Difference between revisions of "Timeline of biohacking"

Latest revision as of 18:53, 22 June 2023

This is a timeline of biohacking, attempting to describe events related to the do-it-yourself biology movement, as well as body hacking, and self-experimentation in medicine in general.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

What are the different areas of biohacking covered in this timeline?
- Sort the full timeline by "Category".
- You will see the following categories: Body hacking, Do-it-yourself biology, Neurohacking, Nutrigenomics, Performance psychology, and General.
  - Do-it-yourself biology: Looking at how genetics and life science can be used to improve the human body.
  - Body hacking: Also called Grinder, it is biohacking involving “optimizing” the human body with technological gadgets, chemical injections, and implants.
  - Neurohacking: A subclass of biohacking, focused specifically on the brain. It may include implanted devices as well as nootropics
  - Nutrigenomics: An area of biohacking that focuses on how the food you eat interacts with the genes.
  - Performance psychology: Refers to the systematic application of psychological principles and techniques, such as meditation, to achieve performance.
  - Quantified self is covered in the Timeline of quantified self.
  - General: covers all areas.
What are some notable concepts emerging in the biohacking culture and related movements?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Concept development".
What are some notable scientific achievments that would have a special impact in the biohacking sphere?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Scientific background".
What are some notable publish declarations advocating biohacking and relkated movements?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Manifesto".
- You will see some publish declarations on behalf of movements such as biohacking, transhumanism, and body hacking.
What are some notable/illustrative biohacking groups?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Organization".
- You will mostly see a number of Do-it-yourself biology groups emerging all around the world.
What are some talks given by important people in the biohacking movement?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Conference".
- You will see TED talks featuring prominent people such as Ellen Jorgensen and Dave Asprey.
What are some illustrative books on biohacking?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Literature".

Other events are described under the following types: "BioArt", "Competition", "Notable comment", "Project launch", "Statistics", "Television", and "Trend growth".

Big picture

Time period	Development summary	More details
1950s–1960s	Early movements	The Do-it-Yourself movement gains momentum in the United States during this time, after decades of seeding by publications such as Popular Science (first published in 1872) and Popular Mechanics (1902).^[1] The hacker ethic emerges within the first hacker communities in the United States.^[2]
1970s–1980s	Computer hacking birth	The popularization of computers since the late 1970s gives rise to computer hacking,^[3] a predecesor sharing a number of parallels with the future “biohacking” ecosystem.^[4] In the early 1980s, Richard Stallman founds the Free Software Foundation.^[5] The modern neurohacking movement begins in the 1980s.^[6]
1990s	Biohacking movement birth	The term “biohacking” starts trending in the early decade. An explotion of free operating system and desktop environment projects lay the groundwork of a free and open-source software ecosystem in this decade.^[7]
2000s	Increased proliferation	After a brief period marked by a lack of research in the area, neurohacking starts regaining interest in the early decade.^[8]^[9] An economic downturn prompts several struggling biotech firms to sell off their equipment to biohacker collectives, accelerating the dissemination of genetic engineering techniques.^[10]
2010s	Biohacker spaces consolidation	The first biohacker spaces open in the United States.^[11] In this decade, a new generation of biologists embraces the do-it-yourself ethic of computer programming.^[12]

