=9sNART0OXM&sig=ACfU3U0_1gDnIW6jrnPXQFSGqOenvf6O6A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8gPTa6MfpAhWcGbkGHfUkAQsQ6AEwAHoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=Birgu%201523%20plague%20cordon&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Malta}}
+| 1363 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Wound infection || Alcohol as an {{w|antiseptic}} is recommended for wound treatment by French physician {{w|Guy de Chauliac}}.<ref name="Block">{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA229&lpg=PA229&dq=1363+++Alcohol+is+already+used+as+an+antiseptic.&source=bl&ots=KnIjEt4ON0&sig=ACfU3U19gDSSAKOZfh3tqGXdv6oIFH6fBQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjF25rkucbpAhXwHrkGHSxCCB0Q6AEwDHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1363%20%20%20Alcohol%20is%20already%20used%20as%20an%20antiseptic.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1523 || || || English scholar {{w|Anthony Fitzherbert}} recommends removal of animals which have died from 'murrain' ({{w|anthrax}}), except the skin (which is sent to a tannery) and the head (which 'was to be placed on a pole to notify to others "that sickness existed in the township" ')<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1523 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Plague}} || During a plague outbreak in {{w|Birgu}}, {{w|Malta}}, the town is cordoned off by guards to prevent the disease from spreading to the rest of the island.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Luttrell |first1=Anthony |title=The Making of Christian Malta: From the Early Middle Ages to 1530 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=c3BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=Birgu+1523+plague+cordon&source=bl&ots=9sNART0OXM&sig=ACfU3U0_1gDnIW6jrnPXQFSGqOenvf6O6A&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8gPTa6MfpAhWcGbkGHfUkAQsQ6AEwAHoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=Birgu%201523%20plague%20cordon&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Malta}}
 |-
-| 1598 || Concept development || || The word ''disinfectant'' is first recorded in writing, with the meaning "to cure, to heale".<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
+| 1523 || Prevention || {{w|Anthrax}} || English scholar {{w|Anthony Fitzherbert}} recommends removal of animals which have died from 'murrain' ({{w|anthrax}}), except the skin (which is sent to a tannery) and the head (which 'was to be placed on a pole to notify to others "that sickness existed in the township" ')<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1605 || Concept development || || The word ''septic'' is first recorded, which means "putrefying".<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
+| 1598 || Concept development || || The word ''disinfectant'' is first recorded in writing, with the meaning "to cure, to heal".<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
+|-
+| 1605 || Concept development || || The word ''septic'' is first recorded, meaning "putrefying".<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
 |-
 | 1658 || Concept development || || The word ''disinfectant'' is used in a more modern sense, to remove infection.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
 |-
-| 1659 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || {{w|Potassium permanganate}} is first obtained by German-Dutch chemist {{w|Johann Rudolf Glauber}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Khalid Abdelazez Mohamed |title=Exploitation of KMnO4 material as precursors for the fabrication of manganese oxide nanomaterials |doi=10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.06.005 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658365515001132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the ... Annual Proceedings of the Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association |publisher=Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qd3qAAAAMAAJ&q=1659+Potassium+permanganate&dq=1659+Potassium+permanganate&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifpMeZ6sfpAhUDJrkGHbxtB50Q6AEIKDAA}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
+| 1659 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Potassium permanganate}} is first obtained by German-Dutch chemist {{w|Johann Rudolf Glauber}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ahmed |first1=Khalid Abdelazez Mohamed |title=Exploitation of KMnO4 material as precursors for the fabrication of manganese oxide nanomaterials |doi=10.1016/j.jtusci.2015.06.005 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1658365515001132}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Report of the ... Annual Proceedings of the Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association |publisher=Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qd3qAAAAMAAJ&q=1659+Potassium+permanganate&dq=1659+Potassium+permanganate&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifpMeZ6sfpAhUDJrkGHbxtB50Q6AEIKDAA}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}
 |-
-| 1666 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Plague}} || The English village of {{w|Eyam}} famously imposes a cordon sanitaire on itself after an outbreak of the {{w|bubonic plague}} in the community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brauer |first1=Fred |last2=Castillo-Chavez |first2=Carlos |last3=Feng |first3=Zhilan |title=Mathematical Models in Epidemiology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Qm21DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40&dq=%221666%22+%22eyam%22+%22plague%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC87WqkMjpAhX_F7kGHWvjBCYQ6AEIYzAH#v=onepage&q=%221666%22%20%22eyam%22%20%22plague%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rhodes |first1=Ebenezer |title=Peak Scenery; Or, The Derbyshire Tourist |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RjhAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA31&dq=%221666%22+%22eyam%22+%22plague%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC87WqkMjpAhX_F7kGHWvjBCYQ6AEIbjAI#v=onepage&q=%221666%22%20%22eyam%22%20%22plague%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1666 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Plague}} || The English village of {{w|Eyam}} famously imposes a cordon sanitaire on itself after an outbreak of the {{w|bubonic plague}} in the community.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Brauer |first1=Fred |last2=Castillo-Chavez |first2=Carlos |last3=Feng |first3=Zhilan |title=Mathematical Models in Epidemiology |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Qm21DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40&dq=%221666%22+%22eyam%22+%22plague%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC87WqkMjpAhX_F7kGHWvjBCYQ6AEIYzAH#v=onepage&q=%221666%22%20%22eyam%22%20%22plague%22&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rhodes |first1=Ebenezer |title=Peak Scenery; Or, The Derbyshire Tourist |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=RjhAAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA31&dq=%221666%22+%22eyam%22+%22plague%22&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiC87WqkMjpAhX_F7kGHWvjBCYQ6AEIbjAI#v=onepage&q=%221666%22%20%22eyam%22%20%22plague%22&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1675 || Scientific development || Microbial pathogens || {{w|Antonie Van Leuwenhoek}} discovers microorganisms.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants">{{cite web |title=History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants |url=http://blog.pdihc.com/blog/april-2018 |website=pdihc.com |accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1675 || Scientific development || Microbial infection || {{w|Antonie Van Leuwenhoek}} discovers microorganisms.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants">{{cite web |title=History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants |url=http://blog.pdihc.com/blog/april-2018 |website=pdihc.com |accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1676 || || Microbial pathogens || Dutch scientist {{w|Antonie Van Leuwenhoek}} first sees bacteria.<ref name="Seymour"/> In the same year, he discovers that vinegar kills some microorganisms.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> "It was not until 1676 that Van Leeuwenhoek offered the first scientific proof of the action of acids on 'animalcules', which he had discovered using the microscope of his own invention."<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}
+| 1676 || Scientific development || Microbial infection || Dutch scientist {{w|Antonie Van Leuwenhoek}} first sees bacteria.<ref name="Seymour"/> In the same year, he discovers that vinegar kills some microorganisms.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> Van Leuwenhoek provides the first scientific proof of the action of acids on 'animalcules', which he discovered using the microscope of his own invention.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Netherlands}}
 |-
-| 1708–1712 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Plague}} || "During the Great Northern War plague outbreak of 1708–1712, cordons sanitaires were established around affected towns like Stralsund and Königsberg; one was also established around the whole Duchy of Prussia and another one between Scania and the Danish isles along the Sound, with Saltholm as the central quarantine station" ||
+| 1708–1712 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Plague}} || A broad cordon sanitaire is extended around the border of the former Duchy of Prussia during a plague outbreak. Those crossing into the exclave are quarantined.<ref>{{cite web |title=Great Northern War plague outbreak |url=https://alchetron.com/Great-Northern-War-plague-outbreak |website=alchetron.com |accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Russia}}
 |-
-| 1715 || || || Italian physician {{w|Giovanni Maria Lancisi}} recommends using {{w|vinegar}} (or vinegar water) for disinfecting objects (and even animals or persons) which have been in contact with cases of {{w|cattle plague}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spinage |first1=Clive |title=Cattle Plague: A History |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uk3MBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT641&lpg=PT641&dq=Lancisi+1715+vinegar&source=bl&ots=xJkEP_KOfe&sig=ACfU3U0cgTPcyeMGkp9oB9dZF4GndknZEw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiToOnzlsjpAhVFD7kGHUUOAzYQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Lancisi%201715%20vinegar&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=William P. |title=Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants: Virus Plagues of Large and Small Ruminants |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Q70ffyHl2YAC&dq=Lancisi+1715+vinegar&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Italy}}
+| 1715 || Disinfectant introduction || {{w|Cattle plague}} || Italian physician {{w|Giovanni Maria Lancisi}} recommends using {{w|vinegar}} (or vinegar water) for disinfecting objects (and even animals or persons) which have been in contact with cases of {{w|cattle plague}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spinage |first1=Clive |title=Cattle Plague: A History |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=uk3MBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT641&lpg=PT641&dq=Lancisi+1715+vinegar&source=bl&ots=xJkEP_KOfe&sig=ACfU3U0cgTPcyeMGkp9oB9dZF4GndknZEw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiToOnzlsjpAhVFD7kGHUUOAzYQ6AEwAHoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=Lancisi%201715%20vinegar&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Taylor |first1=William P. |title=Rinderpest and Peste des Petits Ruminants: Virus Plagues of Large and Small Ruminants |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=Q70ffyHl2YAC&dq=Lancisi+1715+vinegar&source=gbs_navlinks_s}}</ref><ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Italy}}
 |-
-| 1716 || || || "An edict of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, in 1716, decreed that the clothing of persons who had attended animals affected by cattle plague should be aired and 'exposed to flame'. There were heavy penalties for contravention: branding, forced labour for perpetuity and even flagellation followed by hanging"<ref name="oie.int"/> ||
+| 1716 || Policy || {{w|Cattle plague}} || {{w|Frederick the Great}} in Prussia introduces policy mandating that the clothing of persons who have attended animals affected by cattle plague should be aired and 'exposed to flame'.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Germany}}, ex-Prussian territories
 |-
-| 1718 || || || French naturalist {{w|Louis Joblot}} sterilizes a hay infusion by boiling it for 15 minutes and then sealing the container.<ref name="Rogers">{{cite book |last1=Rogers |first1=Wayne J |title=Healthcare Sterilisation: Introduction & Standard Practices, Volume 1, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O_wlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&dq=Joblot+1718++sterilise+an+infusion+of+hay+by+boiling+it+for+fifteen+minutes+and+then+sealing+the+container&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipwPWKmcjpAhUcDrkGHdenD_UQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Joblot%201718%20%20sterilise%20an%20infusion%20of%20hay%20by%20boiling%20it%20for%20fifteen%20minutes%20and%20then%20sealing%20the%20container&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stanton Block |first1=Seymour |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&dq=Joblot+1718++sterilise+an+infusion+of+hay+by+boiling+it+for+fifteen+minutes+and+then+sealing+the+container&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipwPWKmcjpAhUcDrkGHdenD_UQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=Joblot%201718%20%20sterilise%20an%20infusion%20of%20hay%20by%20boiling%20it%20for%20fifteen%20minutes%20and%20then%20sealing%20the%20container&f=false}}</ref><ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1718 || Disinfection method introduction || || French naturalist {{w|Louis Joblot}} sterilizes a hay infusion by boiling it for 15 minutes and then sealing the container.<ref name="Rogers">{{cite book |last1=Rogers |first1=Wayne J |title=Healthcare Sterilisation: Introduction & Standard Practices, Volume 1, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=O_wlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47&dq=Joblot+1718++sterilise+an+infusion+of+hay+by+boiling+it+for+fifteen+minutes+and+then+sealing+the+container&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipwPWKmcjpAhUcDrkGHdenD_UQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=Joblot%201718%20%20sterilise%20an%20infusion%20of%20hay%20by%20boiling%20it%20for%20fifteen%20minutes%20and%20then%20sealing%20the%20container&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stanton Block |first1=Seymour |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&dq=Joblot+1718++sterilise+an+infusion+of+hay+by+boiling+it+for+fifteen+minutes+and+then+sealing+the+container&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwipwPWKmcjpAhUcDrkGHdenD_UQ6AEIMTAB#v=onepage&q=Joblot%201718%20%20sterilise%20an%20infusion%20of%20hay%20by%20boiling%20it%20for%20fifteen%20minutes%20and%20then%20sealing%20the%20container&f=false}}</ref><ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1719 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Thymol is first isolated by the German chemist [[w:Caspar Neumann (chemist)|Caspar Neumann]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Carolo |last=Neuman |date=1724 |title=De Camphora |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=33 |issue=389 |pages=321–332 |url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/33/381-391/321.full.pdf+html |doi=10.1098/rstl.1724.0061|doi-access=free }} On page 324, Neumann mentions that in 1719 (MDCCXIX) he distilled some essential oils from various herbs. On page 326, he mentions that during the course of these experiments, he obtained a crystalline substance from thyme oil, which he called "''Camphora Thymi''" ([[camphor]] of thyme). (Neumann gave the name "camphor" not only to the specific substance that today is called camphor, but to any crystalline substance that precipitated from a volatile, fragrant oil from some plant.)</ref> ||
+| 1719 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Thymol}} is first isolated by the German chemist [[w:Caspar Neumann (chemist)|Caspar Neumann]].<ref>{{cite journal|first=Carolo |last=Neuman |date=1724 |title=De Camphora |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=33 |issue=389 |pages=321–332 |url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/33/381-391/321.full.pdf+html |doi=10.1098/rstl.1724.0061|doi-access=free }} On page 324, Neumann mentions that in 1719 (MDCCXIX) he distilled some essential oils from various herbs. On page 326, he mentions that during the course of these experiments, he obtained a crystalline substance from thyme oil, which he called "''Camphora Thymi''" ({{w|camphor}} of thyme). (Neumann gave the name "camphor" not only to the specific substance that today is called camphor, but to any crystalline substance that precipitated from a volatile, fragrant oil from some plant.)</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1730 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || {{w|Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor}} decrees that stables which have housed glanderous horses should be plastered with {{w|quicklime}}. Such arrangements figure in numerous texts published in Europe around the time.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Europe}}
+| 1720 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|quarantine}}) || {{w|Plague}} || During a bubonic plague epidemic, local merchants in {{w|Marseille}} pressure authorities to release a cargo ship from quarantine after just about 10 days; when the crew and cargo enter the city, an outbreak erupts in Marseille and kills 60,000 of its inhabitants.<ref>{{cite web |title=Then vs. Now: How Social Distancing Became a Fixture of Public Health |url=https://www.wrcbtv.com/story/42152348/then-vs-now-the-history-of-social-distancing |website=wrcbtv.com |accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+|-
+| 1730 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || {{w|Glanders}} infection || {{w|Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor}} decrees that stables which have housed glanderous horses should be plastered with {{w|quicklime}}. Such arrangements figure in numerous texts published in Europe around the time.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Europe}}
+|-
+| 1733 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|quarantine}}) || {{w|Leprosy}} || The {{w|Lazzaretto of Ancona}} starts being built on an artificial island as a {{w|quarantine}} station and {{w|leprosarium}} for the port town of {{w|Ancona, Italy}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Curl |first1=James Stevens |last2=Wilson |first2=Susan |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Architecture |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=e-KrCQAAQBAJ&pg=PT2202&lpg=PT2202&dq=Lazzaretto+of+Ancona+1733&source=bl&ots=iqPpVJruQt&sig=ACfU3U3ArCi24YJmVOLQBl7syXYkt87Nlg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwikho2s88XqAhWTIbkGHQzkDHsQ6AEwEHoECCYQAQ#v=onepage&q=Lazzaretto%20of%20Ancona%201733&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|Italy}}
 |-
-| 1745 || Policy || {{w|Plague}} || A decree in {{w|Oldenburg}} prescribes the cleaning with {{w|caustic soda}} of troughs from which cattle with plague have fed, and the cleaning of the woodwork and walls of their houses with lime-wash.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1745 || Prevention || {{w|Plague}} || A decree in {{w|Oldenburg}} prescribes the cleaning with {{w|caustic soda}} of troughs from which cattle with plague have fed, and the cleaning of the woodwork and walls of their houses with lime-wash.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1770 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Plague}} || [[w:House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] {{w|Empress Maria Theresa}} sets up a {{w|cordon sanitaire}} between {{w|Austria}} and the {{w|Ottoman Empire}} to prevent people and goods infected with plague from crossing the border. Cotton and wool are held in storehouses for weeks, with peasants paid to sleep on the bales and monitored to see if they show signs of disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Historic Ways To Beat Plagues |url=https://listverse.com/2020/04/18/top-10-historic-ways-to-beat-plagues/ |website=listverse.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Austrian Empire}} region
+| 1770 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Plague}} || [[w:House of Habsburg|Habsburg]] {{w|Empress Maria Theresa}} sets up a {{w|cordon sanitaire}} between {{w|Austria}} and the {{w|Ottoman Empire}} to prevent people and goods infected with plague from crossing the border. Cotton and wool are held in storehouses for weeks, with peasants paid to sleep on the bales and monitored to see if they show signs of disease.<ref>{{cite web |title=Top 10 Historic Ways To Beat Plagues |url=https://listverse.com/2020/04/18/top-10-historic-ways-to-beat-plagues/ |website=listverse.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Austrian Empire}} region
 |-
-| 1771 || || || Policy is introduced in France stipulating that animals killed or dead from epizootic disease may not be abandoned in forests, thrown into rivers or placed on rubbish dumps, nor may they be buried in stables, courtyards, gardens or elsewhere within the precincts of towns and villages.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1771 || Prevention || Epizootic infection || Policy is introduced in France stipulating that animals killed or dead from epizootic disease may not be abandoned in forests, thrown into rivers or placed on rubbish dumps, nor may they be buried in stables, courtyards, gardens or elsewhere within the precincts of towns and villages.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1774 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || Microbial pathogens || [[w:Swedish people|Swedish]] chemist {{w|Carl Wilhelm Scheele}} discovers {{w|chlorine}}.<ref name="Hugo">{{cite journal |last1=Hugo |first1=W.B. |title=A brief history of heat and chemical preservation and disinfect ion |journal=Journal of Applied Bacteriology |url=https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04657.x |accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1774 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial infection || [[w:Swedish people|Swedish]] chemist {{w|Carl Wilhelm Scheele}} discovers {{w|chlorine}}.<ref name="Hugo">{{cite journal |last1=Hugo |first1=W.B. |title=A brief history of heat and chemical preservation and disinfect ion |journal=Journal of Applied Bacteriology |url=https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04657.x |accessdate=3 April 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1776 || Scientific development || || Italian biologist {{w|Lazzaro Spallanzani}} demonstrates that it was impossible for 'spontaneous generation' of microorganisms to occur once the fluid they lived in had been boiled for an hour.<ref name="oie.int"/><ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Italy}}
+| 1776 || Disinfection method research || Microbial infection || Italian biologist {{w|Lazzaro Spallanzani}} demonstrates that it is impossible for 'spontaneous generation' of microorganisms to occur once the fluid they lived in has been boiled for an hour.<ref name="oie.int"/><ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Italy}}
 |-
-| 1784 || Policy || Non-human animal contagious diseases || A decree issued by the Council of the King of France obliges the owners of animals affected by contagious diseases to burn or scald all harnesses, wagons and any other objects which has been in contact with these animals.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1784 || Prevention || Non-human animal contagious diseases || A decree issued by the Council of the King of France obliges the owners of animals affected by contagious diseases to burn or scald all harnesses, wagons and any other objects which has been in contact with these animals.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1789 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || "{{w|Potassium hypochlorite}} was first produced in 1789 by Claude Louis Berthollet in his laboratory located in Javel in Paris" || {{w|France}}
+| 1789 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || French chemist {{w|Claude Louis Berthollet}} produces {{w|potassium hypochlorite}} for the first time in his laboratory located in Javel in Paris.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bleach |url=http://hydro-land.com/e/ligne-en/doc/Eaux-Javel.html |website=hydro-land.com |accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stéphane |first1=Bernard |last2=Giesbert |first2=Franz-Olivier |title=Petite et grande histoire des rues de Paris, Volume 1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=GOYQAQAAMAAJ&q=Potassium+hypochlorite++1789++Claude+Louis+Berthollet&dq=Potassium+hypochlorite++1789++Claude+Louis+Berthollet&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjZv-OY_rnqAhXKD7kGHQJHDHMQ6AEwA3oECAQQAg}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1789 || || || Tennant prepares a bleaching powder, as distinct from a liquid, by passing chlorine gas into a slurry of slaked lime.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1793 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Yellow fever}} || During a yellow fever epidemic in {{w|Philadelphia}}, roads and bridges leading to the city are blocked off by soldiers from the local militia to prevent the illness from spreading.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cohn |first1=Samuel K. |title=Yellow Fever |doi=10.1093/oso/9780198819660.003.0018 |url=https://www.oxfordscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780198819660.001.0001/oso-9780198819660-chapter-18}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1793 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Yellow fever}} || During a yellow fever epidemic in {{w|Philadelphia}}, roads and bridges leading to the city are blocked off by soldiers from the local militia to prevent the illness from spreading. || {{w|United States}}
+| 1794 || Prevention || {{w|Plague}} || English physician {{w|Erasmus Darwin}} recommends that if cattle plague are introduced into England, all cattle within a five mile radius of any confirmed outbreak should be 'immediately slaughtered, and consumed within the circumscribed district; and their hides put into quicklime before proper inspectors'.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1794 || || {{w|Plague}} || English physician {{w|Erasmus Darwin}} recommends that if cattle plague are introduced into England, all cattle within a five mile radius of any confirmed outbreak should be 'immediately slaughtered, and consumed within the circumscribed district; and their hides put into quicklime before proper inspectors'.<ref name="oie.int"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1800 || Infrastructure || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}}, communicable infection || A Hospital for Sick Children is established in {{w|Paris}}, initially admitting infectious cases, with consequent high mortality from cross-infection.<ref name="Wright">{{cite journal |last1=Wright |first1=David |title=Infection control throughout history |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(14)70726-1 |url=https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(14)70726-1/fulltext}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1801 || || General || The first hospital for infectious diseases is established in {{w|London}}.<ref name="Hewlett">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Philip W. |last2=Watkins |first2=Kristin |last3=Hewlett |first3=Angela |journal=American Journal of Infection Control |url=https://cha.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AJIC-2012-Infection-Control-Through-the-Ages.pdf|title=Infection control through the ages
+| 1801 || Infrastructure || General || The first hospital for infectious diseases is established in {{w|London}}.<ref name="Hewlett">{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=Philip W. |last2=Watkins |first2=Kristin |last3=Hewlett |first3=Angela |journal=American Journal of Infection Control |url=https://cha.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AJIC-2012-Infection-Control-Through-the-Ages.pdf|title=Infection control through the ages}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
-}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1803 || || {{w|Smallpox}} || The word '{{w|germ}}', in relation to a {{w|smallpox}} infection, is printed.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
+| 1803 || Concept development || {{w|Smallpox}} || The word '{{w|germ}}', in relation to a {{w|smallpox}} infection, is printed.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
 |-
