Difference between revisions of "Timeline of immigration detention in the United States"

Latest revision as of 16:17, 7 January 2022

This timeline covers immigration detention in the United States.

It is a complement to the timeline of immigration enforcement in the United States and timeline of immigrant processing and visa policy in the United States.

See also List of detention sites in the United States for a list of detention centers.

Visual data

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data in United States for Immigration detention in the United States (Topic) from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by state and displayed on map.^[1]

Immigration detention in the United States gt.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Immigration detention in the United States, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app from July 2015; to February 2021.^[2]

Immigration detention in the United States wv.png

Full timeline

For the affected agencies column: ICE is shorthand for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; CBP is shorthand for U.S. Customs and Border Protection. INS is shorthand for Immigration and Naturalization Services; it is the predecessor to both ICE and CBP.

Year	Month and date (if available)	Entity type	Event type	Affected agencies (past, and present equivalents)	Details	U.S. state (if applicable)	Location
1892		Immigration inspection station	Start		Ellis Island becomes an immigration inspection station, handling immigrants arriving via the Atlantic. Immigrants could be temporarily detained upon arrival for closer examination, or to hold till they are deported.	Federally owned, but near New York	Ellis Island
1902		Immigration inspection station	New functionality		The Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital is opened. It is both a general hospital and a contagious disease hospital. It also serves as a detention facility for new immigrants deemed unfit to enter the United States or held back for further examination.	Federally owned, but near New York	Ellis Island
1910		Immigration inspection station	Start		Angel Island Immigration Station, an immigrant inspection facility with a detention center, opens for operations. It handles immigrants arriving via the Pacific.	California	Angel Island
1984	000000002024-01-22-0000January 22	Detention center, detention contractors	Start	INS (present equivalent: ICE), Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic)	The Houston Processing Center opens at the site of the Olympic Hotel on I-45 North between Tidwell and Parker in Houston, Texas, processing 87 people. It is operated by the Corrections Corporation of America based on contract signed in 1983, and is the first detention center operated by a private contractor in the United States (and likely the earliest example of a private contract for operating a prison in the modern United States). Previously, INS detention centers were managed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons.^[3]^[4]	Texas	Houston Processing Center, Houston
1984		Detention center	Start	INS (present equivalent: ICE)	The Varick Street Federal Detention Facility opens in Manhattan, New York. The detention center would ultimately be closed in 2010 after protests by inmates and pressure from advocacy groups.^[5]	New York	Varick Street Federal Detention Facility, Manhattan, New York City
1994	000000002024-08-01-0000August	Detention center (child detention)	Start	INS (present equivalent: ICE)	A detention center for juveniles opens in Leesport, Berks County, Pennsylvania. An article suggests that despite its distance from the border with Mexico, the location may have been chosen partly because of its convenience for government officials.^[6] This would eventually lead to a nearby new building being used as a family detention center in 2001.^[7]^[8]	Pennsylvania	Berks County Detention Center, Leesport, Berks County
1996	April 24	Legislation (adjacent)	Start	Executive branch	The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 is signed into law by President Bill Clinton after passing both chambers of the 104th United States Congress. Though not focused on migration, the Act has provisions related to the removal and exclusion of alien terrorists and modification of asylum procedures. It creates more reasons to detain migrants and is one of the factors responsible for an increase in immigration detention in the coming years.^[9]
1996	September 30	Legislation (landmark)	Start	Immigration and Naturalization Services	Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 is signed into law by President Bill Clinton after passing both chambers of the 104th United States Congress. It includes a number of provisions facilitating various forms of immigration enforcement that would be rolled out over the next two decades. One of its provisions that expands immigration detention is the addition of Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g), which allows state and local law enforcement officials to enforce federal immigration law on the condition that they are trained and monitored by ICE.
1997	January 28	Agreement	Start	Executive branch	During the presidency of Bill Clinton, an agreement is reached regarding the permissible conditions for detaining child migrants, commonly called the Flores Agreement or Flores Settlement. This is a follow-up to the Supreme Court case Reno v. Flores. The three obligations identified for the government are: (1) The government is required to release children from immigration detention without unnecessary delay to, in order of preference, parents, other adult relatives, or licensed programs willing to accept custody. (2) If a suitable placement is not immediately available, the government is obligated to place children in the "least restrictive" setting appropriate to their age and any special needs. (3) The government must implement standards relating to the care and treatment of children in immigration detention.^[10]
1997		Watchdog organization	Start	Detention Watch Network	Detention Watch Network is founded by the Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc., Florence Immigrant and Refugee Rights Project and Lutherans Immigration and Refugee Service to combat the explosive growth of the U.S. immigration detention system.^[11]
2000	000000002024-09-01-0000September	Detention standards	Start	INS (present equivalent: ICE)	A set of National Detention Standards (NDS) is issued that establishes "consistent conditions of confinement, program operations and management expectations" within the immigration detention system.^[12] These would be the operational standards for detention centers to strive for until the introduction of new standards (PBNDS) in 2008.^[13]
2001	000000002024-03-03-0000March 3	Detention center (family detention)	Repurposing	INS (present equivalent: ICE)	The Berks County Residential Center in Leesport, Berks County, Pennsylvania opens as a family detention center; Berks would be the first family detention center in the US.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[14]	Pennsylvania	Berks County Residential Center, Leesport, Berks County
2001	June 28	Court ruling	Start	Executive branch	Zadvydas v. Davis is decided. The court rules that the plenary power doctrine does not authorize the indefinite detention of immigrants under order of deportation whom no other country will accept. To justify detention of immigrants for a period longer than six months, the government is required to show removal in the foreseeable future or special circumstances.
2003	March 1	Organizational restructuring	Update	Immigration and Naturalization Services and U.S. Department of Homeland Security	The Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) (that was under the Department of Justice) is disbanded. Its functions are divided into three sub-agencies of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security: United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and Customs and Border Protection (CBP).
2003		Detention center	Start	ICE, Management and Training Corporation	The Willacy County Regional Detention Center opens for operations in Raymondville, Texas, operated by Management and Training Corporation under contract with the United States Marshal Service.	Texas	Willacy County Regional Detention Center, Raymondville
2004		Detention center	Start	ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic)	The Stewart Detention Center opens for operations in Lumpkin, Georgia.	Georgia	Stewart Detention Center, Lumpkin
2004		Detention center	Start	ICE, GEO Group	The Northwest Detention Center opens for operations in Tacoma, Washington, operated by Correctional Services Corporation on contract with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. In 2005, Correctional Services Corporation would be purchased by GEO Group, so the management of the facility would transition to GEO Group.	Washington	Northwest Detention Center, Tacoma
2004	000000002024-12-17-0000December 17	Detention capacity	Update	DHS (ICE)	The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 directs DHS to increase by 8,000 in each of the Fiscal Years from 2005 to 2010 the number of beds available for immigration detention and removal operations of DHS. It also requires priority for the use of these additional beds to the detention of individuals charged with removability or inadmissibility on security and related grounds.^[15]^[16]
2005		Watchdog organization	Update	Detention Watch Network	Detention Watch Network relaunches as a dues-based membership network comprised of individuals and organizations working collectively on advocacy, public education and grassroots organizing efforts.^[11]
2005	000000002024-05-01-0000May	Detention center	Start		The South Texas Detention Facility, a privately operated prison, opens for operation in Pearsall, Texas as the Pearsall Immigration Detention Center. The prison houses people for the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement as well as United States Marshal Service.	Texas	South Texas Detention Facility, Pearsall
2005	000000002024-10-01-0000October	Detention capacity	Proposal	DHS	Michael Chertoff, then Secretary of Homeland Security, calls for an increase in detention center capacity so that the United States immigration enforcement can hold people in detention between the time of catching them and the time of their immigration hearings, and does not need to resort to catch and release.^[17]
2006	000000002024-05-01-0000May	Detention center (family detention)	Start	ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic)	The T. Don Hutto Family Residential Center starts operations as a family detention center on the site of a former private prison operated by the same operating company (Corrections Corporation of America). Its opening is motivated by a desire to increase detention capacity to be able to end "catch-and-release", and family detention in particular is promoted as an alterative to family separation (where parents are detained separately from children).^[18]^[19]^[20]	Texas	T. Don Hutto Family Residential Center, Taylor, Williamson County
2006	000000002024-07-01-0000July				Chertoff indicates in House committee testimony that an infusion of funding for more immigration detention has allowed DHS to detain almost all non-Mexican illegal immigrants.^[21]
2006	000000002024-10-04-0000October 4	Detention capacity	Update	DHS/ICE	When signing the DHS Appropriations Act of 2007, then-President George W. Bush notes that the funding in the Act will allow the addition of at least 6,700 new beds in detention centers, which would help continue to cut down on the use of catch-and-release policies.^[22]^[15]
2007	000000002024-03-01-0000March	Detention center	Criticism/challenge	ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic), American Civil Liberties Union	The American Civil Liberties Union, University of Texas immigration law clinic, and the law firm LeBouef, Lamb, Greene & MacRae, file a lawsuit against DHS secretary Michael Chertoff and the immigration officials who oversee Hutto, alleging that the conditions at Hutto for children violate the Flores settlement. This would lead to a settlement in August 2007 to improve conditions, and an update in August 2009 with a plan to end family detention at Hutto.^[19]^[23]	Texas	T. Don Hutto Family Residential Center, Taylor, Williamson County
2007	000000002024-06-08-0000June 8	Detention capacity	Update	DHS/ICE	In a report accompanying the DHS Appropriations Act of 2008, the House Committee on Appropriations writes that it supports ICE's requested funding for increasing its detention capacity from 27,500 beds to 28,450 beds (an incrase of 950), based on written and oral statements that this increase is sufficient to maintain ICE practice of "repatriating all illegal crossers apprehended at the borders."^[24]^[15]
2007	000000002024-07-06-0000July 6	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, Government Accountability Office (GAO)	A report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) covering 23 detention centers shows significant telephone access problems but no pattern of noncompliance for other standards GAO reviewed.^[25]
2007		Detention standards (monitoring)	Start	ICE, Nakamoto Group	ICE enters into a contract with the Nakamoto Group that is a "monthly monitoring contract" that "involved monthly technical assistance visits to mostly ICE detention facilities and included full-time technicall assistance compliance reviewers at the forty largest ICE detention facilities."^[26]
2008		Detention standards	Update	ICE	ICE revises its National Detention Standards (NDS) released in 2000 to create a new set of standards called Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS), that, "developed in coordination with agency stakeholders, prescribe both the expected outcomes of each detention standard and the expected practices required to achieve them."^[27] These would be the operational standards till the release of revised standards in 2011.^[13]
2008	000000002024-05-05-0000May 5	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic)	A New York Times article talks about deaths in ICE detention centers and the lack of accountability around them. It provides a detailed account of the death in ICE's Elizabeth Detention Center in New Jersey of Boubacar Bah, a 52-year-old tailor from Guinea.^[28]	New Jersey	Elizabeth Detention Center, Elizabeth
2008	000000002024-05-11-0000May 11	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE	Two articles in the Washington Post, published on the same day, look at cases of deaths in ICE detention. One is about Yusif Osman, a U.S. legal resident from Ghana detained on smuggling charges.^[29] Another is about Francisco Castaneda from El Salvador, detained after drug possession charges.^[30] Both had died at the Otay Mesa detention center in the San Diego region.	California	Otay Mesa detention center, San Diego
2008	000000002024-06-04-0000June 4	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, GAO	A report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) covering 23 detention centers shows 3 of the centers to be in noncompliance with ICE's medical care standards at the time. It also finds 4 of the 23 centers to be in noncompliance with ICE's detainee grievance standards.^[31]
2008	000000002024-10-01-0000October	Detention center	Criticism/challenge	ICE, New York City Bar Association	The New York City Bar Association receives a petition signed by 100 men in the Varick Street Federal Detention Facility in Manhattan, New York, describing "cramped, filthy quarters where dire medical needs were ignored and hungry prisoners were put to work for $1 a day" according to a New York Times article published in November 2009.^[5]	New York	Varick Street Federal Detention Facility, Manhattan, New York City
2009	around March	Detention center	Start	ICE, Immigration Centers of America	A detention center is opened in Farmville, Virginia, through an agreement with the city of Farmville, amidst protests. The center is operated by Immigration Centers of America.^[32] The National Immigrant Justice Center woud later list this as an example of "middleman contracting" considered improper under federal procurement law.^[33]
2009	000000002024-10-28-0000October 28	Detention capacity	Update	ICE	The DHS Appropriations Act of 2009, for the first time, imposes a "bed mandate" on ICE based on language suggested by Senator Robert Byrd. Specifically, it says: "That funding made available under this heading shall maintain a level of not less than 33,400 detention beds through September 30, 2010."^[34]^[35] The capacity would drop to 32,800 in Fiscal Year 2012 and increase to 34,000 in Fiscal Year 2015, and fluctuate further in the coming years.^[15] There would later be comments by politicians claiming that the mandate requires ICE to fill the capacity every day, but fact-checking by the Washington Post^[35] and PolitiFact^[36] would reject that inference.
2009	000000002024-11-02-0000November 2	Detention center	Criticism/challenge	ICE, New York City Bar Association (City Bar Justice Center)	A report by the City Bar Justice Center of the New York City Bar Association calls for all immigrant detainees to be provided with counsel.^[5]^[37] Later in the month, an article in Fordham Law Review looks at the Varick Street detention facility as a case study in systematic barriers to legal representation.^[38]	New York	Varick Street Federal Detention Facility, Manhattan, New York City
2010	000000002024-02-01-0000February (approx)	Detention center	End	ICE	ICE announces its plans to close the Varick Street Federal Detention Facility in Manhattan, New York and relocate those currently held in it to prisons in New Jersey; Varick Street would only be used as a temporary holding location for a maximum of 12 hours per person. However, plans to close the place run into trouble due to challenges relocating people with medical and mental health challenges.^[39] While there are some positive reactions, advocates push for deeper structural changes whereby people would be detained less; concerns are also raised about how relocating detainees would deprive them of their existing relationships with counsel based in New York.^[40]^[41]^[42]	New York	Varick Street Federal Detention Facility, Manhattan, New York City
2010		Detention standards (monitoring)	Update	ICE, Nakamoto Group	ICE insources its monthly monitoring program of its largest detention centers, that had previously been handled by the Nakamoto Group on contract. Nakamoto Group would continue to be used by ICE for required annual inspections of detention centers based on ICE checklists.^[26]
2011		Detention standards	Update	ICE	ICE releases an updated version of its Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) for its detention centers. ICE states that "PBNDS 2011 is crafted to improve medical and mental health services, increase access to legal services and religious opportunities, improve communication with detainees with limited English proficiency, improve the process for reporting and responding to complaints, and increase recreation and visitation."^[43]^[13]
2011	000000002024-08-01-0000August	Detention center	Start	ICE, GEO Group	The East Wing of the Adelanto Detention Center, a detention facility managed by GEO Group for ICE, opens for operation. The facility had previously been a state prison for adult male inmates before the GEO Group purchased it in 2010 and contracted with ICE in May 2011 to use it for immigration detention. The West Wing would open in July 2012.	California	Adelanto Detention Center, Adelanto, San Bernandino County
2012	000000002024-03-13-0000March 13	Detention center	Start	ICE, GEO Group	The Karnes County Civil Detention Center is opened by ICE, described as its first "designed-and-built civil detention center" and intended for low-risk, minimum-security adult male detainees. The 608-bed center is designed and is to be operated by GEO group. The agreement with Karnes County for the center had been entered into in December 2010. This is the first of several planned detention center creations and upgrades to make them feel less like prison. Immigrant rights groups have mixed reactions, with some seeing it as a step forward, and others expressing concerns about private operation of the prison as well as the continued use of detention centers instead of switching more completely to monitoring technology such as ankle bracelets.^[44]^[45]^[46]^[47]	Texas	Karnes County Civil Detention Center, Karnes City, Karnes County
2012			Start	CIVIC (now Freedom for Immigrants)	Freedom for Immigrants is founded by Christina Fialho and Christina Mansfield as Community Initiatives for Visiting Immigrants in Confinement (CIVIC).^[48]
2013	000000002024-02-22-0000February 22	Detention center	Start	CBP (Border Patrol)	Clint Border Patrol Station opens as a migrant detention facility four miles north of the Mexico-U.S. border in Clint, Texas. The 51,000 sq. ft. facility replaces the 22,800 sq. ft. Fabens Border Patrol facility created in 1999.^[49] Clint would be called "the public face of the chaos on America’s southern border" in a 2019 New York Times piece.^[50]	Texas	Client Border Patrol Station, Clint
2013	000000002024-11-20-0000November 20 (first report), December 6 (reissue)	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, GAO	The U.S. Government Accountability Office publishes a report on ICE's handling of sexual abuse risks in its detention centers, and makes several recommendations. The context is to gauge ICE's compliance with the Prison Rape Elimination Act.^[51]
2014				Queer Detainee Empowerment Project	The Queer Detainee Empowerment Project (QDEP) is founded. Google dates the site to January 2014; the first Wayback Machine snapshot is from March 2014.
2014	000000002024-01-29-0000January 29	Detention standards		ICE	The National Immigrant Justice Center conducts depositions of the chief of ICE's Detention Monitoring Unit and a former ICE contracting officer regarding ICE's contracting and inspections processes for immigration detention facilities.^[52]
2014	000000002024-06-20-0000June 20	Detention center (family detention)	Start	DHS/ICE	DHS announces that it is setting up a temporary facility for detaining adults with children in expedited removal on the Artesia, New Mexico campus of the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers. This comes amidst a surge in border-crossing, both by unaccompanied minors and by families with children.^[53] The facility would generate controversy among the residents of Artesia.^[54]	New Mexico	Artesia