Full timeline

Year	Event type	Category	Details	Location/Launch site
1930s	Ethical code	General	The Mertonian ethos is proposed by American sociologist Robert K. Merton as an account of scientist's norms of behavior.^[2]	United States
1930s	Scientific background	Body hacking	German physician Werner Forssmann performs the first clinical cardiac catheterization on himself. He would later win the Nobel Prize.^[13]	Germany
1953	Scientific background	Do-it-yourself biology	Francis Crick and James Watson discover the DNA double helix structure.^[14]
1960	Literature	Body hacking	Manfred Clynes and Nathan Klines publish article Cyborgs and Space.^[15]
1967	Scientific background	Do-it-yourself biology	The first DNA ligase is purified and characterized by the Gellert, Lehman, Richardson, and Hurwitz laboratories.^[16]
1968	Scientific background	Do-it-yourself biology	Robert W. Holley, Har Gobind Khorana and Marshall W. Nirenberg are jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis."^[17]
1970	Scientific background	Do-it-yourself biology	Hamilton Smith and Kent Wilcox announce having isolated and characterized a restriction enzyme (HindII) in a second bacterial species, Haemophilus influenza, and demonstrate that it degrades the DNA of a foreign phage. Restriction enzymes are used for many different purposes in biotechnology. They can be used to splice and insert segments of DNA into other segments of DNA, thereby providing a means to modify DNA and construct new forms.^[18] Restriction enzymes find their way into the hands of biohackers.^[19]
1972	Concept development	Neurohacking (nootropics)	The term nootropics is first proposed by Romanian chemist Corneliu Giurgea, from University of Bucharest.^[20]	Romania
1973	Scientific background	Do-it-yourself biology	Stanley Norman Cohen and Herbert Boyer manage to construct a new functional plasmid species in vitro and insert it into an Escherichia coli, thus creating the first transgenic organism.^[21]	United States
1977	Scientific background	Do-it-yourself biology	British biochemist Frederick Sanger and his team at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in Cambridge develop the ‘Chain Termination Method’, marking th begining of DNA sequencing.	United Kingdom
1982	Project launch	Do-it-yourself biology	The GenBank sequence database is released as an open access, annotated collection of all publicly available nucleotide sequences and their protein translations. It is produced and maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information in the United States as part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration (INSDC).^[22]	United States
1983	Scientific background	Do-it-yourself biology	American biochemist Kary Mullis conceives the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as a relatively simple and inexpensive technology used to amplify or make billions of copies of a segment of DNA.^[23]	United States
1983	Scientific background	Do-it-yourself biology	A tobacco resistant to antibiotics is grown as the first genetically modified plant (GMP).^[24]
1984	Literature	Body hacking	American-Canadian writer William Gibson publishes novel Neuromancer, which is often attributed as the cause in the rise of transhumanism culture popularity in modern times, as well as for coining terminology and ideas that form the basis of modern Cyberpunk and body hacking culture.^[25]	United States
1984	Scientific background	Do-it-yourself biology	American geneticist Phillip Leder and Timothy Stewart produce a tumor-prone transgenic mouse, used as model of breast cancer.^[26]	United States
1984	Notable comment	General	American writer Stewart Brand coins the slogan "Information wants to be free"^[27] against limiting access to information by governmental control, preventing a public domain of information.^[28] Brand argues that technology could be liberating rather than oppressing.^[29]	United States
1985	Manifesto	Body hacking	Donna Haraway’s publishes her Cyborg Manifesto, giving rise to the cyborg theory.^[30]
1986	Manifesto	General	The Conscience of a Hacker (also known as The Hacker Manifesto) is written as a small essay by a computer security hacker who goes by the handle (or pseudonym) of The Mentor (born Loyd Blankenship).
1987	BioArt	Do-it-yourself biology	American artist Joe Davis encodes a depiction of the female form into the DNA of living Escherichia coli bacteria, for an artistic venture. This is widely cited as the first experimental demonstration of DNA data storage.^[31]	United States
1988	Notable comment	General	American Molecular biologist Tom St. John writes an article on the Washington Post titled Playing God in Your Basement, commenting “You can pick up any recent issue of Science magazine, flip through it and find ads for kit after kit of biotechnology techniques”.^[10]	United States
1990	Scientific background	Do-it-yourself biology	Herman is born in Leiden, Netherlands, as the world's first transgenic bull. It is the result of a novel in-vitro process by a team of scientists led by Gen Pharming Europe, a GenPharm subsidiary.^[32]	Netherlands
1992	Concept development	General	The first known use of the word biohacking occurs, and refers to an experimental action done, with the goal of improving the quality of life of a living organism, executed by individuals out of the official scientific and or medical field.^[33]
1995	Concept development	General	Cornell University ornithologist Rick Bonney coins the term citizen science.^[34]	United States
1996	Scientific background	Do-it-yourself biology	Dolly the Sheep is born in Edinburgh.^[35]^[36] A milestone of science, her cloning proves that a cloned organism could be produced from a mature cell from a specific body part.^[37]	United Kingdom
1998	Organization	Body hacking	The global transhumanist foundation Humanity+ is co-founded by Nick Bostrom, to encourage public engagement with the prospects of future technologies being used to enhance human capacities.^[38]
1998	Organization	General	The Open Source Initiative is founded by Bruce Perens and Eric S. Raymond. It promotes the usage of open source software.^[39]^[40]	United States
1998	Manifesto	Body hacking	The Transhumanist Declaration is written, seeking to place limits and rules on technology that have not even been developed yet.^[41]
1998	Notable case	Body hacking	British cybernetics professor Kevin Warwick implants a radio-frequency identification device (RFID) in his arm, an anti-theft smart label that enables a computer to track Warwick's every move and store codes that allows him to unlock certain doors, computers and even smart phones.^[13]	United Kingdom
2000	Notable case	Do-it-yourself biology	Chicago artist Eduardo Kac creates transgenic albino rabbit ‘Alba’, which is born in April. The rabbit is part of a transgenic art project called “GFP Bunny”. This project would raise many ethical questions and spark an international controversy about whether Alba should be considered art at all.^[42]	United States
2000	Trend growth	Do-it-yourself biology	Already around this time, some of the synthetic biology pioneers foresee the rise of an amateur branch of ‘garage biology’ parallel to their own field as a consequence of the ever declining cost curves for DNA sequencing and DNA synthesis.^[43]
2001	Notable comment	General	Robert Carlson predicts that, as technologies would become less expensive, faster, and ever simpler to use, they would “first move from academic labs and large biotechnology companies to small businesses, and eventually to the home garage and the kitchen”.^[43]
2002	Scientific background	Do-it-yourself biology	The Human Genome Project is conducted. Soon after the human genome is fully sequenced, the first DIY biologists would start tinkering with biological material.^[44]