-| 1811 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || Microbial pathogens || {{w|Chlorine dioxide}} is discovered.<ref>{{cite web |title=OVERVIEW OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE (CLO2) |url=http://www.afinitica.com/arnews/?q=node/92 |website=afinitica.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Charles L. |last2=Droby |first2=Samir |title=Microbial Food Contamination |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2vN64QtjI2UC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=1811+Chlorine+dioxide+is+discovered&source=bl&ots=I7jW8ehJRe&sig=ACfU3U06z_UEtmrnhJ3Lo_KI_aw1KU5OKw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqrOOBzNLpAhXSHLkGHeEKC6kQ6AEwC3oECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=1811%20Chlorine%20dioxide%20is%20discovered&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Ronald H. |last2=Rodrick |first2=Gary E. |title=Food Safety Handbook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=87Eimlt7dMMC&pg=PA396&lpg=PA396&dq=1811+Chlorine+dioxide+is+discovered&source=bl&ots=p035rVGjJY&sig=ACfU3U2qE0ue-H03gu9_h-qWuMZN2hlkCQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqrOOBzNLpAhXSHLkGHeEKC6kQ6AEwDHoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=1811%20Chlorine%20dioxide%20is%20discovered&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1811 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial pathogens || {{w|Chlorine dioxide}} is discovered.<ref>{{cite web |title=OVERVIEW OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE (CLO2) |url=http://www.afinitica.com/arnews/?q=node/92 |website=afinitica.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Charles L. |last2=Droby |first2=Samir |title=Microbial Food Contamination |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=2vN64QtjI2UC&pg=PA6&lpg=PA6&dq=1811+Chlorine+dioxide+is+discovered&source=bl&ots=I7jW8ehJRe&sig=ACfU3U06z_UEtmrnhJ3Lo_KI_aw1KU5OKw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqrOOBzNLpAhXSHLkGHeEKC6kQ6AEwC3oECAwQAQ#v=onepage&q=1811%20Chlorine%20dioxide%20is%20discovered&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Schmidt |first1=Ronald H. |last2=Rodrick |first2=Gary E. |title=Food Safety Handbook |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=87Eimlt7dMMC&pg=PA396&lpg=PA396&dq=1811+Chlorine+dioxide+is+discovered&source=bl&ots=p035rVGjJY&sig=ACfU3U2qE0ue-H03gu9_h-qWuMZN2hlkCQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqrOOBzNLpAhXSHLkGHeEKC6kQ6AEwDHoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=1811%20Chlorine%20dioxide%20is%20discovered&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1813–1814 || || {{w|Plague}} || "During the 1813–14 Malta plague epidemic, the main urban settlements of Malta (Valletta, Floriana and the Three Cities) and rural settlements with a high mortality rate (Birkirkara, Qormi, Żebbuġ and later Xagħra) were cordoned off by the military to prevent people from entering or leaving" ||
+| 1813–1814 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Plague}} || During the {{w|1813–1814 Malta plague epidemic}}, cordon sanitaires are implemented in the main urban settlements and rural settlements with a high mortality rate. People are prevented from entering or leaving.<ref>{{cite web |title=Inspector of Hospitals Ralph Green – Introduction |url=http://www.maltaramc.com/articles/contents/plague1813.html |website=maltaramc.com |accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aspects of the demography of modern Malta.: a study of the human geography of the Maltese Islands |url=http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/9175/2/6106-vol2.pdf?UkUDh:CyT |website=etheses.dur.ac.uk |accessdate=7 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Malta}}
 |-
-| 1818 || || || {{w|Louis Jacques Thénard}} first produces {{w|hydrogen peroxide}} by reacting {{w|barium peroxide}} with {{w|nitric acid}}.<ref>{{Cite journal
+| 1818 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Louis Jacques Thénard}} first produces {{w|hydrogen peroxide}} by reacting {{w|barium peroxide}} with {{w|nitric acid}}.<ref>{{Cite journal
 | title = Observations sur des nouvelles combinaisons entre l'oxigène et divers acides
 | author = L. J. Thénard
@@ Line 103: / Line 132: @@
 | year =1818
 | pages = 306–312
-| url = https://books.google.com/?id=-N43AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306#v=onepage}}</ref> Hydrogen peroxide was first used for bleaching in 1882, but did not become commercially important until after 1930.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/90597292/9/History-of-bleaching-with-hydrogen-peroxide|title=Catalytic Bleaching of Cotton: Molecular and Macroscopic Aspects p 16|author=Tatjana Topalović|publisher=Thesis, University of Twente, the Netherlands |accessdate=8 May 2012|year=2007}}</ref> ||
+| url = https://books.google.com/?id=-N43AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA306#v=onepage}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1821 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || Concept development || The term {{w|cordon sanitaire}} dates to this year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smart |first1=William |title=Economic Annals of the Nineteenth Century ...: 1821-1830 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vgjRAAAAMAAJ&q=cordon+sanitaire+1821&dq=cordon+sanitaire+1821&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHp6-z983pAhXCILkGHesIDB8Q6AEIVDAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bourgon |first1=Jean Ignace Joseph |title=Abrégé de l'histoire de France, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KVEvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA826&dq=cordon+sanitaire+1821&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHp6-z983pAhXCILkGHesIDB8Q6AEIdzAJ#v=onepage&q=cordon%20sanitaire%201821&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salas-Vives |first1=Pere |last2=Pujadas-Mora |first2=Joana-Maria |title=Cordons Sanitaires and the Rationalisation Process in Southern Europe (Nineteenth-Century Majorca) |doi=10.1017/mdh.2018.25 |pmid=29886862 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6113753/}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+| 1821 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || || The term {{w|cordon sanitaire}} dates to this year.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smart |first1=William |title=Economic Annals of the Nineteenth Century ...: 1821-1830 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vgjRAAAAMAAJ&q=cordon+sanitaire+1821&dq=cordon+sanitaire+1821&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHp6-z983pAhXCILkGHesIDB8Q6AEIVDAF}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Bourgon |first1=Jean Ignace Joseph |title=Abrégé de l'histoire de France, Volume 2 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=KVEvAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA826&dq=cordon+sanitaire+1821&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjHp6-z983pAhXCILkGHesIDB8Q6AEIdzAJ#v=onepage&q=cordon%20sanitaire%201821&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Salas-Vives |first1=Pere |last2=Pujadas-Mora |first2=Joana-Maria |title=Cordons Sanitaires and the Rationalisation Process in Southern Europe (Nineteenth-Century Majorca) |doi=10.1017/mdh.2018.25 |pmid=29886862 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6113753/}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1823 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || French chemist {{w|Antoine Germain Labarraque}} uses {{w|hypochlorite}} as a deodorant and disinfectant in a cat-gut factory.<ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1823 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || French chemist {{w|Antoine Germain Labarraque}} uses {{w|hypochlorite}} as a deodorant and disinfectant in a {{w|catgut}} factory.<ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1827 || || || English surgeon [[w:Thomas Alcock (surgeon)|Thomas Alcock]] shows the possibility to use {{w|hypochlorite}} for disinfection.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1827 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || English surgeon [[w:Thomas Alcock (surgeon)|Thomas Alcock]] shows the possibility to use {{w|hypochlorite}} for disinfection.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1829 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || {{w|Lugol's iodine}} is first made by French physician {{w|Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol}}.<ref name=Pre2009>{{cite book|last1=Preedy|first1=Victor R.|last2=Burrow|first2=Gerard N.|last3=Watson|first3=Ronald Ross|title=Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects|date=2009|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=9780080920863|page=135|language=en|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812100039/https://books.google.ca/books?id=7v7g5XoCQQwC&pg=PA135}}</ref><ref name=Sn2005>{{cite book|last1=Sneader|first1=Walter|title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780471899792|page=67|language=en|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071343/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA67}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+| 1829 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Lugol's iodine}} is first made by French physician {{w|Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol}}.<ref name=Pre2009>{{cite book|last1=Preedy|first1=Victor R.|last2=Burrow|first2=Gerard N.|last3=Watson|first3=Ronald Ross|title=Comprehensive Handbook of Iodine: Nutritional, Biochemical, Pathological and Therapeutic Aspects|date=2009|publisher=Academic Press|page=135|language=en|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812100039/https://books.google.ca/books?id=7v7g5XoCQQwC&pg=PA135}}</ref><ref name=Sn2005>{{cite book|last1=Sneader|first1=Walter|title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|page=67|language=en|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826071343/https://books.google.ca/books?id=Cb6BOkj9fK4C&pg=PA67}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1831 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || English chemist {{w|William Henry}} investigates the disinfection of infected clothing using heat rendered them harmless. Henry devises a jacketed dry heat (hot air) steriliser.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1831 || Disinfection method introduction || || English chemist {{w|William Henry}} investigates the disinfection of infected clothing using heat rendered them harmless. Henry devises a jacketed dry heat (hot air) steriliser.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1832 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || "Apart from the burning of aromatic herbs and the use of chlorine gas in the Paisley cholera epidemic of 1832, the first reasoned attempt to sterilize air"<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1832 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || {{w|Cholera}} || English surgeon {{w|Joseph Lister}} introduces the first reasoned attempt to sterilize air during a cholera epidemic.<ref name="Hugo"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hugo |first1=W.B. |title=A brief history of heat and chemical preservation and disinfection |journal=Journal of Applied Bacteriology |url=https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1365-2672.1991.tb04657.x}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1834 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || Microbial pathogens || German chemist {{w|Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge}} discovers a {{w|phenol}}, now known as {{w|carbolic acid}}, which he derives in an impure form from {{w|coal tar}}. ||
+| 1834 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial infection || German chemist {{w|Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge}} discovers a {{w|phenol}}, now known as {{w|carbolic acid}}, which he derives in an impure form from {{w|coal tar}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Joseph Lister |url=http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artdec18/mol-lister.html |website=microscopy-uk.org.uk |accessdate=12 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1834 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || {{w|Hypochlorous acid}} is discovered by French chemist {{w|Antoine Jérôme Balard}} by adding, to a flask of chlorine gas, a dilute suspension of {{w|mercury(II) oxide}} in water.<ref>See:
+| 1834 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Hypochlorous acid}} is discovered by French chemist {{w|Antoine Jérôme Balard}} by adding, to a flask of chlorine gas, a dilute suspension of {{w|mercury(II) oxide}} in water.<ref>See:
 *  {{cite journal |last1=Balard |first1=A. J. |title=Recherches sur la nature des combinaisons décolorantes du chlore |journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique |date=1834 |volume=57 |pages=225–304 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=ien.35556014128060;view=1up;seq=230 |series=2nd series |trans-title=Investigations into the nature of bleaching compounds of chlorine |language=French}} From p. 246:  ''" … il est beaucoup plus commode … environ d'eau distillée."'' ( … it is much easier to pour, into  flasks full of chlorine, red mercury oxide [that has been] reduced to a fine powder by grinding and diluted in about twelve times its weight of distilled water.)
 *  {{cite book |last1=Graham |first1=Thomas |title=Elements of Chemistry |volume=vol. 4 |date=1840 |publisher=H. Baillière |location=London, England |page=367 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UF5QAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA367#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1839 || || || Davies uses {{w|iodine}} for treating infected wounds. This is the first reference to using tincture of iodine in wounds.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1839 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Wound infection || Davies uses {{w|iodine}} for treating infected wounds. This is the first reference to using tincture of iodine in wounds.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1844 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Bayard in {{w|France}} prepares an antiseptic powder from coal tar, plaster, ferrous sulphate and clay.<ref name="Lambert">{{cite book |last1=Fraise |first1=Adam P. |last2=Lambert |first2=Peter A. |last3=Maillard |first3=Jean-Yves |title=Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe's Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vazrHz-4gcgC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=Bayard+prepared+an+antiseptic+powder&source=bl&ots=53gEHFpRRB&sig=ACfU3U01FpR0HC9b8bzgVZSPElTh0jzz-w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4wKuc8MfpAhV1K7kGHb54AuAQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Bayard%20prepared%20an%20antiseptic%20powder&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+| 1844 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Bayard in {{w|France}} prepares an antiseptic powder from coal tar, plaster, ferrous sulphate and clay.<ref name="Lambert">{{cite book |last1=Fraise |first1=Adam P. |last2=Lambert |first2=Peter A. |last3=Maillard |first3=Jean-Yves |title=Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe's Principles and Practice of Disinfection, Preservation and Sterilization |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=vazrHz-4gcgC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=Bayard+prepared+an+antiseptic+powder&source=bl&ots=53gEHFpRRB&sig=ACfU3U01FpR0HC9b8bzgVZSPElTh0jzz-w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj4wKuc8MfpAhV1K7kGHb54AuAQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=Bayard%20prepared%20an%20antiseptic%20powder&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1847 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || A bleach derivative is introduced as the hand disinfectant agent at the Vienna Medical Center to help reduce the risk of postpartum women who developed “Childbed Fever”, which had an 80% mortality rate. After introduction, the mortality rate plummets to 90% the first month.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> ||
+| 1847 || Medical development || Childbed fever || Hungarian physician {{w|Ignaz Semmelweis}} presents evidence that childbed fever is spread from person to person on the unclean hands of health-care workers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Control of Health-Care--Associated Infections, 1961--2011 |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6004a10.htm |website=cdc.gov |accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Austria}}
 |-
-| 1850 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || French pharmacist Ferdinand Le Beuf makes a useful disinfectant based on the bark of quillaia, a South American tree.<ref name="Lambert"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1847 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Childbed fever || Motivated by {{w|Ignaz Semmelweis}} discovery, a bleach derivative is introduced as the hand disinfectant agent at the Vienna Medical Center to help reduce the risk of postpartum women who developed “Childbed Fever”, which had an 80% mortality rate. After introduction, the mortality rate plummets to 90% the first month.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> || {{w|Austria}}
+|-
+| 1850 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || French pharmacist Ferdinand Le Beuf makes a useful disinfectant based on the bark of [[w:Quillaia (Quillajaceae)|quillaia]], a South American tree.<ref name="Lambert"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1850 || || || French physician {{w|Casimir Davaine}} finds the bacillus of anthrax in the blood of dying sheep. Davaine works on animal infections. Later, he works on a {{w|porcelain}} filter, to remove bacteria.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1850 || Disinfection method introduction || {{w|Anthrax}}, bacterial infection || French physician {{w|Casimir Davaine}} finds the bacillus of anthrax in the blood of dying sheep. Davaine works on animal infections. Later, he works on a {{w|porcelain}} filter, to remove bacteria.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1852 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || Microbial pathogens || {{w|Eucalyptus oil}} is introduced in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eucalyptus Essential Oil |url=https://www.bosistos.com.au/result/bosistos-product-category/eucalyptus-oil |website=bosistos.com.au |accessdate=22 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
+| 1852 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial infection || {{w|Eucalyptus oil}} is introduced in Australia.<ref>{{cite web |title=Eucalyptus Essential Oil |url=https://www.bosistos.com.au/result/bosistos-product-category/eucalyptus-oil |website=bosistos.com.au |accessdate=22 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
 |-
-| 1852 || || || Victor Burq discovers that those working with copper have far fewer deaths to cholera than anyone else, and concludes that putting copper on the skin is effective at preventing someone from getting {{w|cholera}}.<ref name="saaa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/xgqkyw/copper-destroys-viruses-and-bacteria-why-isnt-it-everywhere|title=Copper Destroys Viruses and Bacteria. Why Isn’t It Everywhere?|last=Love|first=Shayla|date=2020-03-18|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1852 || Disinfection method introduction || Cholera || French physician {{w|Victor Burq}} discovers that those working with {{w|copper}} have far fewer deaths to cholera than anyone else, and concludes that putting copper on the skin is effective at preventing someone from getting {{w|cholera}}.<ref name="saaa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/xgqkyw/copper-destroys-viruses-and-bacteria-why-isnt-it-everywhere|title=Copper Destroys Viruses and Bacteria. Why Isn’t It Everywhere?|last=Love|first=Shayla|date=2020-03-18|website=Vice|language=en|access-date=26 June 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1854 || || || German scientist {{w|Heinrich G. F. Schröder}} and German physician {{w|Theodor von Dusch}} show that {{w|bacteria}} can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton-wool by boiling infusion.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1852 || Infrastructure || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}}, communicable infection || Great Ormond Street Hospital is founded in {{w|London}}. In this hospital, cross-infection is avoided in the children's wards by admission of such cases as perhaps {{w|smallpox}}, {{w|scarlet fever}}, and {{w|diphtheria}} to fever hospitals.<ref name="Wright"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1854 || || || Chlorinated lime is applied in the tratment of sewage in {{w|London}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1854 || Disinfection method research || Bacterial infection || German scientist {{w|Heinrich G. F. Schröder}} and German physician {{w|Theodor von Dusch}} show that {{w|bacteria}} can be removed from air by filtering it through cotton-wool by boiling infusion.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1856 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Yellow fever}} || A cordon sanitaire is implemented in several cities during the yellow fever epidemic. ||
+| 1854 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Chlorinated lime}} is applied in the tratment of sewage in {{w|London}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1858 || || || British statistician {{w|Florence Nightingale}} promotes the case for hospital reform.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Forder |first1=A A |title=A Brief History of Infection Control - Past and Present |pmid=18250929 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18250929/}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1858 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || British physician {{w|Benjamin Ward Richardson}} takes note of the capacity of {{w|hydrogen peroxide}} to remove foul odours and subsequently proposes its use as disinfectant.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1858 || || || British physician {{w|Benjamin Ward Richardson}} takes note of the capacity of hydrogen peroxide to remove foul odours and subsequently proposes its use as disinfectant.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1858 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Bacterial infection || {{w|Fuchsine}} is first prepared by {{w|August Wilhelm von Hofmann}} from {{w|aniline}} and {{w|carbon tetrachloride}}.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1002/prac.18590770130 | first = August Wilhelm | last = von Hofmann  | title = Einwirkung des Chlorkohlenstoffs auf Anilin. Cyantriphenyldiamin | year = 1859 | journal = Journal für Praktische Chemie | volume = 77 | pages = 190 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Action of Bichloride of Carbon on Aniline | journal = Philosophical Magazine | year = 1858 | pages = 131–142 | first = August Wilhelm | last = von Hofmann | url = http://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/jportal_jpvolume_00057523?XSL.view.objectmetadata=false&jumpback=true&maximized=true&page=PMS_1859_Bd17_%200089.tif }}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1858 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || Bacteria || Fuchsine is first prepared by {{w|August Wilhelm von Hofmann}} from {{w|aniline}} and {{w|carbon tetrachloride}}.<ref>{{cite journal | doi = 10.1002/prac.18590770130 | first = August Wilhelm | last = von Hofmann  | title = Einwirkung des Chlorkohlenstoffs auf Anilin. Cyantriphenyldiamin | year = 1859 | journal = Journal für Praktische Chemie | volume = 77 | pages = 190 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Action of Bichloride of Carbon on Aniline | journal = Philosophical Magazine | year = 1858 | pages = 131–142 | first = August Wilhelm | last = von Hofmann | url = http://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/receive/jportal_jpvolume_00057523?XSL.view.objectmetadata=false&jumpback=true&maximized=true&page=PMS_1859_Bd17_%200089.tif }}</ref> ||
+| 1859 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Russian chemist Alexander Butlerov discovers {{w|formaldehyde}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rodgman |first1=Alan |last2=Perfetti |first2=Thomas A. |title=The Chemical Components of Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=D2HvBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA364&dq=1859+Formaldehyde&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiKhoKHx7vqAhVxGbkGHTOOC40Q6AEwAHoECAQQAg#v=onepage&q=1859%20Formaldehyde&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Analytical Methods for a Textile Laboratory |publisher=American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=aUW98Hhv9GoC&pg=PA230&dq=1859+Formaldehyde&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiKhoKHx7vqAhVxGbkGHTOOC40Q6AEwAXoECAAQAg#v=onepage&q=1859%20Formaldehyde&f=false}}</ref><ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|Russia}}
+|-
+| 1859 || Disinfection method research || || {{w|Heinrich G. F. Schröder}} shows that boiling infusion at temperatures above 100°C (e.g., egg yolks, milk and meat) for prolonged time destroys growth but boiling for a short period at 100 °C does not stop growth.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1859 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || {{w|Formaldehyde}} is discovered.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1860 || Publication || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || English social reformer {{w|Florence Nightingale}} publishes ''Notes on Nursing'', a series of guidelines with recommendations on sanitation and hospital environment. These publications prompt new policies of control of cross-infection in most hospitals.<ref name="Wright"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
-|-