2014	000000002024-06-24-0000June 24	Detention capacity	Update	DHS (both ICE and CBP)	DHS Secretary Jeh Johnson submits written testimony to the House Committee on Homeland Security detailing a multi-pronged response to the 2014 migrant surge, particularly the surge in child migrants. Part of the strategy includes increasing detention capacity for children and for families.^[55]^[56]
2014	000000002024-07-01-0000July	Detention center (child detention)	Start	CBP	The Ursula detention center (official name "Central Processing Center"), the largest detention center operated by Customs and Border Protection, opens for operation in McAllen, Texas at the site of a former Gmark warehouse, and extending the existing McAllen border station.^[57]^[58]^[59] In June 2018, it would gain notoriety for the practice of keeping children in large cages made of chain-link fencing.^[60]	Texas	Central Processing Center (aka Ursula Detention Center), McAllen
2014	000000002024-08-01-0000August	Detention center (family detention)	Repurposing	ICE	The Karnes Family Residential Center is opened in Karnes County for family detention. The original detention center opened in Karnes in 2012 had been a low-security facility for adult males.^[61]	Texas	Karnes Family Residential Center, Karnes City, Karnes County
2014	000000002024-08-22-0000August 22	Court case	Criticism/challenge	ICE	The lawsuit M.S.P.C. v. Johnson is filed against DHS/ICE for the conditions in the detention center at Artesia, New Mexico.^[62]^[63] Followup investigations by ICE in response to the lawsuit would ultimately lead to an announcement of the closure of the detention center.^[64]	New Mexico	Artesia
2014	000000002024-10-10-0000October 10	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, GAO	A U.S. Government Accountability Office report on ICE detention standards and costs finds that ICE uses two methods to collect detention center cost data, and also that it has three sets of detention standards (2000 NDS, 2008 PBNDS, 2011 PBNDS) with each set of standards followed by at least some detention centers.^[65]^[66]
2014	000000002024-11-18-0000November 18 (announcement), December (execution)	Detention center (family detention)	End	DHS/ICE	DHS announces that the temporary family detention facility in Artesia, New Mexico will be shut down by the end of December. The detention center in Dilley, South Texas that is planned for a December opening is expected to make up the lost detention capacity.^[67]^[68]^[64]	New Mexico	Artesia
2014	000000002024-12-15-0000December 15	Detention center (family detention)	Start	ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic)	The South Texas Family Residential Center opens in Dilley, South Texas. It has a capacity of 2,400 and is intended to detain mainly women and children from Central America. It is managed by the Corrections Corporation of America.^[69]^[70] A Washington Post article in August 2016 would describe the setup of the center as based on a 4-year, $1 billion, no-bid contract, that circumvented the contract bidding process by using the city of Eloy, Arizona as a middleman.^[71]	Texas	South Texas Family Residential Center, Dilley
2014 – 2015	000000002014-12-16-0000December 16, 2014 – August 6, 2015; ICE policy change May 2015	Court case	Criticism/challenge	ICE	The court case RILR v. Johnson is processed by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. The plaintiffs are three mothers who came with their children, have asylum claims, and were locked up. The claim is that ICE has been locking up families -- including those with legitimate asylum claims -- as a way of deterring potential border-crossers, and that the "no-release" policy for detainees is a violation of federal immigration law and regulations, as well as the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. In May 2015, ICE announces that it will no longer consider general deterrence in detention decisions for families, upon which all parties agree to administratively close the case, with the possibility of reopening if ICE changes its policy.^[72]^[73]
2015	000000002024-05-13-0000May 13	Detention standards, detention policy	Update	ICE	ICE announces a number of changes to its standards and practices around detention. One of the changes is to stop invoking deterrence effects as a factor in custody determinations for all families; this happens in the context of the RILR v. Johnson case that is seeking something similar. The creation of an Advisory Committee on Family Residential Centers, consistent with the Federal Advisory Committee Act, is also announced. Other efforts to improve and monitor family detention practices are also announced.^[74]^[75]
2015	000000002024-09-17-0000September 17	Detention standards (family detention)	Criticism/challenge	ICE, CBP, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights	A report by the United States Commission on Civil Rights titled "With Liberty and Justice for All: The State of Civil Rights at Immigration Detention Facilities" recommends an end to the practice of family detention, based on conditions in detention centers, violation of the Flores settlement conditions, and the lack of due process for detainees. The report is based on hearings in May and visits to the Karnes detention center and a processing center in Port Isabel.^[76]^[77]^[66]	Texas	Karnes Family Residential Center, Karnes City, Karnes County; Port Isabel
2015	000000002024-10-01-0000October	Detention standards (family detenntion)	Criticism/challenge	ICE	A Human Rights First report Family Detention: Still Happening, Still Damaging discusses the state of family detention in the United States, covering the three detention centers of Berks, Dilley, and Karnes.^[78]
2015	000000002024-10-22-0000October 22	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE	The report "Lives In Peril: How Ineffective Inspections Make ICE Complicit In Detention Center Abuse" is published by the National Immigrant Justice Center and Detention Watch Network as part of The Immigration Detention Transparency And Human Rights Project. It is based on information collected through Freedom of Information Act requests filed by NIJC and a federal court order following three years of litigation.^[79]
2016		Detention standards	Update	ICE	ICE revises its 2011 Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) to "ensure consistency with federal legal and regulatory requirements as well as prior ICE policies and policy statements." The revision is reflected through updates in the 2011 PBNDS on the ICE website, rather than a separate set of standards.^[43]
2016	000000002024-01-21-0000January 21 (announcement), 000000002024-01-27-0000January 27 (official notice)	Detention center (child detention)	Criticism/challenge	ICE, Pennsylvania Department of Human Services (PA DHS)	The Pennsylvania Department of Human Services (PA DHS) issues notice that the licensing of the Berks County Residential Center to operate as a child detention facility is being revoked and will not be renewed.^[80]^[81]^[82] The decision would be appealed in February;^[83] PA DHS would issue reports of violations to the Berks County Residential Center in the years from 2016 to 2018.^[84]	Pennsylvania	Berks County Residential Center, Leesport, Berks County
2016	000000002024-02-29-0000February 29	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, GAO	A U.S. Government Accountability Office report reviews the current state of medical care at ICE's detention centers and makes recommendations that DHS accepts and plans to implement.^[85]
2016	000000002024-03-15-0000March 15	Detention standards (monitoring)	Start	ICE, CBP, DHS OIG	The DHS Office of Inspector General (OIG) releases a statement that it will conduct periodic unannounced inspections of CBP and ICE detention centers. This is in response to concerns raised by immigrant rights groups and complaints to the DHS OIG hotline about conditions in detentioon centers. The first inspection is done on the day of this statement.^[86]^[87]
2016	000000002024-10-27-0000October 27	Detention center	Start	ICE	The Nation reports that the Cibola County Correctional Center in Milan, Cibola County, New Mexico is reopening as an immigration detention center under contract with ICE, just a month after losing its contract as a minimum-security prison for the Federal Bureau of Prisons and the United States Marshals Service.^[88]	New Mexico	Cibola County Correctional Center, Milan, Cibola County
2016	000000002024-10-28-0000October 28	Detention contractors	Update	Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic)	Corrections Corporation of America, one of the two major private players in immigration detention (the other being GEO Group) rebrands as CoreCivic.^[89] The renaming happens after years of bad press for the company around its management of detention facilities.
2016	000000002024-11-21-0000November 21	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE	A report by the Southern Poverty Law Center finds that "detainees are routinely denied their due process rights and frequently endure inhumane conditions in isolated facilities that have little oversight from the federal government."^[90]
2017	000000002024-12-11-0000December 11	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, DHS OIG	DHS OIG publishes a report based in unanounced inspections of five detention centers, raising concerns about the treatment and care of ICE detainees at four of the five centers. The report includes one recommendation that ICE accepts and plans to implement.^[91]^[87]
2018	000000002024-01-01-0000January	Detention center	Criticism/challenge	ICE	The Free Migration Project, National Immigration Project, and Aldea launch a coordinated legal effort to push for a shutdown of the Berks County Residential Center. This follows previous efforts including publications by the Center for Social Justice arguing that Pennsylvania's Department of Human Services has authority to shut down the center based on the revocation of its license.^[92] A coalition of organizations called th Shut Down Berks Coalition is also created to coordinate advocacy work around pushing for a shutdown of the center.^[93]	Pennsylvania	Berks County Residential Center, Leesport, Berks County
2018	000000002024-04-18-0000April 18	Detention statistics	Criticism/challenge	ICE, GAO	A U.S. Government Accountability Office report identifies opportunities for ICE to improve its detention cost estimates.^[94]
2018	000000002024-05-07-0000May 7	Detention policy	Announcement	DHS/ICE, Department of Justice, Department of Health and Human Services	Attorney General Jeff Sessions delivers remarks describing immigration enforcement actions under Donald Trump. Among the "zero tolerance" policies described is what would become known as the Trump administration family separation policy: adults crossing the border with children were being separated from the children with the adults prosecuted by the Department of Justice and the children referred to the Department of Health and Human Services; in many cases the children would also end up detained.^[95]^[96] Later commentary would suggest that family separation is partly being used as a way to detain adults who came with children in a way that does not have to comply with the Flores settlement.^[97]
2018	000000002024-06-14-0000June 14	Detention center (temporary shelter)	Start	DHS/ICE	The Tornillo tent city appears to have started operation around this time, as a temporary shelter to detain migrants. It would be shut down in January 2019.	Texas	Tornillo tent city, Tornillo
2018	000000002024-06-20-0000June 20	Detentioon policy	Update	DHS/ICE, Department of Justice, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Defense	An executive order signed by then-President Donald Trump changes the administration's policy on family separation: adults crossing the border with children would no longer be separated from their children; instead, the entire family would be detained where feasible and not deemed bad for the child's welfare, or the family would not be detained. The longer-term solution is left to Congress. The executive order also directs the Attorney General to seek an update to the Flores settlement that would allow for more family detention.^[98]^[96]
2018	000000002024-06-20-0000June 20	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE	A report titled "Code Red: The Fatal Consequences Of Dangerously Substandard Medical Care In Immigration Detention" critically reviews 15 deaths in ICE detention centers covered by the ICE in its detainee death reviews from December 2015 to April 2017. In addition to being highly critical of the poor standard of care, the report is also critical of ICE for its focus on adherence to checklists rather than on qualtiy of care. The report is jointly published by Human Rights Watch, the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Immigrant Justice Center, and Detention Watch Network.^[87]
2018	000000002024-06-26-0000June 26	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, Nakamoto Group, DHS OIG	A report by the DHS Office of the Inspector General finds that neither of ICE's two types of inspection and monitoring processes (Office of Detention Oversight inspections, and inspections contracted out to the Nakamoto Group, a private company) ensure consistent compliance with detention standards, nor do they promote comprehensive deficiency corrections. Five recommendations are made to improve inspections, follow-up, and monitoring of ICE detention facilities, all of which are accepted by ICE with plans to implement.^[99]^[100]
2018	000000002024-09-27-0000September 27	Detention center	Criticism/challenge	ICE, GEO Group, DHS OIG	A report by the DHS Office of the Inspector General identifies several ways that the Adelanto Detention Center fails to meet ICE's Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) of 2011. ICE concurs with the recommendations and says it is implementing corrective action.^[101]^[100]	California	Adelanto Detention Center, Adelanto, San Bernandino County
2018	000000002024-11-15-0000November 15 (query), December 4 (response)	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, Nakamoto Group	A group of United States senators, including Elizabeth Warren (seemingly the leader), Bernie Sanders, and many others, ask Jennifer Nakamoto, the head of the Nakamoto Group, to address concerns about the thoroughness of the Nakamoto Group's inspections raised by recent DHS OIG reports.^[102] Jennifer Nakamoto responds, contesting specific findings in some of the DHS OIG reports, as well as highlighting the limited mandate created by ICE for the Nakamoto Group's inspections, as well as the idea that the Nakamoto Group can only evaluate violations present at the time of the inspections.^[26]^[100]
2018		Detention statistics	Start	ICE	ICE begins publishing detainee deaths within 90 days of each death. This is because "Congressional requirements described in the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Bill (2018) require ICE to make public all reports regarding an in-custody death within 90 days." The first reported death is for April 10, 2018.^[103]^[104] Some immigrant justice and advocacy groups consider these reports to be shams that are more notifications of death than actual analyses of the cause of death.^[105]
2019	000000002024-01-29-0000January 29	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, DHS OIG	A report by the DHS Office of the Inspector General finds that "ICE does not adequately hold detention facility contractors accountable for not meeting performance standards." It makes five recommendations, all of which ICE accepts and proposes steps to implement.^[106]^[100]
2019	000000002024-08-21-0000August 21	Detention standards (child detention)	Update	DHS, Department of Health and Human Services	DHS and the Department of Health and Human Services announce a final rule replacing the original Flores settlement rules, taking effect in 60 days. Importantly, this gets rid of the 20-day limit (introduced in 2015 by the Obama administration) on the duration that children can be detained.^[107]^[108]^[97]^[96] The plan would be rejected by U.S. District Judge Dolly Gee of the Central District of California on September 5.^[96]
2019	September	Detention standards (child detention)	Criticism/challenge	Department of Health and Human Services	A report by the Office of Inspector General (OIG) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services looks into mental health challenges at child detention facilities run by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.^[109]^[96]
2019	000000002024-10-01-0000October	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, CBP, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights	The United States Commission on Civil Rights releases a report tittled "Trauma at the Border: The Human Cost of Inhumane Immigration Policies"; Chapter 3 of the report goes into detail on detention standards. The report recommends ending Zero Tolerance, ending family separation, and not detaining peope who have been passed the credible fear test.^[110]
2019		Detention standards	Start	ICE	ICE releases its 2019 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities. According to ICE: "These detention standards will apply to the approximately 45 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s (ICE) Intergovernmental Service Agreement (IGSA) facilities currently operating under the NDS, approximately 35 United States Marshals Service (USMS) facilities used by ICE and which ICE inspects against the NDS, as well as approximately 60 facilities (both IGSA and USMS) which do not reach the threshold for ICE annual inspections – generally those with an Average Daily Population of less than 10."^[111]
2020		Detention standards	Start	ICE	ICE releases its 2020 Family Residential Standards.^[112]
2020	000000002024-03-24-0000March 24 (publication), 000000002024-04-21-0000April 21 (public release)	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, CBP, GAO	A U.S. Government Accountability Office report looks at care of pregnant women in CBP's and ICE's detention facilities. It find an overall compliance rate of 79% or higher, and a minority of complaints about care of pregnant women to be substantiated, with many claims hard to adjudicate.^[113]
2020	000000002024-04-20-0000April 20 onward	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE	Detainees at the Mesa Verde Detention Facility and the Yuba County Jail file a class action lawsuit against ICE in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging that conditions of confinement at these facilities violated their constitutional rights by exposing them to unreasonable risks of infection and death from COVID-19. Preliminary injunctions are issued in June 2020 and December 2020.^[114]^[115]^[116]	California	Mesa Verde Detention Facility, Bakersfield; Yuba County Jail, Marysville, Yuba County
2020	000000002024-04-30-0000April 30	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	DHS/ICE	A report titled Justice-Free Zones: U.S. Immigration Detention under the Trump Administration is published jointly by the American Civil Liberties Union, Human Rights Watch, and National Immigrant Justice Center. The report describes the growth in immigration detention under the Trump administration, including the heavy reliance on private prisons to drive the growth in detention capacity, and the use of old prisons whose use was declining due to a reduction in incarceration. Detention conditions are described as "inhumane" and the term "black box" is used to describe people's challeges getting out of detention.^[117]
2020	000000002024-08-16-0000August 16	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, MVM Inc.	A report in the New York Times describes how MVM Inc., a transportation security company that ICE has contracted with in the past, has been extensively using hotel detention at ICE's request, to handle detention capacity that cannot be met at detention centers. While conditions in the hotels are reported to be generally better than detention centers, concerns are raised about the fact that legal protections for detainees do not contractually apply to hotel detention.^[118]
2020	000000002024-08-19-0000August 19	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, GAO	A U.S. Government Accountability Office report concludes that ICE should enhance its use of facility oversight data and management of detainee complaints.^[119]
2021	000000002024-01-13-0000January 13 (publication), February 13 (public release)	Detention standards	Criticism/challenge	ICE, GAO	A U.S. Government Accountability Office report suggests actions ICE should take to improve planning, documentation, and oversight of detention facility contracts.^[120]^[121]
2021	000000002024-03-01-0000March	Detention center (family detention)	Update	ICE	ICE announces that all families that were being held at the Berks County detention center are no longer being held there, and that the detention center will no longer be used for family detention. There are plans to use it for adult detention in the future. The other two family detention centers, Dilley and Karnes, are to be used only for holding families for short, three-day periods.^[122]^[123]	Pennsylvania	Berks County Residential Center, Leesport, Berks County
2021	000000002024-03-20-0000March 20	Detention standards		ICE, Endeavors	Axios reports that ICE awarded a $86 million contract to Endeavors, a Texas-based nonprofit, for hotel detention of migrants for the next six months in Arizona and Texas.^[124]	Arizona, Texas
2021	000000002024-04-28-0000April 28	Detention center	Criticism/challenge	ICE	The American Civil Liberties Union calls on DHS/ICE to shut down 39 ICE detention facilities, citing historically low occupancy rates and the costs of maintaining unused detention space.^[125]^[121] In response, ICE says that the current low occupancy is due to having released detaines to comply with social distancing requirements during the COVID-19 pandemic, and future occupancy may be higher. ICE also explains that by making guaranteed payments even for unused beds, it is able to negotiate lower overall rates.^[126]
2021	000000002024-12-16-0000December 16	Detention policy (family detention)	Update	ICE	The Biden administration announces an end to family detention for the time being. Both Dilley and Karnes are converted to adult detention centers.^[127]^[128]	Texas	South Texas Family Residential Center, Dilley; Karnes Family Residential Center, Karnes City, Karnes County