2002	Notable case	Body hacking	Shortly after the Soham murders, English engineer Kevin Warwick offers to implant a tracking device into an 11-year-old girl as an anti-abduction measure. The plan produces a mixed reaction, with endorsement from many worried parents but ethical concerns from children's societies. As a result, the idea would not go ahead.^[45]	United Kingdom
2003	Competition	Do-it-yourself biology	The International Genetically Engineered Machines is created. It is one of the most important contribution of the early pioneers to the rise of do-it-yourself biology. It would be considered to have done more than any other event to create a generation of biohackers. In these international contests, university student teams compete to make synthetic systems that work in living cells. Several participants at iGEM competitions would become founders of the numerous DIY-Bio groups emerging after 2008.^[43]	United States
2003	Notable case	Do-it-yourself biology	American synthetic biologist Tom Knight invents the BioBrick plasmids, the most widely used standardized DNA parts, whoch would become central to the international Genetically Engineered Machine competition (iGEM) founded at MIT in the following year.^[46]^[47]	United States
2004	Notable case	Do-it-yourself biology	A UT Austin/UCSF iGEM team designs a bacterial system that is switched between different states by red light. The system consists of a synthetic sensor kinase that allows a lawn of bacteria to function as a biological film, such that the projection of a pattern of light on to the bacteria produces a high-definition (about 100 megapixels per square inch), two-dimensional chemical image.^[48]	United States
2004	Competition	Do-it-yourself biology	The International Genetically Engineered Machine (iGEM) competition is created at MIT, with five schools participating.^[11]	United States
2004	Notable case	Body hacking	British cyborg artist Neil Harbisson has an antenna implanted into his skull, making him the world's first government-acknowledged cyborg.^[49] His antenna sends audible vibrations through his skull to report information to him. This includes measurements of electromagnetic radiation, phone calls, and music, as well as videos or images which are translated into audible vibrations.^[50]	United Kingdom
2005	Notable case	Body hacking	American biohacker Amal Graafstra implants an RFID chip in his left hand. He is also known for developing human-friendly chips including the first ever implantable NFC chip.^[51]	United States
2005	Notable comment	Do-it-yourself biology	Rob Carlson writes in an article in Wired: "The era of garage biology is upon us. Want to participate? Take a moment to buy yourself a lab on eBay."^[52] In the same year, Carlson becomes the first to build a lab in his garage from equipment bought online.^[43]
2006	Notable case	Do-it-yourself biology	An MIT iGEM team manages to modify the normally putrid smell of bacteria so that the cells generate pleasant scents, such as wintergreen and banana.^[53]^[54]	United States
2007	Common view	Nutrigenomics	New York Magazine reports on a faction of biohackers who believe the fewer calories they consume on a daily basis, the longer they'll live.^[55]^[56] See Timeline of calorie restriction.
2008	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	The DIYbio organization is founded in Boston by Jason Bobe and Mackenzie Cowell.^[57]^[58] DIYbio.org is launched as a channel of communication for DIYers who want to build a community around it.^[11]^[59]^[60]	United States
2009	Policy	Do-it-yourself biology	The United States National Security Council publishes the National Strategy for Countering Biological Threats, which embraces “innovation and open access to the insights and materials needed to advance individual initiatives,” including in “private laboratories in basements and garages.”^[61]	United States
2009	General view	Do-it-yourself biology	DIY biologists start admitting that ‘do-it-together’ would have been a more appropriate label than Do it yourself.^[43]
2009	Project launch	Do-it-yourself biology	Andy Gracie, Marc Dusseiller and Yashas Shetty launch Hackteria, a webplatform and collection of open source biological art projects. Hackteria has the purpose to develop a rich wiki-based web resource for people interested in or developing projects that involve bioart, open source software/hardware, DIY biology, art/science collaborations and electronic experimentation.^[62]
2009	Notable case	Do-it-yourself biology	Paul Vanouse produces his “Latent Figure Protocol" with the DNA of a bacterial plasmid.^[63]^[64]
2009	Government involvement	Do-it-yourself biology	The United States FBI sponsors a booth and workshop at the 2009 International Genetically Engineered Machine competition in Cambridge, Massachusetts. An FBI agent notes “We're with the U.S. Government […] and we're here to help. Really”. The agency would go on to organize more such meetings in 2011 and 2012.^[65]	United States
2009	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	La Paillasse is established in Paris as one of the first European Do-it-yourself biology groups.^[66]	France
2009	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	BioCurious is established as a project with the purpose to provide shared laboratory space for professional, academic, citizen scientists, as well as anyone else interested in biotech.^[67]^[68] It is a community biology laboratory and nonprofit organization located in Sunnyvale, California.^[69]	United States
2009	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	American molecular biologist Ellen Jorgensen founds Genspace in Brooklyn, New York, as a non-profit organization and a community biology laboratory. It focuses on supporting citizen science and public access to biotechnology. Genspace is the first nonprofit community biotech lab.	United States
2009	Notable case	Do-it-yourself biology	A team of seven Cambridge University manage to engineer bacteria to secrete a variety of coloured pigments, visible to the naked eye. They design standardized sequences of DNA, called BioBrick, and insert them into E. coli bacteria. Each BioBrick part contains genes from existing organisms, enabling the bacteria to produce a colour. By combining these with other BioBricks, bacteria could be programmed to do tasks for humans. Their invention, which they call E. chromi, wins the Grand Prize at the 2009 International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM).^[70]	United Kingdom
2009	Research	Performance psychology	A study shows that meditation increases the grey matter in subjects’ brains.^[71]
2010	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	Victoria Makerspace is founded in Victoria, British Columbia, by Derek Jacoby and Thomas Gray as a biology community lab.^[72] This lab would take part in the FBI DIY biology summit in Walnut Creek, California in 2012,^[73] the first Canadian DIY Biology Summit in 2016,^[74] and the iGEM synthetic biology competition in 2014 with a project on preventing dental decay.^[75]	Canada
2010	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	BiologiGaragen is founded in Copenhagen in 2010, as a part of Labitat, a vibrant local hackerspace.^[66]^[58]	Denmark
2010	Project launch	Do-it-yourself biology	Ellen Jorgensen initiates Genspace's curriculum of informal science education, leading to the company being named one the World's Top 10 Innovative Companies in Education.^[76]^[77]^[78]
2010	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	Genspace opens a Biosafety Level One laboratory,^[79]^[80] the first community biology lab.^[81]
2010	Project launch	Do-it-yourself biology	BioCurious lab opens a campaign on Kickstarter. Led by Eri Gentry, this project manages to to atract both amateur enthusiasts and career scientists alike. In addition to the financial support raised through crowdfunding, many volunteer their time and skills and the laboratory receives significant donations of scientific equipment. It is considered the world's first hackerspace for biotech.^[68]	United States