-| 1859 || || || {{w|Heinrich G. F. Schröder}} shows that boiling infusion at temperatures above 100°C (e.g., egg yolks, milk and meat) for prolonged time destroys growth but boiling for a short period at 100 °C does not stop growth.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1863 || || || {{w|Casimir Devaine}} demonstrates that porcelain filters retained {{w|anthrax}} bacteria.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1863 || Disinfection method research || {{w|Anthrax}} || {{w|Casimir Devaine}} demonstrates that porcelain filters retained {{w|anthrax}} bacteria.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1865 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || Microbial pathogens || Dr. {{w|Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister}} applies a piece of lint dipped in carbolic acid solution to the wound of an eleven-year-old boy at {{w|Glasgow Royal Infirmary}}, who had sustained a compound fracture after a cart wheel had passed over his leg. After four days, he renewes the pad and discovers that no infection has developed. After a total of six weeks he discovers that the boy's bones have fused back together, without the danger of suppuration.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lister|first1=Joseph|title=On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery|journal=The Lancet|date=21 September 1867|volume=90|issue=2299|pages=353–356|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(02)51827-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lister|first1=Joseph|title=On the Effects of the Antiseptic System of Treatment Upon the Salubrity of a Surgical Hospital|journal=The Lancet|date=1 January 1870|volume=95|issue=2418|pages=2–4|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)31273-X}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1865 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial infection || {{w|Joseph Lister}} applies a piece of lint dipped in carbolic acid solution to the wound of an eleven-year-old boy at {{w|Glasgow Royal Infirmary}}, who had sustained a compound fracture after a cart wheel had passed over his leg. After four days, he renewes the pad and discovers that no infection has developed. After a total of six weeks he discovers that the boy's bones have fused back together, without the danger of suppuration.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lister|first1=Joseph|title=On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery|journal=The Lancet|date=21 September 1867|volume=90|issue=2299|pages=353–356|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(02)51827-4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Lister|first1=Joseph|title=On the Effects of the Antiseptic System of Treatment Upon the Salubrity of a Surgical Hospital|journal=The Lancet|date=1 January 1870|volume=95|issue=2418|pages=2–4|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)31273-X}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1866 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || {{w|Methyl violet}} is manufactured in France by the [[w:Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]-based firm of Poirrier et Chappat and marketed under the name "Violet de Paris". It was a mixture of the tetra-, penta- and hexamethylated {{w|pararosaniline}}s.<ref>{{citation | editor-last=Gardner | editor-first=W. M. | year=1915 | title= The British coal-tar industry : its origin, development, and decline | publisher= Lippincott | place=Philadelphia | page=173 | url=https://archive.org/stream/britishcoaltarin00gardrich#page/172/mode/2up}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+| 1866 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Methyl violet}} is manufactured in France by the [[w:Saint-Denis, Seine-Saint-Denis|Saint-Denis]]-based firm of Poirrier et Chappat and marketed under the name "Violet de Paris". It is a mixture of the tetra-, penta- and hexamethylated {{w|pararosaniline}}s.<ref>{{citation | editor-last=Gardner | editor-first=W. M. | year=1915 | title= The British coal-tar industry : its origin, development, and decline | publisher= Lippincott | place=Philadelphia | page=173 | url=https://archive.org/stream/britishcoaltarin00gardrich#page/172/mode/2up}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1867 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || The first reasoned attempt to sterilize air is made by British surgeon {{w|Joseph Lister}} in his pursuit of antiseptic surgery.<ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1867 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || The first reasoned attempt to sterilize air is made by {{w|Joseph Lister}} in his pursuit of antiseptic surgery.<ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1869 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Cholera}} || French epidemiologist {{w|Achille Adrien Proust}} (father of novelist {{w|Marcel Proust}}) proposes the use of an international {{w|cordon sanitaire}} to control the spread of {{w|cholera}}, which emerged from {{w|India}} and, and threatening Europe and Africa at the time. Proust proposes that all ships bound for Europe from India and Southeast Asia be quarantined at {{w|Suez}}, however his ideas would not be generally embraced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Böses Komma |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/literatur-und-seuchengeschichte-boeses-komma-1.4914831 |website=sueddeutsche.de |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MARCEL PROUST and the medicine of the Belle Epoque |url=https://www.rsm.ac.uk/media/2060/marcel-proust-exhibition-booklet.pdf |website=rsm.ac.uk |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chantre |first1=Luc |title=Entre pandémie et panislamisme |doi=10.4000/assr.25258 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/assr/25258?lang=it}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+| 1869 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Cholera}} || French epidemiologist {{w|Achille Adrien Proust}} (father of novelist {{w|Marcel Proust}}) proposes the use of an international {{w|cordon sanitaire}} to control the spread of {{w|cholera}}, which emerged from {{w|India}} and, and threatening Europe and Africa at the time. Proust proposes that all ships bound for Europe from India and Southeast Asia be quarantined at {{w|Suez}}, however his ideas would not be generally embraced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Böses Komma |url=https://www.sueddeutsche.de/kultur/literatur-und-seuchengeschichte-boeses-komma-1.4914831 |website=sueddeutsche.de |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=MARCEL PROUST and the medicine of the Belle Epoque |url=https://www.rsm.ac.uk/media/2060/marcel-proust-exhibition-booklet.pdf |website=rsm.ac.uk |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Chantre |first1=Luc |title=Entre pandémie et panislamisme |doi=10.4000/assr.25258 |url=https://journals.openedition.org/assr/25258?lang=it}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1871 || || || Soap is used with {{w|coal tar}} to make an antiseptic preparation. This formulation is patented.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1871 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Soap is used with {{w|coal tar}} to make an antiseptic preparation. This formulation is patented.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1871 || || || German botanist {{w|Ernst Tiegel}} filters anthrax fluids through porous cell of unburnt clay with the aid of a Bunsen air pump.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1871 || Disinfection method introduction || {{w|Anthrax}} || German botanist {{w|Ernst Tiegel}} filters anthrax fluids through porous cell of unburnt clay with the aid of a Bunsen air pump.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1872 || || || Early work by Ritthausen shows that {{w|phenol}} is a solvent for {{w|protein}}s.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1872 || Disinfectant research || || Early work by German biochemist {{w|Karl Heinrich Ritthausen}} shows that {{w|phenol}} is a solvent for {{w|protein}}s.<ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1873–1875 || || || {{w|Casimir Davaine}} reports bactericidal efficiency of {{w|iodine}} solutions against the {{w|anthrax}} bacillus.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1873–1875 || Disinfectant research || {{w|Anthrax}} || {{w|Casimir Davaine}} reports bactericidal efficiency of {{w|iodine}} solutions against the {{w|anthrax}} bacillus.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1874 || || || The word 'sterilization' is first used as in: sterilization by heat of organic liquids.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1874 || Concept development || || The word 'sterilization' is first used as in: sterilization by heat of organic liquids.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1875 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Bucholtz publishes his determinations of the concentrations of, amongst other substances, {{w|phenol}}, {{w|creosote}} and [[w:Salicylic acid|salicylic]] and {{w|benzoic acid}} required to inhibit the growth of and to kill mixed cultures of unnamed micro-organisms.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1875 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial infection || Bucholtz publishes his determinations of the concentrations of, amongst other substances, {{w|phenol}}, {{w|creosote}} and [[w:Salicylic acid|salicylic]] and {{w|benzoic acid}} required to inhibit the growth of and to kill mixed cultures of unnamed micro-organisms.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1876 || || || {{w|Robert Koch}} publishes his work on anthrax, for the first time conclusively proving that a bacterium could be a specific infectious agent.<ref name="Hewlett"/> ||
+| 1876 || Scientific development || {{w|Anthrax}} || German microbiologist {{w|Robert Koch}} publishes his work on anthrax, for the first time conclusively proving that a bacterium could be a specific infectious agent.<ref name="Hewlett"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1877 || || || English physicist {{w|John Tyndale}} discovers the heat resistant phase of bacteria, the spore. Tyndale creates {{w|tyndallization}}, a method of fractional, intermitent processing to inactivate spores, by turning them into less resistant vegetative microbes, upon incubation in a growth medium.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1877 || Scientific development || Bacterial infection || English physicist {{w|John Tyndale}} discovers the heat resistant phase of bacteria, the spore. Tyndale creates {{w|tyndallization}}, a method of fractional, intermitent processing to inactivate spores, by turning them into less resistant vegetative microbes, upon incubation in a growth medium.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1877 || || Concept development || The word 'sterile' is first used.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
+| 1877 || Concept development || || The word 'sterile' is first used.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
 |-
-| 1877 || || || Downes and Blunt demonstrate sterilization of a bacterial culture after nine hours of exposure to sunlight. This is the precursor of ultraviolet light (UV).<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1877 || Disinfection method research || Bacterial infection || Downes and Blunt demonstrate sterilization of a bacterial culture after nine hours of exposure to sunlight. This is the precursor of ultraviolet light (UV).<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1877 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || British chemical manufacturer {{w|John Jeyes}} patents his {{w|Jeyes fluid}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stark |first1=James F |title=The Making of Modern Anthrax, 1875–1920: Uniting Local, National and Global Histories of Disease |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qnlECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192&dq=1877+++John+Jeyes+patents+his+Jeyes+fluid.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXx9yQjsjpAhU0IrkGHQPqBh8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1877%20%20%20John%20Jeyes%20patents%20his%20Jeyes%20fluid.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1877 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || British chemical manufacturer {{w|John Jeyes}} patents his {{w|Jeyes fluid}}.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stark |first1=James F |title=The Making of Modern Anthrax, 1875–1920: Uniting Local, National and Global Histories of Disease |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=qnlECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA192&dq=1877+++John+Jeyes+patents+his+Jeyes+fluid.&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiXx9yQjsjpAhU0IrkGHQPqBh8Q6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1877%20%20%20John%20Jeyes%20patents%20his%20Jeyes%20fluid.&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1877 || || || The word sterile first appears.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
+| 1878 || Disinfection method introduction || || {{w|Joseph Lister}} recommends heating of glassware at 150°C for 2 hours to produce sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1878 || || || Lister recommends heating of glassware at 150°C for 2 hours to produce sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1878 || Disinfection method research || Pathogenic bacteria || American physician {{w|George Miller Sternberg}} shows that pathogenic bacteria (vegetative or non-spores) are killed in 10 minutes at a relatively benigntemperature of 62°C to 72°C.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1878 || || || American physician {{w|George Miller Sternberg}} shows that pathogenic bacteria (vegetative or non-spores) are killed in 10 minutes at a relatively benigntemperature of 62°C to 72°C.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1878 || Concept development || Bacterial infection || Irish physicist {{w|John Tyndall}} uses the adjective ''bactericidal''.<ref name="Seymour"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1878 || || || Tyndall uses the adjective ''bactericidal''.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
+| 1881 || Disinfectant research || {{w|Anthrax}} || {{w|Robert Koch}} concludes that {{w|ethanol}} is innefective as an antiseptic based on his work with {{w|anthrax}} spores.<ref name="Block"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1881 || || || {{w|Robert Koch}} concludes that {{w|ethanol}} is innefective as an antiseptic based on his work with {{w|anthrax}} spores.<ref name="Block"/> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1881 || Disinfection method research || Bacterial infection || {{w|Robert Koch}} and coworkers determine the exact value of dry heat and the limitations of steam at 100°C. They additionally create the silk thread technique for testing bactericidal agents, impregnated with anthrax spores.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1881 || || || Koch and coworkers determine the exact value of dry heat and the limitations of steam at 100°C. They additionally create the silk thread technique for testing bactericidal agents, impregnated with anthrax spores.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1881 || Disinfectant research || {{w|Diphtheria}} || Evidence is found about the use of {{w|ozone}} as a disinfectant, mentioned by Kellogg in his book on {{w|diphtheria}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1881 || || || There is evidence of the use of {{w|ozone}} as a disinfectant, mentioned by Kellogg in his book on {{w|diphtheria}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1882 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Yellow fever}} || In response to a virulent outbreak of {{w|yellow fever}} in {{w|Brownsville, Texas}}, and in northern Mexico, a {{w|cordon sanitaire}} is established 180 miles north of the city, terminating at the Rio Grande to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.<ref>{{cite web |title=Part II: Yellow Fever Comes to the Valley |url=https://www.valleymorningstar.com/2016/08/07/part-ii-yellow-fever-comes-to-the-valley/ |website=valleymorningstar.com |accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues |url=https://www.academia.dk/MedHist/Sygdomme/PDF/Encyclopedia_of_Pestilence_Pandemics_and_Plagues.pdf |website=academia.dk |accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1882 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Yellow fever}} || In response to a virulent outbreak of {{w|yellow fever}} in {{w|Brownsville, Texas}}, and in northern Mexico, a {{w|cordon sanitaire}} is established 180 miles north of the city, terminating at the Rio Grande to the west and the Gulf of Mexico to the east.<ref>{{cite web |title=Part II: Yellow Fever Comes to the Valley |url=https://www.valleymorningstar.com/2016/08/07/part-ii-yellow-fever-comes-to-the-valley/ |website=valleymorningstar.com |accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues |url=https://www.academia.dk/MedHist/Sygdomme/PDF/Encyclopedia_of_Pestilence_Pandemics_and_Plagues.pdf |website=academia.dk |accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1883 || Medical equipment introduction || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || Sterile gowns and caps are invented by German surgeon {{w|Gustav Adolf Neuber}} using a form of autoclave.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1883 || || || Sterile gowns and caps are invented by German surgeon {{w|Gustav Adolf Neuber}} using a form of autoclave.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1884 || Disinfection method introduction || Microbial infection || French microbiologist {{w|Charles Chamberland}} invents the first {{w|autoclave}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1884 || || || French microbiologist {{w|Charles Chamberland}} invents the first autoclave.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1884 || Disinfection method introduction || Bacterial infection || {{w|Louis Pasteur}} and {{w|Charles Chamberland}} design the first candle-shaped porcelain depth filter for the removal of {{w|bacteria}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1884 || || || Pasteur and Chamberland design the first candle-shaped porcelain depth filter for the removal of {{w|bacteria}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1885 || Disinfection method introduction || Germ infection || German surgeon {{w|Curt Schimmelbusch}} develops and evaluates details of aseptic technique. He is the first to sterilize surgical dressing by steam. Schimmelbusch also advocates adding {{w|sodium carbonate}} to boiling water to enhance its germicidal value and prevent corrosion of instruments.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1885 || || || German surgeon {{w|Curt Schimmelbusch}} develops and evaluates details of aseptic technique. He is the first to sterilize surgical dressing by steam. Schimmelbusch also advocates adding {{w|sodium carbonate}} to boiling water to enhance its germicidal value and prevent corrosion of instruments.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1885 || Disinfection method introduction || || {{w|Gaston Poupinel}} in France introduces the first device of {{w|dry heat sterilization}}, which begins to be used in many hospitals.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1885 || || || {{w|Gaston Poupinel}} in France introduces the first device of dry heat sterilization, which begins to be used in many hospitals.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|France}}
+| 1886 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Bacterial infection || {{w|Formaldehyde}} is examined as a {{w|bactericide}} by Loew & Fisher.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1886 || || {{w|Rabies}} || {{w|Louis Pasteur}} successfully immunizes a boy who was bitten by a rabid dog with spinal cord suspensions of inactivated rabies virus.<ref name="Hewlett"/> ||
+| 1887 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Bacterial infection || Rosahegyi notes that dyes are inhibitory to {{w|bacteria}}.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1886 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || {{w|Formaldehyde}} is examined as a {{w|bactericide}} by Loew & Fisher.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1987 || Publication || Body substances infection || A document entitled ''{{w|Body substance isolation}}'' emphasizes avoiding contact with all moist and potentially infectious body substances except sweat even if blood not present. The document shares some features with universal precautions.<ref>Lynch P, Jackson MM, Cummings MJ, Stamm WE. Rethinking the role of isolation practices in the prevention of nosocomial infections. Ann Intern Med 1987;107(2):243-6.</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1887 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Rosahegyi notes that dyes are inhibitory to {{w|bacteria}}.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1888 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Yellow fever}} || During a yellow fever epidemic, the city of {{w|Jacksonville}}, {{w|Florida}}, is surrounded by an armed cordon sanitaire by order of Governor Edward A. Perry.<ref>{{cite web |title=1888 Epidemic in Jacksonville |url=http://exhibits.lib.usf.edu/exhibits/show/discovering-florida/disease/1888-epidemic-in-jacksonville |website=exhibits.lib.usf.edu |accessdate=22 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Annual report of the Surgeon General |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YCr5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA40&dq=1888+Cordon+sanitaire++yellow+fever+Jacksonville&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4_c7hlMjpAhXJF7kGHUWzAeYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1888%20Cordon%20sanitaire%20%20yellow%20fever%20Jacksonville&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1888 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || || During a yellow fever epidemic, the city of {{w|Jacksonville}}, {{w|Florida}}, is surrounded by an armed cordon sanitaire by order of Governor Edward A. Perry.<ref>{{cite web |title=1888 Epidemic in Jacksonville |url=http://exhibits.lib.usf.edu/exhibits/show/discovering-florida/disease/1888-epidemic-in-jacksonville |website=exhibits.lib.usf.edu |accessdate=22 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Annual report of the Surgeon General |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YCr5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA40&dq=1888+Cordon+sanitaire++yellow+fever+Jacksonville&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi4_c7hlMjpAhXJF7kGHUWzAeYQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1888%20Cordon%20sanitaire%20%20yellow%20fever%20Jacksonville&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1888 || Publication || Wound infection || Fred Kilmer publishes Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment, which helps spread the adoption of antiseptic surgery.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1888 || || || Fred Kilmer publishes Modern Methods of Antiseptic Wound Treatment, which helps spread the adoption of antiseptic surgery.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1888 || Disinfection method introduction || Bacterial infection || German surgeon {{w|Ervis Von Esmarch}} investigates the sterilizing efficiency of unsaturated and superheated steam and recommends the use of bacteriological tests as a proof of sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1888 || || || German surgeon {{w|Ervis Von Esmarch}} investigates the sterilizing efficiency of unsaturated and superheated steam and recommends the use of bacteriological tests as a proof of sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1888 || Disinfection method introduction || Bacterial infection || American bacteriologist {{w|Joseph J. Kinyoun}} makes important contributions to the design of the steam sterilization chamber and recommends a vacuum process to augment steam penetration of objects.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
-|-
-| 1888 || || || American bacteriologist {{w|Joseph J. Kinyoun}} makes important contributions to the design of the steam sterilization chamber and recommends  a vacuum process to augment steam penetration of objects.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1889 || || || The word 'fungicide' appears for the first time.<ref name="Seymour">{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=1877+The+word+%27sterile%27+is+first+used&source=bl&ots=KnIjHw6ON_&sig=ACfU3U1Pv7YUh0V7l0me7n0ZRHFRvEThpg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwipzqPJjtDpAhWSA9QKHTfhBQcQ6AEwCXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=1877%20The%20word%20'sterile'%20is%20first%20used&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1889 || Concept development || [[w:parasitism#Parasitic fungi|parasitic fungi]] infection || The word ''{{w|fungicide}}'' appears for the first time.<ref name="Seymour">{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28&dq=1877+The+word+%27sterile%27+is+first+used&source=bl&ots=KnIjHw6ON_&sig=ACfU3U1Pv7YUh0V7l0me7n0ZRHFRvEThpg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwipzqPJjtDpAhWSA9QKHTfhBQcQ6AEwCXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=1877%20The%20word%20'sterile'%20is%20first%20used&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1880s || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Joseph Lister uses a phenol agent in his groundbreaking work on surgical antisepsis.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> ||
+| 1880s || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Joseph Lister uses a phenol agent in his groundbreaking work on surgical antisepsis.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> ||
 |-
-| 1891 || || || Information about the steam sterilizer appears in print.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1891 || Disinfection method introduction || || Information about the [[w:Steam sterilization|steam sterilizer]] appears in print.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1891 || || || Heat sterilization of instruments is introduced by German surgeon {{w|Ernst Von Bergmann}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1891 || Disinfection method introduction || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || Heat sterilization of instruments is introduced by German surgeon {{w|Ernst Von Bergmann}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1892 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || The name ''{{w|ethanol}}'' is coined as a result of a resolution adopted at the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature held in {{w|Geneva}}, Switzerland.<ref>For a report on the 1892 International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature, see:* {{cite journal| last = Armstrong | first = Henry | name-list-format = vanc |year=1892|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=LHkCAAAAIAAJ|page=56}} |title=The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature|journal=Nature|volume=46|pages=56–59|doi=10.1038/046056c0|issue=1177}}
+| 1892 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || The name ''{{w|ethanol}}'' is coined as a result of a resolution adopted at the International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature held in {{w|Geneva}}, Switzerland.<ref>For a report on the 1892 International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature, see:* {{cite journal| last = Armstrong | first = Henry | name-list-format = vanc |year=1892|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=LHkCAAAAIAAJ|page=56}} |title=The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature|journal=Nature|volume=46|pages=56–59|doi=10.1038/046056c0|issue=1177}}
 * Armstrong's report is reprinted with the resolutions in English in: {{cite journal| last = Armstrong | first = Henry | name-list-format = vanc |year=1892|url={{google books |plainurl=y |id=RogMAQAAIAAJ|page=398}}|title=The International Conference on Chemical Nomenclature|journal=The Journal of Analytical and Applied Chemistry|volume=6|issue=1177|pages= 390–400 (398)|quote= The alcohols and the phenols will be called after the name of the hydrocarbon from which they are derived, terminated with the suffix ''ol'' (ex. pentanol, pentynol, etc.)| doi = 10.1038/046056c0 }}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}}
 |-
-| 1893 || || || British botanist {{w|Harry Marshall Ward}} experiments on the bactericidal effects of different coloured lights.<ref>{{cite book |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |publisher=Seymour Stanton Block |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=1893+Ward+experiments+on+the+bactericidal+effects+of+different+coloured+lights&source=bl&ots=KnIjGx0NI-&sig=ACfU3U1k4NP-7Aqal_F1gi5veBhfs_h1Zw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8l8qxqM3pAhUlHLkGHcKpDLsQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1893%20Ward%20experiments%20on%20the%20bactericidal%20effects%20of%20different%20coloured%20lights&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Janet H. |title=THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF LIGHT |doi=10.1152/physrev.1922.2.2.277 |url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physrev.1922.2.2.277?journalCode=physrev}}</ref> Ward demonstrates that it is primarily the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum that has the bactericidal action.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ultraviolet (UV) Light |url=http://www.spectralinnovations.com/reference/ultraviolet_light.htm |website=spectralinnovations.com |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1893 || Disinfection method introduction || Bacterial infection || British botanist {{w|Harry Marshall Ward}} experiments on the bactericidal effects of different coloured lights.<ref>{{cite book |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |publisher=Seymour Stanton Block |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=1893+Ward+experiments+on+the+bactericidal+effects+of+different+coloured+lights&source=bl&ots=KnIjGx0NI-&sig=ACfU3U1k4NP-7Aqal_F1gi5veBhfs_h1Zw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi8l8qxqM3pAhUlHLkGHcKpDLsQ6AEwAnoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1893%20Ward%20experiments%20on%20the%20bactericidal%20effects%20of%20different%20coloured%20lights&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=Janet H. |title=THE PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTION OF LIGHT |doi=10.1152/physrev.1922.2.2.277 |url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physrev.1922.2.2.277?journalCode=physrev}}</ref> Ward demonstrates that it is primarily the ultraviolet portion of the spectrum that has the bactericidal action.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ultraviolet (UV) Light |url=http://www.spectralinnovations.com/reference/ultraviolet_light.htm |website=spectralinnovations.com |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+|-
+| 1894 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || English industrialist {{w|William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme}} introduces the first mass-produced {{w|carbolic soap}} to the market, [[w:Lifebuoy (soap)|Lifebuoy]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Country Selector|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006155150/http://www.lifebuoy.com/about-us/history-of-health/}} A History of Health, lifebuoy.com</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+|-
+| 1896 || Disinfection method introduction || Microbial infection || German physicist {{w|Wilhelm Röntgen}} discovers X-rays, which soon become known for their ability to destroy microbes.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1894 || || || English industrialist {{w|William Lever, 1st Viscount Leverhulme}} introduces the first mass-produced carbolic soap to the market, [[w:Lifebuoy (soap)|Lifebuoy]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lifebuoy.com/about-us/history-of-health/ |title=Country Selector |accessdate=2014-10-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006155150/http://www.lifebuoy.com/about-us/history-of-health/ |archivedate=2014-10-06 }} A History of Health, lifebuoy.com</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1897 || Prevention ({{w|face mask}}) || || French surgeon {{w|Paul Berger}} becomes one of the first surgeons to ever wear a face mask during an operation.<ref name="A Brief History o">{{cite web |title=A Brief History of Medical Face Masks |url=https://gizmodo.com/a-brief-history-of-medical-face-masks-1843698852 |website=gizmodo.com |accessdate=16 August 2020}}</ref>
+ || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1896 || || || German physicist {{w|Wilhelm Röntgen}} discovers X-rays, which soon become known for their ability to destroy microbes.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1897 || Test introduction || || Defries develops an ingenious test which seeks to eliminate the continuing action of a disinfectant and to establish a time for a true endpoint to the disinfection process.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1897 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Defries develops an ingenious test which seeks to eliminate the continuing action of a disinfectant and to establish a time for a true endpoint to the disinfection process.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1897 || Disinfection method introduction || || Kronig and Paul in Germany publish paper examining the kinetics or dynamics of the course of the disinfection process.<ref name="Hugo"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=FALK |first1=S. |last2=WINSLOW |first2=E. A. |title=A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DYNAMICS OF TOXICITY AND THE THEORY OF DISINFECTION |url=https://jb.asm.org/content/jb/11/1/1.full.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Handbook of water and wastewater microbiology |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230887820_Handbook_of_water_and_wastewater_microbiology}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
 |-
-| 1897 || || || Kronig and Paul in Germany publish paper examining the kinetics or dynamics of the course of the disinfection process.<ref name="Hugo"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=FALK |first1=S. |last2=WINSLOW |first2=E. A. |title=A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DYNAMICS OF TOXICITY AND THE THEORY OF DISINFECTION |url=https://jb.asm.org/content/jb/11/1/1.full.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Handbook of water and wastewater microbiology |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230887820_Handbook_of_water_and_wastewater_microbiology}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
+| 1897 || Publication || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || Kilmer publishes a classical paper entitled ''Modern Surgical Dressings''.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1897 || || || Kilmer publishes a classical paper entitled ''Modern Surgical Dressings''.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1897 || Concept development || Microbial infection || The adjective ''microbiocidal'' appears.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
 |-
-| 1897 || || || The adjective microbiocidal appears.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
+| 1898 || Disinfection method introduction || || A. Schmidt reports on disinfection using {{w|formaldehyde}} as a wet vapour to fumigate sick rooms.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1898 || || || A. Schmidt reports on disinfection using {{w|formaldehyde}} as a wet vapour to fumigate sick rooms.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1898 || Disinfection method introduction || Bacterial infection || H. Rieder describes the bactericidal activity of {{w|X-rays}}, achieving almost complete sterilization of agar and gelatin plates of {{w|cholera}}, {{w|diphtheria}}, {{w|typhoid}}, and colon organisms, with exposure for about 1 hour.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite web |title=BACTERICIDAL FLUORESCENCE EXCITED BY X-RAYS. |url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/7827129.pdf |website=core.ac.uk |accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1898 || || || Reider describes the bactericidal activity of X-rays.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1899 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Plague}} || An outbreak of {{w|plague}} in {{w|Honolulu}} is managed by a cordon sanitaire around the Chinatown district. In an attempt to control the infection, a barbed wire perimeter is created and people's belongings and homes are burned.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plague in San Francisco: 1900, the Year of the Rat |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/joseph-kinyoun-indispensable-man-plague-san-francisco |website=niaid.nih.gov |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=When epidemics change the world: Can we learn anything from the third plague pandemic? |url=https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-epidemic-history/when-epidemics-change-the-world-can-we-learn-anything-from-the-third-plague-pandemic/1685595 |website=sciencenordic.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1899 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Plague}} || An outbreak of {{w|plague}} in {{w|Honolulu}} is managed by a cordon sanitaire around the Chinatown district. In an attempt to control the infection, a barbed wire perimeter is created and people's belongings and homes are burned.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plague in San Francisco: 1900, the Year of the Rat |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/joseph-kinyoun-indispensable-man-plague-san-francisco |website=niaid.nih.gov |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=When epidemics change the world: Can we learn anything from the third plague pandemic? |url=https://sciencenordic.com/denmark-epidemic-history/when-epidemics-change-the-world-can-we-learn-anything-from-the-third-plague-pandemic/1685595 |website=sciencenordic.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1900 || Disinfection method research || || Strebel demonstrates the inhibitory action of radioactive substances ({{w|radium}}).<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=1900+Strebel+demonstrates+the+inhibitory+action+of+radioactive+substances+(radium)&source=bl&ots=KnIjGx2QJ4&sig=ACfU3U3f3OdZ0aeBW7LRTX8K7FSjqoTKXA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7xtiBsc3pAhU2ILkGHfIfCmYQ6AEwCXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=1900%20Strebel%20demonstrates%20the%20inhibitory%20action%20of%20radioactive%20substances%20(radium)&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1900 || || || By this time, there are 4,000 hospitals in the United States.<ref name="Hewlett"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1900–1904 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Plague}} || {{w|San Francisco plague of 1900–1904}} The [[w:Chinatown, San Francisco|Chinatown]] is subjected to a cordon sanitaire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Plague in San Francisco: 1900, the Year of the Rat |url=https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/joseph-kinyoun-indispensable-man-plague-san-francisco |website=niaid.nih.gov |accessdate=11 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1900 || || || Strebel demonstrates the inhibitory action of radioactive substances (radium).<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Block |first1=Seymour Stanton |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=1900+Strebel+demonstrates+the+inhibitory+action+of+radioactive+substances+(radium)&source=bl&ots=KnIjGx2QJ4&sig=ACfU3U3f3OdZ0aeBW7LRTX8K7FSjqoTKXA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj7xtiBsc3pAhU2ILkGHfIfCmYQ6AEwCXoECAkQAQ#v=onepage&q=1900%20Strebel%20demonstrates%20the%20inhibitory%20action%20of%20radioactive%20substances%20(radium)&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1901 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Bacterial infection || Meyer conducts the first systematic experiment on the nature of the antibacterial action of {{w|phenol}}s. Meyer shows that the antibacterial action of phenols is paralleled by their distribution between protein and water, suggesting that protein is the prime target.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1900–1904 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Plague}} || "During the San Francisco plague of 1900–1904 San Francisco's Chinatown was subjected to a cordon sanitaire" ||
+| 1903 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Salmonella typhi || English chemists Samuel Rideal and J. T. Ainslie Walker propose the phenol coefficient test.<ref name="Rogers"/> The Rideal-Walker test is introduced to evaluate the performance of phenolic disinfectants against Salmonella typhi.<ref name="Hugo"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1901 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Meyer conducts the first systematic experiment on the nature of the antibacterial action of {{w|phenol}}s. Meyer shows that the antibacterial action of phenols is paralleled by their distribution between protein and water, suggesting that protein is the prime target.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1903–1914 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Trypanosomiasis}} || The Belgian colonial government imposes a cordon sanitaire on Uele Province in the {{w|Belgian Congo}} to control outbreaks of {{w|trypanosomiasis}} (sleeping sickness).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lyons |first1=Maryinez |title=From ‘Death Camps’ to Cordon Sanitaire: The Development of Sleeping Sickness Policy in the Uele District of the Belgian Congo, 1903–19141 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700023094 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/from-death-camps-to-cordon-sanitaire-the-development-of-sleeping-sickness-policy-in-the-uele-district-of-the-belgian-congo-190319141/5219FA5E652897DD974E3B86E546C8A5}}</ref> || {{w|Congo D.R}}
 |-
-| 1902 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || || "In 1902, Louisiana imposed a cordon sanitaire to prevent Italian immigrants from disembarking at the port of New Orleans. " ||
+| 1910 || Disinfection method introduction || Microbial infection || Chick and Martin consider microbes are killed by heat by protein coagulation in two stages, first by denaturation of the protein and second by agglutination when protein separates out.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=LEPESCHKIN. |first1=W. W. |doi= |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1259127/pdf/biochemj01170-0139.pdf |publisher=From the Botanical Laboratory, the University of Kasan |pmc=1259127|title= THE HEAT-COAGULATION OF PROTEINS}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1903 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || "The Rideal-Walker test was introduced to evaluate the performance of phenolic disinfectants against Salmonella typhi. It was published in 1903"<ref name="Hugo"/> Rideal Walker proposes the phenol coefficient test.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1910 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Using {{w|ultraviolet}} light for disinfection of drinking water dates back to this year in {{w|Marseille, France}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phc.amedd.army.mil/PHC%20Resource%20Library/Ultraviolet%20Light%20Disinfection%20in%20the%20Use%20of%20Individual%20Water%20Purification%20Devices.pdf |title=Ultraviolet light disinfection in the use of individual water purification devices |publisher=U.S. Army Public Health Command |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
 |-
-| 1903–1914 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Trypanosomiasis}} || The Belgian colonial government imposes a cordon sanitaire on Uele Province in the {{w|Belgian Congo}} to control outbreaks of {{w|trypanosomiasis}} (sleeping sickness).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lyons |first1=Maryinez |title=From ‘Death Camps’ to Cordon Sanitaire: The Development of Sleeping Sickness Policy in the Uele District of the Belgian Congo, 1903–19141 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700023094 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/from-death-camps-to-cordon-sanitaire-the-development-of-sleeping-sickness-policy-in-the-uele-district-of-the-belgian-congo-190319141/5219FA5E652897DD974E3B86E546C8A5}}</ref> || {{w|Congo D.R}}
+| 1912 || Disinfectant research || Bacterial infection || E.A. Cooper, working with bacteria and {{w|phenol}}s, concludes that phenols destroy intracellular protein by coagulation.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1909 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || Airborne bacteria || "A modification of this method was adopted by the American Public Health Association in 1909 as a standard for determining airborne bacteria."<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1913 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Bacterial infection || Cooper states that adsorption of phenol onto bacterial cells is the first reaction of the disinfection process.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1910 || || || Chick and Martin consider microbes are killed by heat by protein coagulation in two stages, first by denaturation of the protein and second by agglutination when protein separates out.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=LEPESCHKIN. |first1=W. W. |doi= |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1259127/pdf/biochemj01170-0139.pdf |publisher=From the Botanical Laboratory, the University of Kasan |pmc=1259127|title= THE HEAT-COAGULATION OF PROTEINS}}</ref> ||
+| 1916 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Bacterial infection || A new agent known as quaternary ammonium salts are first reported by the {{w|Rockefeller Institute}} as having bactericidal properties.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1910 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Using UV light for disinfection of drinking water dates back to this year in {{w|Marseille, France}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phc.amedd.army.mil/PHC%20Resource%20Library/Ultraviolet%20Light%20Disinfection%20in%20the%20Use%20of%20Individual%20Water%20Purification%20Devices.pdf |title=Ultraviolet light disinfection in the use of individual water purification devices |publisher=U.S. Army Public Health Command |accessdate=2014-01-08}}</ref> || {{w|France}}
+| 1916 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial infection || An antimicrobial molecule is introduced. These are organic derivatives of the positively charged ammonium ion where at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by a long chain alkyl radical and the three remaining atoms substituted usually by methyl groups.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1912 || || || Cooper, working with bacteria and {{w|phenol}}s, concludes that phenols destroy intracellular protein by coagulation.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1918 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || Influenza || The {{w|1918 flu pandemic}} spreads so rapidly that, in general, there is no time to implement cordons sanitaires. However, to prevent an introduction of the infection, residents of {{w|Gunnison, Colorado}} isolate themselves from the surrounding area for two months at the end of the year. All highways are barricaded near the county lines.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gunnison, Colorado: the town that dodged the 1918 Spanish flu pandemic |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/01/gunnison-colorado-the-town-that-dodged-the-1918-spanish-flu-pandemic |website=theguardian.com |accessdate=16 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1913 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || {{w|Bacteria}} || Cooper states that adsorption of phenol onto bacterial cells is the first reaction of the disinfection process.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1918 || Prevention ({{w|face mask}}) || Influenza || During the {{w|1918 flu pandemic}} {{w|face mask}}s become very important. Police forces, medical workers, and even residents in some cities in the United States are all required to wear them.<ref name="A Brief History o"/> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1918 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || Influenza || In the [[w:South Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]], the [[w:List of governors of American Samoa|Governor of]] {{w|American Samoa}}, {{w|John Martin Poyer}}, imposed a reverse ''{{w|cordon sanitaire}}'' of the islands from all incoming ships, successfully achieving zero deaths within the territory during the influenza epidemic.<ref>[https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5386&context=etd Peter Oliver Okin, ''The Yellow Flag of Quarantine: An Analysis of the Historical and Prospective Impacts of Socio-Legal Controls Over Contagion'', doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida, January 2012; p. 232]</ref> In contrast, the neighboring [[w:Occupation of German Samoa|New Zealand-controlled]] [[w:Western Samoa Trust Territory|Western Samoa]] is among the hardest hit, with a 90% infection rate and over 20% of its adults dying from the disease.<ref>[http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jmpoyer.htm John Poyer, Commander, US Navy, Navy Cross citation]</ref> || {{w|American Samoa}}, [[w:Western Samoa Trust Territory|Western Samoa]]
+|-
+| 1918 || {{w|Social distancing}} || {{w|Influenza}} || In late year, {{w|Spain}} attempts unsuccessfully to prevent the spread of the {{w|Spanish flu}} by imposing border controls, roadblocks, restricting rail travel, and a maritime ''cordon sanitaire'' prohibiting ships with sick passengers from landing, but by then the epidemic is already in progress in the country.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=taEhAQAAQBAJ&pg R. Davis, ''The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918'', Springer, 2013.]</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
 |-
-| 1916 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || {{w|Bacteria}} || A new agent known as quaternary ammonium salts are first reported by the {{w|Rockefeller Institute}} as having bactericidal properties.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1918 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Germ infection || {{w|Hydrogen peroxide}} is used in {{w|World War I}} as a {{w|germicide}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1916 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || An antimicrobial molecule is introduced. These are organic derivatives of the positively charged ammonium ion where at least one hydrogen atom is substituted by a long chain alkyl radical and the three remaining atoms substituted usually by methyl groups.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1920 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Standard Oil}} first produces {{w|isopropyl alcohol}} by hydrating {{w|propene}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Biofuels Production and Processing Technology |edition=M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IHQ5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT481&lpg=PT481&dq=1920+Standard+Oil+first+produces+isopropyl+alcohol+by+hydrating+propene&source=bl&ots=PFSd-uYt3w&sig=ACfU3U3xrxRSB6ZyZxRvauLgTSM-oTfnIg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVyLjas83pAhVpH7kGHcDoCJoQ6AEwC3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1920%20Standard%20Oil%20first%20produces%20isopropyl%20alcohol%20by%20hydrating%20propene&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Isopropyl alcohol |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/isopropyl-alcohol |website=britannica.com |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1916 || || || The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) publishes its first chapteron sterilization in USP Volume 9.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1921 || Scientific development || || Bigelow describes the logarithmic nature of thermal death time (TDT) curves.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1918 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || Influenza || "The 1918 flu pandemic spread so rapidly that, in general, there was no time to implement cordons sanitaires. However, to prevent an introduction of the infection, residents of Gunnison, Colorado isolated themselves from the surrounding area for two months at the end of 1918. All highways were barricaded near the county lines" ||
+| 1921 || Publication || || Samuel Rideal and Eric Rideal publish ''Chemical Disinfection and Sterilization''.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1918 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || Influenza || In the [[w:South Pacific Ocean|South Pacific]], the [[w:List of governors of American Samoa|Governor of]] {{w|American Samoa}}, {{w|John Martin Poyer}}, imposed a reverse ''{{w|cordon sanitaire}}'' of the islands from all incoming ships, successfully achieving zero deaths within the territory during the influenza epidemic.<ref>[https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5386&context=etd Peter Oliver Okin, ''The Yellow Flag of Quarantine: An Analysis of the Historical and Prospective Impacts of Socio-Legal Controls Over Contagion'', doctoral dissertation, University of South Florida, January 2012; p. 232]</ref> In contrast, the neighboring [[w:Occupation of German Samoa|New Zealand-controlled]] [[w:Western Samoa Trust Territory|Western Samoa]] is among the hardest hit, with a 90% infection rate and over 20% of its adults dying from the disease.<ref>[http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/jmpoyer.htm John Poyer, Commander, US Navy, Navy Cross citation]</ref> || {{w|American Samoa}}, [[w:Western Samoa Trust Territory|Western Samoa]]
+| 1922 || Scientific development || || Bigelow and Esty, utilizing spores, determine the thermal death time (TDT), as a means of evaluating sterilization of thermophilic microbes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Esty |first1=J. R. |last2=Williams |first2=C. C. |title=Heat resistance studies: I. A new method for the determination of heat resistance of bacterial spores |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |doi=10.1093/infdis/34.5.516 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/34/5/516/804078?redirectedFrom=PDF |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> ||
-|-
-| 1918 || || {{w|Influenza}} || In late year, {{w|Spain}} attempts unsuccessfully to prevent the spread of the {{w|Spanish flu}} by imposing border controls, roadblocks, restricting rail travel, and a maritime ''cordon sanitaire'' prohibiting ships with sick passengers from landing, but by then the epidemic is already in progress in the country.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=taEhAQAAQBAJ&pg R. Davis, ''The Spanish Flu: Narrative and Cultural Identity in Spain, 1918'', Springer, 2013.] {{ISBN|1137339217}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
 |-
-| 1918 || || Germs || {{w|Hydrogen peroxide}} is used in {{w|World War I}} as a {{w|germicide}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1922 || Disinfection method introduction || Bacterial infection || Zsigmondy and Buchmann introduce a membrane filter composed of cellulose esters for the removal of bacteria from solution.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1920 || || || {{w|Standard Oil}} first produces {{w|isopropyl alcohol}} by hydrating {{w|propene}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Biofuels Production and Processing Technology |edition=M.R. Riazi, David Chiaramonti |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=IHQ5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT481&lpg=PT481&dq=1920+Standard+Oil+first+produces+isopropyl+alcohol+by+hydrating+propene&source=bl&ots=PFSd-uYt3w&sig=ACfU3U3xrxRSB6ZyZxRvauLgTSM-oTfnIg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiVyLjas83pAhVpH7kGHcDoCJoQ6AEwC3oECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1920%20Standard%20Oil%20first%20produces%20isopropyl%20alcohol%20by%20hydrating%20propene&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Isopropyl alcohol |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/isopropyl-alcohol |website=britannica.com |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1925 || Concept development || Viral infection || The adjective ''virucidal'' is first noted.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
 |-
-| 1921 || || || Bigelow describes the logarithmic nature of thermal death time (TDT) curves.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1928 || Disinfection method introduction || Germ infection || Gates discovers the germicidal wavelength of {{w|ultraviolet}} light.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Giese |first1=Arthur C. |title=Photophysiology: Current Topics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YhvgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&dq=1928+Gates+discovers+the+germicidal+wavelength+of+UV+light&source=bl&ots=9nGnMPn32f&sig=ACfU3U1vCdUpgeM7b__LbYVe22-IBmGy7w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-g8OExM3pAhUBErkGHUfmDi4Q6AEwDXoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=1928%20Gates%20discovers%20the%20germicidal%20wavelength%20of%20UV%20light&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stanton Block |first1=Seymour |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=1928+Gates+discovers+the+germicidal+wavelength+of+UV+light&source=bl&ots=KnIjGx7RK0&sig=ACfU3U1hkgndEKHhx3UcD2h9lCXvSmb3rg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-g8OExM3pAhUBErkGHUfmDi4Q6AEwDHoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=1928%20Gates%20discovers%20the%20germicidal%20wavelength%20of%20UV%20light&f=false}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1921 || || || Samuel Rideal and Eric Rideal publish ''Chemical Disinfection and Sterilization''.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1929 || Disinfectant research || Bacterial infection || Schrader and Bossert find that {{w|ethylene oxide}} (EO) has bactericidal properties.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1922 || || || Bigelow and Esty, utilizing spores, determine the thermal death time (TDT), as a means of evaluating sterilization of thermophilic microbes.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Esty |first1=J. R. |last2=Williams |first2=C. C. |title=Heat resistance studies: I. A new method for the determination of heat resistance of bacterial spores |journal=The Journal of Infectious Diseases |doi=10.1093/infdis/34.5.516 |url=https://academic.oup.com/jid/article-abstract/34/5/516/804078?redirectedFrom=PDF |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1929 || Scientific development || Bacterial infection || Otto Rahn discovers that the size of bacteria is the cause of the logarithmic order of death.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1922 || || || Zsigmondy and Buchmann introduce a membrane filter composed of cellulose esters for the removal of bacteria from solution.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| Late 1920s || Disinfectant research || Bacterial infection || American chemist {{w|Lloyd Hall}} exploits bactericidal activity of {{w|ethylene oxide}} to lower the microbiological content of spices.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1925 || || {{w|Virus}}es || The adjective ''virucidal'' is first noted.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
+| 1933 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || {{w|Dettol}} is launched in India. It is used by doctors in hospitals to disinfect before delivering babies.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.dettol.co.in/en/about-us/our-history/ |website=dettol.co.in |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Keeping you and your loved ones healthy |url=https://www.rb.com/brands/dettol/ |website=rb.com |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus drives demand for Dettol - RB's flagship product spikes sales online |url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/manufacturing/dettol-producer-tells-coronavirus-driving-17826516 |website=business-live.co.uk |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
 |-
-| 1928 || || || Gates discovers the germicidal wavelength of UV light.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Giese |first1=Arthur C. |title=Photophysiology: Current Topics |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=YhvgBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA207&lpg=PA207&dq=1928+Gates+discovers+the+germicidal+wavelength+of+UV+light&source=bl&ots=9nGnMPn32f&sig=ACfU3U1vCdUpgeM7b__LbYVe22-IBmGy7w&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-g8OExM3pAhUBErkGHUfmDi4Q6AEwDXoECA0QAQ#v=onepage&q=1928%20Gates%20discovers%20the%20germicidal%20wavelength%20of%20UV%20light&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Stanton Block |first1=Seymour |title=Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=3f-kPJ17_TYC&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=1928+Gates+discovers+the+germicidal+wavelength+of+UV+light&source=bl&ots=KnIjGx7RK0&sig=ACfU3U1hkgndEKHhx3UcD2h9lCXvSmb3rg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj-g8OExM3pAhUBErkGHUfmDi4Q6AEwDHoECAsQAQ#v=onepage&q=1928%20Gates%20discovers%20the%20germicidal%20wavelength%20of%20UV%20light&f=false}}</ref> ||