References

↑ "Immigration detention in the United States". Google Trends. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
↑ "Immigration detention in the United States". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 14 March 2021.
↑ "Houston to host world's first museum dedicated to the private prison industry". Free Press Houston. October 15, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
↑ "The Rise and Decline of Private Prisons in the United States" (PDF). Retrieved July 27, 2021.
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Bernstein, Nina (November 1, 2009). "Immigrant Jail Tests U.S. View of Legal Access". New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Moyer, Merriell (June 16, 2017). "Why a PA county houses Central American immigrant families". Lebanon Daily News. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ ^7.0 ^7.1 Shuey, Karen; Mekeel, David; Orozco, Anthony (June 24, 2018). "What you need to know about the residential center holding immigrant families in Berks County". Reading Eagle. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ ^8.0 ^8.1 Deppen, Colin; Hughes, Sarah Ann (June 22, 2018). "Why PA's controversial Berks detention center for immigrant families is still open. A chorus of legislators and Philadelphia City Council are calling for the facility's closure, as pressure mounts on Gov. Tom Wolf.". BillyPenn. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Olivares, Mariela. "Intersectionality at the Intersection of Profiteering and Immigration Detention" (PDF). Nebraska Law Review. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
↑ "The Flores Settlement: A Brief History and Next Steps". Human Rights First. February 19, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2018.
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 "About Detention Watch Network". Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "2000 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 "ICE Detention Standards". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. February 24, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ Orozco, Anthony (March 31, 2021). "Lawyers, civic groups keep the pressure on Berks Family Residential Center". WHYY. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 "Immigration Detention Bed Quota Timeline" (PDF). January 1, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
↑ "S.2845 - Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004". September 23, 2004. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
↑ "Chertoff: End 'Catch and Release' at Borders". Associated Press via Fox News. October 18, 2005. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
↑ Cook, Terry (June 22, 2018). "Terry Cook: The long road to T. Don Hutto". Statesman News Network. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 Talbot, Margaret (February 24, 2008). "The Lost Children. What do tougher detention policies mean for undocumented immigrant families?". New Yorker. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
↑ "Fact Sheet: T. Don Hutto Residential Center". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. March 24, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
↑ "Chertoff hails end of let-go policy". Washington Times. July 28, 2006. Retrieved July 18, 2015.
↑ "President Bush Signs Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act". October 4, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
↑ "ACLU challenges prison-like conditions at Hutto Detention Center". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
↑ "Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Bill, 2008: report together with additional views" (PDF). June 8, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
↑ "Alien Detention Standards: Telephone Access Problems Were Pervasive at Detention Facilities; Other Deficiencies Did Not Show a Pattern of Noncompliance". U.S. Government Accountability Office. July 6, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ ^26.0 ^26.1 ^26.2 "Attachment 3a - Response Letter from Nakamoto Group" (PDF). December 4, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "2008 Operations Manual ICE Performance-Based National Detention Standards". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ Bernstein, Nina (May 5, 2008). "Few Details on Immigrants Who Died in Custody". New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
↑ Priest, Dana; Goldstein, Amy (May 11, 2008). "System of Neglect: As Tighter Immigration Policies Strain Federal Agencies, The Detainees in Their Care Often Pay a Heavy Cost". Washington Post. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
↑ Priest, Dana; Goldstein, Amy (May 11, 2008). "E-Mails Show Attempt To 'Patch Up' a Case Of Medical Negligence". Washington Post. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
↑ "Alien Detention Standards: Observations on the Adherence to ICE's Medical Standards in Detention Facilities". U.S. Government Accountability Office. June 4, 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Ruff, Jamie (March 8, 2009). "Protest against immigrant detention center draws 150 in Farmville". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
↑ "Policy Brief: The Dark Money Trail Behind Private Detention: Immigration Centers Of America-Farmville". National Immigrant Justice Center. October 7, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
↑ "Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2010" (PDF). October 28, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 Lee, Michelle (May 15, 2015). "Clinton's inaccurate claim that immigrant detention facilities have a legal requirement to fill beds". Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
↑ Geng, Lucia (July 6, 2018). "ICE is required to fill 34,000 beds with detainees every single night and that number has only been increasing since 2009.". PolitiFact. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
↑ "NYC Bar Association Calls for Right to Counsel for Immigrant Detainees". City Bar Justice Center. November 2, 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ Markowitz, Peter. "Barriers to Representation for Detained Immigrants Facing Deportation: Varick Street Detention Facility, A Case Study". Fordham Law Review. 78 (2).
↑ Bernstein, Nina (February 23, 2010). "Illness Hinders Plans to Close Immigration Jail". New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ "Statement to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Regarding Detainees at Varick Federal Detention Facility". February 1, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ Hing, Julianne (February 25, 2010). "Varick Is Closing, But That's Not The Answer to Our Broken Detention System. The Varick Federal Detention Facility is days away from closure, and this should be good news.". ColorLines. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ "Varick Street Detention Facility to Close by End of February". March 1, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ ^43.0 ^43.1 "2011 Operations Manual ICE Performance-Based National Detention Standards". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ "ICE opens its first-ever designed-and-built civil detention center. New facility in Texas opens today for low-risk, minimum security adult male detainees". March 13, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Sullivan, Laura (March 14, 2012). "Trying To Make Immigrant Detention Less Like Prison". NPR. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Semple, Kirk; Eaton, Tim (March 13, 2012). "Detention for Immigrants That Looks Less Like Prison". New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Weissert (March 18, 2012). "Feds unveil reform-minded immigration site". The Oklahoman. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Who We Are". Freedom for Immigrants. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
↑ Schelby, Ronnie (March 7, 2013). "District Participates in New Border Patrol Station's Opening in Clint, Texas.". Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Romero, Simon; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Fernandez, Manny; Borunda, Daniel; Montes, Aaron; Dickerson, Caitlin (2019-07-06). "Hungry, Scared and Sick: Inside the Migrant Detention Center in Clint, Tex.". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-07-06.
↑ "Immigration Detention:Additional Actions Could Strengthen DHS Efforts to Address Sexual Abuse (Reissued on December 6, 2013)". U.S. Government Accountability Office. November 20, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Depositions Of ICE Experts". National Immigrant Justice Center. January 29, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
↑ "Fact Sheet: Artesia Temporary Facility for Adults With Children in Expedited Removal". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. June 20, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
↑ Carcamo, Cindy (September 13, 2014). "Detention center brings immigration debate to small-town New Mexico". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
↑ "Written testimony of DHS Secretary Jeh Johnson for a House Committee on Homeland Security hearing titled "Dangerous Passage: The Growing Problem of Unaccompanied Children Crossing the Border"". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. June 24, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
↑ "Family Detention in Berks County, Pennsylvania" (PDF). Human Rights First. August 1, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
↑ Crandall, Brett (July 1, 2014). "New McAllen facility to house 1,000 immigrant children". ValleyCentral. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
↑ Cuevas, Mayra; Ellis, Ralph (June 25, 2014). "Converted warehouse to process unaccompanied child migrants in Texas". CNN. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
↑ Margolis, Jason (August 4, 2014). "Conditions for migrants at a detention center in Texas are bleak and overcrowded". TheWorld. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
↑ Frej, Willa (2018-06-18). "These Are The Texas Immigration Center Photos Stirring Anti-Trump Outrage". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 2018-06-18.
↑ Aguilar, Julián (December 6, 2016). "Immigration detention centers will continue operating despite judge's ruling. Two immigration detention centers in Texas will continue their day-to-day operations despite a Travis County judge's ruling last week that denied the facilities state licenses.". Texas Tribune. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Carasik, Lauren (September 9, 2014). "The American "Deportation Mill". Immigrant families detained in Artesia, New Mexico, are suing the U.S. government". Boston Review. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Groups sue U.S. government over life-threatening deportation process against mothers and children escaping extreme violence in Central America". American Civil Liberties Union. August 22, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ ^64.0 ^64.1 Ana Pottratz Acosta. "Sunlight is the Best Disinfectant: The Role of the Media in Shaping Immigration Policy". Mitchell Hamline Law Review. 44 (3).
↑ "Immigration Detention: Additional Actions Needed to Strengthen Management and Oversight of Facility Costs and Standards". U.S. Government Accountability Office. October 10, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ ^66.0 ^66.1 Gruberg, Sharita (December 18, 2015). "How For-Profit Companies Are Driving Immigration Detention Policies". Center for American Progress. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Coleman, Michael (November 18, 2014). "Detention center in Artesia to close". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
↑ Caldwell, Alicia (November 18, 2014). "U.S. to close immigrant detention center in Artesia". Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Preston, Julia (December 15, 2014). "Detention Center Presented as Deterrent to Border Crossings". New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "South Texas immigration detention center set to open". 15 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
↑ Harlan, Chico (August 14, 2016). "Inside the administration's $1 billion deal to detain Central American asylum seekers". Washington Post. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
↑ "RILR V. JOHNSON". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved July 3, 2021.
↑ "A Tale of Two Immigration Judgments". Boston Review. March 31, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "ICE announces enhanced oversight for family residential centers". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. May 13, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Statement By Secretary Jeh C. Johnson On Family Residential Centers". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. June 24, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "With Liberty and Justice for All: The State of Civil Rights at Immigration Detention Facilities" (PDF). United States Commission on Civil Rights. September 17, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
↑ Muskal, Michael (September 18, 2015). "Detention conditions 'similar, if not worse' than migrants' home countries, report says". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Family Detention: Still Happening, Still Damaging" (PDF). October 1, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
↑ "Lives In Peril: How Ineffective Inspections Make ICE Complicit In Detention Center Abuse". National Immigrant Justice Center. October 22, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
↑ "The Department of Human Services is not renewing the certificate of compliance issued to the Berks County Commissioners to operate the Berks County Residential Center as a child residential facility" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Human Services. January 27, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Pennsylvania's legal authority to shut down Berks Family Detention Center". Center for Social Justice, Temple University Beasley School of Law. October 31, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "State won't renew license of Berks County Residential Center". January 30, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
↑ "This is to acknowledge receipt of your request to appeal the Department's decision to NON-RENEW and REVOKE the license for Berks County Residential Center." (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Human Services. February 8, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Inspection/Violation Reports for BERKS COUNTY RESIDENTIAL CENTER". Pennsylvania Department of Human Services. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Immigration Detention: Additional Actions Needed to Strengthen Management and Oversight of Detainee Medical Care". U.S. Government Accountability Office. February 29, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "DHS OIG To Periodically Inspect CBP and ICE Detention Facilities" (PDF). DHS Office of Inspector General. March 15, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
↑ ^87.0 ^87.1 ^87.2 "Code Red: The Fatal Consequences Of Dangerously Substandard Medical Care In Immigration Detention". June 20, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
↑ Seth Freed Wessler (October 27, 2016). "ICE Plans to Reopen the Very Same Private Prison the Feds Just Closed. Advocates cheered when the Justice Department began shuttering its private prisons. But immigration officials saw an opportunity.". The Nation. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
↑ "Corrections Corporation of America Rebrands as CoreCivic". October 28, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
↑ "Shadow Prisons: Immigrant Detention in the South". Southern Povery Law Center. November 21, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2021.
↑ "Concerns about ICE Detainee Treatment and Care at Detention Facilities" (PDF). DHS Office of Inspector General. December 11, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
↑ "Berks Licensing Lawsuit". Free Migration Project. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Shut Down Berks Campaign". Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Immigration Detention: Opportunities Exist to Improve Cost Estimates". U.S. Government Accountability Office. April 18, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Attorney General Sessions Delivers Remarks Discussing the Immigration Enforcement Actions of the Trump Administration". U.S. Department of Justice. May 7, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
↑ ^96.0 ^96.1 ^96.2 ^96.3 ^96.4 "Family separation under the Trump administration – a timeline". Southern Poverty Law Center. June 17, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
↑ ^97.0 ^97.1 Michael D. Shear; Zolan Kanno-Youngs (August 21, 2019). "Migrant Families Would Face Indefinite Detention Under New Trump Rule". New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
↑ "Affording Congress an Opportunity to Address Family Separation". Trump White House. June 20, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
↑ "ICE's Inspections and Monitoring of Detention Facilities Do Not Lead to Sustained Compliance or Systemic Improvements" (PDF). DHS Office of the Inspector General. June 26, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ ^100.0 ^100.1 ^100.2 ^100.3 Noguchi, Yuki (July 17, 2019). "'No Meaningful Oversight': ICE Contractor Overlooked Problems At Detention Centers". NPR. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Management Alert – Issues Requiring Action at the Adelanto ICE Processing Center in Adelanto, California" (PDF). DHS Office of the Inspector General. September 27, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Warren, Elizabeth (November 15, 2018). "Letter to Nakamoto Group re ICE Detention Facility Inspections" (PDF). Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Detainee Death Reporting". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ "H. Rept. 115-239 - DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY APPROPRIATIONS BILL, 2018". Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ "ICE Releases Sham Immigrant Death Reports As It Dodges Accountability And Flouts Congressional Requirements". National Immigrant Justice Center. December 19, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ "ICE Does Not Fully Use Contracting Tools to Hold Detention Facility Contractors Accountable for Failing to Meet Performance Standards" (PDF). DHS Office of Inspector General. January 29, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "DHS and HHS Announce New Rule to Implement the Flores Settlement Agreement; Final Rule Published to Fulfill Obligations under Flores Settlement Agreement". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. August 21, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
↑ "Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Kevin K. McAleenan on the DHS-HHS Federal Rule on Flores Agreement". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. August 21, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
↑ Joanne M. Cheidi (September 1, 2019). "Care Provider Facilities Described Challenges Addressing Mental Health Needs of Children in HHS Custody" (PDF). Office of Inspector General at U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
↑ "Trauma at the Border: The Human Cost of Inhumane Immigration Policies" (PDF). United States Commission on Civil Rights. October 1, 2019. Retrieved Julyl 27, 2021. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
↑ "2019 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ "Family Residential Standards 2020". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
↑ "Immigration Detention: Care of Pregnant Women in DHS Facilities". U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 24, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Zepeda Rivas v. Jennings (Immigration Detention)". ACLU Northern California. April 24, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Zepeda Rivas v. Jennings". Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Zepeda Rivas, et al. v. Jennings, et al.". Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "New report shines spotlight on abuses and growth in immigrant detention under Trump". American Civil Liberties Union. April 30, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2021.
↑ Dickerson, Caitlin (August 16, 2020). "A Private Security Company Is Detaining Migrant Children at Hotels. Under emergency coronavirus orders, the Trump administration is using hotels across the country to hold migrant children and families before expelling them.". Retrieved December 18, 2021.
↑ "Immigration Detention: ICE Should Enhance Its Use of Facility Oversight Data and Management of Detainee Complaints". U.S. Government Accountability Office. August 19, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ "Immigration Detention: Actions Needed to Improve Planning, Documentation, and Oversight of Detention Facility Contracts". U.S. Governmnt Accountability Office. January 13, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ ^121.0 ^121.1 Sganga, Nicole; Montoya-Galvez, Camilo (April 28, 2021). "ACLU calls on Biden administration to close dozens of ICE detention facilities". CBS News. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Hall, Peter (March 3, 2021). "Last family released from Berks County immigration detention center". The Morning Call. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
↑ Merchant, Nomaan (March 6, 2021). "US Says It Will Stop Using Berks Co. Detention Center to Hold Migrant Families. The detention center in Pennsylvania will instead be used by ICE to hold adults, the government said". NBC Philadelphia. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
↑ "Scoop: ICE securing hotel rooms to hold growing number of migrant families". Axios. March 20, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
↑ "ACLU calls on Biden administration to shut down ice detention facilities. Low detention numbers pose unique opportunity to shut down architecture used to abuse and traumatize immigrants". American Civil Liberties Union. April 28, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Rose, Joel (April 28, 2021). "ACLU Calls On DHS To Close ICE Detention Centers, Citing High Cost Of Empty Beds". NPR. Retrieved July 4, 2021.
↑ Knight, Stef (December 16, 2021). "Scoop: Biden to stop holding undocumented families in detention centers". Axios. Retrieved December 18, 2021.
↑ "Biden administration halts immigrant family detention for now". Los Angeles Times. December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.

[1] "Immigration detention in the United States". Google Trends. Retrieved 14 March 2021.

[2] "Immigration detention in the United States". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 14 March 2021.

[3] "Houston to host world's first museum dedicated to the private prison industry". Free Press Houston. October 15, 2014. Retrieved July 27, 2021.

[4] "The Rise and Decline of Private Prisons in the United States" (PDF). Retrieved July 27, 2021.

[nytimes-varick-5] 5.0 ^5.1 ^5.2 Bernstein, Nina (November 1, 2009). "Immigrant Jail Tests U.S. View of Legal Access". New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[ldnews-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Moyer, Merriell (June 16, 2017). "Why a PA county houses Central American immigrant families". Lebanon Daily News. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[readingeagle-7] 7.0 ^7.1 Shuey, Karen; Mekeel, David; Orozco, Anthony (June 24, 2018). "What you need to know about the residential center holding immigrant families in Berks County". Reading Eagle. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[billypenn-8] 8.0 ^8.1 Deppen, Colin; Hughes, Sarah Ann (June 22, 2018). "Why PA's controversial Berks detention center for immigrant families is still open. A chorus of legislators and Philadelphia City Council are calling for the facility's closure, as pressure mounts on Gov. Tom Wolf.". BillyPenn. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[intersectionality-9] Olivares, Mariela. "Intersectionality at the Intersection of Profiteering and Immigration Detention" (PDF). Nebraska Law Review. Retrieved July 27, 2021.

[10] "The Flores Settlement: A Brief History and Next Steps". Human Rights First. February 19, 2016. Retrieved June 19, 2018.

[dwn-about-11] 11.0 ^11.1 "About Detention Watch Network". Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[nds-2000-12] "2000 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[ice-detention-standards-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 "ICE Detention Standards". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. February 24, 2012. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[14] Orozco, Anthony (March 31, 2021). "Lawyers, civic groups keep the pressure on Berks Family Residential Center". WHYY. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[bed-quota-timeline-15] 15.0 ^15.1 ^15.2 ^15.3 "Immigration Detention Bed Quota Timeline" (PDF). January 1, 2017. Retrieved April 30, 2021.

[irtpa-fulltext-16] "S.2845 - Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004". September 23, 2004. Retrieved April 30, 2021.

[AP2005-17] "Chertoff: End 'Catch and Release' at Borders". Associated Press via Fox News. October 18, 2005. Retrieved July 18, 2015.

[18] Cook, Terry (June 22, 2018). "Terry Cook: The long road to T. Don Hutto". Statesman News Network. Retrieved July 27, 2021.

[new-yorker-lost-children-19] 19.0 ^19.1 Talbot, Margaret (February 24, 2008). "The Lost Children. What do tougher detention policies mean for undocumented immigrant families?". New Yorker. Retrieved July 27, 2021.

[20] "Fact Sheet: T. Don Hutto Residential Center". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. March 24, 2010. Retrieved July 27, 2021.

[21] "Chertoff hails end of let-go policy". Washington Times. July 28, 2006. Retrieved July 18, 2015.

[22] "President Bush Signs Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act". October 4, 2006. Retrieved April 30, 2021.

[23] "ACLU challenges prison-like conditions at Hutto Detention Center". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved July 27, 2021.

[24] "Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Bill, 2008: report together with additional views" (PDF). June 8, 2007. Retrieved April 30, 2021.

[25] "Alien Detention Standards: Telephone Access Problems Were Pervasive at Detention Facilities; Other Deficiencies Did Not Show a Pattern of Noncompliance". U.S. Government Accountability Office. July 6, 2007. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[nakamoto-response-26] 26.0 ^26.1 ^26.2 "Attachment 3a - Response Letter from Nakamoto Group" (PDF). December 4, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[pbnds-2008-27] "2008 Operations Manual ICE Performance-Based National Detention Standards". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[nytimes-detention-deaths-2008-28] Bernstein, Nina (May 5, 2008). "Few Details on Immigrants Who Died in Custody". New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

[29] Priest, Dana; Goldstein, Amy (May 11, 2008). "System of Neglect: As Tighter Immigration Policies Strain Federal Agencies, The Detainees in Their Care Often Pay a Heavy Cost". Washington Post. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

[30] Priest, Dana; Goldstein, Amy (May 11, 2008). "E-Mails Show Attempt To 'Patch Up' a Case Of Medical Negligence". Washington Post. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

[31] "Alien Detention Standards: Observations on the Adherence to ICE's Medical Standards in Detention Facilities". U.S. Government Accountability Office. June 4, 2008. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[32] Ruff, Jamie (March 8, 2009). "Protest against immigrant detention center draws 150 in Farmville". Richmond Times-Dispatch. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

[33] "Policy Brief: The Dark Money Trail Behind Private Detention: Immigration Centers Of America-Farmville". National Immigrant Justice Center. October 7, 2019. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

[34] "Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2010" (PDF). October 28, 2009. Retrieved April 30, 2021.

[wp-bed-quota-fact-check-35] 35.0 ^35.1 Lee, Michelle (May 15, 2015). "Clinton's inaccurate claim that immigrant detention facilities have a legal requirement to fill beds". Washington Post. Retrieved April 30, 2021.

[36] Geng, Lucia (July 6, 2018). "ICE is required to fill 34,000 beds with detainees every single night and that number has only been increasing since 2009.". PolitiFact. Retrieved April 30, 2021.

[37] "NYC Bar Association Calls for Right to Counsel for Immigrant Detainees". City Bar Justice Center. November 2, 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[38] Markowitz, Peter. "Barriers to Representation for Detained Immigrants Facing Deportation: Varick Street Detention Facility, A Case Study". Fordham Law Review. 78 (2).

[nytimes-varick-2-39] Bernstein, Nina (February 23, 2010). "Illness Hinders Plans to Close Immigration Jail". New York Times. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[40] "Statement to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Regarding Detainees at Varick Federal Detention Facility". February 1, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[41] Hing, Julianne (February 25, 2010). "Varick Is Closing, But That's Not The Answer to Our Broken Detention System. The Varick Federal Detention Facility is days away from closure, and this should be good news.". ColorLines. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[42] "Varick Street Detention Facility to Close by End of February". March 1, 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[pbnds-2011-43] 43.0 ^43.1 "2011 Operations Manual ICE Performance-Based National Detention Standards". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[44] "ICE opens its first-ever designed-and-built civil detention center. New facility in Texas opens today for low-risk, minimum security adult male detainees". March 13, 2012. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[45] Sullivan, Laura (March 14, 2012). "Trying To Make Immigrant Detention Less Like Prison". NPR. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[46] Semple, Kirk; Eaton, Tim (March 13, 2012). "Detention for Immigrants That Looks Less Like Prison". New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[47] Weissert (March 18, 2012). "Feds unveil reform-minded immigration site". The Oklahoman. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[ffi-founding-48] "Who We Are". Freedom for Immigrants. Retrieved July 27, 2021.

[49] Schelby, Ronnie (March 7, 2013). "District Participates in New Border Patrol Station's Opening in Clint, Texas.". Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[50] Romero, Simon; Kanno-Youngs, Zolan; Fernandez, Manny; Borunda, Daniel; Montes, Aaron; Dickerson, Caitlin (2019-07-06). "Hungry, Scared and Sick: Inside the Migrant Detention Center in Clint, Tex.". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-07-06.

[51] "Immigration Detention:Additional Actions Could Strengthen DHS Efforts to Address Sexual Abuse (Reissued on December 6, 2013)". U.S. Government Accountability Office. November 20, 2013. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[52] "Depositions Of ICE Experts". National Immigrant Justice Center. January 29, 2014. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

[53] "Fact Sheet: Artesia Temporary Facility for Adults With Children in Expedited Removal". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. June 20, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2021.

[54] Carcamo, Cindy (September 13, 2014). "Detention center brings immigration debate to small-town New Mexico". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 3, 2021.

[55] "Written testimony of DHS Secretary Jeh Johnson for a House Committee on Homeland Security hearing titled "Dangerous Passage: The Growing Problem of Unaccompanied Children Crossing the Border"". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. June 24, 2014. Retrieved July 3, 2021.

[hrf-berks-56] "Family Detention in Berks County, Pennsylvania" (PDF). Human Rights First. August 1, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2021.

[57] Crandall, Brett (July 1, 2014). "New McAllen facility to house 1,000 immigrant children". ValleyCentral. Retrieved July 3, 2021.

[58] Cuevas, Mayra; Ellis, Ralph (June 25, 2014). "Converted warehouse to process unaccompanied child migrants in Texas". CNN. Retrieved July 3, 2021.