2011	Manifesto	Body hacking	American technologist Meredith L. Patterson presents her Biopunk Manifesto.^[82]^[83]	United States
2011	Project launch	Do-it-yourself biology	The “Bioluminescence Project” starts as a citizen science initiative at the hackerspace Biocurious in Sunnyvale, California. It is considered a remarkable example of turning community endeavors in DIY-Bio into new business opportunities.^[43]	United States
2011	Ethical code	Do-it-yourself biology	A code of ethics is adopted by DIYbio.org. This code remains an important touchstone for experiments.^[3]
2011	Trend growth	Neurohacking	A resurgence in the popularity of at-home and DIY neurohacking starts in this year.^[84]^[85]
2012	Organization	Body hacking	Grindhouse Wetware is founded in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as an open source biotechnology startup company. It applies the biohacker ethic to create technology that augments human capabilities. The company would be later known for their Circadia device.^[86]	United States
2012	Conference	Do-it-yourself biology	Ellen Jorgensen gives a TED talk about biohacking, putting the movement on the map.^[13]^[87]	United States
2012	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	Baltimore Underground Science Space is founded as a non-profit synthetic biology and biotechnology makerspace laboratory for science enthusiasts, hobbyists, and professionals to practice, share and learn about the biological sciences. It is closely aligned with do-it-yourself biology and the Maryland science community generally, and offers courses and lectures in addition to community lab space.^[88]	United States
2012	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	Do-it-yourself biology group Dutch DIYBio is founded in the Netherlands.^[66]	Netherlands
2012	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	French group La Paillasse organizes a “kick-off” meeting to establish the European DIYBio community (`www.diybio.eu`), to provide a platform for joint collaborative projects. Further regular meetings would be planned across Europe.^[66]	Europe
2012	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	SyntechBio opens in São Paulo as the first biohacker space in Latin America. It begins as an experiment inside the University of São Paulo "to accelerate the training of students in the synthetic biology area, enhance multidisciplinary studies, and create an open space to develop and share ideas that wouldn’t be normally supported by the academic community in a research context."^[11]	Brazil
2013	Notable case	Do-it-yourself biology	A team of three biohackers affiliated with Biocurious as well as with Genome Compiler conduct a crowd-sourcing campaign to raise money for developing bioluminescent plants that would glow in the dark. The idea is presented as a step towards a more sustainable future when streets would no longer be lit by electric lamps but by glowing trees. Once the project reaches its goals, each subscriber would receive envelopes with seeds of the genetically modified plants. By June 2013, 6000 hackers would be subscribed, bringing in almost 500,000 dollars to fund the project.^[43]
2013	Notable case	Body hacking	American biohacker Tim Cannon implants the Circadia biosensor into his arm, between the skin and the muscle. Build by Grindhouse Wetware, the device checks the body temperature and pulse, then syncs this information to an Android device. It also conveys information by lighting up.^[49]	United States
2013	Organization	Body hacking	Biotech startup company Dangerous Things is founded by Amal Graafstra.^[89] It is a Seattle based cybernetic microchip biohacking implant retailer company.^[90]	United States
2013	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	Counter Culture Labs opens in Oakland, California as an open community lab by a group of scientists, tinkerers, biotech professionals, hackers, and citizen scientists. It is a hackerspace for DIY biology and citizen science.^[91]	United States
2013	Research	Do-it-yourself biology	According to a survey, DIY biologists work on average 7 hours per week on their projects, they are well-educated, more than half of them are fully employed (besides their DIY biology activities) and 25% are students. About two thirds are between 25 and 45 years old and three quarters are male.^[92]
2013	Notable case	Body hacking	DIY biohacker Rich Lee implants headphones in his tragi. He is also known for his work on a vibrating pelvic implant called the Lovetron9000.^[93]^[94]^[95]
2013	Notable case	Body hacking	University of Minnesota researchers develop a new noninvasive system that allows people to control a flying robot using only their mind.^[96]^[97]	United States
2013 (October)	Conference	Body hacking	Amal Graafstra gives a TED talk on biohacking.^[98]
2014	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	The DIYbio Mexico movement is born. Its rise is linked to the synthetic biology and biotechnology research groups that participated in the International Genetically Engineered Machine.^[11]	Mexico
2014	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	Hackuarium is founded.^[99] It is a not-for-profit association aiming to democratize science through public engagement.^[100]
2014	Literature	Nutrigenomics	Ari R. Meisel publishes Intro to Biohacking.^[101]
2014 (May)	Conference	Nutrigenomics	American entrepreneur Dave Asprey gives a TED talk on how to hack the body to become healthier, smarter and how to lower the biological age.^[102]	United States
2014	Trend growth	Do-it-yourself biology	It is estimated that in this year there are 50 DIY biology labs around the world.^[103]
2014	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	Omni Commons is founded. It is a group of nine collectives in San Francisco's Bay Area devoted to DIY and community education.^[104]
2014	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	Bio Foundry is founded in Australia as the country's first community lab for citizen scientists. It is Australia’s first open-access molecular biology laboratory, offering citizens the opportunity to collaborate in scientific research and development. BioFoundry is also home to BioHackSyd, Australia’s first DIY-Bio group.^[105]	Australia
2015	Manifesto	General	James Lee publishes The Biohacking Manifesto: The Scientific Blueprint for a Long, Healthy and Happy Life Using Cutting Edge Anti-Aging and Neuroscience Based Hacks.^[106]
2015	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	Open Insulin starts as a team of Bay Area biohackers working on newer, simpler, less expensive ways to make insulin. They work on developing the first freely available, open protocol for insulin production.^[107]	United States
2015	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	Charlottesville Open Bio Lab is founded in Charlottesville, Virginia, with the goal of educating the community about the rising tide of synthetic biology and biotechnology.^[108]	United States
2015	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	Four Thieves Vinegar Collective is founded as an anarchist biohacking group.^[109]
1015 (July)	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	BiohackingBA is founded as the first biohacking community in Argentina. It has projects focused on hardware (such as 3D-printed pipettes), arts (like installations with fluorescent bacteria and plants), neuroscience, and bioinformatics.^[11]	Argentina
2015	Scientific background	Body hacking	Early bionic eyes are produced, consisting in telescopic lens with capability to zoom in and out with blinks and night vision capability-^[110]
2015	Organization	Neurohacking	Neurohacker Collective is founded with the mission "to advance human quality of life by creating best-in-class well-being products". Its products employ a unique methodology to research and development based on complex systems science. This scientific approach focuses on supporting the body's ability to self-regulate.^[111]	United States