+| 1933 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Gross and Dixon patent use of {{w|ethylene oxide}} as a sterilizing agent.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1929 || || || Schrader and Bossert find that {{w|ethylene oxide}} (EO) has bactericidal properties.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1933 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Soap-solubilized formulation containing {{w|chloroxylenol}} and {{w|terpineol}} is introduced by Colebrook and Maxted.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1929 || || || Otto Rahn discovers that the size of bacteria is the cause of the logarithmic order of death.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1933 || Disinfection method introduction || || American engineer Weeden Underwood makes notable advances in design of, and application of pressure steam sterilizers. This is considered the beginning of the era of scientific sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| Late 1920s || || || Hall exploits bactericidal activity of ethylene oxide to lower the microbiological content of spices.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1933 || Disinfectant research || Microbial infection || Schauffler documents the antimicrobial properties of {{w|chlorine dioxide}} solutions.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1933 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || {{w|Dettol}} <ref>{{cite web |title=Our History |url=https://www.dettol.co.in/en/about-us/our-history/ |website=dettol.co.in |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Keeping you and your loved ones healthy |url=https://www.rb.com/brands/dettol/ |website=rb.com |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus drives demand for Dettol - RB's flagship product spikes sales online |url=https://www.business-live.co.uk/manufacturing/dettol-producer-tells-coronavirus-driving-17826516 |website=business-live.co.uk |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|India}}
+| 1934 || Publication || || Weeden Underwood writes an early textbook on sterilization called ''Textbook on Sterilization''.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1933 || || || Gross and Dixon patent use of EO as a sterilizing agent.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1935 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Germ infection || The use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as a germicide/disinfectant is formally recognized.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> ||
 |-
-| 1933 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Soap-solubilized formulation containing chloroxylenol and terpineol is introduced by Colebrook and Maxted.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1936 || Publication || || Ernest Carr McCulloch publishes ''Disinfection and Sterilization''.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1933 || || || American Engineer Weeden Underwood makes notable advances in design of, and application of pressure steam sterilizers. This is considered the beginning of the era of scientific sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1938 || Disinfection method introduction || || Carl Walter describes the first rapid, safe mechanical process for routine cleaning and terminal sterilization, called the washer-sterilizer.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1933 || || || Schauffler documents the antimicrobial properties of chlorine dioxide solutions.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1938 || Disinfection method research || || {{w|Corona discharge}} is found to be a sterilizing agent.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1934 || || || Weeden Underwood writes an early textbook on sterilization called Textbook on Sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1939 || Disinfectant research || || Nordgren reports on early work in regard to {{w|formaldehyde}} efficacy, particularly under deep vacuum.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=COMMITTEE ON FORMALDEHYDE DISINFECTION |title=DISINFECTION OF FABRICS WITH GASEOUS FORMALDEHYDE |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2218087/pdf/jhyg00142-0065.pdf}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1935 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || The use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) as a germicide/disinfectant is formally recognized.<ref name="History and Evolution of Surface Disinfectants"/> ||
+| 1941 || Disinfectant research || || Robertson, Bigg, Miller and Baker report on the {{w|aerosol}} disinfection of {{w|glycol}}s.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1936 || || || Ernest Carr McCulloch publishes ''Disinfection and Sterilization''.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1942 || Disinfectant research || Bacterial infection || {{w|Amidine}}s are studied as antitrypanocidal drugs are shown to be antibacterial by Fuller.<ref name="Hugo"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=DAWES |first1=G. S.|title=AMIDINES, GUANIDINES AND ADRENALINE INACTIVATION IN THE LIVER |url=https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1946.tb00024.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Antibacterial Action of Some Aromatic Amines, Amidines, Amidoximes, Guanidines and Diguanides |url=https://watermark.silverchair.com/bj0410403.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA3QwggNwBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggNhMIIDXQIBADCCA1YGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM4oPUaMtlnrs5J5GbAgEQgIIDJ5LZfG93ZAjy_m9tqiZXM3u_pUpIMoEQY0qTZYWLoOeQb2BOqaNTRE8PG_M_uWktdL-_Eor0Ghahs3ccffmC-LHss0zGOYuJNx-suepvjNNGySjg9dF_qPufa6vxjFc0BZ6hnm2RPDacOZh3-XLcS45yM__HENxwXZTEf6I9_W219DrktG1M9-DGjBYVx9qURZ2Wf49JEajvIhUYd3FGZOXWypAUktp65y0sjkF7e9AiB88nUTMjVq2qT4sEuEIfkiVnVmA3lq6Q9fw2hcO2hmqiXOot37TLoBrg4AMhjKZbyjibmrdwC-1sUfgEQBOf-25Sc2IAMGdZn96P1eUoOky-LuxAPiVCketI2j2klvQGBBFI70JpeST58DtkSwbR6CzvNvaSf-HCB75SjSoyn0pvjYw-bOWV7CvfdZA878G0z-kSxXNukzqqhf2Q4N3oQUy2GFkf_JPLFBOZNhV4tfUlBztCdhifpEQDmdoC0evUTrva0zfuJPH4_CqU4oZsYFQpHauPf5ymyO_vFuuk9bXlIBgM0nq6PIzuiSSzwXJbElIQpUm-Ty0kcarMgEhL1CF0barAURFZLzsaLo8yyzMegASCAoe2cNUrUCyGtCKY0UeLlracD1T4vqEsZV9Tk1trjcEDSSv11QD52tf3FzS6nHMQRyhKfRhCubL7iCXAWkvCK68osHFoF-abmYUz5NKj2GdHiqWegtDoqLHmrYpIQ2bRXEBG6991YpcgtFrZTt7lOxK_R5E5w9BeXv0yf7n9cAuQ9bF9ABGebOZqKSZYrhCrLNul6KksyRUl5970_8dh8sKrlpw4Zt68eteTpn8QygYsczMcm2-5rvjw4MeK_9oF0QyKPwnyMvDecYOMbLFoX9_6oL8oSAsz58wsPjfroTXF38k_7WGJVeEdTLxqMoDGeEWeO92avE4MHQ9EJfsuCRZGdSfyB_GwTZ1be32Am3m3IPJGOIn38mV28Pkgj6GEXaNJRizIwwkgmhSpkicHgfFTOR3t2AxMmqdRA_qLMeQ8eIUpJTAfh7Jbep3-Mq8OKI7XFOYNZHNN_bDVoayqBrue3g |website=watermark.silverchair.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1938 || || || Carl Walter describes the first rapid, safe mechanical process for routine cleaning and terminal sterilization, called the washer-sterilizer.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1942 || Disinfection method introduction || || Weeden Underwood defines the first "flash sterilization" at 30 min at 121°C.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1938 || || || Corona discharge is found to be a sterilizing agent.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1943 || Social distancing || || An early {{w|isolation ward}} in the United States is established.<ref>{{cite book |title=Navy Medicine, Volume 95, Issue 1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WtC6VUZ8XGgC&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=1943+First+isolation+ward+in+USA&source=bl&ots=jOy4TdbghP&sig=ACfU3U05uJpuL3bjg3fImCTZPdQE3g54yg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwit-PiyxMbpAhXoIbkGHT-uCEUQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1943%20First%20isolation%20ward%20in%20USA&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1939 || || || Nordgren reports on early work in regard to {{w|formaldehyde}} efficacy, poarticularly under deep vacuum.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite journal |author1=COMMITTEE ON FORMALDEHYDE DISINFECTION |title=DISINFECTION OF FABRICS WITH GASEOUS FORMALDEHYDE |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2218087/pdf/jhyg00142-0065.pdf}}</ref> ||
+| 1943 || Disinfectant research || Bacterial infection || Theodore Puck, Robertson and Henry Lemon report on the bactericidal activity of {{w|propylene glycol}} (hydrolysis by-product of propylene oxide) vapour.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1941 || || || UK Control of Infection Officer<ref>{{cite book |last1=Weston |first1=Debbie |title=Infection Prevention and Control: Theory and Clinical Practice for Healthcare Professionals |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=wHOkV16Xk8QC&pg=PA3&dq=1941+UK+Control+of+Infection+Officer&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjn653aw8bpAhXxILkGHRSLDvAQ6AEIKDAA#v=onepage&q=1941%20UK%20Control%20of%20Infection%20Officer&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1943–1945 || Disinfection method research || Microbial infection || Otto Rahn describes the logarithmic kinetics and temperature coefficient values of sterilants and antimicrobial agents.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1941 || || || Robertson, Bigg, Miller and Baker report on the {{w|aerosol}} disinfection of {{w|glycol}}s.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1946 || Organization || General || The Centers for Disease Control and Infection control (CDC) is founded.<ref name="Hewlett"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1942 || || || {{w|Amidine}}s are studied as antitrypanocidal drugs are shown to be antibacterial by Fuller.<ref name="Hugo"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=DAWES |first1=G. S. |author1=Department of Pharmacology, Oxford |title=AMIDINES, GUANIDINES AND ADRENALINE INACTIVATION IN THE LIVER |url=https://bpspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1476-5381.1946.tb00024.x}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Antibacterial Action of Some Aromatic Amines, Amidines, Amidoximes, Guanidines and Diguanides |url=https://watermark.silverchair.com/bj0410403.pdf?token=AQECAHi208BE49Ooan9kkhW_Ercy7Dm3ZL_9Cf3qfKAc485ysgAAA3QwggNwBgkqhkiG9w0BBwagggNhMIIDXQIBADCCA1YGCSqGSIb3DQEHATAeBglghkgBZQMEAS4wEQQM4oPUaMtlnrs5J5GbAgEQgIIDJ5LZfG93ZAjy_m9tqiZXM3u_pUpIMoEQY0qTZYWLoOeQb2BOqaNTRE8PG_M_uWktdL-_Eor0Ghahs3ccffmC-LHss0zGOYuJNx-suepvjNNGySjg9dF_qPufa6vxjFc0BZ6hnm2RPDacOZh3-XLcS45yM__HENxwXZTEf6I9_W219DrktG1M9-DGjBYVx9qURZ2Wf49JEajvIhUYd3FGZOXWypAUktp65y0sjkF7e9AiB88nUTMjVq2qT4sEuEIfkiVnVmA3lq6Q9fw2hcO2hmqiXOot37TLoBrg4AMhjKZbyjibmrdwC-1sUfgEQBOf-25Sc2IAMGdZn96P1eUoOky-LuxAPiVCketI2j2klvQGBBFI70JpeST58DtkSwbR6CzvNvaSf-HCB75SjSoyn0pvjYw-bOWV7CvfdZA878G0z-kSxXNukzqqhf2Q4N3oQUy2GFkf_JPLFBOZNhV4tfUlBztCdhifpEQDmdoC0evUTrva0zfuJPH4_CqU4oZsYFQpHauPf5ymyO_vFuuk9bXlIBgM0nq6PIzuiSSzwXJbElIQpUm-Ty0kcarMgEhL1CF0barAURFZLzsaLo8yyzMegASCAoe2cNUrUCyGtCKY0UeLlracD1T4vqEsZV9Tk1trjcEDSSv11QD52tf3FzS6nHMQRyhKfRhCubL7iCXAWkvCK68osHFoF-abmYUz5NKj2GdHiqWegtDoqLHmrYpIQ2bRXEBG6991YpcgtFrZTt7lOxK_R5E5w9BeXv0yf7n9cAuQ9bF9ABGebOZqKSZYrhCrLNul6KksyRUl5970_8dh8sKrlpw4Zt68eteTpn8QygYsczMcm2-5rvjw4MeK_9oF0QyKPwnyMvDecYOMbLFoX9_6oL8oSAsz58wsPjfroTXF38k_7WGJVeEdTLxqMoDGeEWeO92avE4MHQ9EJfsuCRZGdSfyB_GwTZ1be32Am3m3IPJGOIn38mV28Pkgj6GEXaNJRizIwwkgmhSpkicHgfFTOR3t2AxMmqdRA_qLMeQ8eIUpJTAfh7Jbep3-Mq8OKI7XFOYNZHNN_bDVoayqBrue3g |website=watermark.silverchair.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1946 || Disinfection method research || Microbial infection || Ewell demonstrates that microbes are more readily killed by ozone in high humidity than at low humidity.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1942 || || || Underwood defines the first "flash sterilization" at 30 min at 121°C.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1947 || Disinfection method research || Microbial infection || English {{w|experimental physicist}} {{w|Douglas Lea}} reports on the actions of radiation on living cells. In the main, ionizing radiation destroys microbes by direct hits of the radiations on or near the organism.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1943 || || || First isolation ward in USA<ref>{{cite book |title=Navy Medicine, Volume 95, Issue 1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=WtC6VUZ8XGgC&pg=PA32&lpg=PA32&dq=1943+First+isolation+ward+in+USA&source=bl&ots=jOy4TdbghP&sig=ACfU3U05uJpuL3bjg3fImCTZPdQE3g54yg&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwit-PiyxMbpAhXoIbkGHT-uCEUQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1943%20First%20isolation%20ward%20in%20USA&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1947 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Fungus, {{w|HIV-1}} ({{w|AIDS}}), {{w|Hepatitis B}}, and {{w|Hepatitis C}} infection || The {{w|barbicide}} is invented by Maurice King and marketed heavily around the United States by his brother James.<ref name=SmithsonianArticle>{{cite web |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E5DF113EF931A15755C0A961958260&pagewanted=all |title=The Smithsonian Celebrates Barbicide, A Barbershop Germ Killer Born in Brooklyn |accessdate=2 April 2020 |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=1997-06-22 |format= |work={{w|The New York Times}} |publisher=The New York Times Company |pages=2}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1943 || || || Theodore Puck, Robertson and Henry Lemon report on the bactericidal activity of propylene glycol (hydrolysis by-product of propylene oxide) vapour.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1947 || Program launch || {{w|Gastroenteritis}} || A widespread outbreak of {{w|gastroenteritis}} in the {{w|United Kingdom}}, causing the death of 4,500 children under the age of one, motivates a national objective of sterilising all baby's milk bottles. {{w|Milton sterilizing fluid}} becomes the {{w|antiseptic}} advocated by hospitals and government agencies. This cold water method is generally available and simple for all to use, and virtually all mothers adopted this method.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.milton-tm.com/en/consumer/our-history|title=Our History|website=www.milton-tm.com|access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1944 || || || USA Infection Control Officer.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The organization of infection control in hospitals |doi=10.1016/0195-6701(80)90055-9 |url=https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/0195-6701(80)90055-9/pdf}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1947 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || {{w|Escherichia coli}} infection || Jordan et al. write 12 papers on the dynamics of the disinfection of ''{{w|Escherichia coli}}'' by phenol and heat.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1943–1945 || || || Otto Rahn describes the logarithmic kinetics and temperature coefficient values of sterilants and antimicrobial agents.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1949 || Disinfectant research || {{w|Anthrax}} || Kolb and Schneiter show {{w|methyl bromide}} to be bactericidal for {{w|anthrax}} spores and its use is recommended for sterilization of improved wool.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1946 || || || The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is founded.<ref name="Hewlett"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1949 || Disinfectant research || {{w|Bacillus thermoacidurans}} || Hutchins and Xezones report {{w|peracetic acid}} to be highly germicide against spores of ''bacillus thermoacidurans''.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1946 || || || Ewell demonstrates that microbes are more readily killed by ozone in high humidity than at low humidity.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1950s || Field development || {{w|Staphylococcus aureus}} infection || The hospital discipline of [[w:Infection prevention and control|infection control]] is established in the United States in response to a nationwide epidemic of nosocomial ''{{w|Staphylococcus aureus}}'' and the recognition of the need for nosocomial infection surveillance.<ref name="Taplitz"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1947 || || || Douglas Lea reports on the actions of radiation on living cells. In the main, ionizing radiation destroys microbes by direct hits of the radiations on or near the organism.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1950 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Bacterial infection || Berry and Michaels publish eleven papers on the bactericidal activity of {{w|ethylene glycol}} and its mono alkyl ethers on the same organism. These publications record in detail the time course of the disinfection process, the effect of temperature and other factors upon it and how loss of activity with dilution-the concentration exponent-is a variant property of antibacterial substances.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1947 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || Fungus, {{w|HIV-1}} ({{w|AIDS}}), {{w|Hepatitis B}}, and {{w|Hepatitis C}} || The {{w|barbicide}} is invented by Maurice King and marketed heavily around the United States by his brother James.<ref name=SmithsonianArticle>{{cite web |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D07E5DF113EF931A15755C0A961958260&pagewanted=all |title=The Smithsonian Celebrates Barbicide, A Barbershop Germ Killer Born in Brooklyn |accessdate=2 April 2020 |last=Martin |first=Douglas |date=1997-06-22 |format= |work={{w|The New York Times}} |publisher=The New York Times Company |pages=2}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1950 || Concept development || || The term ''sanitizer'' appears first in the Journal of Milk and Food Technology.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
 |-
-| 1947 || || || A widespread outbreak of {{w|gastroenteritis}} in the {{w|United Kingdom}}, causing the death of 4,500 children under the age of one, gave rise to a national objective of sterilising all baby's milk bottles. Milton sterilizing fluid becomes the {{w|antiseptic}} advocated by hospitals and government agencies. This cold water method is generally available and simple for all to use, and virtually all mothers adopted this method.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.milton-tm.com/en/consumer/our-history|title=Our History|website=www.milton-tm.com|access-date=9 March 2019}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1954 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial infection || Davies et al. describe the new antimicrobial compound {{w|chlorhexidine}}.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1947 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Jordan et al. write 12 papers on the dynamics of the disinfection of ''{{w|Escherichia coli}}'' by phenol and heat.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1954 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || Microbial infection || Antimicrobial chemical compound {{w|elaiomycin}} is first isolated from ''Streptomyces''.<ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 141–144 | date = 1954 | title = Elaiomycin, a new tuberculostatic antibiotic; isolation and chemical characterization. | author = Haskell, Theodore H.; Ryder, Albert; Bartz, Quentin R. | pmid = 24542889}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | journal = Antibiotics and Chemotherapy | date = 1954 | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 338–342 | title = Elaiomycin, a new tuberculostatic antibiotic; biologic studies | author = Erlich, J., Anderson, LE, Coffey, GL, Feldman, WH, Fisher, MW, Hillegas, AB, Karlson, AG, Knudsen, MP, Weston, JK, Youmans, AS, Youmans, GP | pmid = 24542957 }}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1949 || || || Kolb and Schneiter show {{w|methyl bromide}} to be bactericidal for {{w|anthrax}} spores and its use is recommended for sterilization of improved wool.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1955 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Peracetic acid}} is introduced.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1949 || || || Hutchins and Xezones report {{w|peracetic acid}} to be highly germicide against spores of Bacillus thermoacidurans.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1955 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Povidone-iodine comes into commercial use.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sneader|first1=Walter|title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470015520|page=68|language=en|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113010552/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&pg=PA68}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1950 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || "11 papers by Berry & Michaels (1950) on the bactericidal activity of ethylene glycol and its mono alkyl ethers on the same organism. These papers recorded in meticulous detail the time course of the disinfection process, the effect of temperature and other factors upon it and how loss of activity with dilution-the concentration exponent-is a variant property of antibacterial substances."<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| Mid-1950s || Disinfection method introduction || || Baby wipes emerge around this time as more people travel and need a way to clean up on the go.<ref>{{cite web |title=What type of baby wipe is best and how we choose? |url=https://medium.com/@hillyvonnem/what-type-of-baby-wipe-is-best-and-how-we-choose-53f1ec275e24 |website=medium.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1950 || || || The term ''sanitizer'' appears first in the Journal of Milk and Food Technology.<ref name="Seymour"/> ||
+| 1956 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Chlorine dioxide}} is introduced as a drinking water disinfectant on a large scale, when {{w|Brussels}}, Belgium, changes from chlorine to chlorine dioxide.<ref name="block2001">{{cite book | title = Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation | first= Seymour Stanton |last=Block | edition = 5th | publisher = Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-683-30740-1 | page = 215}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
 |-
-| 1954 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Davies et al. describe the new antimicrobial compound {{w|chlorhexidine}}.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1956 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Glyoxal}} and related compounds are first used as potential blood sterilizing agents.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Underwood, |first1=Gerald E. |last2=Weed |first2=Sheldon D. |title=Glyoxal and Related Compounds as Potential Blood Sterilizing Agents |doi=10.3181/00379727-93-22776 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-93-22776}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1955 || || || {{w|Peracetic acid}} is introduced.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1957 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Glutaraldehyde}} is introduced.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
 |-
-| 1955 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Povidone-iodine comes into commercial use.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sneader|first1=Walter|title=Drug Discovery: A History|date=2005|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=9780470015520|page=68|language=en|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113010552/https://books.google.ca/books?id=jglFsz5EJR8C&pg=PA68}}</ref> ||
+| 1957 || Publication || || John Perkins publishes the first edition of ''Principals and Methods of Sterilization''.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| Mid-1950s || || || Baby wipes emerge around this time as more people travel and need a way to clean up on the go.<ref>{{cite web |title=What type of baby wipe is best and how we choose? |url=https://medium.com/@hillyvonnem/what-type-of-baby-wipe-is-best-and-how-we-choose-53f1ec275e24 |website=medium.com |accessdate=26 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1957 || Disinfection method introduction || || American Arthur Julius invents the {{w|wet wipe}}s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eater.com/2016/6/17/11936294/wet-nap-inventor|title=A Brief History of the Wet-Nap, Barbecue Sauce's Worst Nightmare|first=Hillary|last=Dixler|date=17 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1956 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || {{w|Chlorine dioxide}} is introduced as a drinking water disinfectant on a large scale, when {{w|Brussels}}, Belgium, changes from chlorine to chlorine dioxide.<ref name="block2001">{{cite book | title = Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation | first= Seymour Stanton |last=Block | edition = 5th | publisher = Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins | year = 2001 | isbn = 0-683-30740-1 | page = 215}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
+| 1958 || Publication || || G. Sykes publishes ''Disinfection and Sterilization''.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1956 || || || Glyoxal and related compounds are first used as potential blood sterilizing agents.<ref name="Rogers"/><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Underwood, |first1=Gerald E. |last2=Weed |first2=Sheldon D. |title=Glyoxal and Related Compounds as Potential Blood Sterilizing Agents |doi=10.3181/00379727-93-22776 |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3181/00379727-93-22776}}</ref> ||
+| 1950s || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Chlorhexidine}} comes into medical use.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schmalz|first1=Gottfried|last2=Bindslev|first2=Dorthe Arenholt|title=Biocompatibility of Dental Materials|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783540777823|page=351|language=en|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113080904/https://books.google.ca/books?id=mrreTHuo54wC&pg=PA351}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1957 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || {{w|Glutaraldehyde}} is introduced.<ref name="Hugo"/> ||
+| 1959 || Medical development || || {{w|Exeter}} microbiologist Brendan Moore becomes the first appointed Infection Control Nurse.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Jennie |title=Infection Control in Clinical Practice Updated Edition E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=hol-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=1959+The+first+Infection+Control+Nurse&source=bl&ots=EIfEmcPzM_&sig=ACfU3U0OvfzYJWMJmZKsXGnmXlwEY3PZqA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir3pPS2c3pAhWtLLkGHXDNAb4Q6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=1959%20The%20first%20Infection%20Control%20Nurse&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The 'Rediscovery' of Infection, 1957-1970 |url=https://kingscollections.org/exhibitions/archives/from-microbes-to-matrons/chronology/the-rediscovery-of-infection |website=kingscollections.org |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Infection Prevention and Control |url=https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/DCARead?standardNo=9780470059074&standardNoType=1&excerpt=true |website=worldcat.org |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 1957 || || || John Perkins publishes the first edition of ''Principals and Methods of Sterilization''.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1960 || Disinfection method introduction || || It is found that conveyor ovens can provide continuous sterilization of syringes.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1957 || || || American Arthur Julius invents the {{w|wet wipe}}s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eater.com/2016/6/17/11936294/wet-nap-inventor|title=A Brief History of the Wet-Nap, Barbecue Sauce's Worst Nightmare|first=Hillary|last=Dixler|date=17 June 2016|publisher=}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1960 || Disinfectant research || || Alkalinized {{w|glutaraldehyde}} is found to be effective as a sterilant.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1958 || || || G. Sykes publishes ''Disinfection and Sterilization''.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1961 || Disinfection method introduction || || High vacuum infrared ovens become available for batch sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1950s || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || {{w|Chlorhexidine}} comes into medical use.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Schmalz|first1=Gottfried|last2=Bindslev|first2=Dorthe Arenholt|title=Biocompatibility of Dental Materials|date=2008|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9783540777823|page=351|language=en|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113080904/https://books.google.ca/books?id=mrreTHuo54wC&pg=PA351}}</ref> ||