[59] Margolis, Jason (August 4, 2014). "Conditions for migrants at a detention center in Texas are bleak and overcrowded". TheWorld. Retrieved July 3, 2021.

[Frej-60] Frej, Willa (2018-06-18). "These Are The Texas Immigration Center Photos Stirring Anti-Trump Outrage". Huffington Post. Archived from the original on 18 June 2018. Retrieved 2018-06-18.

[61] Aguilar, Julián (December 6, 2016). "Immigration detention centers will continue operating despite judge's ruling. Two immigration detention centers in Texas will continue their day-to-day operations despite a Travis County judge's ruling last week that denied the facilities state licenses.". Texas Tribune. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[62] Carasik, Lauren (September 9, 2014). "The American "Deportation Mill". Immigrant families detained in Artesia, New Mexico, are suing the U.S. government". Boston Review. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[63] "Groups sue U.S. government over life-threatening deportation process against mothers and children escaping extreme violence in Central America". American Civil Liberties Union. August 22, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[sunlight-64] 64.0 ^64.1 Ana Pottratz Acosta. "Sunlight is the Best Disinfectant: The Role of the Media in Shaping Immigration Policy". Mitchell Hamline Law Review. 44 (3).

[65] "Immigration Detention: Additional Actions Needed to Strengthen Management and Oversight of Facility Costs and Standards". U.S. Government Accountability Office. October 10, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[americanprogress-66] 66.0 ^66.1 Gruberg, Sharita (December 18, 2015). "How For-Profit Companies Are Driving Immigration Detention Policies". Center for American Progress. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[67] Coleman, Michael (November 18, 2014). "Detention center in Artesia to close". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved July 3, 2021.

[68] Caldwell, Alicia (November 18, 2014). "U.S. to close immigrant detention center in Artesia". Santa Fe New Mexican. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[69] Preston, Julia (December 15, 2014). "Detention Center Presented as Deterrent to Border Crossings". New York Times. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[70] "South Texas immigration detention center set to open". 15 December 2014. Retrieved 19 December 2014.

[71] Harlan, Chico (August 14, 2016). "Inside the administration's $1 billion deal to detain Central American asylum seekers". Washington Post. Retrieved July 27, 2021.

[72] "RILR V. JOHNSON". American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved July 3, 2021.

[73] "A Tale of Two Immigration Judgments". Boston Review. March 31, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[74] "ICE announces enhanced oversight for family residential centers". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. May 13, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[75] "Statement By Secretary Jeh C. Johnson On Family Residential Centers". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. June 24, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[usccr-2015-76] "With Liberty and Justice for All: The State of Civil Rights at Immigration Detention Facilities" (PDF). United States Commission on Civil Rights. September 17, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2021.

[77] Muskal, Michael (September 18, 2015). "Detention conditions 'similar, if not worse' than migrants' home countries, report says". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[78] "Family Detention: Still Happening, Still Damaging" (PDF). October 1, 2015. Retrieved December 18, 2021.

[79] "Lives In Peril: How Ineffective Inspections Make ICE Complicit In Detention Center Abuse". National Immigrant Justice Center. October 22, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

[80] "The Department of Human Services is not renewing the certificate of compliance issued to the Berks County Commissioners to operate the Berks County Residential Center as a child residential facility" (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Human Services. January 27, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[81] "Pennsylvania's legal authority to shut down Berks Family Detention Center". Center for Social Justice, Temple University Beasley School of Law. October 31, 2017. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[82] "State won't renew license of Berks County Residential Center". January 30, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2021.

[83] "This is to acknowledge receipt of your request to appeal the Department's decision to NON-RENEW and REVOKE the license for Berks County Residential Center." (PDF). Pennsylvania Department of Human Services. February 8, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[84] "Inspection/Violation Reports for BERKS COUNTY RESIDENTIAL CENTER". Pennsylvania Department of Human Services. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[85] "Immigration Detention: Additional Actions Needed to Strengthen Management and Oversight of Detainee Medical Care". U.S. Government Accountability Office. February 29, 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[86] "DHS OIG To Periodically Inspect CBP and ICE Detention Facilities" (PDF). DHS Office of Inspector General. March 15, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

[code-red-87] 87.0 ^87.1 ^87.2 "Code Red: The Fatal Consequences Of Dangerously Substandard Medical Care In Immigration Detention". June 20, 2018. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

[88] Seth Freed Wessler (October 27, 2016). "ICE Plans to Reopen the Very Same Private Prison the Feds Just Closed. Advocates cheered when the Justice Department began shuttering its private prisons. But immigration officials saw an opportunity.". The Nation. Retrieved April 30, 2021.

[89] "Corrections Corporation of America Rebrands as CoreCivic". October 28, 2016. Retrieved July 27, 2021.

[splc-2016-90] "Shadow Prisons: Immigrant Detention in the South". Southern Povery Law Center. November 21, 2016. Retrieved April 30, 2021.

[91] "Concerns about ICE Detainee Treatment and Care at Detention Facilities" (PDF). DHS Office of Inspector General. December 11, 2017. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

[92] "Berks Licensing Lawsuit". Free Migration Project. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[93] "Shut Down Berks Campaign". Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[94] "Immigration Detention: Opportunities Exist to Improve Cost Estimates". U.S. Government Accountability Office. April 18, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[95] "Attorney General Sessions Delivers Remarks Discussing the Immigration Enforcement Actions of the Trump Administration". U.S. Department of Justice. May 7, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2021.

[tafsp-96] 96.0 ^96.1 ^96.2 ^96.3 ^96.4 "Family separation under the Trump administration – a timeline". Southern Poverty Law Center. June 17, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2021.

[nyt-flores-kill-97] 97.0 ^97.1 Michael D. Shear; Zolan Kanno-Youngs (August 21, 2019). "Migrant Families Would Face Indefinite Detention Under New Trump Rule". New York Times. Retrieved October 13, 2021.

[98] "Affording Congress an Opportunity to Address Family Separation". Trump White House. June 20, 2018. Retrieved October 13, 2021.

[99] "ICE's Inspections and Monitoring of Detention Facilities Do Not Lead to Sustained Compliance or Systemic Improvements" (PDF). DHS Office of the Inspector General. June 26, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[npr-nakamoto-100] 100.0 ^100.1 ^100.2 ^100.3 Noguchi, Yuki (July 17, 2019). "'No Meaningful Oversight': ICE Contractor Overlooked Problems At Detention Centers". NPR. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[101] "Management Alert – Issues Requiring Action at the Adelanto ICE Processing Center in Adelanto, California" (PDF). DHS Office of the Inspector General. September 27, 2018. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[102] Warren, Elizabeth (November 15, 2018). "Letter to Nakamoto Group re ICE Detention Facility Inspections" (PDF). Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[ice-detainee-death-reporting-103] "Detainee Death Reporting". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[104] "H. Rept. 115-239 - DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY APPROPRIATIONS BILL, 2018". Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[105] "ICE Releases Sham Immigrant Death Reports As It Dodges Accountability And Flouts Congressional Requirements". National Immigrant Justice Center. December 19, 2018. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[106] "ICE Does Not Fully Use Contracting Tools to Hold Detention Facility Contractors Accountable for Failing to Meet Performance Standards" (PDF). DHS Office of Inspector General. January 29, 2019. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[107] "DHS and HHS Announce New Rule to Implement the Flores Settlement Agreement; Final Rule Published to Fulfill Obligations under Flores Settlement Agreement". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. August 21, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2021.

[108] "Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Kevin K. McAleenan on the DHS-HHS Federal Rule on Flores Agreement". U.S. Department of Homeland Security. August 21, 2019. Retrieved October 13, 2021.

[109] Joanne M. Cheidi (September 1, 2019). "Care Provider Facilities Described Challenges Addressing Mental Health Needs of Children in HHS Custody" (PDF). Office of Inspector General at U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved October 13, 2021.

[usccr-2019-110] "Trauma at the Border: The Human Cost of Inhumane Immigration Policies" (PDF). United States Commission on Civil Rights. October 1, 2019. Retrieved Julyl 27, 2021. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)

[nds-2019-111] "2019 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[112] "Family Residential Standards 2020". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021.

[113] "Immigration Detention: Care of Pregnant Women in DHS Facilities". U.S. Government Accountability Office. March 24, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[114] "Zepeda Rivas v. Jennings (Immigration Detention)". ACLU Northern California. April 24, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[115] "Zepeda Rivas v. Jennings". Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[116] "Zepeda Rivas, et al. v. Jennings, et al.". Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[117] "New report shines spotlight on abuses and growth in immigrant detention under Trump". American Civil Liberties Union. April 30, 2020. Retrieved October 13, 2021.

[118] Dickerson, Caitlin (August 16, 2020). "A Private Security Company Is Detaining Migrant Children at Hotels. Under emergency coronavirus orders, the Trump administration is using hotels across the country to hold migrant children and families before expelling them.". Retrieved December 18, 2021.

[119] "Immigration Detention: ICE Should Enhance Its Use of Facility Oversight Data and Management of Detainee Complaints". U.S. Government Accountability Office. August 19, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[120] "Immigration Detention: Actions Needed to Improve Planning, Documentation, and Oversight of Detention Facility Contracts". U.S. Governmnt Accountability Office. January 13, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[cbs-aclu-2021-121] 121.0 ^121.1 Sganga, Nicole; Montoya-Galvez, Camilo (April 28, 2021). "ACLU calls on Biden administration to close dozens of ICE detention facilities". CBS News. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[122] Hall, Peter (March 3, 2021). "Last family released from Berks County immigration detention center". The Morning Call. Retrieved December 18, 2021.

[123] Merchant, Nomaan (March 6, 2021). "US Says It Will Stop Using Berks Co. Detention Center to Hold Migrant Families. The detention center in Pennsylvania will instead be used by ICE to hold adults, the government said". NBC Philadelphia. Retrieved December 18, 2021.

[124] "Scoop: ICE securing hotel rooms to hold growing number of migrant families". Axios. March 20, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.

[125] "ACLU calls on Biden administration to shut down ice detention facilities. Low detention numbers pose unique opportunity to shut down architecture used to abuse and traumatize immigrants". American Civil Liberties Union. April 28, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[126] Rose, Joel (April 28, 2021). "ACLU Calls On DHS To Close ICE Detention Centers, Citing High Cost Of Empty Beds". NPR. Retrieved July 4, 2021.

[127] Knight, Stef (December 16, 2021). "Scoop: Biden to stop holding undocumented families in detention centers". Axios. Retrieved December 18, 2021.