2015	Notable case	Body hacking	Swedish biohacker Hannes Sjöblad starts experimenting with NFC chip implants. Sjöblad would go on to implant himself with a chip between his forefinger and thumb and use it to unlock doors, make payments, unlock his phone, and essentially replace anything that is in his pockets.^[112]
2015	Competition	Do-it-yourself biology	The International Genetically Engineered Machine is held with 280 teams with more than 2,700 participants from all over the world. "Reminiscent of robotics competitions held for engineers, iGEM uses biological platforms (bacteria, yeast, and plants, among others) to develop solutions and products and to create awareness about society’s problems through synthetic biology".^[11]
2015	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	ReaGent is founded in Ghent, Belgium as a community of citizen scientists who share an open biolab.^[113]^[114]	Belgium
2016	Notable meeting	Do-it-yourself biology	The first Canadian DIY Biology Summit is conducted.^[115]	Canada
2016	Concept development	Body hacking	Norton refers to embedded technology within the human body as to all kinds of implants in and interventions to the human body to enhance performance and health.^[116]^[117]
2016	Notable case	Body hacking	26 year old biochemical scientist James Young, who lost an arm and a leg in a train accident in 2012, unveils the "phantom limb," a carbon-fiber implanted limb with features such as ability to charge his phone via a USB port, give him Twitter updates via a small screen, and display LED lights which can be synchronized with his heartbeat. The device also contains a detachable drone.^[49]^[118]^[119]
2016	Notable case	Body hacking	French tattoo artist JC Sheitan Tenet, who lost his right arm, receives what is called the world's first tattooing prosthetic arm, which allows him to continue to work.^[49]^[120]
2016	Notable meeting	General	The first conference to focus specifically on biohacking is announced in Oakland, California.^[121]	United States
2016	Literature	Neurohacking (nootropics)	Caterina Christakos and Sue Bell publish Biohackers Journal - Keeping Track of Your Biohacking Stack. It is aimed at helping biohackers keep track of their stack of nootropics and smart drug usage and to monitor how it effects their mood, health and performance.^[122]
2016	Notable case	Body hacking	American biohacker Josiah Zayner, sick of suffering from severe stomach pain, attempts a full fecal microbiota transplant on himself.^[123] Afterward, he would claim the experiment left him feeling better.^[61]^[124]	United States
2016	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	The Latin American Network of Biohacker Spaces is launched at the end of the year. It starts including groups from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, further expanding through the region.^[11]
2016 (November)	Conference	Do-it-yourself biology	Nuria Conde gives a TED talk in Barcelona, on how to become a biohacker.^[125]	Spain
2017	Notable case	Body hacking	Workers at Wisconsin-based tech company Three Square Market agree to have microchips implanted in their hands in order to enter the office, log into computers and even buy a snack or two with just a swipe of a hand. The microchip uses radio-frequency identification (RFID) technology.^[126]	United States
2017	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	top is founded in Berlin as a transdisciplinary project place for art and science. Its members use borrowed, recycled and home-built equipment to recreate a typical do-it-yourself biology lab and bring biology to the public.^[127]	Germany
2017	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	ChiTownBio is founded as Chicago's first community biolab. It is "dedicated to putting the knowledge, skills, and tools of biotechnology into the hands of all Chicagoans who want to explore the living world and use it to benefit our community".^[128]	United States
2017	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	Ellen Jorgensen founds Biotech Without Borders,^[76] a Brooklyn, New York based nonprofit public charity dedicated to enabling communities underrepresented in the biotechnology field to gain hands-on biotech lab experience.^[129] Biotech Without Borders focuses on providing a Biosafety Level 2 lab space, distributing biotech resources to labs worldwide, and engaging the public through hands-on lab classes, workshops, and events.^[130]	United States
2017	Project launch	General	The CSA Ethics Working Group Resource Collection is started as a collection of tools by the Ethics Working Group of the Citizen Science Association. This collection is aimed at all scientists, including citizen scientists and biohackers, who can use for ethics. It includes codes of ethics, consent form templates, recorded webinars, training, guides, technologies, and related sites and blogs.^[131]	United States
2017 (October)	Conference	Body hacking	Swedish biohacker Jowan Österlund gives a TED talk in Bratislava, explaining how seamless interection between body and technology should work in the future.^[132]	Slovakia
2018	Statistics	Do-it-yourself biology	By this time, DIYbio.org lists 44 biohacking labs in North America, 31 in Europe and 17 across Asia, South America and Oceania.^[44]^[58]	Worldwide
2018 (June)	Notable case	Body hacking	Sydney biohacker Meow-Ludo Disco Gamma Meow-Meow implants an Opal card chip into his hand. However, he is penalized despite implant returning a "valid tap-on", and is fined US$220 for failing to comply with existing transit laws.^[133]^[134]^[135]	Australia
2018 (July)	Conference	Nutrigenomics, neurohacking	Ben Greenfield gives a TED talk sharing tips for longevity and how to biohack the body.^[136]
2018 (July 7)	Organization	Do-it-yourself biology	BIOOK is founded in Spain. Based on the do-it-yourself biology movement and on Citizen Science, it is a non-profit association that aims to promote social innovation, "creating ecosystems for citizens to participate and enjoy scientific-cultural production, eliminating boundaries between biology and other disciplines."^[137]	Spain
2019	Literature	Nutrigenomics	Olli Sovijärvi, Teemu Arina, and Jaakko Halmetoja publish their Biohacker's Handbook, which focuses on nutrition and lifestyle.^[138]
2019 (May)	Notable case	Body hacking	Belgium-based Russian biohacker named Vladimir Kaigorodov injects himself with DNA from Dolly the Sheep, claiming that it came to his body "as a kind of new stage in human evolution".^[139]	Belgium
2019 (October)	Literature	General	Dave Asprey publishes Super Human: The Bulletproof Plan to Age Backwards and Maybe Even Live Forever, which covers topics such as health and fitness, healthy living, and psychology.^[140]
2020 (January 7)	Conference	Nutrigenomics	Martin Kremmer gives a TED talk in Copenhagen, recounting his experience with biohacking.^[141]	Denmark
2020	Television	Do-it-yourself biology, body hacking	German techno-thriller television series Biohackers is released on Netflix. It depicts illegal genetic experimentation.^[142]	Germany
2020	Statistics	General	As of date, North America holds the dominant share of the overall revenue owing to the presence of several key biohacking market players in the region, especially in the United States. Europe holds the second-largest revenue share.^[143]	North America
2020 (December)	Literature	Performance psychology, nutrigenomics	Kristen Willeumier publishes Biohack Your Brain: How to Boost Cognitive Health, Performance & Power
2021	Notable case	Body hacking	Scientists at Brown University develop the BrainGate system, which allows users to wirelessly connect themselves to a computer with "single-neuron resolution" and "full broadband fidelity" via a simple transmitter device place atop the head.^[144]	United States
2028	Statistics	General	The global biohacking market size is anticipated to reach US$ 63.7 billion by this year.^[143]	Worldwide