+| 1961 || Disinfectant research || Microbial infection || {{w|Propylene oxide}} is demonstrated to have microbicidal activity within powered or flaked food.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1959 || || || {{w|Exeter}} microbiologist Brendan Moore becomes the first appointed Infection Control Nurse.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wilson |first1=Jennie |title=Infection Control in Clinical Practice Updated Edition E-Book |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=hol-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=1959+The+first+Infection+Control+Nurse&source=bl&ots=EIfEmcPzM_&sig=ACfU3U0OvfzYJWMJmZKsXGnmXlwEY3PZqA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwir3pPS2c3pAhWtLLkGHXDNAb4Q6AEwBXoECAoQAQ#v=onepage&q=1959%20The%20first%20Infection%20Control%20Nurse&f=false}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The 'Rediscovery' of Infection, 1957-1970 |url=https://kingscollections.org/exhibitions/archives/from-microbes-to-matrons/chronology/the-rediscovery-of-infection |website=kingscollections.org |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Infection Prevention and Control |url=https://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/servlet/DCARead?standardNo=9780470059074&standardNoType=1&excerpt=true |website=worldcat.org |accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1961 || Disinfection method research || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || Robert Ernst shows that the use of {{w|iodophor}}es at elevated temperature (e.g., 50-60°C) in combination with ultrasonics could be an effective sterilizing agent for surgical and dental instruments.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1960 || || || It is found that conveyor ovens can provide continuous sterilization of syringes.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1962 || Disinfection method research || Bacterial infection || It is found that the rate of bacterial spore destruction improves with simultaneous applied ionizing and thermal processing.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1960 || || || Alkalinized {{w|glutaraldehyde}} is found to be effective as a sterilant.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1962 || Disinfection method introduction || || Robert McDonald invents the prehumidification step for effective {{w|ethylene oxide sterilization}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1961 || || || High vacuum infrared ovens become available for batch sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1962 || Disinfectant research || || The first antimicrobial indications of dialdehydes, e.g., {{w|glutaldehyde}}, are described by Pepper and Liebermann.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1961 || || || Propylene oxide is demonstrated to have microbicidal activity within powered or flaked food.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1963 || Disinfection method introduction || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || The first gamma irradiator is used in the United States for sterilization of medical devices.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1961 || || || Robert Ernst shows that the use of {{w|iodophor}}es at elevated temperature (e.g., 50-60°C) in combination with ultrasonics could be an effective sterilizing agent for surgical and dental instruments.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1963 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Gaseous {{w|propylene oxide}} is used to sterilize and de-infest food products.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1962 || || || The rate of bacterial spore destruction improves with simultaneous applied ionizing and thermal processing.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1963 || Scientific development || Microbial infection || Guerin shows that desiccated microbes are more resistant to ozone than hydrated cells.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1962 || || || Robert McDonald invents the prehumidification step for effective ethylene oxide sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1963 || {{w|Social distancing}} || || American cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall coins the term ''proxemics'' to define studies about social distancing in everyday life. Hall’s concern is that closer distances between two persons may increase visual, tactile, auditory, or olfactory stimulation to the point that some people may feel intruded upon and react negatively.<ref name="deasa">{{cite web |title=SOCIAL DISTANCING: ORIGINS AND EFFECTS |url=https://bcmj.org/blog/social-distancing-origins-and-effects |website=bcmj.org |accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1962 || || || The first antimicrobial indications of dialdehydes, e.g., {{w|glutaldehyde}}, are described by Pepper and Liebermann.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1964 || Disinfection method introduction || || {{w|Johnson and Johnson}} starts providing commercial {{w|gamma irradiation}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1963 || || || The first gamma irradiator is used in the United States for sterilization of medical devices.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1964 || Disinfection method introduction || || Armstrong discovers a gaseous ozone sterilization process.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1963 || || || Gaseous {{w|propylene oxide}} is used to sterilize and de-infest food products.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1965 || Disinfectant research || || Sydney Rubbo and Joan Gardner show that {{w|glutaraldehyde}} is not only more effective than {{w|formaldehyde}} but also less irritating.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1963 || || || Guerin shows that desiccated microbes are more resistant to ozone than hydrated cells.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1966 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Hand sanitizers are first introduced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lupe Hernandez and the Invention of Hand Sanitizer |url=https://invention.si.edu/lupe-hernandez-and-invention-hand-sanitizer |website=invention.si.edu |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1964 || || || {{w|Johnson and Johnson}} provides commercial gamma irradiation.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1966 || Disinfection method introduction || || Alder and co-workers develop a low temperature steam and {{w|formaldehyde}} system similar to high vacuum steam sterilization but operating at 65-80°C.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1964 || || || Armstrong discovers a gaseous ozone sterilization process.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1967 || Disinfectant research || || Saul Kaye demonstrates that formic acid is microcidal synergistic with {{w|ethylene oxide}} and other epoxides.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1965 || || || Sydney Rubbo and Joan Gardner show that glutaraldehyde is not only more effective than formaldehyde but also less irritating.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1968 || Concept development || || Paul Borick describes and defines {{w|chemosterilizer}}s.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borick |first1=Paul M. |title=Chemical Sterilizers (Chemosterilizers). |doi=10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70195-3 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216408701953 |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Sonyja |last2=Russell |first2=A. Denver |title=Temperature-induced changes in the sporicidal activity and chemical properties of glutaraldehyde. |doi=10.1128/aem.28.3.331-335.1974 |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Temperature-induced-changes-in-the-sporicidal-and-Thomas-Russell/88a8b63039102e2ad6fb7a4b24521213294fc74d}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1966 || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Hand sanitizers are first introduced.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lupe Hernandez and the Invention of Hand Sanitizer |url=https://invention.si.edu/lupe-hernandez-and-invention-hand-sanitizer |website=invention.si.edu |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1968 || Disinfection method introduction || || Earle H. Spaulding devises a rational approach of disinfection and classification for patient care items and equipment – non-critical items, semi-critical items, and critical items.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1966 || || || Alder and co-workers develop a low temperature steam and formaldehyde system similar to high vacuum steam sterilization but operating at 65-80°C.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1969 || Disinfection method research || || Marcel Reynolds discovers the feasibility of using thermo-irradiation as sterilization of {{w|spacecraft}}.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1967 || || || Saul Kaye demonstrates that formic acid is microcidal synergistic with {{w|ethylene oxide}} and other epoxides.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1960s || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Glutaraldehyde}} comes into medical use.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Booth|first1=Anne|title=Sterilization of Medical Devices|date=1998|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781574910872|page=8|language=en|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923210311/https://books.google.com/books?id=a-HfyG5XuM8C&pg=PA8}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1968 || || || Paul Borick describes and defines chemosterilizers.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Borick |first1=Paul M. |title=Chemical Sterilizers (Chemosterilizers). |doi=10.1016/S0065-2164(08)70195-3 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0065216408701953 |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thomas |first1=Sonyja |last2=Russell |first2=A. Denver |title=Temperature-induced changes in the sporicidal activity and chemical properties of glutaraldehyde. |doi=10.1128/aem.28.3.331-335.1974 |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Temperature-induced-changes-in-the-sporicidal-and-Thomas-Russell/88a8b63039102e2ad6fb7a4b24521213294fc74d}}</ref> ||
+| 1970 || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || {{w|Trimethylene oxide}} (oxetane) is patented for its disinfecting capabilities, and possible use in sterilization processes.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1968 || || || Earle H. Spaulding devises a rational approach of disinfection and classification for patient care items and equipment – non-critical items, semi-critical items, and critical items.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1970 || Disinfection method introduction || || Russian scientists pubish a method detailing using a gas mixture of methyl bromide and ethylene oxide for sterilization of a space lander in a plastic bag.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Russia}}
 |-
-| 1969 || || || Marcel Reynolds discovers the feasibility of using thermo-irradiation as sterilization of spacecraft.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1970 || Disinfection method introduction || || Continuous ethylene oxide sterilization process is developed.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1960s || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || {{w|Glutaraldehyde}} comes into medical use.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Booth|first1=Anne|title=Sterilization of Medical Devices|date=1998|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=9781574910872|page=8|language=en|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923210311/https://books.google.com/books?id=a-HfyG5XuM8C&pg=PA8}}</ref> ||
+| 1970 || Disinfection method introduction || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || A document entitled ''Isolation Technique for Use in Hospitals'' introduces seven isolation precaution categories with color-coded cards: Strict, Respiratory, Protective, Enteric, Wound and Skin, Discharge, and Blood.<ref>National Communicable Disease Center. Isolation Techniques for Use in Hospitals. 1st ed. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office;. PHS publication no 2054 1970</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1970 || || || {{w|Trimethylene oxide}} (oxetane) is patented for its disinfecting capabilities, and possible use in sterilization processes.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1970 || Surveillance || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || The U.S. {{w|National Nosocomial Infection Surveillance}} (NNIS) System is created by the CDC to establish a national nosocomial infections database. It is the largest and oldest performance measurement system in the United States devoted to hospital-acquired infections.<ref name="saadd">{{cite journal |last1=Goldrick |first1=Barbara A. |title=The practice of infection control and applied epidemiology: A historical perspective |doi=10.1016/j.ajic.2005.04.250 |pmid=16260324 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7119047/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=National and international surveillance |url=https://www.infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com/home/decision-support-in-medicine/hospital-infection-control/national-and-international-surveillance/ |website=infectiousdiseaseadvisor.com |accessdate=30 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1970 || || || Russian scientists pubish a method detailing using a gas mixture of methyl bromide and ethylene oxide for sterilization of a space lander in a plastic bag.<ref name="Rogers"/> || {{w|Russia}}
+| 1971 || Disinfection method introduction || || D.A. Gunther patents a balance pressure process for use with {{w|ethylene oxide}} sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1970 || || || Continuous ethylene oxide sterilization process is developed.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1972 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Smallpox}} || During the {{w|1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak}}, over 10,000 people are sequestered in cordons sanitaires of villages and neighborhoods using roadblocks, and a general prohibition of public meetings, a closure of all borders and a prohibition of all non-essential travel is implemented.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bioterrorism: Civil Liberties Under Quarantine |url=https://www.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2001/oct/quarantine/011023.quarantine.html |website=npr.org |accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huremović |first1=Damir |title=Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History) |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_2 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123574/}}</ref> || {{w|Serbia}}, {{w|Kosovo}}
 |-
-| 1971 || || || D.A. Gunther patents a balance pressure process for use with {{w|ethylene oxide}} sterilization.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1972 || Disinfection method introduction || || Leland Ashman and Wilson Menashi use low temperature gas plasma for sterilization of contaminated surfaces.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1972 || {{w|Cordon sanitaire}} || {{w|Smallpox}} || During the {{w|1972 Yugoslav smallpox outbreak}}, over 10,000 people are sequestered in cordons sanitaires of villages and neighborhoods using roadblocks, and a general prohibition of public meetings, a closure of all borders and a prohibition of all non-essential travel is implemented.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bioterrorism: Civil Liberties Under Quarantine |url=https://www.npr.org/programs/atc/features/2001/oct/quarantine/011023.quarantine.html |website=npr.org |accessdate=27 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Huremović |first1=Damir |title=Brief History of Pandemics (Pandemics Throughout History) |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-15346-5_2 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7123574/ |pmc=7123574}}</ref> || {{w|Serbia}}, {{w|Kosovo}}
+| 1972 || Prevention ({{w|face mask}}) || || The {{w|N95 mask}} is developed by the {{w|3M Company}}.<ref name="A Brief History o"/><ref>{{cite web |title=The untold origin story of the N95 mask |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90479846/the-untold-origin-story-of-the-n95-mask#:~:text=By%20the%201970s%2C%20the%20Bureau,approved%20on%20May%2025%2C%201972. |website=fastcompany.com |accessdate=16 August 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1972 || || || Leland Ashman and Wilson Menashi use low temperature gas plasma for sterilization of contaminated surfaces.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1972 || Organization || General || The U.S. Association for Practitioners in Infection Control, Inc. (APIC) is established as a multidisciplinary organization with the purpose to meet the education and practice needs of infection control professionals in the United States.<ref name="saadd"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1973 || || || Researchers at Battelle Columbus Laboratories conduct a comprehensive literature, technology, and patent search tracing the history of understanding the "bacteriostatic and sanitizing properties of copper and copper alloy surfaces", which demonstrates that copper, in very small quantities, has the power to control a wide range of [[w:Mold (fungus)|molds]], {{w|fungi}}, {{w|algae}}, and harmful {{w|microbes}}.<ref>Dick, R. J.; Wray, J. A.; Johnston, H. N. (1973), "A Literature and Technology Search on the Bacteriostatic and Sanitizing Properties of Copper and Copper Alloy Surfaces", Phase 1 Final Report, INCRA Project No. 212, June 29, 1973, contracted to Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1973 || Disinfection method research || || Researchers at Battelle Columbus Laboratories conduct a comprehensive literature, technology, and patent search tracing the history of understanding the "bacteriostatic and sanitizing properties of copper and copper alloy surfaces", which demonstrates that copper, in very small quantities, has the power to control a wide range of [[w:Mold (fungus)|molds]], {{w|fungi}}, {{w|algae}}, and harmful {{w|microbes}}.<ref>Dick, R. J.; Wray, J. A.; Johnston, H. N. (1973), "A Literature and Technology Search on the Bacteriostatic and Sanitizing Properties of Copper and Copper Alloy Surfaces", Phase 1 Final Report, INCRA Project No. 212, June 29, 1973, contracted to Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1976 || || || A method of cold sterilization using frozen {{w|dimethyl dicarbonate}} is developed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Method of cold sterilization using frozen dimethyl dicarbonate |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3936269A/en |website=patents.google.com |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1976 || Disinfection method introduction || || A method of cold sterilization using frozen {{w|dimethyl dicarbonate}} is developed.<ref>{{cite web |title=Method of cold sterilization using frozen dimethyl dicarbonate |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US3936269A/en |website=patents.google.com |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1976 || Disinfection method introduction || || Lowell Tensmeyer devises a method of killing micro-organisms in the inside of a container utilizing a plasma initiated by a focused laser beam and sustained by an electromagnetic field.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+|-
+| 1979 || Disinfection method introduction || || Francis C. Moore and Leon R. Perkinson devise a hydrogen peroxide vapour sterilization method.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+|-
+| 1980 || Disinfection method introduction || || A seeded (dialdehyde) gas plasma sterilization method is patented by G. Boucher.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1976 || || || Lowell Tensmeyer devises a method of killing micro-organisms in the inside of a container utilizing a plasma initiated by a focused laser beam and sustained by an electromagnetic field.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1981 || Organization || General || The U.S. Certification Board of Infection Control (CBIC) is established.<ref name="saadd"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1979 || || || Francis C. Moore and Leon R. Perkinson devise a hydrogen peroxide vapour sterilization method.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1984 || Statistics || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || A survey in Australia documents that 6.3% of 28,643 hospitalized patients in the country have a hospital-acquired infection, with the highest rates in larger hospitals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spelman |first1=Denis W |title=2: Hospital-acquired infections |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04412.x |url=https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2002/176/6/2-hospital-acquired-infections}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
 |-
-| 1980 || || || A seeded (dialdehyde) gas plasma sterilization method is patented by G. Boucher.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1985 || Disinfectant research || || A.A. Rosenblatt, D.H. Rosenblatt and J.E. Knapp find {{w|chlorine}} to be a sterilant in a gaseous phase.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=JENG |first1=DAVID K. |last2=WOODWORTH |first2=ARCHIE G. |author1= |title=Chlorine Dioxide Gas Sterilization under Square-Wave Conditions |url=https://aem.asm.org/content/aem/56/2/514.full.pdf |publisher=American Society for Microbiology}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Isolator Decontamination Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas |url=http://files.alfresco.mjh.group/alfresco_images/pharma//2014/08/22/5072423c-8e4d-43c2-a2cd-9c8c0db926e3/article-156880.pdf |website=files.alfresco.mjh.group/ |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1984 || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || || A survey in Australia documents that 6.3% of 28,643 hospitalized patients in the country have a hospital-acquired infection, with the highest rates in larger hospitals.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Spelman |first1=Denis W |title=2: Hospital-acquired infections |doi=10.5694/j.1326-5377.2002.tb04412.x |url=https://www.mja.com.au/journal/2002/176/6/2-hospital-acquired-infections}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
+| 1985 || Disinfection method introduction || HIV infection || A document entitled ''Universal precautions'' is issued in response to the HIV/AIDS epidemic. It dictates application of blood and body fluid precautions to all patients, regardless of infection status.<ref>CDC. Update: universal precautions for prevention of transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, and other bloodborne pathogens in health-care settings. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1988;37(24):377-82, 87-8.</ref><ref>CDC. Recommendations for preventing transmission of infection with human T- lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy-associated virus in the workplace. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1985;34(450:681-6, 91-5.</ref><ref name="catholiccharitiesla.org">{{cite web |title=Overview and History of Universal Precautions |url=http://catholiccharitiesla.org/wp-content/uploads/Overview-and-History-of-Universal-Precautions-COA-ASE-8-01.pdf |website=catholiccharitiesla.org |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1985 || || || A.A. Rosenblatt, D.H. Rosenblatt and J.E. Knapp find chlorine to be a sterilant in a gaseous phase.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=JENG |first1=DAVID K. |last2=WOODWORTH |first2=ARCHIE G. |author1= |title=Chlorine Dioxide Gas Sterilization under Square-Wave Conditions |url=https://aem.asm.org/content/aem/56/2/514.full.pdf |publisher=American Society for Microbiology}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Isolator Decontamination Using Chlorine Dioxide Gas |url=http://files.alfresco.mjh.group/alfresco_images/pharma//2014/08/22/5072423c-8e4d-43c2-a2cd-9c8c0db926e3/article-156880.pdf |website=files.alfresco.mjh.group/ |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 1986 || Disinfection method introduction || || Pulsed laser sterilization is described.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1986 || || || Pulsed laser sterilization is described.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1987 || Disinfection method introduction || Human body substance infection || The practice of {{w|Universal precautions}} is adjusted by a set of rules known as Body Substance Isolation (BSI), which is proposed in the United States as an alternative to diagnosis-driven isolation systems. BSI focuses on the isolation of all moist and potentially infectious body substances (blood, feces, urine, sputum, saliva, wound drainage, and other body fluids) from all patients, regardless of their presumed infection status, primarily through the use of gloves. Personnel are instructed to put on clean gloves just before contact with mucous membranes and non-intact skin, and to wear gloves for anticipated contact with moist body substances.<ref name="catholiccharitiesla.org"/> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1988 || || || Joslyn introduces a post-steam sterilization process for removing EO residuals more effectively, than mere heated aeration.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1988 || Disinfection method introduction || || Joslyn introduces a post-steam sterilization process for removing {{w|ethylene oxide}} residuals more effectively, than mere heated aeration.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
 |-
-| 1989 || || || The use of the vapor phase of hydrogen peroxide as a surface decontaminant and sterilant is discovered.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 1989 || Disinfection method introduction || || The use of the vapor phase of {{w|hydrogen peroxide}} as a surface decontaminant and sterilant is discovered.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+|-
+| 1980s || {{w|Disinfectant}} introduction || || Alcohol-based {{w|hand sanitizer}} starts being commonly used in Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Chris H.|last2=Palenik|first2=Charles John|title=Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323476577|page=269|edition=5|language=en|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918190157/https://books.google.com/books?id=oySKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}
+|-
+| 1993 || Surveillance || {{w|Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease}} || The European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Network (EuroCJD) is established by seven countries to conduct epidemiological surveillance for {{w|Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Surveillance Network (EuroCJD) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-uspartnerships-and-networksdisease-and-laboratory-networks/european-creutzfeldt-jakob-disease |website=ecdc.europa.eu |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}
+|-
+| 1995 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Ebolavirus}} infection || A {{w|cordon sanitaire}} is used to control an outbreak of {{w|Ebola}} virus disease in {{w|Kikwit}}, Zaire.<ref>{{cite web |title=ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE USE OF CORDONS SANITAIRES |url=https://www.clinicalcorrelations.org/2015/02/19/ethical-considerations-in-the-use-of-cordons-sanitaires/ |website=clinicalcorrelations.org |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muyembe-Tamfum |first1=J J |last2=Kipasa |first2=M |last3=Kiyungu |first3=C |last4=Colebunders |first4=R |title=Ebola Outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Discovery and Control Measures |doi=10.1086/514302 |pmid=9988192 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9988192/ |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Congo D.R.}}
+|-
+| 1995 || Statistics || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || The {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} estimates that approximately 1.9 million cases of {{w|hospital-acquired infection}} occurred in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/hospital-acquired-infections-faq.aspx |website=ncsl.org |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1995 || Prevention ({{w|face mask}}) || || The {{w|N95 mask}} becomes a healthcare standard in epidemics.<ref name="A Brief History o"/> ||
+|-
+| 1996 || Surveillance || {{w|Influenza}} || The European Influenza Surveillance Scheme (EISS) is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Influenza Surveillance Network (EISN) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-us/partnerships-and-networks/disease-and-laboratory-networks/eisn |website=ecdc.europa.eu |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}
+|-