[128] "Biden administration halts immigrant family detention for now". Los Angeles Times. December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 == Full timeline ==
-For the affected agencies column: ICE is shorthand for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; CBP is shorthand for U.S. Customs and Border Protection.
+For the affected agencies column: ICE is shorthand for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; CBP is shorthand for U.S. Customs and Border Protection. INS is shorthand for Immigration and Naturalization Services; it is the predecessor to both ICE and CBP.
 {| class="wikitable sortable"
-! Year !! Month and date (if available) !! Event type !! Affected agencies (past, and present equivalents) !! Details
+! Year !! Month and date (if available) !! Entity type !! Event type !! Affected agencies (past, and present equivalents) !! Details !! U.S. state (if applicable) !! Location
 |-
-| 1892 || || Immigration inspection station || || {{w|Ellis Island}} becomes an immigration inspection station, handling immigrants arriving via the Atlantic. Immigrants could be temporarily detained upon arrival for closer examination, or to hold till they are deported.
+| 1892 || || Immigration inspection station || Start || || {{w|Ellis Island}} becomes an immigration inspection station, handling immigrants arriving via the Atlantic. Immigrants could be temporarily detained upon arrival for closer examination, or to hold till they are deported. || Federally owned, but near New York || Ellis Island
 |-
-| 1902 || || Immigration inspection station || || The {{w|Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital}} is opened. It is both a general hospital and a contagious disease hospital. It also serves as a detention facility for new immigrants deemed unfit to enter the United States or held back for further examination.
+| 1902 || || Immigration inspection station || New functionality || || The {{w|Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital}} is opened. It is both a general hospital and a contagious disease hospital. It also serves as a detention facility for new immigrants deemed unfit to enter the United States or held back for further examination. || Federally owned, but near New York || Ellis Island
 |-
-| 1910 || || Immigration inspection station || || {{w|Angel Island Immigration Station}}, an immigrant inspection facility with a detention center, opens for operations. It handles immigrants arriving via the Pacific.
+| 1910 || || Immigration inspection station || Start || || {{w|Angel Island Immigration Station}}, an immigrant inspection facility with a detention center, opens for operations. It handles immigrants arriving via the Pacific. || California || Angel Island
 |-
-| 1984 || || Detention center || ICE || The Varick Street Federal Detention Facility opens in Manhattan, New York. The detention center would ultimately be closed in 2010 after protests by inmates and pressure from advocacy groups.<ref name=nytimes-varick>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/nyregion/02detain.html|title = Immigrant Jail Tests U.S. View of Legal Access|last = Bernstein|first = Nina|date = November 1, 2009|accessdate = April 29, 2021|publisher = New York Times}}</ref>
+| 1984 || {{dts|January 22}} || Detention center, detention contractors || Start || INS (present equivalent: ICE), Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) || The Houston Processing Center opens at the site of the Olympic Hotel on I-45 North between Tidwell and Parker in {{w|Houston}}, {{w|Texas}}, processing 87 people. It is operated by the [[w:CoreCivic|Corrections Corporation of America]] based on contract signed in 1983, and is the first detention center operated by a private contractor in the United States (and likely the earliest example of a private contract for operating a prison in the modern United States). Previously, INS detention centers were managed by the {{w|Federal Bureau of Prisons}}.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.freepresshouston.com/holiday_inn/|title = Houston to host world’s first museum dedicated to the private prison industry|date = October 15, 2014|accessdate = July 27, 2021|publisher = Free Press Houston}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://itep.sfo2.digitaloceanspaces.com/pris1.pdf|title = The Rise and Decline of Private Prisons in the United States|accessdate = July 27, 2021}}</ref> || Texas || Houston Processing Center, Houston
 |-
-| 1996 || April 24 || Legislation (adjacent) || Executive branch || The {{w|Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996}} is signed into law by President {{w|Bill Clinton}} after passing both chambers of the {{w|104th United States Congress}}. Though not focused on migration, the Act has provisions related to the removal and exclusion of alien terrorists and modification of asylum procedures. It creates more reasons to detain migrants and is one of the factors responsible for an increase in immigration detention in the coming years.
+| 1984 || || Detention center || Start || INS (present equivalent: ICE) || The Varick Street Federal Detention Facility opens in Manhattan, New York. The detention center would ultimately be closed in 2010 after protests by inmates and pressure from advocacy groups.<ref name=nytimes-varick>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/02/nyregion/02detain.html|title = Immigrant Jail Tests U.S. View of Legal Access|last = Bernstein|first = Nina|date = November 1, 2009|accessdate = April 29, 2021|publisher = New York Times}}</ref> || New York || Varick Street Federal Detention Facility, Manhattan, New York City
 |-
-| 1996 || September 30 || Legislation (landmark) || Immigration and Naturalization Services || {{w|Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996}} is signed into law by President Bill Clinton after passing both chambers of the 104th United States Congress. It includes a number of provisions facilitating various forms of immigration enforcement that would be rolled out over the next two decades. One of its provisions that expands immigration detention is the addition of {{w|Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)}}, which allows state and local law enforcement officials to enforce federal immigration law on the condition that they are trained and monitored by ICE.
+| 1994 || {{dts|August}} || Detention center (child detention) || Start || INS (present equivalent: ICE) || A detention center for juveniles opens in [[w:Leesport, Pennsylvania|Leesport]], [[w:Berks County, Pennsylvania|Berks County]], {{w|Pennsylvania}}. An article suggests that despite its distance from the border with Mexico, the location may have been chosen partly because of its convenience for government officials.<ref name=ldnews>{{cite web|url = https://www.ldnews.com/story/news/2017/06/16/why-pa-county-houses-central-american-immigrant-families/354842001/|title = Why a PA county houses Central American immigrant families|last = Moyer|first = Merriell|date = June 16, 2017|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = Lebanon Daily News}}</ref> This would eventually lead to a nearby new building being used as a family detention center in 2001.<ref name=readingeagle/><ref name=billypenn/> || Pennsylvania || Berks County Detention Center, Leesport, Berks County
 |-
-| 1997 || January 28 || Agreement || Executive branch || During the presidency of {{w|Bill Clinton}}, an agreement is reached regarding the permissible conditions for detaining child migrants, commonly called the Flores Agreement or Flores Settlement. This is a follow-up to the Supreme Court case ''{{w|Reno v. Flores}}''. The three obligations identified for the government are: (1) The government is required to release children from immigration detention without unnecessary delay to, in order of preference, parents, other adult relatives, or licensed programs willing to accept custody. (2)If a suitable placement is not immediately available, the government is obligated to place children in the "least restrictive" setting appropriate to their age and any special needs. (3) The government must implement standards relating to the care and treatment of children in immigration detention.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Human Rights First]] |date=February 19, 2016 |accessdate=June 19, 2018 |title=The Flores Settlement: A Brief History and Next Steps |url=https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/flores-settlement-brief-history-and-next-steps}}</ref>
+| 1996 || April 24 || Legislation (adjacent) || Start || Executive branch || The {{w|Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996}} is signed into law by President {{w|Bill Clinton}} after passing both chambers of the {{w|104th United States Congress}}. Though not focused on migration, the Act has provisions related to the removal and exclusion of alien terrorists and modification of asylum procedures. It creates more reasons to detain migrants and is one of the factors responsible for an increase in immigration detention in the coming years.<ref name=intersectionality>{{cite web|url = https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/188103629.pdf|title = Intersectionality at the Intersection of Profiteering and Immigration Detention|last = Olivares|first = Mariela|publisher = Nebraska Law Review|accessdate = July 27, 2021}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2000 || {{dts|September}} || Detention standards || ICE || A set of National Detention Standards (NDS) is issued that establishes "consistent conditions of confinement, program operations and management expectations" within the immigration detention system.<ref name=nds-2000>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/detain/detention-management/2000|title = 2000 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref> These would be the operational standards for detention centers to strive for until the introduction of new standards (PBNDS) in 2008.<ref name=ice-detention-standards>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/factsheets/facilities-pbnds|title = ICE Detention Standards|date = February 24, 2012|accessdate = April 29, 2021|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}}</ref>
+| 1996 || September 30 || Legislation (landmark) || Start || Immigration and Naturalization Services || {{w|Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996}} is signed into law by President Bill Clinton after passing both chambers of the 104th United States Congress. It includes a number of provisions facilitating various forms of immigration enforcement that would be rolled out over the next two decades. One of its provisions that expands immigration detention is the addition of {{w|Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g)}}, which allows state and local law enforcement officials to enforce federal immigration law on the condition that they are trained and monitored by ICE.
 |-
-| 2001 || June 28 || Court ruling || || ''{{w|Zadvydas v. Davis}}'' is decided. The court rules that the {{w|plenary power}} doctrine does not authorize the indefinite detention of immigrants under order of deportation whom no other country will accept. To justify detention of immigrants for a period longer than six months, the government was required to show removal in the foreseeable future or special circumstances.
+| 1997 || January 28 || Agreement || Start || Executive branch || During the presidency of {{w|Bill Clinton}}, an agreement is reached regarding the permissible conditions for detaining child migrants, commonly called the Flores Agreement or Flores Settlement. This is a follow-up to the Supreme Court case ''{{w|Reno v. Flores}}''. The three obligations identified for the government are: (1) The government is required to release children from immigration detention without unnecessary delay to, in order of preference, parents, other adult relatives, or licensed programs willing to accept custody. (2) If a suitable placement is not immediately available, the government is obligated to place children in the "least restrictive" setting appropriate to their age and any special needs. (3) The government must implement standards relating to the care and treatment of children in immigration detention.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=[[Human Rights First]] |date=February 19, 2016 |accessdate=June 19, 2018 |title=The Flores Settlement: A Brief History and Next Steps |url=https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/resource/flores-settlement-brief-history-and-next-steps}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2003 || March 1 || Organizational restructuring || Immigration and Naturalization Services and U.S. Department of Homeland Security || The Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) (that was under the Department of Justice) is disbanded. Its functions are divided into three sub-agencies of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security: [[wikipedia:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services|United States Citizenship and Immigration Services]] (USCIS), [[wikipedia:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] (ICE), and [[wikipedia:U.S. Customs and Border Protection|Customs and Border Protection]] (CBP).
+| 1997 || || Watchdog organization || Start || Detention Watch Network || Detention Watch Network is founded by the Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc., Florence Immigrant and Refugee Rights Project and Lutherans Immigration and Refugee Service to combat the explosive growth of the U.S. immigration detention system.<ref name=dwn-about>{{cite web|url = https://www.detentionwatchnetwork.org/about|title = About Detention Watch Network|accessdate = July 4, 2021}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2003 || || Detention center ||  || The {{w|Willacy County Regional Detention Center}} opens for operations in {{w|Raymondville, Texas}}, operated by {{w|Management and Training Corporation}} under contract with the {{w|United States Marshal Service}}.
+| 2000 || {{dts|September}} || Detention standards || Start || INS (present equivalent: ICE) || A set of National Detention Standards (NDS) is issued that establishes "consistent conditions of confinement, program operations and management expectations" within the immigration detention system.<ref name=nds-2000>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/detain/detention-management/2000|title = 2000 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref> These would be the operational standards for detention centers to strive for until the introduction of new standards (PBNDS) in 2008.<ref name=ice-detention-standards>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/factsheets/facilities-pbnds|title = ICE Detention Standards|date = February 24, 2012|accessdate = April 29, 2021|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2004 || || Detention center || || The {{w|Stewart Detention Center}} opens for operations in {{w|Lumpkin, Georgia}}.
+| 2001 || {{dts|March 3}} || Detention center (family detention) || Repurposing || INS (present equivalent: ICE) || The Berks County Residential Center in Leesport, Berks County, Pennsylvania opens as a family detention center; Berks would be the first family detention center in the US.<ref name=ldnews/><ref name=readingeagle>{{cite web|url = https://www.readingeagle.com/news/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-residential-center-holding-immigrant-families-in-berks-county/article_597ea009-3706-5664-b1b4-4d0a3149edf5.html|title = What you need to know about the residential center holding immigrant families in Berks County|last = Shuey|first = Karen|last2 = Mekeel|first2 = David|last3 = Orozco|first3 = Anthony|date = June 24, 2018|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = Reading Eagle}}</ref><ref name=billypenn>{{cite web|url = https://billypenn.com/2018/06/22/why-pas-controversial-detention-center-for-immigrant-families-is-still-open/|title = Why PA’s controversial Berks detention center for immigrant families is still open. A chorus of legislators and Philadelphia City Council are calling for the facility’s closure, as pressure mounts on Gov. Tom Wolf.|last = Deppen|first = Colin|last2 = Hughes|first2 = Sarah Ann|date = June 22, 2018|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = BillyPenn}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://whyy.org/articles/lawyers-civic-groups-keep-the-pressure-on-berks-family-residential-center/|title = Lawyers, civic groups keep the pressure on Berks Family Residential Center|last = Orozco|first = Anthony|date = March 31, 2021|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = WHYY}}</ref> || Pennsylvania || Berks County Residential Center, Leesport, Berks County
 |-
-| 2004 || || Detention center || || The {{w|Northwest Detention Center}} opens for operations in {{w|Tacoma, Washington}}, operated by {{w|Correctional Services Corporation}} on contract with the {{w|U.S. Department of Homeland Security}}.
+| 2001 || June 28 || Court ruling || Start || Executive branch || ''{{w|Zadvydas v. Davis}}'' is decided. The court rules that the {{w|plenary power}} doctrine does not authorize the indefinite detention of immigrants under order of deportation whom no other country will accept. To justify detention of immigrants for a period longer than six months, the government is required to show removal in the foreseeable future or special circumstances.
 |-
-| 2004 || {{dts|December 17}} || Detention capacity || DHS (ICE) || The {{w|Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act}} of 2004 directs DHS to increase by 8,000 in each of the Fiscal Years from 2005 to 2010 the number of beds available for immigration detention and removal operations of DHS. It also requires priority for the use of these additional beds to the detention of individuals charged with removability or inadmissibility on security and related grounds.<ref name=bed-quota-timeline>{{cite web|url = https://immigrantjustice.org/sites/default/files/content-type/issue/documents/2017-01/Immigration%20Detention%20Bed%20Quota%20Timeline%202017_01_05.pdf|title = Immigration Detention Bed Quota Timeline|date = January 1, 2017|accessdate = April 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name=irtpa-fulltext>{{cite web|url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/senate-bill/2845|title = S.2845 - Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004|date = September 23, 2004|accessdate = April 30, 2021}}</ref>
+| 2003 || March 1 || Organizational restructuring || Update || Immigration and Naturalization Services and U.S. Department of Homeland Security || The Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) (that was under the Department of Justice) is disbanded. Its functions are divided into three sub-agencies of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security: [[wikipedia:United States Citizenship and Immigration Services|United States Citizenship and Immigration Services]] (USCIS), [[wikipedia:U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|Immigration and Customs Enforcement]] (ICE), and [[wikipedia:U.S. Customs and Border Protection|Customs and Border Protection]] (CBP).
 |-
-| 2005 || {{dts|May}} || Detention center || || The {{w|South Texas Detention Facility}}, a privately operated prison, opens for operation in {{w|Pearsall, Texas}} as the Pearsall Immigration Detention Center. The prison houses people for the {{w|U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}} as well as {{w|United States Marshal Service}}.
+| 2003 || || Detention center || Start || ICE, Management and Training Corporation || The {{w|Willacy County Regional Detention Center}} opens for operations in {{w|Raymondville, Texas}}, operated by {{w|Management and Training Corporation}} under contract with the {{w|United States Marshal Service}}. || Texas || Willacy County Regional Detention Center, Raymondville
 |-
-| 2005 || {{dts|October}} || Detention capacity || || {{w|Michael Chertoff}}, then Secretary of Homeland Security, calls for an increase in detention center capacity so that the United States immigration enforcement can hold people in detention between the time of catching them and the time of their immigration hearings, and does not need to resort to [[w:catch and release (immigration)|catch and release]].<ref name="AP2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2005/10/18/chertoff-end-catch-and-release-at-borders.html|title = Chertoff: End 'Catch and Release' at Borders|date = October 18, 2005|publisher = [[Associated Press]] via [[Fox News]]|accessdate = July 18, 2015}}</ref>
+| 2004 || || Detention center || Start || ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) || The {{w|Stewart Detention Center}} opens for operations in {{w|Lumpkin, Georgia}}. || Georgia || Stewart Detention Center, Lumpkin
 |-
-| 2006 || {{dts|July}} || || || Chertoff indicates in House committee testimony that an infusion of funding for more immigration detention has allowed DHS to detain almost all non-Mexican illegal immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/jul/28/20060728-123022-6096r/?page=all|title = Chertoff hails end of let-go policy|date = July 28, 2006|accessdate = July 18, 2015|newspaper=Washington Times}}</ref>
+| 2004 || || Detention center || Start || ICE, GEO Group || The {{w|Northwest Detention Center}} opens for operations in {{w|Tacoma, Washington}}, operated by {{w|Correctional Services Corporation}} on contract with the {{w|U.S. Department of Homeland Security}}. In 2005,  Correctional Services Corporation would be purchased by GEO Group, so the management of the facility would transition to GEO Group. || Washington || Northwest Detention Center, Tacoma
 |-
-| 2006 || {{dts|October 4}} || Detention capacity || || When signing the DHS Appropriations Act of 2007, then-President {{w|George W. Bush}} notes that the funding in the Act will allow the addition of at least 6,700 new beds in detention centers, which would help continue to cut down on the use of catch-and-release policies.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/10/20061004-2.html|title = President Bush Signs Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act|date = October 4, 2006|accessdate = April 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name=bed-quota-timeline/>
+| 2004 || {{dts|December 17}} || Detention capacity || Update || DHS (ICE) || The {{w|Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act}} of 2004 directs DHS to increase by 8,000 in each of the Fiscal Years from 2005 to 2010 the number of beds available for immigration detention and removal operations of DHS. It also requires priority for the use of these additional beds to the detention of individuals charged with removability or inadmissibility on security and related grounds.<ref name=bed-quota-timeline>{{cite web|url = https://immigrantjustice.org/sites/default/files/content-type/issue/documents/2017-01/Immigration%20Detention%20Bed%20Quota%20Timeline%202017_01_05.pdf|title = Immigration Detention Bed Quota Timeline|date = January 1, 2017|accessdate = April 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name=irtpa-fulltext>{{cite web|url = https://www.congress.gov/bill/108th-congress/senate-bill/2845|title = S.2845 - Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004|date = September 23, 2004|accessdate = April 30, 2021}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2007 || {{dts|June 8}} || Detention capacity || || In a report accompanying the DHS Appropriations Act of 2008, the House Committee on Appropriations writes that it supports ICE's requested funding for increasing its detention capacity from 27,500 beds to 28,450 beds (an incrase of 950), based on written and oral statements that this increase is sufficient to maintain ICE practice of "repatriating all illegal crossers apprehended at the borders."<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.congress.gov/110/crpt/hrpt181/CRPT-110hrpt181.pdf|title = Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Bill, 2008: report together with additional views|date = June 8, 2007|accessdate = April 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name=bed-quota-timeline/>
+| 2005 || || Watchdog organization || Update || Detention Watch Network || Detention Watch Network relaunches as a dues-based membership network comprised of individuals and organizations working collectively on advocacy, public education and grassroots organizing efforts.<ref name=dwn-about/>
 |-
-| 2008 || || Detention standards || ICE || ICE revises its National Detention Standards (NDS) released in 2000 to create a new set of standards called Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS), that, "developed in coordination with agency stakeholders, prescribe both the expected outcomes of each detention standard and the expected practices required to achieve them."<ref name=pbnds-2008>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/detain/detention-management/2008|title = 2008 Operations Manual ICE Performance-Based National Detention Standards|accessdate = April 29, 2021|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}}</ref> These would be the operational standards till the release of revised standards in 2011.<ref name=ice-detention-standards/>
+| 2005 || {{dts|May}} || Detention center || Start || || The {{w|South Texas Detention Facility}}, a privately operated prison, opens for operation in {{w|Pearsall, Texas}} as the Pearsall Immigration Detention Center. The prison houses people for the {{w|U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}} as well as {{w|United States Marshal Service}}. || Texas || South Texas Detention Facility, Pearsall
 |-
-| 2008 || {{dts|October}} || Detention center || ICE, New York City Bar Association || The {{w|New York City Bar Association}} receives a petition signed by 100 men in the Varick Street Federal Detention Facility in Manhattan, New York, describing "cramped, filthy quarters where dire medical needs were ignored and hungry prisoners were put to work for $1 a day" according to a ''New York Times' article published in November 2009.<ref name=nytimes-varick/>
+| 2005 || {{dts|October}} || Detention capacity || Proposal || DHS || {{w|Michael Chertoff}}, then Secretary of Homeland Security, calls for an increase in detention center capacity so that the United States immigration enforcement can hold people in detention between the time of catching them and the time of their immigration hearings, and does not need to resort to [[w:catch and release (immigration)|catch and release]].<ref name="AP2005">{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/2005/10/18/chertoff-end-catch-and-release-at-borders.html|title = Chertoff: End 'Catch and Release' at Borders|date = October 18, 2005|publisher = [[Associated Press]] via [[Fox News]]|accessdate = July 18, 2015}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2009 || {{dts|October 28}} || Detention capacity || ICE || The DHS Appropriations Act of 2009, for the first time, imposes a "bed mandate" on ICE based on language suggested by Senator {{w|Robert Byrd}}. Specifically, it says: "That funding made available under this heading shall maintain a level of not less than 33,400 detention beds through September 30, 2010."<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-111publ83/pdf/PLAW-111publ83.pdf|title = Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2010|date = October 28, 2009|accessdate = April 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name=wp-bed-quota-fact-check>{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/05/15/clintons-inaccurate-claim-that-immigrant-detention-facilities-have-a-legal-requirement-to-fill-beds/|title = Clinton’s inaccurate claim that immigrant detention facilities have a legal requirement to fill beds|last = Lee|first = Michelle|date = May 15, 2015|accessdate = April 30, 2021|publisher = Washington Post}}</ref> The capacity would drop to 32,800 in Fiscal Year 2012 and increase to 34,000 in Fiscal Year 2015, and fluctuate further in the coming years.<ref name=bed-quota-timeline/> There would later be comments by politicians claiming that the mandate requires ICE to ''fill'' the capacity every day, but fact-checking by the {{w|Washington Post}}<reef name=wp-bed-quota-fact-check> and {{w|PolitiFact}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2018/jul/06/alexandria-ocasio-cortez/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-misrepresents-ices-detent/|title = ICE is required to fill 34,000 beds with detainees every single night and that number has only been increasing since 2009.|last = Geng|first = Lucia|date = July 6, 2018|accessdate = April 30, 2021|publisher = PolitiFact}}</ref> would reject that inference.