Visual and numerical data

Mentions on Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 13, 2021.

Year	biohacking	biohacking technology	biohacking implant	biohacking ethics	biohacking gene editing
1995	1	1	0	0	0
2000	0	0	0	0	0
2002	1	1	1	0	0
2004	3	2	0	2	2
2006	2	2	0	5	5
2008	11	9	2	10	5
2010	25	23	7	15	13
2012	60	50	10	32	24
2014	133	116	44	78	49
2016	247	214	83	169	107
2017	303	260	104	185	147
2018	371	327	146	226	178
2019	556	429	182	305	255
2020	527	442	187	333	257

Google Trends

The chart below shows Google Trends data for Biohacking (search term), from January 2004 to Month 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[145]

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Biohacking, from 2000 to 2019.^[146]

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Biohacking, from July 2015 to April 2021. ^[147]

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

check for articles here
[1]
more events
more events
[2]
genomic database, community lab, online sharing tool, cracking of dna code, hacker, open science, open source, open access, citizen science, online cooperative science (science 2.0).
[3]
[4]
[5]

Timeline update strategy

External links

References

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[1] "The Rise of the Do-it-Yourself Movement in the 1950's". Make it Mid Century. 10 November 2017. Retrieved 7 September 2021.

[Delfanti-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Delfanti, Alessandro (7 May 2013). Biohackers: The Politics of Open Science. Pluto Press. ISBN 978-0-7453-3280-2.

[Zettler-3] 3.0 ^3.1 Zettler, Patricia J.; Guerrini, Christi J.; Sherkow, Jacob S. (5 July 2019). "Regulating genetic biohacking". Science. 365 (6448): 34–36. doi:10.1126/science.aax3248.

[4] "The Evolution Of The Biohacking Ecosystem". TechCrunch. Retrieved 8 September 2021.

[5] "Richard Stallman and The History of Free Software and Open Source". Curious Minds Podcast. Retrieved 6 September 2021.

[6] David, Derick (2 July 2020). "How To Neurohack Your Mind In 15 Minutes". Medium.

[20_Years_of_Open_Source-7] "20 Years of Open Source". GitLab. Retrieved 4 September 2021.

[:3-8] Onaolapo, Adejoke Yetunde; Obelawo, Adebimpe Yemisi; Onaolapo, Olakunle James (May 2019). "Brain Ageing, Cognition and Diet: A Review of the Emerging Roles of Food-Based Nootropics in Mitigating Age-Related Memory Decline". Current Aging Science. 12 (1): 2–14. ISSN 1874-6098. doi:10.2174/1874609812666190311160754.

[9] Katz, Sylvan. "Forum: Roses are black, violets are green - The emergence of amateur genetic engineers". New Scientist. Retrieved 20 August 2021.

[sdsddd-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Vargo, Marc E. (11 August 2017). The Weaponizing of Biology: Bioterrorism, Biocrime and Biohacking. McFarland. p. 58. ISBN 978-1-4766-2933-9.

[O.E2.80.99Reilly_Media-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 ^11.6 ^11.7 Sluys, Edgar Andrés Ochoa Cruz, Oscar Joel de la Barrera Benavidez, Manuel Giménez, Maria Chavez, Marie-Anne Van (2 May 2016). "The biohacking landscape in Latin America". O’Reilly Media. Retrieved 4 September 2021.

[12] "Doing Biotech in My Bedroom". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 20 August 2021.

[america.aljazeera.com-13] 13.0 ^13.1 ^13.2 "The brave new world of biohacking". america.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 20 July 2021.