+| 1998 || Statistics || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || According to {{w|CDC}}, approximately one third of healthcare acquired infections are preventable.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weinstein RA | title = Nosocomial infection update | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 416–20 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9716961 | pmc = 2640303 | doi = 10.3201/eid0403.980320 | url = http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/4/3/98-0320 | publisher = CDC }}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1998 || Organization || Microbial infection || The {{w|Global Campaign for Microbicides}} is established as a non-profit organization which promotes the development and use of microbicides to improve health.<ref>{{cite web |title=1987-97 : Building a Movement |url=http://www.global-campaign.org/mission.htm |website=global-campaign.org |accessdate=11 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1998 || Surveillance || Microbial infection || The [[w:EARS-Net|European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System]] is established.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-us/networks/disease-networks-and-laboratory-networks/ears-net-about |website=ecdc.europa.eu |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1998 || Surveillance || General || The {{w|Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology}} (APIC) first publishes its Recommended Practices for Surveillance. This publication introduces new technology and methodologies, like online resources to the practice of surveillance.<ref name="apic.orge">{{cite web |title=Recommended practices for surveillance: Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), Inc. |url=https://www.apic.org/Resource_/TinyMceFileManager/Practice_Guidance/AJIC-Surveillance-2007.pdf |website=apic.org |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1999 || Disinfection method introduction || || A new {{w|plasma sterilizer}} is approved by the U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Emerging Infectious Diseases, Volume 7, Issue 2 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=aIPj6BAc1a4C&pg=PA348&lpg=PA348&dq=1999+A+new+plasma+sterilizer+is+approved+by+the+FDA&source=bl&ots=fzLcmcLquX&sig=ACfU3U1TyFrskf-QU41ENhPCkm4IImIzZQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin0snk8M3pAhVpGbkGHY8BDTsQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1999%20A%20new%20plasma%20sterilizer%20is%20approved%20by%20the%20FDA&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 1999 || Surveillance || Vaccine-preventable infection || EUVAC.NET is established as European surveillance network for selected vaccine-preventable diseases.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-uswho-we-workdisease-and-laboratory-networks/euvacnet#:~:text=The%20network%20was%20created%20in,diseases%20in%20the%20European%20Community. |website=ecdc.europa.eu |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}
+|-
+| 1999 || Surveillance || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || The 1999 landmark Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on medical errors identifies nosocomial infection surveillance as a model for voluntary patient safety reporting systems.<ref name="saadd"/> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 2000 || Statistics || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || An estimated 100,000 cases of hospital-acquired infection occured in England in this year, with 5000 deaths, costing the {{w|National Health Services}} as much as US$1.4 billion a year.<ref name="Taplitz"/> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+|-
+| 2000 || Surveillance || General || The Hospitals in Europe for Infection Control through Surveillance is created. From 2000 to 2002, HELICS would standardize the European methodology for the surveillance of surgical site infections and of nosocomial infections in intensive care units.<ref>{{cite web |title=Healthcare-associated Infections Surveillance Network (HAI-Net) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-us/partnerships-and-networks/disease-and-laboratory-networks/hai-net |website=ecdc.europa.eu |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 2001 || Disinfectant research || General || Disinfection with {{w|performic acid}} is noted.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+|-
+| 2001 || Prevention {{w|hand washing}} || || The {{w|Global Handwashing Partnership}} (GHP) is established as a coalition of international stakeholders "working to promote handwashing with soap and recognize hygiene as a pillar of international development and public health."<ref>{{cite web |title=Global Handwashing Partnership |url=https://globalhandwashing.org/about-us/#:~:text=The%20Global%20Handwashing%20Partnership%20(GHP,knowledge%20to%20strengthen%20handwashing%20implementation. |website=globalhandwashing.org |accessdate=10 July 2020}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 2002 || Publication || || The {{w|Royal Australian College of General Practitioners}} publishes a revised standard for office-based infection control which covers the sections of managing immunization, sterilization and disease surveillance.<ref name=racgp>{{cite web| last =The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners| title =RACGP Infection Control Standards for Office-based Practices (4th Edition)|url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081220163900/http://www.racgp.org.au/infectioncontrol}}</ref><ref name=sracgp>{{cite web| last =The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners| title =Slides - RACGP Infection Control Standards for Office-based Practices (4th Edition)| url =http://www.racgp.org.au/Content/NavigationMenu/PracticeSupport/StandardsforGeneralPractices/200708RACGP_Infection_Control_Standards.pdf|url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081217113407/http://www.racgp.org.au/Content/NavigationMenu/PracticeSupport/StandardsforGeneralPractices/200708RACGP_Infection_Control_Standards.pdf}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
+|-
+| 2002 || Organization || HIV infection || The {{w|International Partnership for Microbicides}} is founded as a product development partnership. It focuses on developing antiretroviral (ARV)-based microbicides.<ref>{{cite web |title=About IPM |url=https://www.ipmglobal.org/about-ipm |website=ipmglobal.org |accessdate=11 July 2020}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 2002 || Prevention {{w|hand washing}} || || The {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} publishes guidelines for hand hygiene.<ref name="Taplitz">{{cite journal |last1=Torriani |first1=Francesca |last2=Taplitz |first2=Randy |title=History of infection prevention and control |doi=10.1016/B978-0-323-04579-7.00006-X |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7151947/}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1980s || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || Alcohol-based hand sanitizer starts being commonly used in Europe.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Miller|first1=Chris H.|last2=Palenik|first2=Charles John|title=Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team|date=2016|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=9780323476577|page=269|edition=5|language=en|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918190157/https://books.google.com/books?id=oySKCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269}}</ref> ||
+| 2002–2004 || Prevention ({{w|face mask}}) || {{w|Severe acute respiratory syndrome}} || Cloth masks are used in Asia during the {{w|2002–2004 SARS outbreak}}.<ref name=":0dd">{{Cite journal|last=MacIntyre|first=C. R.|last2=Chughtai|first2=A. A.|date=April 9, 2015|title=Facemasks for the prevention of infection in healthcare and community settings|url=http://akkie.mods.jp/2019-nCoV/images/c/c0/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E5%8C%BB%E7%99%82vs%E5%B8%82%E4%B8%AD%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E4%BA%88%E9%98%B2%EF%BC%9A%E7%B7%8F%E8%AA%AC_%282015%2C_MacIntyre%29.pdf|journal=BMJ|language=en|volume=350|issue=apr09 1|pages=h694|doi=10.1136/bmj.h694|pmid=25858901|issn=1756-1833|via=}}</ref> || {{w|Asia}}
 |-
-| 1991 || || || Karlson patents a gaseous ozone sterilization process.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 2003 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Severe acute respiratory syndrome}} || During the [[w:Timeline of the SARS outbreak|2003 SARS outbreak]] in Canada, "community quarantine" is used to successfully reduce transmission of the disease.<ref>{{cite journal| pmid=20034405 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-9-488 | pmc=2808319 | volume=9 | title=Quantifying the impact of community quarantine on SARS transmission in Ontario: estimation of secondary case count difference and number needed to quarantine | year=2009 | journal=BMC Public Health | page=488 | last1 = Bondy | first1 = SJ | last2 = Russell | first2 = ML | last3 = Laflèche | first3 = JM | last4 = Rea | first4 = E}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
 |-
-| 1995 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Ebola}} || A {{w|cordon sanitaire}} is used to control an outbreak of {{w|Ebola}} virus disease in {{w|Kikwit}}, Zaire.<ref>{{cite web |title=ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN THE USE OF CORDONS SANITAIRES |url=https://www.clinicalcorrelations.org/2015/02/19/ethical-considerations-in-the-use-of-cordons-sanitaires/ |website=clinicalcorrelations.org |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Muyembe-Tamfum |first1=J J |last2=Kipasa |first2=M |last3=Kiyungu |first3=C |last4=Colebunders |first4=R |title=Ebola Outbreak in Kikwit, Democratic Republic of the Congo: Discovery and Control Measures |doi=10.1086/514302 |pmid=9988192 |url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9988192/ |accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Congo D.R.}}
+| 2003 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Severe acute respiratory syndrome}} || During the [[w:2002–2004 SARS outbreak|SARS outbreak]] in mainland {{w|China}}, {{w|Hong Kong}}, {{w|Taiwan}}, and {{w|Singapore}}, large-scale quarantine is imposed on travelers arriving from other SARS areas, work and school contacts of suspected cases, and, in a few instances, entire apartment complexes where high attack rates of SARS were occurring.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cetron |first1=Martin |last2=Maloney |first2=Susan |last3=Koppaka |first3=Ram |last4=Simone |first4=Patricia |title=ISOLATION AND QUARANTINE: CONTAINMENT STRATEGIES FOR SARS 2003 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92450/}}</ref> || {{w|China}}, {{w|Hong Kong}}, {{w|Taiwan}}, {{w|Singapore}}
 |-
-| 1995 || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || || The {{w|Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} estimates that approximately 1.9 million cases of {{w|hospital-acquired infection}} occurred in the United States.<ref>{{cite web |title=Frequently Asked Questions |url=https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/hospital-acquired-infections-faq.aspx |website=ncsl.org |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2003 || Prevention ({{w|face mask}}) || {{w|Severe acute respiratory syndrome}} || During the [[w:2002–2004 SARS outbreak|SARS outbreak]], which affects several countries in {{w|East Asia}}, an increased use of face masks is experienced, particularly in {{w|Hong Kong}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Coronavirus: Why some countries wear face masks and others don't |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-52015486 |website=bbc.com |accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref> || {{w|East Asia}}
 |-
-| 1998 || || || According to {{w|CDC}}, approximately one third of healthcare acquired infections are preventable.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Weinstein RA | title = Nosocomial infection update | journal = Emerging Infectious Diseases | volume = 4 | issue = 3 | pages = 416–20 | date = September 1998 | pmid = 9716961 | pmc = 2640303 | doi = 10.3201/eid0403.980320 | url = http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/4/3/98-0320 | publisher = CDC }}</ref> ||
+| 2003 || Surveillance || Influenza || {{w|Influenzanet}} launches in the Netherlands and Belgium as a participatory surveillance system with the purpose to monitor the incidence of influenza-like illness in {{w|Europe}}. It is based on data provided by volunteers who self-report their symptoms via the Internet throughout the influenza season.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Geneviève |first1=LD |last2=Wangmo |first2=T |last3=Dietrich |first3=D |last4=Woolley-Meza |first4=O |last5=Flahault |first5=A |last6=Elger |first6=BS |title=Research Ethics in the European Influenzanet Consortium: Scoping Review|url=https://europepmc.org/article/med/30305258}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Koppeschaar |first1=CE |last2=Colizza |first2=V |last3=Guerrisi |first3=C |last4=Turbelin |first4=C |last5=Duggan |first5=J |last6=Edmunds |first6=WJ |last7=Kjelsø |first7=C |last8=Mexia |first8=R |last9=Moreno |first9=Y |last10=Meloni |first10=S |last11=Paolotti |first11=D |last12=Perrotta |first12=D |last13=van Straten |first13=E |last14=Franco |first14=AO |title=Influenzanet: Citizens Among 10 Countries Collaborating to Monitor Influenza in Europe. |doi=10.2196/publichealth.7429 |pmid=28928112 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28928112 |pmc=5627046}}</ref> || {{w|Netherlands}}, {{w|Belgium}}
 |-
-| 1999 || || || A new plasma sterilizer is approved by the U.S. {{w|Food and Drug Administration}}.<ref>{{cite book |title=Emerging Infectious Diseases, Volume 7, Issue 2 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=aIPj6BAc1a4C&pg=PA348&lpg=PA348&dq=1999+A+new+plasma+sterilizer+is+approved+by+the+FDA&source=bl&ots=fzLcmcLquX&sig=ACfU3U1TyFrskf-QU41ENhPCkm4IImIzZQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwin0snk8M3pAhVpGbkGHY8BDTsQ6AEwAHoECAgQAQ#v=onepage&q=1999%20A%20new%20plasma%20sterilizer%20is%20approved%20by%20the%20FDA&f=false}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2004 || Publication || Microbial infection || Ferric Fang publishes a paper on antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fang |first1=Ferric C. |title=Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: concepts and controversies |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1004?proof=true}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1990s || {{w|Disinfectant}} || || [[w:NAV-CO2 system|Non-flammable Alcohol Vapor in Carbon Dioxide systems]] (NAV-CO2 System) are developed in Japan in the 1990s to sanitize hospitals and ambulances. || {{w|Japan}}
+| 2004 || {{w|Social distancing}} ({{w|cordon sanitaire}}) || {{w|Ebolavirus}} infection || A ''cordon sanitaire'' is established around some of the most affected areas of the {{w|2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak}}.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6407a4.htm "Community Quarantine to Interrupt Ebola Virus Transmission – Mawah Village, Bong County, Liberia, August–October, 2014," ''Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,'' February 27, 2015 / 64(07); 179–182.]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/13/science/using-a-tactic-unseen-in-a-century-countries-cordon-off-ebola-racked-areas.html?_r=0|author=Donald G. McNeil Jr.|newspaper={{w|The New York Times}}|date=August 13, 2014|title=Using a Tactic Unseen in a Century, Countries Cordon Off Ebola-Racked Areas}}</ref> On 19 August, the Liberian government quarantines the entirety of {{w|West Point, Monrovia}} and issued a curfew statewide.<ref name="nbcnews1">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/liberian-soldiers-seal-slum-halt-ebola-n185046 |title=Liberian Soldiers Seal Slum to Halt Ebola |publisher=NBC News |date=2014-08-09 |accessdate=2014-08-23}}</ref> || {{w|Liberia}}
 |-
-| 2001 || || || Disinfection with performic acid is noted.<ref name="Rogers"/> ||
+| 2004 || Surveillance || Gonococcal Infection || The European Gonococcal Antimicrobial Surveillance Programme (Euro-GASP) is initiated.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cole |first1=Michelle J. |last2=Quinten |first2=Chantal |last3=Jacobsson |first3=Susanne |last4=Day |first4=Michaela |last5=Amato-Gauci |first5=Andrew J. |last6=Woodford |first6=Neil |last7=Spiteri |first7=Gianfranco |last8=Unemo |first8=Magnus |title=The European gonococcal antimicrobial surveillance programme (Euro-GASP) appropriately reflects the antimicrobial resistance situation for Neisseria gonorrhoeae in the European Union/European Economic Area |url=https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-019-4631-x#:~:text=The%20antimicrobial%20susceptibility%20of%20the,by%20the%20European%20Centre%20for |issn=1471-2334}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}
 |-
-| 2002 || Standardization || || The {{w|Royal Australian College of General Practitioners}} publishes a revised standard for office-based infection control which covers the sections of managing immunization, sterilization and disease surveillance.<ref name=racgp>{{cite web| last =The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners| title =RACGP Infection Control Standards for Office-based Practices (4th Edition)| url =http://www.racgp.org.au/infectioncontrol| access-date =8 November 2008| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081220163900/http://www.racgp.org.au/infectioncontrol| archive-date =20 December 2008| df =dmy-all}}</ref><ref name=sracgp>{{cite web| last =The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners| title =Slides - RACGP Infection Control Standards for Office-based Practices (4th Edition)| url =http://www.racgp.org.au/Content/NavigationMenu/PracticeSupport/StandardsforGeneralPractices/200708RACGP_Infection_Control_Standards.pdf| access-date =8 November 2008| url-status =dead| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20081217113407/http://www.racgp.org.au/Content/NavigationMenu/PracticeSupport/StandardsforGeneralPractices/200708RACGP_Infection_Control_Standards.pdf| archive-date =17 December 2008| df =dmy-all}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
+| 2004 || Surveillance || || Healthcare researcher {{w|Gunther Eysenbach}} begins working on a system of syndromic surveillance system based on search queries.<ref name="pmid17238340">{{cite journal| author=Eysenbach G| title=Infodemiology: Tracking Flu-Related Searches on the Web for Syndromic Surveillance | journal=AMIA Annu Symp Proc | year= 2006 | volume=  2006| issue=  | pages= 244–8 | pmid=17238340 | pmc=1839505 }}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2003 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Severe acute respiratory syndrome}} || During the [[w:Timeline of the SARS outbreak|2003 SARS outbreak]] in Canada, "community quarantine" is used to successfully reduce transmission of the disease.<ref>{{cite journal| pmid=20034405 | doi=10.1186/1471-2458-9-488 | pmc=2808319 | volume=9 | title=Quantifying the impact of community quarantine on SARS transmission in Ontario: estimation of secondary case count difference and number needed to quarantine | year=2009 | journal=BMC Public Health | page=488 | last1 = Bondy | first1 = SJ | last2 = Russell | first2 = ML | last3 = Laflèche | first3 = JM | last4 = Rea | first4 = E}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
+| 2005 || Publication || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || The {{w|American Thoracic Society}} and {{w|Infectious Diseases Society of America}} publish guidelines suggesting antibiotics specifically for {{w|hospital-acquired pneumonia}}.<ref name="guidelines">{{cite journal |author=American Thoracic Society |author2=Infectious Diseases Society of America |title=Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=388–416 |year=2005 |pmid=15699079 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200405-644ST|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c1e3c150b88a50d40302f15a5533bdd6b0da5885 }}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2003 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Severe acute respiratory syndrome}} || During the 2003 SARS outbreak in mainland {{w|China}}, {{w|Hong Kong}}, {{w|Taiwan}}, and {{w|Singapore}}, large-scale quarantine is imposed on travelers arriving from other SARS areas, work and school contacts of suspected cases, and, in a few instances, entire apartment complexes where high attack rates of SARS were occurring.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cetron |first1=Martin |last2=Maloney |first2=Susan |last3=Koppaka |first3=Ram |last4=Simone |first4=Patricia |title=ISOLATION AND QUARANTINE: CONTAINMENT STRATEGIES FOR SARS 2003 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK92450/}}</ref> || {{w|China}}, {{w|Hong Kong}}, {{w|Taiwan}}, {{w|Singapore}}
+| 2005 || Organization || Rectal microbial infection || The {{w|International Rectal Microbicide Advocates}} is founded. Based in {{w|Chicago}}, it is a global network of advocates, policymakers and scientists working to advance a robust rectal microbicide research and development agenda.<ref>{{cite web |title=IRMA |url=https://rectalmicrobicides.org/#:~:text=Get%20in%20Touch-,IRMA,microbicide%20research%20and%20development%20agenda. |website=rectalmicrobicides.org |accessdate=11 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2004 || || || Ferric Fang publishes a paper on antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fang |first1=Ferric C. |title=Antimicrobial reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: concepts and controversies |journal=Nature Reviews Microbiology |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nrmicro1004?proof=true}}</ref> ||
+| 2006 || Organization || HIV infection || The {{w|Microbicide Trials Network}} is established by the U.S. {{w|National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases}} as an HIV/AIDS clinical trials network. It focuses on research into {{w|microbicide}}s aimed at preventing HIV infection.<ref>{{cite web |title=MTN |url=https://mtnstopshiv.org/about-us |website=mtnstopshiv.org |accessdate=11 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2004 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Ebola}} || A ''cordon sanitaire'' is established around some of the most affected areas of the {{w|2014 West Africa Ebola virus outbreak}}.<ref>[https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6407a4.htm "Community Quarantine to Interrupt Ebola Virus Transmission – Mawah Village, Bong County, Liberia, August–October, 2014," ''Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report,'' February 27, 2015 / 64(07); 179–182.]</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/08/13/science/using-a-tactic-unseen-in-a-century-countries-cordon-off-ebola-racked-areas.html?_r=0|author=Donald G. McNeil Jr.|newspaper={{w|The New York Times}}|date=August 13, 2014|title=Using a Tactic Unseen in a Century, Countries Cordon Off Ebola-Racked Areas}}</ref> On 19 August, the Liberian government quarantines the entirety of {{w|West Point, Monrovia}} and issued a curfew statewide.<ref name="nbcnews1">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/liberian-soldiers-seal-slum-halt-ebola-n185046 |title=Liberian Soldiers Seal Slum to Halt Ebola |publisher=NBC News |date=2014-08-09 |accessdate=2014-08-23}}</ref> || {{w|Liberia}}
+| 2007 || Program launch || Respiratory infection || A campaign named {{w|Catch It, Bin It, Kill It}} is launched by the British {{w|National Health Service}} to encourage the public to practise correct respiratory and hand hygiene when coughing and sneezing in order to prevent the spread of viruses particularly during the colds and flu season.<ref>{{cite web |title=Catch It, Bin It, Kill It |url=https://www.prescriber.org.uk/2007/11/catch-it-bin-it-kill-it/ |website=prescriber.org.uk |accessdate=15 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
-| 2005 || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || || The {{w|American Thoracic Society}} and {{w|Infectious Diseases Society of America}} publish guidelines suggesting antibiotics specifically for {{w|hospital-acquired pneumonia}}.<ref name="guidelines">{{cite journal |author=American Thoracic Society |author2=Infectious Diseases Society of America |title=Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia |journal=Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med. |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=388–416 |year=2005 |pmid=15699079 |doi=10.1164/rccm.200405-644ST|url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/c1e3c150b88a50d40302f15a5533bdd6b0da5885 }}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2007 || {{w|Contact tracing}} || || {{w|Digital contact tracing}} is described.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bahri|first=Shamshul|date=2007-01-01|title=Enhancing quality of data through automated SARS contact tracing method using RFID technology|journal=International Journal of Networking and Virtual Organisations|volume=4|issue=2|pages=145–162|doi=10.1504/IJNVO.2007.013540|issn=1470-9503}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Farrahi|first=Katayoun|last2=Emonet|first2=Rémi|last3=Cebrian|first3=Manuel|date=2014-05-01|title=Epidemic Contact Tracing via Communication Traces|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=9|issue=5|pages=e95133|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0095133|issn=1932-6203|pmc=4006791|pmid=24787614}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Altuwaiyan|first=Thamer|last2=Hadian|first2=Mohammad|last3=Liang|first3=Xiaohui|date=May 2018|title=EPIC: Efficient Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing for Infection Detection|journal=2018 IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC)|location=Kansas City, MO|publisher=IEEE|pages=1–6|doi=10.1109/ICC.2018.8422886|isbn=978-1-5386-3180-5}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2008 (February) || || || The {{w|United States Environmental Protection Agency}} (EPA) approves the registrations of five different groups of copper alloys as "{{w|antimicrobial}} materials" with public health benefits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces for the Reduction of Health Care–Associated Infections in Intensive Care Settings |url=https://www.cadth.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/EH0021_Copper_Surfaces_e.pdf |website=cadth.ca |accessdate=26 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2008 (February) || Disinfection method introduction || || The {{w|United States Environmental Protection Agency}} (EPA) approves the registrations of five different groups of copper alloys as "{{w|antimicrobial}} materials" with public health benefits.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antimicrobial Copper Surfaces for the Reduction of Health Care–Associated Infections in Intensive Care Settings |url=https://www.cadth.ca/sites/default/files/pdf/EH0021_Copper_Surfaces_e.pdf |website=cadth.ca |accessdate=26 June 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2008 (April) || || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''Early recognition, reporting and infection control management of acute respiratory diseases of potential international concern'', an {{w|aide-mémoire}} on emergencies preparedness and response.<ref>{{cite web |title=Early recognition, reporting and infection control management of acute respiratory diseases of potential international concern |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/AMinfectioncontrolearlyrecognition/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 2008 (April) || Publication || Respiratory infection || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''Early recognition, reporting and infection control management of acute respiratory diseases of potential international concern'', an {{w|aide-mémoire}} on emergencies preparedness and response.<ref>{{cite web |title=Early recognition, reporting and infection control management of acute respiratory diseases of potential international concern |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/AMinfectioncontrolearlyrecognition/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2008 (June) || || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''Core components for infection prevention and control programmes'', a report of the Second Meeting of the Informal Network on Infection Prevention and Control in Health Care.<ref>{{cite web |title=Core components for infection prevention and control programmes |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_HSE_EPR_2009_1/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}} ({{w|Geneva}})
+| 2008 (June) || Publication || || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''Core components for infection prevention and control programmes'', a report of the Second Meeting of the Informal Network on Infection Prevention and Control in Health Care.<ref>{{cite web |title=Core components for infection prevention and control programmes |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_HSE_EPR_2009_1/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Switzerland}} ({{w|Geneva}})
 |-
-| 2008 (November) || || || A non-peer-reviewed<ref>According to p. 35 of the Redway/Fawdar presentation, "Note: this study has not been peer reviewed but it is intended that the test methods described in this document are provided in sufficient detail to allow