+| 2006 || {{dts|May}} || Detention center (family detention) || Start || ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) || The T. Don Hutto Family Residential Center starts operations as a family detention center on the site of a former private prison operated by the same operating company (Corrections Corporation of America). Its opening is motivated by a desire to increase detention capacity to be able to end "catch-and-release", and family detention in particular is promoted as an alterative to family separation (where parents are detained separately from children).<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.statesman.com/news/20180628/terry-cook-the-long-road-to-t-don-hutto|title = Terry Cook: The long road to T. Don Hutto|last = Cook|first = Terry|date = June 22, 2018|accessdate = July 27, 2021|publisher = Statesman News Network}}</ref><ref name=new-yorker-lost-children>{{cite web|url = https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2008/03/03/the-lost-children|title = The Lost Children. What do tougher detention policies mean for undocumented immigrant families?|last = Talbot|first = Margaret|date = February 24, 2008|accessdate = July 27, 2021|publisher = New Yorker}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110622114102/http://www.ice.gov/news/library/factsheets/facilities-hutto.htm|title = Fact Sheet: T. Don Hutto Residential Center|date = March 24, 2010|accessdate = July 27, 2021|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}}</ref> || Texas || T. Don Hutto Family Residential Center, [[w:Taylor, Texas|Taylor]], [[w:Williamson County, Texas|Williamson County]]
 |-
-| 2009 || {{dts|November 2}} || Detention center || ICE, New York City Bar Association (City Bar Justice Center) || A report by the City Bar Justice Center of the New York City Bar Association calls for all immigrant detainees to be provided with counsel.<ref name=nytimes-varick/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.citybarjusticecenter.org/press/nyc-bar-association-calls-right-counsel-immigrant-detainees/|title = NYC Bar Association Calls for Right to Counsel for Immigrant Detainees|date = November 2, 2009|accessdate = April 29, 2021|publisher = City Bar Justice Center}}</ref> Later in the month, an article in {{w|Fordham Law Review}} looks at the Varick Street detention facility as a case study in systematic barriers to legal representation.<ref>{{cite journal|url = https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4477&context=flr|title =  Barriers to Representation for Detained Immigrants Facing Deportation: Varick Street Detention Facility, A Case Study|journal = Fordham Law Review|volume = 78|issue = 2|last = Markowitz|first = Peter}}</ref>
+| 2006 || {{dts|July}} || || || || Chertoff indicates in House committee testimony that an infusion of funding for more immigration detention has allowed DHS to detain almost all non-Mexican illegal immigrants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/jul/28/20060728-123022-6096r/?page=all|title = Chertoff hails end of let-go policy|date = July 28, 2006|accessdate = July 18, 2015|newspaper=Washington Times}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2010 || {{dts|February}} (approx) || Detention center || ICE || ICE announces its plans to close the Varick Street Federal Detention Facility in Manhattan, New York and relocate those currently held in it to prisons in New Jersey; Varick Street would only be used as a temporary holding location for a maximum of 12 hours per person. However, plans to close the place run into trouble due to challenges relocating people with medical and mental health challenges.<ref name=nytimes-varick-2>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/24/nyregion/24varick.html|title = Illness Hinders Plans to Close Immigration Jail|last = Bernstein|first = Nina|date = February 23, 2010|accessdate = April 29, 2021|publisher = New York Times}}</ref> While there are some positive reactions, advocates push for deeper structural changes whereby people would be detained less; concerns are also raised about how relocating detainees would deprive them of their existing relationships with counsel based in New York.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.aclu.org/other/statement-us-department-homeland-security-regarding-detainees-varick-federal-detention|title = Statement to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Regarding Detainees at Varick Federal Detention Facility|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.colorlines.com/articles/varick-closing-thats-not-answer-our-broken-detention-system|title = Varick Is Closing, But That's Not The Answer to Our Broken Detention System. The Varick Federal Detention Facility is days away from closure, and this should be good news.|last = Hing|first = Julianne|publisher = ColorLines|date = February 25, 2010|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www2.nycbar.org/htmlemail/44thST/44sn/march-2010-pro-bono-varick.html|title = Varick Street Detention Facility to Close by End of February|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref>
+| 2006 || {{dts|October 4}} || Detention capacity || Update || DHS/ICE || When signing the DHS Appropriations Act of 2007, then-President {{w|George W. Bush}} notes that the funding in the Act will allow the addition of at least 6,700 new beds in detention centers, which would help continue to cut down on the use of catch-and-release policies.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/10/20061004-2.html|title = President Bush Signs Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act|date = October 4, 2006|accessdate = April 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name=bed-quota-timeline/>
 |-
-| 2011 || || Detention standards || ICE || ICE releases an updated version of its Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) for its detention centers. ICE states that "PBNDS 2011 is crafted to improve medical and mental health services, increase access to legal services and religious opportunities, improve communication with detainees with limited English proficiency, improve the process for reporting and responding to complaints, and increase recreation and visitation."<ref name=pbnds-2011>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/detain/detention-management/2011|title = 2011 Operations Manual ICE Performance-Based National Detention Standards|accessdate = April 29, 2021|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}}</ref><ref name=ice-detention-standards/>
+| 2007 || {{dts|March}} || Detention center || Criticism/challenge || ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic), American Civil Liberties Union || The {{w|American Civil Liberties Union}}, {{w|University of Texas}} immigration law clinic, and the law firm LeBouef, Lamb, Greene & MacRae, file a lawsuit against DHS secretary {{w|Michael Chertoff}} and the immigration officials who oversee Hutto, alleging that the conditions at Hutto for children violate the Flores settlement. This would lead to a settlement in August 2007 to improve conditions, and an update in August 2009 with a plan to end family detention at Hutto.<ref name=new-yorker-lost-children/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.aclu.org/aclu-challenges-prison-conditions-hutto-detention-center|title = ACLU challenges prison-like conditions at Hutto Detention Center|accessdate = July 27, 2021|publisher = American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref> || Texas || T. Don Hutto Family Residential Center, [[w:Taylor, Texas|Taylor]], [[w:Williamson County, Texas|Williamson County]]
 |-
-| 2011 || {{dts|August}} || Detention center || ICE || The East Wing of the {{w|Adelanto Detention Center}}, a detention facility managed by {{w|GEO Group}} for ICE, opens for operation. The facility had previously been a state prison for adult male inmates before the GEO Group purchased it in 2010 and contracted with ICE in May 2011 to use it for immigration detention. The West Wing would open in July 2012.
+| 2007 || {{dts|June 8}} || Detention capacity || Update || DHS/ICE || In a report accompanying the DHS Appropriations Act of 2008, the House Committee on Appropriations writes that it supports ICE's requested funding for increasing its detention capacity from 27,500 beds to 28,450 beds (an incrase of 950), based on written and oral statements that this increase is sufficient to maintain ICE practice of "repatriating all illegal crossers apprehended at the borders."<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.congress.gov/110/crpt/hrpt181/CRPT-110hrpt181.pdf|title = Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Bill, 2008: report together with additional views|date = June 8, 2007|accessdate = April 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name=bed-quota-timeline/>
 |-
-| 2013 || || Detention center || CBP (Border Patrol) || {{w|Clint Border Patrol Station}} opens as a migrant detention facility four miles north of the Mexico-U.S. border in {{w|Clint, Texas}}. It would be called "the public face of the chaos on America’s southern border" in a 2019 ''New York Times'' piece.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/07/06/us/migrants-border-patrol-clint.html|title=Hungry, Scared and Sick: Inside the Migrant Detention Center in Clint, Tex.|last1=Romero|first1=Simon|date=2019-07-06|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-07-06|last2=Kanno-Youngs|first2=Zolan|issn=0362-4331|last3=Fernandez|first3=Manny|last4=Borunda|first4=Daniel|last5=Montes|first5=Aaron|last6=Dickerson|first6=Caitlin}}</ref>
+| 2007 || {{dts|July 6}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, Government Accountability Office (GAO) || A report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) covering 23 detention centers shows significant telephone access problems but no pattern of noncompliance for other standards GAO reviewed.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-07-875|title = Alien Detention Standards: Telephone Access Problems Were Pervasive at Detention Facilities; Other Deficiencies Did Not Show a Pattern of Noncompliance|date = July 6, 2007|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = U.S. Government Accountability Office}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2014 || || Detention center || CBP || The [[w:Ursula (detention center)|Ursula detention center]] (official name "Central Processing Center"), the largest detention center operated by Customs and Border Protection, opens for operation in {{w|McAllen, Texas}}. In June 2018, it gained notoriety for the practice of keeping children in large cages made of {{w|chain-link fencing}}.<ref name=Frej>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/images-inside-center-immigrants_us_5b27bebae4b0f9178a9f6f7f|title=These Are The Texas Immigration Center Photos Stirring Anti-Trump Outrage|last=Frej|first=Willa|date=2018-06-18|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2018-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618224954/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/images-inside-center-immigrants_us_5b27bebae4b0f9178a9f6f7f|archive-date=18 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
+| 2007 || || Detention standards (monitoring) || Start || ICE, Nakamoto Group || ICE enters into a contract with the Nakamoto Group that is a "monthly monitoring contract" that "involved monthly technical assistance visits to mostly ICE detention facilities and included full-time technicall assistance compliance reviewers at the forty largest ICE detention facilities."<ref name=nakamoto-response/>
 |-
-| 2014 || {{dts|December}} || Detention center (family detention) || || The {{w|South Texas Family Residential Center}} opens in Dilley, South Texas. It has a capacity of 2,400 and is intended to detain mainly women and children from Central America. It is managed by the {{w|Corrections Corporation of America}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-texas-immigration-detention-center-set-to-open/|title=South Texas immigration detention center set to open|date=15 December 2014|publisher=|accessdate=19 December 2014}}</ref>
+| 2008 || || Detention standards || Update || ICE || ICE revises its National Detention Standards (NDS) released in 2000 to create a new set of standards called Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS), that, "developed in coordination with agency stakeholders, prescribe both the expected outcomes of each detention standard and the expected practices required to achieve them."<ref name=pbnds-2008>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/detain/detention-management/2008|title = 2008 Operations Manual ICE Performance-Based National Detention Standards|accessdate = April 29, 2021|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}}</ref> These would be the operational standards till the release of revised standards in 2011.<ref name=ice-detention-standards/>
 |-
-| 2016 || || Detention standards || ICE || ICE revises its 2011 Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) to "ensure consistency with federal legal and regulatory requirements as well as prior ICE policies and policy statements." The revision is reflected through updates in the 2011 PBNDS on the ICE website, rather than a separate set of standards.<ref name=pbnds-2011/>
+| 2008 || {{dts|May 5}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) || A ''{{w|New York Times}}'' article talks about deaths in ICE detention centers and the lack of accountability around them. It provides a detailed account of the death in ICE's Elizabeth Detention Center in New Jersey of Boubacar Bah, a 52-year-old tailor from Guinea.<ref name=nytimes-detention-deaths-2008>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2008/05/05/nyregion/05detain.html|title = Few Details on Immigrants Who Died in Custody|last = Bernstein|first = Nina|date = May 5, 2008|accessdate = July 26, 2021|publisher = New York Times}}</ref> || New Jersey || Elizabeth Detention Center, Elizabeth
 |-
-| 2016 || {{dts|October 27}} || Detention center || ICE || ''The Nation'' reports that the {{w|Cibola County Correctional Center}} in Milan, Cibola County, New Mexico is reopening as an immigration detention center under contract with ICE, just a month after losing its contract as a minimum-security prison for the {{w|Federal Bureau of Prisons}} and the {{w|United States Marshals Service}}.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/ice-plans-to-reopen-the-very-same-private-prison-the-feds-just-closed/|title = ICE Plans to Reopen the Very Same Private Prison the Feds Just Closed. Advocates cheered when the Justice Department began shuttering its private prisons. But immigration officials saw an opportunity.|author = Seth Freed Wessler|date = October 27, 2016|accessdate = April 30, 2021|publisher = The Nation}}</ref>
+| 2008 || {{dts|May 11}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE || Two articles in the ''{{w|Washington Post}}'', published on the same day, look at cases of deaths in ICE detention. One is about Yusif Osman, a U.S. legal resident from Ghana detained on smuggling charges.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/immigration/cwc_d1p1.html|title = System of Neglect: As Tighter Immigration Policies Strain Federal Agencies, The Detainees in Their Care Often Pay a Heavy Cost|last = Priest|first = Dana|last2 = Goldstein|first2 = Amy|date = May 11, 2008|accessdate = July 26, 2021|publisher = Washington Post}}</ref> Another is about Francisco Castaneda from El Salvador, detained after drug possession charges.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/immigration/cwc_d1sidebar.html|title = E-Mails Show Attempt To 'Patch Up' a Case Of Medical Negligence|last = Priest|first = Dana|last2 = Goldstein|first2 = Amy|date = May 11, 2008|accessdate = July 26, 2021|publisher = Washington Post}}</ref> Both had died at the Otay Mesa detention center in the San Diego region. || California || Otay Mesa detention center, San Diego
 |-
-| 2016 || {{dts|November 21}} || Report || ICE || A report by the {{w|Southern Poverty Law Center}} finds that "detainees are routinely denied their due process rights and frequently endure inhumane conditions in isolated facilities that have little oversight from the federal government."<ref name=splc-2016>{{cite web|url = https://www.splcenter.org/20161121/shadow-prisons-immigrant-detention-south|title = Shadow Prisons: Immigrant Detention in the South|date = November 21, 2016|accessdate = April 30, 2021|publisher = Southern Povery Law Center}}</ref>
+| 2008 || {{dts|June 4}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, GAO || A report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) covering 23 detention centers shows 3 of the centers to be in noncompliance with ICE's medical care standards at the time. It also finds 4 of the 23 centers to be in noncompliance with ICE's detainee grievance standards.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-08-869t|title = Alien Detention Standards: Observations on the Adherence to ICE's Medical Standards in Detention Facilities|date = June 4, 2008|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = U.S. Government Accountability Office}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2018 || {{dts|June 14}} || Detention center (temporary shelter) || DHS/ICE || The {{w|Tornillo tent city}} appears to have started operation around this time, as a temporary shelter to detain migrants. It would be shut down in January 2019.
+| 2008 || {{dts|October}} || Detention center || Criticism/challenge || ICE, New York City Bar Association || The {{w|New York City Bar Association}} receives a petition signed by 100 men in the Varick Street Federal Detention Facility in Manhattan, New York, describing "cramped, filthy quarters where dire medical needs were ignored and hungry prisoners were put to work for $1 a day" according to a ''New York Times'' article published in November 2009.<ref name=nytimes-varick/> || New York || Varick Street Federal Detention Facility, Manhattan, New York City
 |-
-| 2018 || || Detention statistics || ICE || ICE begins publishing detainee deaths within 90 days of each death. This is because "Congressional requirements described in the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Bill (2018) require ICE to make public all reports regarding an in-custody death within 90 days." The first reported death is for April 10, 2018.<ref name=ice-detainee-death-reporting>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/detain/detainee-death-reporting|title = Detainee Death Reporting|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/115th-congress/house-report/239/1|title = H. Rept. 115-239 - DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY APPROPRIATIONS BILL, 2018|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref> Some immigrant justice and advocacy groups consider these reports to be shams that are more notifications of death than actual analyses of the cause of death.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://immigrantjustice.org/press-releases/ice-releases-sham-immigrant-death-reports-it-dodges-accountability-and-flouts|title = ICE Releases Sham Immigrant Death Reports As It Dodges Accountability And Flouts Congressional Requirements|date = December 19, 2018|publisher = National Immigrant Justice Center|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref>
+| 2009 || around March || Detention center || Start || ICE, Immigration Centers of America || A detention center is opened in [[w:Farmville, Virginia|Farmville]], {{w|Virginia}}, through an agreement with the city of Farmville, amidst protests. The center is operated by Immigration Centers of America.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://richmond.com/news/protest-against-immigrant-detention-center-draws-in-farmville/article_ec069725-4e50-5f2e-b7bd-d964918fad35.html|title = Protest against immigrant detention center draws 150 in Farmville|publisher = Richmond Times-Dispatch|date = March 8, 2009|accessdate = July 26, 2021|last = Ruff|first = Jamie}}</ref> The National Immigrant Justice Center woud later list this as an example of "middleman contracting" considered improper under federal procurement law.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://immigrantjustice.org/research-items/policy-brief-dark-money-trail-behind-private-detention-immigration-centers-america|title = Policy Brief: The Dark Money Trail Behind Private Detention: Immigration Centers Of America-Farmville|date = October 7, 2019|accessdate = July 26, 2021|publisher = National Immigrant Justice Center}}</ref>
 |-
-| 2019 || || Detention standards || ICE || ICE releases its 2019 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities. According to ICE: "These detention standards will apply to the approximately 45 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s (ICE) Intergovernmental Service Agreement (IGSA) facilities currently operating under the NDS, approximately 35 United States Marshals Service (USMS) facilities used by ICE and which ICE inspects against the NDS, as well as approximately 60 facilities (both IGSA and USMS) which do not reach the threshold for ICE annual inspections – generally those with an Average Daily Population of less than 10."<ref name=nds-2019>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/detain/detention-management/2019|title = 2019 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref>
+| 2009 || {{dts|October 28}} || Detention capacity || Update || ICE || The DHS Appropriations Act of 2009, for the first time, imposes a "bed mandate" on ICE based on language suggested by Senator {{w|Robert Byrd}}. Specifically, it says: "That funding made available under this heading shall maintain a level of not less than 33,400 detention beds through September 30, 2010."<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-111publ83/pdf/PLAW-111publ83.pdf|title = Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Act, 2010|date = October 28, 2009|accessdate = April 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name=wp-bed-quota-fact-check>{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2015/05/15/clintons-inaccurate-claim-that-immigrant-detention-facilities-have-a-legal-requirement-to-fill-beds/|title = Clinton’s inaccurate claim that immigrant detention facilities have a legal requirement to fill beds|last = Lee|first = Michelle|date = May 15, 2015|accessdate = April 30, 2021|publisher = Washington Post}}</ref> The capacity would drop to 32,800 in Fiscal Year 2012 and increase to 34,000 in Fiscal Year 2015, and fluctuate further in the coming years.<ref name=bed-quota-timeline/> There would later be comments by politicians claiming that the mandate requires ICE to ''fill'' the capacity every day, but fact-checking by the {{w|Washington Post}}<ref name=wp-bed-quota-fact-check/> and {{w|PolitiFact}}<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2018/jul/06/alexandria-ocasio-cortez/alexandria-ocasio-cortez-misrepresents-ices-detent/|title = ICE is required to fill 34,000 beds with detainees every single night and that number has only been increasing since 2009.|last = Geng|first = Lucia|date = July 6, 2018|accessdate = April 30, 2021|publisher = PolitiFact}}</ref> would reject that inference.
 |-
-| 2020 || || Detention standards || ICE || ICE releases its 2020 Family Residential Standards.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/detain/detention-management/family-residential|title = Family Residential Standards 2020|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref>
+| 2009 || {{dts|November 2}} || Detention center || Criticism/challenge || ICE, New York City Bar Association (City Bar Justice Center) || A report by the City Bar Justice Center of the New York City Bar Association calls for all immigrant detainees to be provided with counsel.<ref name=nytimes-varick/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.citybarjusticecenter.org/press/nyc-bar-association-calls-right-counsel-immigrant-detainees/|title = NYC Bar Association Calls for Right to Counsel for Immigrant Detainees|date = November 2, 2009|accessdate = April 29, 2021|publisher = City Bar Justice Center}}</ref> Later in the month, an article in {{w|Fordham Law Review}} looks at the Varick Street detention facility as a case study in systematic barriers to legal representation.<ref>{{cite journal|url = https://ir.lawnet.fordham.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4477&context=flr|title =  Barriers to Representation for Detained Immigrants Facing Deportation: Varick Street Detention Facility, A Case Study|journal = Fordham Law Review|volume = 78|issue = 2|last = Markowitz|first = Peter}}</ref> || New York || Varick Street Federal Detention Facility, Manhattan, New York City
+|-
+| 2010 || {{dts|February}} (approx) || Detention center || End || ICE || ICE announces its plans to close the Varick Street Federal Detention Facility in Manhattan, New York and relocate those currently held in it to prisons in New Jersey; Varick Street would only be used as a temporary holding location for a maximum of 12 hours per person. However, plans to close the place run into trouble due to challenges relocating people with medical and mental health challenges.<ref name=nytimes-varick-2>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/24/nyregion/24varick.html|title = Illness Hinders Plans to Close Immigration Jail|last = Bernstein|first = Nina|date = February 23, 2010|accessdate = April 29, 2021|publisher = New York Times}}</ref> While there are some positive reactions, advocates push for deeper structural changes whereby people would be detained less; concerns are also raised about how relocating detainees would deprive them of their existing relationships with counsel based in New York.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.aclu.org/other/statement-us-department-homeland-security-regarding-detainees-varick-federal-detention|title = Statement to the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Regarding Detainees at Varick Federal Detention Facility|date = February 1, 2010|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.colorlines.com/articles/varick-closing-thats-not-answer-our-broken-detention-system|title = Varick Is Closing, But That's Not The Answer to Our Broken Detention System. The Varick Federal Detention Facility is days away from closure, and this should be good news.|last = Hing|first = Julianne|publisher = ColorLines|date = February 25, 2010|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www2.nycbar.org/htmlemail/44thST/44sn/march-2010-pro-bono-varick.html|title = Varick Street Detention Facility to Close by End of February|date = March 1, 2010|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref> || New York || Varick Street Federal Detention Facility, Manhattan, New York City
+|-
+| 2010 || || Detention standards (monitoring) || Update || ICE, Nakamoto Group || ICE insources its monthly monitoring program of its largest detention centers, that had previously been handled by the Nakamoto Group on contract. Nakamoto Group would continue to be used by ICE for required annual inspections of detention centers based on ICE checklists.<ref name=nakamoto-response/>
+|-