[14] "1953: DNA Double Helix". Genome.gov. Retrieved 1 September 2021.

[15] "Cyborgs and Space". archive.nytimes.com. Retrieved 1 September 2021.

[16] Shuman, Stewart (June 2009). "DNA Ligases: Progress and Prospects". Journal of Biological Chemistry. 284 (26): 17365–17369. doi:10.1074/jbc.R900017200.

[17] "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 9 September 2021.

[18] "Made by bacteria restriction enzymes are key to cloning DNA". WhatisBiotechnology.org. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

[19] "(PDF) Roses are black, violets are green - The emergence of amateur genetic engineers". ResearchGate. Retrieved 3 September 2021.

[20] Giurgea, C.; Salama, M. (January 1977). "Nootropic drugs". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology. 1 (3-4): 235–247. doi:10.1016/0364-7722(77)90046-7.

[21] "TRANSGENIC ANIMALS" (PDF). web.wpi.edu. Retrieved 9 September 2021.

[22] "1982: GenBank Database Formed". Genome.gov. Retrieved 10 September 2021.

[23] "1983 | Invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology for amplifying DNA". Genome: Unlocking Life's Code. Retrieved 9 September 2021.

[24] Zeljezić, D (November 2004). "[Genetically modified organisms in food--production, detection and risks].". Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju. 55 (4): 301–12. PMID 15584557.

[25] "Neuromancer | Summary & Cultural Impact". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2020-09-24.

[26] Hanahan, Douglas; Wagner, Erwin F.; Palmiter, Richard D. (15 September 2007). "The origins of oncomice: a history of the first transgenic mice genetically engineered to develop cancer". Genes & Development. pp. 2258–2270. doi:10.1101/gad.1583307. Retrieved 9 September 2021.

[27] "Edge 338", Edge (338), retrieved 2011-04-23 .

[R._Polk_Wagner-28] Wagner, R Polk, Information wants to be free: intellectual property and the mythologies of control (PDF), University of Pennsylvania .

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[85] Wexler, Anna (2017). "The Social Context of "Do-It-Yourself" Brain Stimulation: Neurohackers, Biohackers, and Lifehackers". Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. 11: 224. ISSN 1662-5161. PMC 5423946. PMID 28539877. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00224.

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[Gangadharbatla-117] Gangadharbatla, Harsha (May 2020). "Biohacking: An exploratory study to understand the factors influencing the adoption of embedded technologies within the human body". Heliyon. 6 (5): e03931. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03931.

[118] Mullen, Elouise (18 May 2016). "Metal Gear: James Young's Incredible Synthetic Arm". Limitless Travel. Retrieved 9 September 2021.

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[120] News, A. B. C. "French Tattoo Artist Gets World's 1st Prosthetic Arm That Doubles as a Tattoo Machine". ABC News. Retrieved 10 September 2021.

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[122] Christakos, Caterina; Bell, Sue (22 June 2016). Biohackers Journal - Keeping Track of Your Biohacking Stack: Biohacking Journal. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1-5348-5474-1.

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Difference between revisions of "Timeline of biohacking"