+| 2008 (November) || Disinfection method research || Bacterial infection || A non-peer-reviewed<ref>According to p. 35 of the Redway/Fawdar presentation, "Note: this study has not been peer reviewed but it is intended that the test methods described in this document are provided in sufficient detail to allow replication by those who wish to confirm the results."</ref> study is presented to the European Tissue Symposium by the {{w|University of Westminster}}, London, comparing the bacteria levels present after the use of {{w|paper towel}}s, warm air hand dryers, and modern jet-air hand dryers.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.europeantissue.com/pdfs/090402-2008%20WUS%20Westminster%20University%20hygiene%20study,%20nov2008.pdf | work=Table 4| page=13 | title=A comparative study of three different hand drying methods: paper towel, warm air dryer, jet air dryer'| author=Keith Redway and Shameem Fawdar (School of Biosciences, University of Westminster London) |date=November 2008| publisher=European Tissue Symposium|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> Of those three methods, only paper towels reduced the total number of bacteria on hands, with "through-air dried" towels the most effective. ||
-replication by those who wish to confirm the results."</ref> study is presented to the European Tissue Symposium by the {{w|University of Westminster}}, London, comparing the bacteria levels present after the use of {{w|paper towel}}s, warm air hand dryers, and modern jet-air hand dryers.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.europeantissue.com/pdfs/090402-2008%20WUS%20Westminster%20University%20hygiene%20study,%20nov2008.pdf | work=Table 4| page=13 | title=A comparative study of three different hand drying methods: paper towel, warm air dryer, jet air dryer'| author=Keith Redway and Shameem Fawdar (School of Biosciences, University of Westminster London) |date=November 2008| publisher=European Tissue Symposium|access-date=25 June 2020}}</ref> Of those three methods, only paper towels reduced the total number of bacteria on hands, with "through-air dried" towels the most effective. ||
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+| 2008 (November) || Surveillance || {{w|Influenza}} || {{w|Google Flu Trends}} is launched as a {{w|web service}} operated by {{w|Google}}, with aims at providing estimates of influenza activity in over 25 countries. By aggregating Google Search queries, GFT attempts to make accurate predictions about flu activity.<ref>{{cite web |title=Google Flu Trends" Found to Be Nearly on Par with CDC Surveillance Data |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/google-flu-trends-on-par-with-cdc-data/#:~:text=Google%20Flu%20Trends%20was%20launched,with%20results%20in%2038%20languages. |website=scientificamerican.com |accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref> DFT would be proposed as a method to estimate influenza-like illness (ILI) in the general population and to be used in conjunction with traditional surveillance systems.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kandula |first1=Sasikiran |title=Reappraising the utility of Google Flu Trends |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007258  |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6693776/#:~:text=Google%20Flu%20Trends%20(GFT)%20was,were%20often%20overestimates%20of%20ILI.}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2009 || || || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/natural_ventilation/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 2009 (April) || {{w|Social distancing}} || {{w|Influenza}} || During the {{w|Swine flu pandemic}}, United States President {{w|Barack Obama}} gives a press conference and recommends that schools with confirmed or suspected cases of [[w:Influenza A virus subtype H1N1|H1N1 influenza]] close temporarily, and businesses and parents should "think about contingency plans if their children do have to stay home."<ref>{{cite web |title=Then vs. Now: How Social Distancing Became a Fixture of Public Health |url=https://www.wrcbtv.com/story/42152348/then-vs-now-the-history-of-social-distancing |website=wrcbtv.com |accessdate=31 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2009 || || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''Infection-control measures for health care of patients with acute respiratory diseases in community settings''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infection-control measures for health care of patients with acute respiratory diseases in community settings |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_HSE_GAR_BDP_2009_1/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 2009 || Publication || Influenza || During the {{w|2009 swine flu pandemic}}, the {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Natural ventilation for infection control in health-care settings |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/natural_ventilation/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2011 (April) || || Publication || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''Core components for infection prevention and control programmes''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Core components for infection prevention and control programmes |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/HSE_GAR_BDP_2011_3/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref>
+| 2009 || Publication || Influenza || During the {{w|2009 swine flu pandemic}}, the {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes measures on infection-control for health care of patients with acute respiratory diseases in community settings.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infection-control measures for health care of patients with acute respiratory diseases in community settings |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_HSE_GAR_BDP_2009_1/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
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+| 2011 (April) || Publication || || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''Core components for infection prevention and control programmes''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Core components for infection prevention and control programmes |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/HSE_GAR_BDP_2011_3/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref>
 ||
 |-
-| 2011 || || || Researchers estimate that by this time, 648,000 hospitalized patients in then United States have to battle at least one hospital-acquired infection. The total number of infections is estimated at 721,800. To put that number in perspective, about 34 million people are admitted to 5,000 community hospitals in the country each year.<ref>{{cite web |title=One in 25 patients battling hospital-acquired infections: CDC |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hospital-infections/one-in-25-patients-battling-hospital-acquired-infections-cdc-idUSBREA2P1DG20140326 |website=reuters.com |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2011 || Statistics || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || Researchers estimate that by this time, 648,000 hospitalized patients in then United States have to battle at least one hospital-acquired infection. The total number of infections is estimated at 721,800. To put that number in perspective, about 34 million people are admitted to 5,000 community hospitals in the country each year.<ref>{{cite web |title=One in 25 patients battling hospital-acquired infections: CDC |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-hospital-infections/one-in-25-patients-battling-hospital-acquired-infections-cdc-idUSBREA2P1DG20140326 |website=reuters.com |accessdate=2 April 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
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+| 2012 || Scientific development || General || A published study claims that "new mathematical modelling, diagnostic, communications, and informatics technologies can identify and report hitherto unknown microbes in other species, and thus new risk assessment approaches are needed to identify microbes most likely to cause human disease". The study investigates challenges in moving the global pandemic strategy from response to pre-emption.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morse |first1=Stephen S |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna AK |last3=Woolhouse |first3=Mark |last4=Parrish |first4=Colin R |last5=Carroll |first5=Dennis |last6=Karesh |first6=William B |last7=Zambrana-Torrelio |first7=Carlos |last8=Lipkin |first8=W Ian |last9=Daszak |first9=Peter |title=Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis |journal=The Lancet |date=1 December 2012 |volume=380 |issue=9857 |pages=1956–1965 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61684-5 |pmid=23200504 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673612616845 |accessdate=25 March 2020 |language=en |issn=0140-6736|pmc=3712877 }}</ref> ||
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+| 2014 || Organization || General || The {{w|Global Health Security Agenda}} (GHSA) is launched as global partnership devoted to the purpose of strengthening the world’s ability to prevent, detect, and respond to infectious disease threats. As of 2020 it has 67 member countries.<ref>{{cite web |title=FACT SHEET: Global Health Security Agenda: Getting Ahead of the Curve on Epidemic Threats |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/26/fact-sheet-global-health-security-agenda-getting-ahead-curve-epidemic-th |website=obamawhitehouse.archives.gov |accessdate=1 July 2020}}</ref> ||
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+| 2014 || Prevention ({{w|hand washing}}) || || A study shows that {{w|Saudi Arabia}} has the highest rate of hand washing with soap, with 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bva-group.com/sondages/les-francais-et-le-savonnage-des-mains-apres-etre-alle-aux-toilettes/|title=Les Français et le savonnage des mains après être allé aux toilettes|last=BreakingWeb|website=BVA Group|language=fr-FR|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> ||
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+| 2014–2016 || {{w|Contact tracing}} || {{w|Ebolavirus}} infection || During the {{w|West African Ebola virus epidemic}}, hundreds of contact tracers are recruited by the {{w|United Nations Population Fund}} from local communities in the most affected areas, with the purpose to identify everyone who has been in contact with an infected person, monitor their health for symptoms, and refer suspected cases for testing.<ref>{{cite web |title=Liberia: Ebola contact tracing lessons inform COVID-19 response |url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1062582 |website=news.un.org |accessdate=30 July 2020}}</ref><ref name="lawfareblog.comp"/> || {{w|Liberia}}, {{w|Guinea}}, {{w|Sierra Leone}}
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+| 2014–2016 || Prevention ({{w|face mask}}) || {{w|Ebolavirus}} infection || Cloth masks are used in West Africa during the [[w:Western African Ebola virus epidemic|Ebola epidemic]].<ref name=":0dd"/> || {{w|West Africa}}
+|-
+| 2015 || Prevention {{w|hand washing}} || || A study of hand washing in 54 countries finds that on average, 38.7% of households practice hand washing with soap.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Importance of Handwashing (Infographic) |url=https://globalhandwashing.org/resources/the-importance-of-handwashing-infographic/ |website=globalhandwashing.org |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref> ||
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+| 2015 || {{w|Social distancing}} || || A study suggests that long-term social isolation (in the absence of a threat like the current viral infection) increases the risk of mortality by 29% in such chronic conditions as {{w|heart disease}}, {{w|depression}}, and {{w|dementia}}.<ref name="deasa"/> ||
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+| 2018 || {{w|Contact tracing}} || || A patent application by {{w|Facebook}} discusses a {{w|Bluetooth}} proximity-based trust method of {{w|digital contact tracing}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Proximity-based trust |url=https://patents.google.com/patent/WO2019139630A1/en |website=patents.google.com |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> ||
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+| 2019 || Disinfection method research || {{w|Hospital-acquired infection}} || A number of studies find that {{w|copper}} surfaces may help prevent infection in the healthcare environment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arendsen |first1=LP |last2=Thakar |first2=R |last3=Sultan |first3=AH |title=The Use of Copper as an Antimicrobial Agent in Health Care, Including Obstetrics and Gynecology. |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=18 September 2019 |volume=32 |issue=4 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00125-18}}</ref> ||
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+| 2019 || Surveillance || Microbial infection || The European Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Surveillance Network (EURGen-Net) launches. Coordinated by the {{w|European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control}}, it is a network for genomic-based surveillance of multidrug-resistant bacteria of public health importance.<ref>{{cite web |title=European Antimicrobial Resistance Genes Surveillance Network (EURGen-Net) |url=https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-us/who-we-work/disease-and-laboratory-networks/EURGen-net |website=ecdc.europa.eu |accessdate=24 July 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Europe}}
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+| 2020 (January 30) || Crisis || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || The {{w|World Health Organization}} declares the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}}.<ref name="WHOPandemic">{{cite press release |title=WHO Director-General's opening remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19 |website=[[World Health Organization]] (WHO) |date=11 March 2020 |url=https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020 |access-date=24 August 2020}}</ref> Countries around the world start implementing measures of prevention, including close borders, {{w|quarantine}}s, {{w|stay-at-home order}}s, and variable levels of {{w|social distancing}} for citizens, including 1, 1.5 and 2 meters.<ref name="evels of social di">{{cite web |title=1m, 1.5m, 2m — the different levels of social distancing countries are following amid Covid |url=https://theprint.in/theprint-essential/1m-1-5m-2m-the-different-levels-of-social-distancing-countries-are-following-amid-covid/449425/ |website=theprint.in |accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Our ongoing list of how countries are reopening, and which ones remain under lockdown |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/countries-on-lockdown-coronavirus-italy-2020-3 |website=businessinsider.com |accessdate=14 July 2020}}</ref> Governments also start launching full country requirements of use of [[w:Face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic|face masks]].<ref name="masks4all.co">{{cite web |title=What Countries Require Masks in Public or Recommend Masks? |url=https://masks4all.co/what-countries-require-masks-in-public/ |website=masks4all.co |accessdate=22 August 2020}}</ref> || {{w|Worldwide}}
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+| 2020 (February 19) || {{w|Contact tracing}} || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || {{w|Covid Watch}} is created as an open source nonprofit with the mission to build mobile technology to fight the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}} while defending digital privacy.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://covid-watch.org/about|title=Covid Watch About Page|date=2020-06-02|website=Covid Watch|language=en|access-date=29 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=COVID-19 Risk Assessment App Idea for Vetting and Discussion |url=https://forum.effectivealtruism.org/posts/8chk6DHZXctGHtNoz/covid-19-risk-assessment-app-idea-for-vetting-and-discussion |website=forum.effectivealtruism.org |accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 2020 (April) || {{w|Contact tracing}} || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || {{w|Apple Inc.}} and {{w|Google}} launch the [[w:Exposure Notification|Privacy-Preserving Contact Tracing Project]], a framework and specification developed to facilitate {{w|digital contact tracing}} during the {{w|2019-20 COVID-19 pandemic}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=How a handful of Apple and Google employees came together to help health officials trace coronavirus |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/28/apple-iphone-contact-tracing-how-it-came-together.html |website=cnbc.com |accessdate=30 July 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Apple and Google joint initiative on COVID-19 contact tracing technology |url=https://ico.org.uk/media/about-the-ico/documents/2617653/apple-google-api-opinion-final-april-2020.pdf |website=ico.org.uk |accessdate=30 July 2020}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 2020 (May) || Prevention ({{w|face mask}}) || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || About 88% of the world's population live in countries where their government and leading disease experts recommend or mandate the use of masks in public places to limit the spread of COVID-19.<ref name="MasksMandatory">{{cite web|url=https://masks4all.co/what-countries-have-mask-laws/|title=What Countries Require Masks in Public or Recommend Masks?|last=Masks4All|publisher=Masks4All|language=en|access-date=6 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 2020 (June 5) || Prevention ({{w|face mask}}) || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || The {{w|World Health Organization}} recommends that the general public should wear non-medical [[w:cloth face mask|fabric masks]] where there is known or suspected widespread transmission of {{w|COVID-19}} and where physical distancing is not possible, and that vulnerable people (aged over 60 or with underlying health risks) and people with any symptoms suggestive of COVID-19 as well as caregivers and healthcare workers should wear {{w|medical mask}}s.<ref name="who20200606">{{cite web |url= https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/advice-on-the-use-of-masks-in-the-community-during-home-care-and-in-healthcare-settings-in-the-context-of-the-novel-coronavirus-(2019-ncov)-outbreak |title= Advice on the use of masks in the context of COVID-19 |date= 5 June 2020 |publisher= World Health Organization}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 2020 (July) || Disinfection method research || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || The concept of "hygiene theater" emerges after an article[https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/07/scourge-hygiene-theater/614599/] is published by ''{{w|The Atlantic}}''.<ref name="asd"/> It is defined as "cleaning or disinfecting practices that are performed just for the sake of looking good, or to provide a false sense of security against infection".<ref>{{cite web |title=How to Avoid Hygiene Theater |url=https://octoclean.com/blog/how-to-avoid-hygiene-theater/ |website=octoclean.com |accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref> Opinions state that the term "hygiene theater" represents a waste of time, money, and potential danger to people.<ref name="asd">{{cite web |title=Hygiene theater |url=https://opinion.inquirer.net/132616/hygiene-theater |website=opinion.inquirer.net |accessdate=15 August 2020}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}, {{w|English-speaking world}}
+|-
+|}
+== Numerical and visual data  ==
+=== Google Scholar ===
+The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of June 4, 2021.
+{| class="sortable wikitable"
+! Year
+! "infection control"
+! "infection prevention"
+! "lockdown"
+! "quarantine"
+|-
+| 2000 || 5,760 || 1,100 || 270 || 8,680
+|-
+| 2002 || 6,270 || 1,530 || 503 || 10,600
+|-
+| 2004 || 9,900 || 2,140 || 698 || 15,400
+|-
+| 2006 || 11,500 || 2,440 || 1,130 || 20,400
+|-
+| 2008 || 15,100 || 2,940 || 1,520 || 28,700
 |-
-| 2012 || || || A published study claims that "new mathematical modelling, diagnostic, communications, and informatics technologies can identify and report hitherto unknown  microbes in other species, and thus new risk assessment approaches are needed to identify microbes most likely to cause human disease". The study investigates challenges in moving the global pandemic strategy from response to pre-emption.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Morse |first1=Stephen S |last2=Mazet |first2=Jonna AK |last3=Woolhouse |first3=Mark |last4=Parrish |first4=Colin R |last5=Carroll |first5=Dennis |last6=Karesh |first6=William B |last7=Zambrana-Torrelio |first7=Carlos |last8=Lipkin |first8=W Ian |last9=Daszak |first9=Peter |title=Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoonosis |journal=The Lancet |date=1 December 2012 |volume=380 |issue=9857 |pages=1956–1965 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61684-5 |pmid=23200504 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673612616845 |accessdate=25 March 2020 |language=en |issn=0140-6736|pmc=3712877 }}</ref> ||
+| 2010 || 17,700 || 3,740 || 1,680 || 28,500
 |-
-| 2014 || {{w|Hand washing}} || || A study shows that {{w|Saudi Arabia}} has the highest rate of hand washing with soap, with 97 percent; the United States near the middle with 77 percent; and China with the lowest rate of 23 percent.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bva-group.com/sondages/les-francais-et-le-savonnage-des-mains-apres-etre-alle-aux-toilettes/|title=Les Français et le savonnage des mains après être allé aux toilettes|last=BreakingWeb|website=BVA Group|language=fr-FR|access-date=3 April 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 2012 || 21,500 || 5,940 || 2,320 || 29,100
 |-
-| 2015 || {{w|Hand washing}} || || A study of hand washing in 54 countries finds that on average, 38.7% of households practice hand washing with soap. ||
+| 2014 || 22,800 || 6,980 || 2,610 || 22,500
 |-
-| 2019 || || || A number of studies find that copper surfaces may help prevent infection in the healthcare environment.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arendsen |first1=LP |last2=Thakar |first2=R |last3=Sultan |first3=AH |title=The Use of Copper as an Antimicrobial Agent in Health Care, Including Obstetrics and Gynecology. |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=18 September 2019 |volume=32 |issue=4 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00125-18 |pmid=31413046|pmc=6730497 }}</ref> ||
+| 2016 || 25,000 || 8,470 || 2,800 || 22,300
 |-
-| 2020 || ''{{w|Cordon sanitaire}}'' || {{w|Coronavirus disease 2019}} || A multiple number of lockdowns are imposed worldwide in response to the {{w|2019–20 coronavirus pandemic}}. || Worldwide
+| 2018 || 24,800 || 9,770 || 3,130 || 21,100
 |-
-| 2020 (April 22) || || || The {{w|World Health Organization}} publishes ''How To Pun On And Take Off Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)'',          a series of posters on emergencies preparedness and response.<ref>{{cite web |title=HOW TO PUT ON AND TAKE OFF Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) |url=https://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/putontakeoffPPE/en/ |website=who.int |accessdate=19 May 2020}}</ref> ||
+| 2020 || 37,700 || 23,300 || 106,000 || 66,900
 |-
 |}
+[[File:Infection control google schoolar.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Google Trends ===
+The image below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Infection prevention and control (Topic), from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infection prevention and control |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F09671x |website=Google Trends |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Infection prevention and control gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
+The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Lockdown (Topic) and Quarantine (Topic), from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Lockdown and Quarantine |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F07l88z,%2Fm%2F069q9 |website=Google Trends |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Lockdown and Quarantine gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
+=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
+The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Infection control, from 1900 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infection control |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=infection+control&year_start=1900&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&case_insensitive=true |website=books.google.com |access-date=28 February 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:Infection control ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Wikipedia views ===
+The image below shows {{w|Wikipedia}} views desktop data for the articles {{w|Infection}}, {{w|Quarantine}}, and {{w|Infection control}}. Three local maxima in 2008, 2015, and 2020 closely match the {{w|2009 swine flu pandemic}}, the {{w|Western African Ebola virus epidemic}}, and the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infection, Quarantine and Infection control |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?pages[0]=Infection&pages[1]=Infection+control&pages[2]=Quarantine&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=desktop |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=30 March 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Infection, Quarantine and Infection control wv.png|thumb|center|400px]]
 ==Meta information on the timeline==
@@ Line 542: / Line 708: @@
 Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:
-* FIXME
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/TimelinesWiki/?post_id=2675934189313596 Timelineswiki Facebook group]
+* [https://www.facebook.com/VIRGO.InfectionControlToday/posts/10157309435626160 Infection Control Today Facebook group]
+* [https://www.facebook.com/INFECTIONCONTROLARABWORLD/posts/3392771680779527 Infection Control مكافحة العدوي Facebook group]
+* [https://www.facebook.com/Infection.Prevention.Controll/posts/324933415525710 Infection Control Facebook group]
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/y.n.harari/permalink/983222232100989/ Exploring the World of Yuval Noah Harari Facebook group]
+* [https://www.facebook.com/InfectiousDiseasesHub/posts/1239454909720335 Infectious Diseases Hub Facebook group]
+* [https://www.facebook.com/CleanHandsColombia/posts/167309601617394 Clean Hands Facebook group]
+* [https://www.facebook.com/VIRGO.InfectionControlToday/posts/10157309435626160 Infection Control Today Facebook group]
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/WorldHistoryphotos/?post_id=2706440249613642 World History Facebook group]
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/stjsephinfectioncontrol/?post_id=1588560217988625 Infection control and prevention] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2096418297341795/permalink/2652270138423272/ Functional Medicine for Physicians, NPs, PAs and Nurses] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/waterasia/posts/3291081514278777 Asian Water and Sanitation] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/206099229563037/permalink/1525252110981069/ Epidemics - the Dynamics of Infectious Diseases. International study group] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/399256766938708/permalink/1386731538191221 Infection Control Forum] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/444433399700524/permalink/818951362248724/ NIGERIAN INFECTIOUS DISEASES SOCIETY (NIDS)] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/2012590005641569/permalink/2767945243439371/ IFCAI - INFECTION CONTROL ACADEMY OF INDIA] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/174910700267007/permalink/320493709042038/ Outbreak Tracker & News (Infectious Diseases)] Facebook group
+* [https://www.facebook.com/groups/790086114476836/permalink/1823316204487150 Infection Prevention and Control] Facebook group
 ===What the timeline is still missing===
-* {{w|Protective sequestration}}
-* {{w|Buffer zone}}
-* {{w|Isolation (health care)}}
-* {{w|Social distancing}}
-* {{w|Quarantine}}
-* {{w|Leper colony}}
-* {{w|Barrier nursing}}
-* {{w|Cubicle curtain}}
-* {{w|Category:Medical hygiene}}
-* {{w|Category:Antimicrobials}}
-* {{w|Body substance isolation}}
-* {{w|Disinfectant}}
-* {{w|Category:Medical hygiene}}
-* [https://cha.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/AJIC-2012-Infection-Control-Through-the-Ages.pdf]
-* [https://cha.com/brief-modern-era-history-of-infection-prevention/]
-* [https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/su6004a10.htm]
-* [https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(14)70726-1/fulltext]
 ===Timeline update strategy===
@@ Line 568: / Line 733: @@
 ==See also==
+* [[Timeline of face masks]]
 * [[Timeline of epidemiology]]
 * [[Timeline of hygiene]]