+| 2011 || || Detention standards || Update || ICE || ICE releases an updated version of its Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) for its detention centers. ICE states that "PBNDS 2011 is crafted to improve medical and mental health services, increase access to legal services and religious opportunities, improve communication with detainees with limited English proficiency, improve the process for reporting and responding to complaints, and increase recreation and visitation."<ref name=pbnds-2011>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/detain/detention-management/2011|title = 2011 Operations Manual ICE Performance-Based National Detention Standards|accessdate = April 29, 2021|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}}</ref><ref name=ice-detention-standards/>
+|-
+| 2011 || {{dts|August}} || Detention center || Start || ICE, GEO Group || The East Wing of the {{w|Adelanto Detention Center}}, a detention facility managed by {{w|GEO Group}} for ICE, opens for operation. The facility had previously been a state prison for adult male inmates before the GEO Group purchased it in 2010 and contracted with ICE in May 2011 to use it for immigration detention. The West Wing would open in July 2012. || California || Adelanto Detention Center, Adelanto, San Bernandino County
+|-
+| 2012 || {{dts|March 13}} || Detention center || Start || ICE, GEO Group || The Karnes County Civil Detention Center is opened by ICE, described as its first "designed-and-built civil detention center" and intended for low-risk, minimum-security adult male detainees. The 608-bed center is designed and is to be operated by GEO group. The agreement with Karnes County for the center had been entered into in December 2010. This is the first of several planned detention center creations and upgrades to make them feel less like prison. Immigrant rights groups have mixed reactions, with some seeing it as a step forward, and others expressing concerns about private operation of the prison as well as the continued use of detention centers instead of switching more completely to monitoring technology such as ankle bracelets.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/ice-opens-its-first-ever-designed-and-built-civil-detention-center|title = ICE opens its first-ever designed-and-built civil detention center. New facility in Texas opens today for low-risk, minimum security adult male detainees|date = March 13, 2012|accessdate = July 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.npr.org/2012/03/14/148538183/ice-opens-immigrant-detention-center-in-rural-texas|title = Trying To Make Immigrant Detention Less Like Prison|last = Sullivan|first = Laura|date = March 14, 2012|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = NPR}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/14/us/model-immigration-detention-center-unveiled-in-texas.html|title = Detention for Immigrants That Looks Less Like Prison|date = March 13, 2012|accessdate = July 4, 2021|last = Semple|first = Kirk|last2 = Eaton|first2 = Tim|publisher = New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.oklahoman.com/article/3658707/feds-unveil-reform-minded-immigration-site|title = Feds unveil reform-minded immigration site|last = Weissert|date = March 18, 2012|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = The Oklahoman}}</ref> || Texas || Karnes County Civil Detention Center, Karnes City, Karnes County
+|-
+| 2012 || || || Start || CIVIC (now Freedom for Immigrants) || Freedom for Immigrants is founded by Christina Fialho and Christina Mansfield as Community Initiatives for Visiting Immigrants in Confinement (CIVIC).<ref name=ffi-founding>{{cite web|url = https://www.freedomforimmigrants.org/our-founding|title = Who We Are|publisher = Freedom for Immigrants|accessdate = July 27, 2021}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2013 || {{dts|February 22}} || Detention center || Start || CBP (Border Patrol) || {{w|Clint Border Patrol Station}} opens as a migrant detention facility four miles north of the Mexico-U.S. border in {{w|Clint, Texas}}. The 51,000 sq. ft. facility replaces the 22,800 sq. ft. Fabens Border Patrol facility created in 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.spa.usace.army.mil/Media/News-Stories/Article/478997/district-participates-in-new-border-patrol-stations-opening-in-clint-texas/|title = District Participates in New Border Patrol Station's Opening in Clint, Texas.|last = Schelby|first = Ronnie|date = March 7, 2013|accessdate = July 4, 2021}}</ref> Clint would be called "the public face of the chaos on America’s southern border" in a 2019 ''New York Times'' piece.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/07/06/us/migrants-border-patrol-clint.html|title=Hungry, Scared and Sick: Inside the Migrant Detention Center in Clint, Tex.|last1=Romero|first1=Simon|date=2019-07-06|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-07-06|last2=Kanno-Youngs|first2=Zolan|issn=0362-4331|last3=Fernandez|first3=Manny|last4=Borunda|first4=Daniel|last5=Montes|first5=Aaron|last6=Dickerson|first6=Caitlin}}</ref> || Texas || Client Border Patrol Station, Clint
+|-
+| 2013 || {{dts|November 20}} (first report), December 6 (reissue) || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, GAO || The U.S. Government Accountability Office publishes a report on ICE's handling of sexual abuse risks in its detention centers, and makes several recommendations. The context is to gauge ICE's compliance with the {{w|Prison Rape Elimination Act}}.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-14-38|title = Immigration Detention:Additional Actions Could Strengthen DHS Efforts to Address Sexual Abuse (Reissued on December 6, 2013)|date = November 20, 2013|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = U.S. Government Accountability Office}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2014 || || || || Queer Detainee Empowerment Project || The Queer Detainee Empowerment Project (QDEP) is founded. Google dates the site to January 2014; the first Wayback Machine snapshot is from March 2014.
+|-
+| 2014 || {{dts|January 29}} || Detention standards || || ICE || The National Immigrant Justice Center conducts depositions of the chief of ICE's Detention Monitoring Unit and a former ICE contracting officer regarding ICE's contracting and inspections processes for immigration detention facilities.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://immigrantjustice.org/depositions-ice-experts|title = Depositions Of ICE Experts|date = January 29, 2014|accessdate = July 26, 2021|publisher = National Immigrant Justice Center}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2014 || {{dts|June 20}} || Detention center (family detention) || Start || DHS/ICE || DHS announces that it is setting up a temporary facility for detaining adults with children in {{w|expedited removal}} on the {{w|Artesia, New Mexico}} campus of the {{w|Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers}}. This comes amidst a surge in border-crossing, both by unaccompanied minors and by families with children.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.dhs.gov/news/2014/06/20/fact-sheet-artesia-temporary-facility-adults-children-expedited-removal|title = Fact Sheet: Artesia Temporary Facility for Adults With Children in Expedited Removal|date = June 20, 2014|accessdate = July 3, 2021|publisher = U.S. Department of Homeland Security}}</ref> The facility would generate controversy among the residents of Artesia.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.latimes.com/nation/immigration/la-na-ff-artesia-detention-center-20140914-story.html|title = Detention center brings immigration debate to small-town New Mexico|date = September 13, 2014|accessdate = July 3, 2021|last = Carcamo|first = Cindy|publisher = Los Angeles Times}}</ref> || New Mexico || Artesia
+|-
+| 2014 || {{dts|June 24}} || Detention capacity || Update || DHS (both ICE and CBP) || DHS Secretary {{w|Jeh Johnson}} submits written testimony to the House Committee on Homeland Security detailing a multi-pronged response to the [[w:2014 American immigration crisis|2014 migrant surge]], particularly the surge in child migrants. Part of the strategy includes increasing detention capacity for children and for families.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.dhs.gov/news/2014/06/24/written-testimony-dhs-secretary-jeh-johnson-house-committee-homeland-security|title = Written testimony of DHS Secretary Jeh Johnson for a House Committee on Homeland Security hearing titled “Dangerous Passage: The Growing Problem of Unaccompanied Children Crossing the Border”|publisher = U.S. Department of Homeland Security|date = June 24, 2014|accessdate = July 3, 2021}}</ref><ref name=hrf-berks>{{cite web|url = https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/sites/default/files/HRF-Family-Det-Penn-rep-final.pdf|title = Family Detention in Berks County, Pennsylvania|date = August 1, 2015|accessdate = July 3, 2021|publisher = Human Rights First}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2014 || {{dts|July}} || Detention center (child detention) || Start || CBP || The [[w:Ursula (detention center)|Ursula detention center]] (official name "Central Processing Center"), the largest detention center operated by Customs and Border Protection, opens for operation in {{w|McAllen, Texas}} at the site of a former Gmark warehouse, and extending the existing McAllen border station.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.valleycentral.com/news/local-news/new-mcallen-facility-to-house-1000-immigrant-children/|title = New McAllen facility to house 1,000 immigrant children|date = July 1, 2014|accessdate = July 3, 2021|last = Crandall|first = Brett|publisher = ValleyCentral}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.cnn.com/2014/06/24/us/texas-warehouse-unaccompanied-minors/index.html|title = Converted warehouse to process unaccompanied child migrants in Texas|last = Cuevas|first = Mayra|last2 = Ellis|first2 = Ralph|date = June 25, 2014|accessdate = July 3, 2021|publisher = CNN}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.pri.org/stories/2014-08-04/conditions-migrants-detention-center-texas-are-bleak-and-overcrowded-sometimes|title = Conditions for migrants at a detention center in Texas are bleak and overcrowded|last = Margolis|first = Jason|date = August 4, 2014|accessdate = July 3, 2021|publisher = TheWorld}}</ref> In June 2018, it would gain notoriety for the practice of keeping children in large cages made of {{w|chain-link fencing}}.<ref name=Frej>{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/images-inside-center-immigrants_us_5b27bebae4b0f9178a9f6f7f|title=These Are The Texas Immigration Center Photos Stirring Anti-Trump Outrage|last=Frej|first=Willa|date=2018-06-18|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2018-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618224954/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/images-inside-center-immigrants_us_5b27bebae4b0f9178a9f6f7f|archive-date=18 June 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> || Texas || Central Processing Center (aka Ursula Detention Center), McAllen
+|-
+| 2014 || {{dts|August}} || Detention center (family detention) || Repurposing || ICE || The Karnes Family Residential Center is opened in Karnes County for family detention. The original detention center opened in Karnes in 2012 had been a low-security facility for adult males.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.texastribune.org/2016/12/06/immigration-detention-centers-will-continue-operat/|title = Immigration detention centers will continue operating despite judge's ruling. Two immigration detention centers in Texas will continue their day-to-day operations despite a Travis County judge’s ruling last week that denied the facilities state licenses.| last = Aguilar|first = Julián|publisher = Texas Tribune|date = December 6, 2016|accessdate = July 4, 2021}}</ref> || Texas || Karnes Family Residential Center, Karnes City, Karnes County
+|-
+| 2014  || {{dts|August 22}} || Court case || Criticism/challenge || ICE || The lawsuit ''M.S.P.C. v. Johnson'' is filed against DHS/ICE for the conditions in the detention center at Artesia, New Mexico.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bostonreview.net/us/lauren-carasik-artesia-fletc-immigrant|title = The American “Deportation Mill”. Immigrant families detained in Artesia, New Mexico, are suing the U.S. government|last = Carasik|first = Lauren|date = September 9, 2014|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = Boston Review}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/groups-sue-us-government-over-life-threatening-deportation-process-against-mothers|title = Groups sue U.S. government over life-threatening deportation process against mothers and children escaping extreme violence in Central America|date = August 22, 2014|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref> Followup investigations by ICE in response to the lawsuit would ultimately lead to an announcement of the closure of the detention center.<ref name=sunlight>{{cite journal|url = https://open.mitchellhamline.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1133&context=mhlr|title = Sunlight is the Best Disinfectant: The Role of the Media in Shaping Immigration Policy|author = Ana Pottratz Acosta|journal = Mitchell Hamline Law Review|volume = 44|issue = 3}}</ref> || New Mexico || Artesia
+|-
+| 2014 || {{dts|October 10}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, GAO || A U.S. Government Accountability Office report on ICE detention standards and costs finds that ICE uses two methods to collect detention center cost data, and also that it has three sets of detention standards (2000 NDS, 2008 PBNDS, 2011 PBNDS) with each set of standards followed by at least some detention centers.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-15-153|title = Immigration Detention: Additional Actions Needed to Strengthen Management and Oversight of Facility Costs and Standards|date = October 10, 2014|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = U.S. Government Accountability Office}}</ref><ref name=americanprogress/>
+|-
+| 2014 || {{dts|November 18}} (announcement), December (execution) || Detention center (family detention) || End || DHS/ICE || DHS announces that the temporary family detention facility in Artesia, New Mexico will be shut down by the end of December. The detention center in Dilley, South Texas that is planned for a December opening is expected to make up the lost detention capacity.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.abqjournal.com/497946/feds-to-ship-immigrants-out-of-artesia-in-December.html|title = Detention center in Artesia to close|last = Coleman|first = Michael|date = November 18, 2014|accessdate = July 3, 2021|publisher = Albuquerque Journal}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/u-s-to-close-immigrant-detention-center-in-artesia/article_056a06ab-6044-5f04-950f-822b22779462.html|title = U.S. to close immigrant detention center in Artesia|last = Caldwell|first = Alicia|date = November 18, 2014|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = Santa Fe New Mexican}}</ref><ref name=sunlight/> || New Mexico || Artesia
+|-
+| 2014 || {{dts|December 15}} || Detention center (family detention) || Start || ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) || The {{w|South Texas Family Residential Center}} opens in Dilley, South Texas. It has a capacity of 2,400 and is intended to detain mainly women and children from Central America. It is managed by the [[w:CoreCivic|Corrections Corporation of America]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/16/us/homeland-security-chief-opens-largest-immigration-detention-center-in-us.html|title = Detention Center Presented as Deterrent to Border Crossings|last = Preston|first = Julia|date = December 15, 2014|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = New York Times}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/news/south-texas-immigration-detention-center-set-to-open/|title=South Texas immigration detention center set to open|date=15 December 2014|publisher=|accessdate=19 December 2014}}</ref> A ''{{w|Washington Post}}'' article in August 2016 would describe the setup of the center as based on a 4-year, $1 billion, no-bid contract, that circumvented the contract bidding process by using the city of Eloy, Arizona as a middleman.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/inside-the-administrations-1-billion-deal-to-detain-central-american-asylum-seekers/2016/08/14/e47f1960-5819-11e6-9aee-8075993d73a2_story.html|title = Inside the administration’s $1 billion deal to detain Central American asylum seekers|last = Harlan|first = Chico|date = August 14, 2016|accessdate = July 27, 2021|publisher = Washington Post}}</ref> || Texas || South Texas Family Residential Center, Dilley
+|-
+| 2014 {{snd}} 2015 || {{dts|December 16, 2014}} {{snd}} August 6, 2015; ICE policy change May 2015 || Court case || Criticism/challenge || ICE || The court case ''RILR v. Johnson'' is processed by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. The plaintiffs are three mothers who came with their children, have asylum claims, and were locked up. The claim is that ICE has been locking up families -- including those with legitimate asylum claims -- as a way of deterring potential border-crossers, and that the "no-release" policy for detainees is a violation of federal immigration law and regulations, as well as the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. In May 2015, ICE announces that it will no longer consider general deterrence in detention decisions for families, upon which all parties agree to administratively close the case, with the possibility of reopening if ICE changes its policy.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.aclu.org/cases/rilr-v-johnson|title = RILR V. JOHNSON|publisher = American Civil Liberties Union|accessdate = July 3, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://bostonreview.net/blog/louis-fisher-immigration-ICE-asylum|title = A Tale of Two Immigration Judgments|date = March 31, 2015|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = Boston Review}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2015 || {{dts|May 13}} || Detention standards, detention policy || Update || ICE || ICE announces a number of changes to its standards and practices around detention. One of the changes is to stop invoking deterrence effects as a factor in custody determinations for all families; this happens in the context of the ''RILR v. Johnson'' case that is seeking something similar. The creation of an Advisory Committee on Family Residential Centers, consistent with the {{w|Federal Advisory Committee Act}}, is also announced. Other efforts to improve and monitor family detention practices are also announced.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/news/releases/ice-announces-enhanced-oversight-family-residential-centers|title = ICE announces enhanced oversight for family residential centers|date = May 13, 2015|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.dhs.gov/news/2015/06/24/statement-secretary-jeh-c-johnson-family-residential-centers|title = Statement By Secretary Jeh C. Johnson On Family Residential Centers|date = June 24, 2015|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = U.S. Department of Homeland Security}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2015 || {{dts|September 17}} || Detention standards (family detention) || Criticism/challenge || ICE, CBP, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights || A report by the {{w|United States Commission on Civil Rights}} titled "With Liberty and Justice for All: The State of Civil Rights at Immigration Detention Facilities" recommends an end to the practice of family detention, based on conditions in detention centers, violation of the Flores settlement conditions, and the lack of due process for detainees. The report is based on hearings in May and visits to the Karnes detention center and a processing center in Port Isabel.<ref name=usccr-2015>{{cite web|url = https://www.usccr.gov/pubs/docs/Statutory_Enforcement_Report2015.pdf|title = With Liberty and Justice for All: The State of Civil Rights at Immigration Detention Facilities|date = September 17, 2015|accessdate = July 27, 2021|publisher = United States Commission on Civil Rights}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-na-immigrant-detention-centers-civil-rights-20150917-story.html|title = Detention conditions ‘similar, if not worse’ than migrants’ home countries, report says|last = Muskal|first = Michael|date = September 18, 2015|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = Los Angeles Times}}</ref><ref name=americanprogress>{{cite web|url = https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/immigration/reports/2015/12/18/127769/how-for-profit-companies-are-driving-immigration-detention-policies/|title = How For-Profit Companies Are Driving Immigration Detention Policies|last = Gruberg|first = Sharita|date = December 18, 2015|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = Center for American Progress}}</ref> || Texas || Karnes Family Residential Center, Karnes City, Karnes County; Port Isabel
+|-
+| 2015 || {{dts|October}} || Detention standards (family detenntion) || Criticism/challenge || ICE || A Human Rights First report ''Family Detention: Still Happening, Still Damaging'' discusses the state of family detention in the United States, covering the three detention centers of Berks, Dilley, and Karnes.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.humanrightsfirst.org/sites/default/files/HRF-family-detention-still-happening.pdf|title = Family Detention: Still Happening, Still Damaging|date = October 1, 2015|accessdate = December 18, 2021}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2015 || {{dts|October 22}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE || The report "Lives In Peril: How Ineffective Inspections Make ICE Complicit In Detention Center Abuse" is published by the National Immigrant Justice Center and Detention Watch Network as part of The Immigration Detention Transparency And Human Rights Project. It is based on information collected through {{w|Freedom of Information Act}} requests filed by NIJC and a federal court order following three years of litigation.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://immigrantjustice.org/lives-peril-how-ineffective-inspections-make-ice-complicit-detention-center-abuse|title = Lives In Peril: How Ineffective Inspections Make ICE Complicit In Detention Center Abuse|date = October 22, 2015|accessdate = July 26, 2021|publisher = National Immigrant Justice Center}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2016 || || Detention standards || Update || ICE || ICE revises its 2011 Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) to "ensure consistency with federal legal and regulatory requirements as well as prior ICE policies and policy statements." The revision is reflected through updates in the 2011 PBNDS on the ICE website, rather than a separate set of standards.<ref name=pbnds-2011/>
+|-
+| 2016 || {{dts|January 21}} (announcement), {{dts|January 27}} (official notice) || Detention center (child detention) || Criticism/challenge || ICE, Pennsylvania Department of Human Services (PA DHS) || The Pennsylvania Department of Human Services (PA DHS) issues notice that the licensing of the Berks County Residential Center to operate as a child detention facility is being revoked and will not be renewed.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://services.dpw.state.pa.us/Resources/Documents/Pdf/ViolationReports/20160128_14386.pdf|title = The Department of Human Services is not renewing the certificate of compliance issued to the Berks County Commissioners to operate the Berks County Residential Center as a child residential facility|date = January 27, 2016|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = Pennsylvania Department of Human Services}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www2.law.temple.edu/csj/publication/pennsylvanias-legal-authority-shut-berks-family-detention-center/|title = Pennsylvania’s legal authority to shut down Berks Family Detention Center|date = October 31, 2017|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = Center for Social Justice, Temple University Beasley School of Law}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.readingeagle.com/2016/01/30/state-wont-renew-license-of-berks-county-residential-center/|title = State won’t renew license of Berks County Residential Center|date = January 30, 2016|accessdate = December 18, 2021}}</ref> The decision would be appealed in February;<ref>{{cite web|url = http://services.dpw.state.pa.us/Resources/Documents/Pdf/ViolationReports/20160211_14386.pdf|title = This is to acknowledge receipt of your request to appeal the Department's decision to NON-RENEW and REVOKE the license for Berks County Residential Center.|date = February 8, 2016|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = Pennsylvania Department of Human Services}}</ref> PA DHS would issue reports of violations to the Berks County Residential Center in the years from 2016 to 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://services.dpw.state.pa.us/dhs/ViolationReport.aspx?reportid=14386&fac=BERKS%20COUNTY%20RESIDENTIAL%20CENTER#.WywNLlOUuRu|title = Inspection/Violation Reports for BERKS COUNTY RESIDENTIAL CENTER|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = Pennsylvania Department of Human Services}}</ref> || Pennsylvania || Berks County Residential Center, Leesport, Berks County
+|-
+| 2016 || {{dts|February 29}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, GAO || A U.S. Government Accountability Office report reviews the current state of medical care at ICE's detention centers and makes recommendations that DHS accepts and plans to implement.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-16-231|title = Immigration Detention: Additional Actions Needed to Strengthen Management and Oversight of Detainee Medical Care|date = February 29, 2016|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = U.S. Government Accountability Office}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2016 || {{dts|March 15}} || Detention standards (monitoring) || Start || ICE, CBP, DHS OIG || The DHS Office of Inspector General (OIG) releases a statement that it will conduct periodic unannounced inspections of CBP and ICE detention centers. This is in response to concerns raised by immigrant rights groups and complaints to the DHS OIG hotline about conditions in detentioon centers. The first inspection is done on the day of this statement.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.oig.dhs.gov/assets/pr/2016/oigpr-031516b.pdf|title = DHS OIG To Periodically Inspect CBP and ICE Detention Facilities|publisher = DHS Office of Inspector General|date = March 15, 2016|accessdate = July 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name=code-red>{{cite web|url = https://immigrantjustice.org/research-items/report-code-red-fatal-consequences-dangerously-substandard-medical-care-immigration|title = Code Red: The Fatal Consequences Of Dangerously Substandard Medical Care In Immigration Detention|date = June 20, 2018|accessdate = July 26, 2021}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2016 || {{dts|October 27}} || Detention center || Start || ICE || ''The Nation'' reports that the {{w|Cibola County Correctional Center}} in [[w:Milan, New Mexico|Milan]], [[w:Cibola County, New Mexico|Cibola County]], {{w|New Mexico}} is reopening as an immigration detention center under contract with ICE, just a month after losing its contract as a minimum-security prison for the {{w|Federal Bureau of Prisons}} and the {{w|United States Marshals Service}}.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/ice-plans-to-reopen-the-very-same-private-prison-the-feds-just-closed/|title = ICE Plans to Reopen the Very Same Private Prison the Feds Just Closed. Advocates cheered when the Justice Department began shuttering its private prisons. But immigration officials saw an opportunity.|author = Seth Freed Wessler|date = October 27, 2016|accessdate = April 30, 2021|publisher = The Nation}}</ref> || New Mexico || Cibola County Correctional Center, Milan, Cibola County
+|-
+| 2016 || {{dts|October 28}} || Detention contractors || Update || Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) || Corrections Corporation of America, one of the two major private players in immigration detention (the other being GEO Group) rebrands as CoreCivic.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.corecivic.com/news/corrections-corporation-of-america-rebrands-as-corecivic|title = Corrections Corporation of America Rebrands as CoreCivic|date = October 28, 2016|accessdate = July 27, 2021}}</ref> The renaming happens after years of bad press for the company around its management of detention facilities.
+|-
+| 2016 || {{dts|November 21}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE || A report by the {{w|Southern Poverty Law Center}} finds that "detainees are routinely denied their due process rights and frequently endure inhumane conditions in isolated facilities that have little oversight from the federal government."<ref name=splc-2016>{{cite web|url = https://www.splcenter.org/20161121/shadow-prisons-immigrant-detention-south|title = Shadow Prisons: Immigrant Detention in the South|date = November 21, 2016|accessdate = April 30, 2021|publisher = Southern Povery Law Center}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2017 || {{dts|December 11}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, DHS OIG || DHS OIG publishes a report based in unanounced inspections of five detention centers, raising concerns about the treatment and care of ICE detainees at four of the five centers. The report includes one recommendation that ICE accepts and plans to implement.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2017-12/OIG-18-32-Dec17.pdf|title = Concerns about ICE Detainee Treatment and Care at Detention Facilities|date = December 11, 2017|accessdate = July 26, 2021|publisher = DHS Office of Inspector General}}</ref><ref name=code-red/>
+|-
+| 2018 || {{dts|January}} || Detention center || Criticism/challenge || ICE || The Free Migration Project, National Immigration Project, and Aldea launch a coordinated legal effort to push for a shutdown of the Berks County Residential Center. This follows previous efforts including publications by the Center for Social Justice arguing that Pennsylvania's Department of Human Services has authority to shut down the center based on the revocation of its license.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://freemigrationproject.org/litigation/berks-licensing-lawsuit/|title = Berks Licensing Lawsuit|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = Free Migration Project}}</ref> A coalition of organizations called th Shut Down Berks Coalition is also created to coordinate advocacy work around pushing for a shutdown of the center.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://freemigrationproject.org/shut-down-berks-campaign/|title = Shut Down Berks Campaign|accessdate = July 4, 2021}}</ref> || Pennsylvania || Berks County Residential Center, Leesport, Berks County
+|-
+| 2018 || {{dts|April 18}} || Detention statistics || Criticism/challenge || ICE, GAO || A U.S. Government Accountability Office report identifies opportunities for ICE to improve its detention cost estimates.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-18-343|title = Immigration Detention: Opportunities Exist to Improve Cost Estimates|date = April 18, 2018|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = U.S. Government Accountability Office}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2018 || {{dts|May 7}} || Detention policy || Announcement || DHS/ICE, Department of Justice, Department of Health and Human Services || Attorney General Jeff Sessions delivers remarks describing immigration enforcement actions under Donald Trump. Among the "zero tolerance" policies described is what would become known as the {{w|Trump administration family separation policy}}: adults crossing the border with children were being separated from the children with the adults prosecuted by the Department of Justice and the children referred to the Department of Health and Human Services; in many cases the children would also end up detained.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.justice.gov/opa/speech/attorney-general-sessions-delivers-remarks-discussing-immigration-enforcement-actions|title = Attorney General Sessions Delivers Remarks Discussing the Immigration Enforcement Actions of the Trump Administration|date = May 7, 2018|accessdate = October 13, 2021|publisher = U.S. Department of Justice}}</ref><ref name=tafsp>{{cite web|url = https://www.splcenter.org/news/2020/06/17/family-separation-under-trump-administration-timeline|title = Family separation under the Trump administration – a timeline|date = June 17, 2020|accessdate = October 13, 2021|publisher = Southern Poverty Law Center}}</ref> Later commentary would suggest that family separation is partly being used as a way to detain adults who came with children in a way that does not have to comply with the ''Flores'' settlement.<ref name=nyt-flores-kill/>
+|-
+| 2018 || {{dts|June 14}} || Detention center (temporary shelter) || Start || DHS/ICE || The {{w|Tornillo tent city}} appears to have started operation around this time, as a temporary shelter to detain migrants. It would be shut down in January 2019. || Texas || Tornillo tent city, Tornillo
+|-
+| 2018 || {{dts|June 20}} || Detentioon policy || Update ||  DHS/ICE, Department of Justice, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Defense || An executive order signed by then-President {{w|Donald Trump}} changes the administration's [[w:Trump administration family separation policy|policy on family separation]]: adults crossing the border with children would no longer be separated from their children; instead, the entire family would be detained where feasible and not deemed bad for the child's welfare, or the family would not be detained. The longer-term solution is left to Congress. The executive order also directs the Attorney General to seek an update to the ''Flores'' settlement that would allow for more family detention.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/presidential-actions/affording-congress-opportunity-address-family-separation/|title = Affording Congress an Opportunity to Address Family Separation|date = June 20, 2018|accessdate = October 13, 2021|publisher = Trump White House}}</ref><ref name=tafsp/>
+|-
+| 2018 || {{dts|June 20}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE || A report titled "Code Red: The Fatal Consequences Of Dangerously Substandard Medical Care In Immigration Detention" critically reviews 15 deaths in ICE detention centers covered by the ICE in its detainee death reviews from December 2015 to April 2017. In addition to being highly critical of the poor standard of care, the report is also critical of ICE for its focus on adherence to checklists rather than on qualtiy of care. The report is jointly published by Human Rights Watch, the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Immigrant Justice Center, and Detention Watch Network.<ref name=code-red/>
+|-
+| 2018 || {{dts|June 26}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, Nakamoto Group, DHS OIG || A report by the DHS Office of the Inspector General finds that neither of ICE's two types of inspection and monitoring processes (Office of Detention Oversight inspections, and inspections contracted out to the Nakamoto Group, a private company) ensure consistent compliance with detention standards, nor do they promote comprehensive deficiency corrections. Five recommendations are made to improve inspections, follow-up, and monitoring of ICE detention facilities, all of which are accepted by ICE with plans to implement.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2018-06/OIG-18-67-Jun18.pdf|title = ICE’s Inspections and Monitoring of Detention Facilities Do Not Lead to Sustained Compliance or Systemic Improvements|date = June 26, 2018|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = DHS Office of the Inspector General}}</ref><ref name=npr-nakamoto>{{cite web|url = https://www.npr.org/2019/07/17/741181529/no-meaningful-oversight-ice-contractor-overlooked-problems-at-detention-centers|title = 'No Meaningful Oversight': ICE Contractor Overlooked Problems At Detention Centers|last = Noguchi|first = Yuki|date = July 17, 2019|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = NPR}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2018 || {{dts|September 27}} || Detention center || Criticism/challenge || ICE, GEO Group, DHS OIG || A report by the DHS Office of the Inspector General identifies several ways that the {{w|Adelanto Detention Center}} fails to meet ICE's Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) of 2011. ICE concurs with the recommendations and says it is implementing corrective action.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/Mga/2018/oig-18-86-sep18.pdf|title = Management Alert – Issues Requiring Action at the Adelanto ICE Processing Center in Adelanto, California|date = September 27, 2018|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = DHS Office of the Inspector General}}</ref><ref name=npr-nakamoto/> || California || Adelanto Detention Center, Adelanto, San Bernandino County
+|-
+| 2018 || {{dts|November 15}} (query), December 4 (response) || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, Nakamoto Group || A group of United States senators, including {{w|Elizabeth Warren}} (seemingly the leader), {{w|Bernie Sanders}}, and many others, ask Jennifer Nakamoto, the head of the Nakamoto Group, to address concerns about the thoroughness of the Nakamoto Group's inspections raised by recent DHS OIG reports.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/2018-11-16%20Letter%20to%20Nakamoto%20Group%20re%20ICE%20Detention%20Facility%20Inspections.pdf|title = Letter to Nakamoto Group re ICE Detention Facility Inspections|last = Warren|first = Elizabeth|date = November 15, 2018|accessdate = July 4, 2021}}</ref> Jennifer Nakamoto responds, contesting specific findings in some of the DHS OIG reports, as well as highlighting the limited mandate created by ICE for the Nakamoto Group's inspections, as well as the idea that the Nakamoto Group can only evaluate violations present at the time of the inspections.<ref name=nakamoto-response>{{cite web|url = https://www.warren.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/Attachment%203a%20-%20Response%20Letter%20from%20Nakamoto%20Group.pdf|title = Attachment 3a - Response Letter from Nakamoto Group|date = December 4, 2018|accessdate = July 4, 2021}}</ref><ref name=npr-nakamoto/>
+|-
+| 2018 || || Detention statistics || Start || ICE || ICE begins publishing detainee deaths within 90 days of each death. This is because "Congressional requirements described in the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Bill (2018) require ICE to make public all reports regarding an in-custody death within 90 days." The first reported death is for April 10, 2018.<ref name=ice-detainee-death-reporting>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/detain/detainee-death-reporting|title = Detainee Death Reporting|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.congress.gov/congressional-report/115th-congress/house-report/239/1|title = H. Rept. 115-239 - DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY APPROPRIATIONS BILL, 2018|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref> Some immigrant justice and advocacy groups consider these reports to be shams that are more notifications of death than actual analyses of the cause of death.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://immigrantjustice.org/press-releases/ice-releases-sham-immigrant-death-reports-it-dodges-accountability-and-flouts|title = ICE Releases Sham Immigrant Death Reports As It Dodges Accountability And Flouts Congressional Requirements|date = December 19, 2018|publisher = National Immigrant Justice Center|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2019 || {{dts|January 29}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, DHS OIG || A report by the DHS Office of the Inspector General finds that "ICE does not adequately hold detention facility contractors accountable for not meeting performance standards." It makes five recommendations, all of which ICE accepts and proposes steps to implement.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.oig.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/assets/2019-02/OIG-19-18-Jan19.pdf|title = ICE Does Not Fully Use Contracting Tools to Hold Detention Facility Contractors Accountable for Failing to Meet Performance Standards|date = January 29, 2019|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = DHS Office of Inspector General}}</ref><ref name=npr-nakamoto/>
+|-
+| 2019 || {{dts|August 21}} || Detention standards (child detention) || Update || DHS, Department of Health and Human Services || DHS and the Department of Health and Human Services announce a final rule replacing the original ''Flores'' settlement rules, taking effect in 60 days. Importantly, this gets rid of the 20-day limit (introduced in 2015 by the Obama administration) on the duration that children can be detained.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.dhs.gov/news/2019/08/21/dhs-and-hhs-announce-new-rule-implement-flores-settlement-agreement|title = DHS and HHS Announce New Rule to Implement the Flores Settlement Agreement; Final Rule Published to Fulfill Obligations under Flores Settlement Agreement|date = August 21, 2019|accessdate = October 13, 2021|publisher = U.S. Department of Homeland Security}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.dhs.gov/news/2019/08/21/acting-secretary-mcaleenan-dhs-hhs-federal-rule-flores-agreement|title = Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Kevin K. McAleenan on the DHS-HHS Federal Rule on Flores Agreement|date = August 21, 2019|accessdate = October 13, 2021|publisher = U.S. Department of Homeland Security}}</ref><ref name=nyt-flores-kill>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/21/us/politics/flores-migrant-family-detention.html|title = Migrant Families Would Face Indefinite Detention Under New Trump Rule|date = August 21, 2019|accessdate = October 13, 2021|author = Michael D. Shear|author2 = Zolan Kanno-Youngs|publisher = New York Times}}</ref><ref name=tafsp/> The plan would be rejected by U.S. District Judge Dolly Gee of the Central District of California on September 5.<ref name=tafsp/>
+|-
+| 2019 || September || Detention standards (child detention) || Criticism/challenge || Department of Health and Human Services || A report by the Office of Inspector General (OIG) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services looks into mental health challenges at child detention facilities run by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-09-18-00431.pdf|title = Care Provider Facilities Described Challenges Addressing Mental Health Needs of Children in HHS Custody|author = Joanne M. Cheidi|date = September 1, 2019|accessdate = October 13, 2021|publisher = Office of Inspector General at U.S. Department of Health and Human Services}}</ref><ref name=tafsp/>
+|-
+| 2019 || {{dts|October}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, CBP, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights || The {{w|United States Commission on Civil Rights}} releases a report tittled "Trauma at the Border: The Human Cost of Inhumane Immigration Policies"; Chapter 3 of the report goes into detail on detention standards. The report recommends ending Zero Tolerance, ending family separation, and not detaining peope who have been passed the {{w|credible fear}} test.<ref name=usccr-2019>{{cite web|url = https://www.usccr.gov/pubs/2019/10-24-Trauma-at-the-Border.pdf|title = Trauma at the Border: The Human Cost of Inhumane Immigration Policies|date = October 1, 2019|accessdate = Julyl 27, 2021|publisher = United States Commission on Civil Rights}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2019 || || Detention standards || Start || ICE || ICE releases its 2019 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities. According to ICE: "These detention standards will apply to the approximately 45 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s (ICE) Intergovernmental Service Agreement (IGSA) facilities currently operating under the NDS, approximately 35 United States Marshals Service (USMS) facilities used by ICE and which ICE inspects against the NDS, as well as approximately 60 facilities (both IGSA and USMS) which do not reach the threshold for ICE annual inspections – generally those with an Average Daily Population of less than 10."<ref name=nds-2019>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/detain/detention-management/2019|title = 2019 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2020 || || Detention standards || Start || ICE || ICE releases its 2020 Family Residential Standards.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.ice.gov/detain/detention-management/family-residential|title = Family Residential Standards 2020|publisher = U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement|accessdate = April 29, 2021}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2020 || {{dts|March 24}} (publication), {{dts|April 21}} (public release) || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, CBP, GAO || A U.S. Government Accountability Office report looks at care of pregnant women in CBP's and ICE's detention facilities. It find an overall compliance rate of 79% or higher, and a minority of complaints about care of pregnant women to be substantiated, with many claims hard to adjudicate.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-20-330|title = Immigration Detention: Care of Pregnant Women in DHS Facilities|date = March 24, 2020|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = U.S. Government Accountability Office}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2020 || {{dts|April 20}} onward || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE || Detainees at the Mesa Verde Detention Facility and the Yuba County Jail file a class action lawsuit against ICE in the {{w|United States District Court for the Northern District of California}}, alleging that conditions of confinement at these facilities violated their constitutional rights by exposing them to unreasonable risks of infection and death from COVID-19. Preliminary injunctions are issued in June 2020 and December 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.aclunc.org/our-work/legal-docket/zepeda-rivas-v-jennings-immigration-detention|title = Zepeda Rivas v. Jennings (Immigration Detention)|publisher = ACLU Northern California|date = April 24, 2020|accessdate = July 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.clearinghouse.net/detail.php?id=17534|title = Zepeda Rivas v. Jennings|accessdate = July 4, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://cand.uscourts.gov/judges/chhabria-vince-vc/zepeda-rivas-et-al-v-jennings-et-al/|title = Zepeda Rivas, et al. v. Jennings, et al.|accessdate = July 4, 2021}}</ref> || California || Mesa Verde Detention Facility, Bakersfield; Yuba County Jail, Marysville, Yuba County
+|-
+| 2020 || {{dts|April 30}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || DHS/ICE || A report titled ''Justice-Free Zones: U.S. Immigration Detention under the Trump Administration'' is published jointly by the {{w|American Civil Liberties Union}}, Human Rights Watch, and National Immigrant Justice Center. The report describes the growth in immigration detention under the Trump administration, including the heavy reliance on private prisons to drive the growth in detention capacity, and the use of old prisons whose use was declining due to a reduction in incarceration. Detention conditions are described as "inhumane" and the term "black box" is used to describe people's challeges getting out of detention.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/new-report-shines-spotlight-abuses-and-growth-immigrant-detention-under-trump|title = New report shines spotlight on abuses and growth in immigrant detention under Trump|date = April 30, 2020|accessdate = October 13, 2021|publisher = American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2020 || {{dts|August 16}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, MVM Inc. || A report in the ''{{w|New York Times}}'' describes how MVM Inc., a transportation security company that ICE has contracted with in the past, has been extensively using hotel detention at ICE's request, to handle detention capacity that cannot be met at detention centers. While conditions in the hotels are reported to be generally better than detention centers, concerns are raised about the fact that legal protections for detainees do not contractually apply to hotel detention.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/16/us/migrant-children-hotels-coronavirus.html|title = A Private Security Company Is Detaining Migrant Children at Hotels. Under emergency coronavirus orders, the Trump administration is using hotels across the country to hold migrant children and families before expelling them.|last = Dickerson|first = Caitlin|date = August 16, 2020|accessdate = December 18, 2021}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2020 || {{dts|August 19}} || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, GAO || A U.S. Government Accountability Office report concludes that ICE should enhance its use of facility oversight data and management of detainee complaints.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-20-596|title = Immigration Detention: ICE Should Enhance Its Use of Facility Oversight Data and Management of Detainee Complaints|date = August 19, 2020|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = U.S. Government Accountability Office}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2021 || {{dts|January 13}} (publication), February 13 (public release) || Detention standards || Criticism/challenge || ICE, GAO || A U.S. Government Accountability Office report suggests actions ICE should take to improve planning, documentation, and oversight of detention facility contracts.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.gao.gov/products/gao-21-149|title = Immigration Detention: Actions Needed to Improve Planning, Documentation, and Oversight of Detention Facility Contracts|date = January 13, 2021|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = U.S. Governmnt Accountability Office}}</ref><ref name=cbs-aclu-2021/>
+|-
+| 2021 || {{dts|March}} || Detention center (family detention) || Update || ICE || ICE announces that all families that were being held at the Berks County detention center are no longer being held there, and that the detention center will no longer be used for family detention. There are plans to use it for adult detention in the future. The other two family detention centers, Dilley and Karnes, are to be used only for holding families for short, three-day periods.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.post-gazette.com/news/state/2021/03/03/Last-family-released-from-Berks-County-immigration-detention-center-pennsylvania/stories/202103030106|title = Last family released from Berks County immigration detention center|last = Hall|first = Peter|date = March 3, 2021|accessdate = December 18, 2021|publisher = The Morning Call}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.nbcphiladelphia.com/news/local/us-says-it-will-stop-using-berks-co-detention-center-to-hold-migrant-families/2730911/|title = US Says It Will Stop Using Berks Co. Detention Center to Hold Migrant Families. The detention center in Pennsylvania will instead be used by ICE to hold adults, the government said|last = Merchant|first = Nomaan|date = March 6, 2021|accessdate = December 18, 2021|publisher = NBC Philadelphia}}</ref> || Pennsylvania || Berks County Residential Center, Leesport, Berks County
+|-
+| 2021 || {{dts|March 20}} || Detention standards || || ICE, Endeavors || Axios reports that ICE awarded a $86 million contract to Endeavors, a Texas-based nonprofit, for hotel detention of migrants for the next six months in Arizona and Texas.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.axios.com/ice-hotel-rooms-border-migrant-families-7682092b-952c-428e-ae3b-f8b2d4072c0a.html|title = Scoop: ICE securing hotel rooms to hold growing number of migrant families|date = March 20, 2021|accessdate = December 18, 2021|publisher = Axios}}</ref> || Arizona, Texas
+|-
+| 2021 || {{dts|April 28}} || Detention center || Criticism/challenge || ICE || The {{w|American Civil Liberties Union}} calls on DHS/ICE to shut down 39 ICE detention facilities, citing historically low occupancy rates and the costs of maintaining unused detention space.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.aclu.org/press-releases/aclu-calls-biden-administration-shut-down-ice-detention-facilities|title = ACLU calls on Biden administration to shut down ice detention facilities. Low detention numbers pose unique opportunity to shut down architecture used to abuse and traumatize immigrants|date = April 28, 2021|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = American Civil Liberties Union}}</ref><ref name=cbs-aclu-2021>{{cite web|url = https://www.cbsnews.com/news/immigration-aclu-biden-administration-close-ice-detention-facilities/|title = ACLU calls on Biden administration to close dozens of ICE detention facilities|last = Sganga|first = Nicole|last2 = Montoya-Galvez|first2 = Camilo|date = April 28, 2021|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = CBS News}}</ref> In response, ICE says that the current low occupancy is due to having released detaines to comply with {{w|social distancing}} requirements during the {{w|COVID-19 pandemic}}, and future occupancy may be higher. ICE also explains that by making guaranteed payments even for unused beds, it is able to negotiate lower overall rates.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.npr.org/2021/04/28/991679868/aclu-calls-on-dhs-to-close-ice-detention-centers-citing-high-cost-of-empty-beds|title = ACLU Calls On DHS To Close ICE Detention Centers, Citing High Cost Of Empty Beds|last = Rose|first = Joel|date = April 28, 2021|accessdate = July 4, 2021|publisher = NPR}}</ref>
+|-
+| 2021 || {{dts|December 16}} || Detention policy (family detention) || Update || ICE || The Biden administration announces an end to family detention for the time being. Both Dilley and Karnes are converted to adult detention centers.<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.axios.com/biden-ends-migrant-family-detention-border-immigration-b39f3e04-689a-486b-82de-7deb9412cea6.html|title = Scoop: Biden to stop holding undocumented families in detention centers|last = Knight|first = Stef|date = December 16, 2021|accessdate = December 18, 2021|publisher = Axios}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2021-12-17/adults-only-biden-administration-repurposes-immigrant-family-detention-centers|title = Biden administration halts immigrant family detention for now|publisher = Los Angeles Times|date = December 17, 2021|accessdate = December 18, 2021}}</ref> || Texas || South Texas Family Residential Center, Dilley; Karnes Family Residential Center, Karnes City, Karnes County
 |}

Difference between revisions of "Timeline of immigration detention in the United States"

Latest revision as of 16:17, 7 January 2022

Contents

Visual data

Google Trends

Wikipedia Views

Full timeline

References

Navigation menu

Personal tools

Namespaces

Variants

Views

More

Search

Navigation

Tools