Latest revision as of 18:53, 22 June 2023

Contents

Sample questions

Big picture

Full timeline

Visual and numerical data

Mentions on Google Scholar

Google Trends

Google Ngram Viewer

Wikipedia Views

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

Feedback and comments

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

Navigation menu

Personal tools

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Variants

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Search

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@@ Line 7: / Line 7: @@
 * What are the different areas of biohacking covered in this timeline?
 ** Sort the full timeline by "Category".
-** You will see the following categories: {{w|Body hacking}}, {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}}, {{w|Nootropic}}s, {{w|Nutrigenomics}}, and {{w|Performance psychology}}.
+** You will see the following categories: {{w|Body hacking}}, {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}}, {{w|Neurohacking}}, {{w|Nutrigenomics}}, {{w|Performance psychology}}, and General.
 *** {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}}: Looking at how genetics and life science can be used to improve the human body.
 *** {{w|Body hacking}}: Also called Grinder, it is biohacking involving “optimizing” the human body with technological gadgets, chemical injections, and implants.
-*** {{w|Nutrigenomics}}:
+*** {{w|Neurohacking}}: A subclass of biohacking, focused specifically on the brain. It may include implanted devices as well as {{w|nootropics}}
-** {{w|Quantified self}} is covered in the [[Timeline of quantified self]]
+*** {{w|Nutrigenomics}}: An area of biohacking that focuses on how the food you eat interacts with the genes.
+*** {{w|Performance psychology}}: Refers to the systematic application of psychological principles and techniques, such as {{w|meditation}}, to achieve performance.
+*** {{w|Quantified self}} is covered in the [[Timeline of quantified self]].
-*Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Concept development".
+*** General: covers all areas.
+* What are some notable concepts emerging in the biohacking culture and related movements?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Concept development".
+* What are some notable scientific achievments that would have a special impact in the biohacking sphere?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Scientific background".
+* What are some notable publish declarations advocating biohacking and relkated movements?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "{{w|Manifesto}}".
+** You will see some publish declarations on behalf of movements such as biohacking, {{w|transhumanism}}, and {{w|body hacking}}.
+* What are some notable/illustrative biohacking groups?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "{{w|Organization}}".
+** You will mostly see a number of {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} groups emerging all around the world.
+* What are some talks given by important people in the biohacking movement?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "{{w|Conference}}".
+** You will see TED talks featuring prominent people such as {{w|Ellen Jorgensen}} and {{w|Dave Asprey}}.
+* What are some illustrative books on biohacking?
+** Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Literature".
+Other events are described under the following types: "BioArt", "Competition", "Notable comment", "Project launch", "Statistics", "Television", and "Trend growth".
 ==Big picture==
@@ Line 21: / Line 37: @@
 ! Time period !! Development summary !! More details
 |-
-| 1950s–1960s || Early movements || The Do-it-Yourself movement gains momentum in the {{w|United States}} during this time, after decades of seeding by publications such as Popular Science (first published in 1872) and Popular Mechanics (1902).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rise of the Do-it-Yourself Movement in the 1950’s |url=https://makeitmidcentury.com/the-rise-of-the-do-it-yourself-movement-in-the-1950s/ |website=Make it Mid Century |access-date=7 September 2021 |date=10 November 2017}}</ref> he hacker ethic emerges within the first hacker communities in the United States.<ref name="Delfanti"/>
+| 1950s–1960s || Early movements || The Do-it-Yourself movement gains momentum in the {{w|United States}} during this time, after decades of seeding by publications such as Popular Science (first published in 1872) and Popular Mechanics (1902).<ref>{{cite web |title=The Rise of the Do-it-Yourself Movement in the 1950’s |url=https://makeitmidcentury.com/the-rise-of-the-do-it-yourself-movement-in-the-1950s/ |website=Make it Mid Century |access-date=7 September 2021 |date=10 November 2017}}</ref> The hacker ethic emerges within the first hacker communities in the United States.<ref name="Delfanti"/>
 |-
-| 1970s–1980s || Computer hacking birth || The popularization of computers since the late 1970s gives rise to computer hacking,<ref name="Zettler">{{cite journal |last1=Zettler |first1=Patricia J. |last2=Guerrini |first2=Christi J. |last3=Sherkow |first3=Jacob S. |title=Regulating genetic biohacking |journal=Science |date=5 July 2019 |volume=365 |issue=6448 |pages=34–36 |doi=10.1126/science.aax3248}}</ref> a predecesor sharing a number of parallels with the future “biohacking” ecosystem.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Evolution Of The Biohacking Ecosystem |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/11/19/the-evolution-of-the-biohacking-ecosystem/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> In the early 1980s, {{w|Richard Stallman}} founds the Free Software Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Stallman and The History of Free Software and Open Source |url=https://www.cmpod.net/all-transcripts/history-open-source-free-software-text/ |website=Curious Minds Podcast |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> The modern neurohacking movement begins.<ref>{{cite web |last1=David |first1=Derick |title=How To Neurohack Your Mind In 15 Minutes |url=https://drckangelo.medium.com/how-to-neurohack-your-mind-in-15-minutes-3b8e570773ab |website=Medium |language=en |date=2 July 2020}}</ref>
+| 1970s–1980s || Computer hacking birth || The popularization of computers since the late 1970s gives rise to computer hacking,<ref name="Zettler">{{cite journal |last1=Zettler |first1=Patricia J. |last2=Guerrini |first2=Christi J. |last3=Sherkow |first3=Jacob S. |title=Regulating genetic biohacking |journal=Science |date=5 July 2019 |volume=365 |issue=6448 |pages=34–36 |doi=10.1126/science.aax3248}}</ref> a predecesor sharing a number of parallels with the future “biohacking” ecosystem.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Evolution Of The Biohacking Ecosystem |url=https://techcrunch.com/2015/11/19/the-evolution-of-the-biohacking-ecosystem/ |website=TechCrunch |access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> In the early 1980s, {{w|Richard Stallman}} founds the Free Software Foundation.<ref>{{cite web |title=Richard Stallman and The History of Free Software and Open Source |url=https://www.cmpod.net/all-transcripts/history-open-source-free-software-text/ |website=Curious Minds Podcast |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> The modern {{w|neurohacking}} movement begins in the 1980s.<ref>{{cite web |last1=David |first1=Derick |title=How To Neurohack Your Mind In 15 Minutes |url=https://drckangelo.medium.com/how-to-neurohack-your-mind-in-15-minutes-3b8e570773ab |website=Medium |language=en |date=2 July 2020}}</ref>
 |-
-| 1990s || Biohacking || The term “biohacking” starts trending in the early decade. An explotion of free operating system and desktop environment projects lay the groundwork of a {{w|free and open-source software}} ecosystem in this decade.<ref name="20 Years of Open Source">{{cite web |title=20 Years of Open Source |url=https://about.gitlab.com/topics/20-years-open-source/ |website=GitLab |access-date=4 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+| 1990s || Biohacking movement birth || The term “biohacking” starts trending in the early decade. An explotion of free operating system and desktop environment projects lay the groundwork of a {{w|free and open-source software}} ecosystem in this decade.<ref name="20 Years of Open Source">{{cite web |title=20 Years of Open Source |url=https://about.gitlab.com/topics/20-years-open-source/ |website=GitLab |access-date=4 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
 |-
 | 2000s || Increased proliferation || After a brief period marked by a lack of research in the area, neurohacking starts regaining interest in the early decade.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last1=Onaolapo|first1=Adejoke Yetunde|last2=Obelawo|first2=Adebimpe Yemisi|last3=Onaolapo|first3=Olakunle James|date=May 2019|title=Brain Ageing, Cognition and Diet: A Review of the Emerging Roles of Food-Based Nootropics in Mitigating Age-Related Memory Decline|journal=Current Aging Science|volume=12|issue=1|pages=2–14|doi=10.2174/1874609812666190311160754|issn=1874-6098}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg12516984-100-forum-roses-are-black-violets-are-green-the-emergence-of-amateur-genetic-engineers/|title=Forum: Roses are black, violets are green - The emergence of amateur genetic engineers|last=Katz|first=Sylvan|website=New Scientist|language=en-US|access-date=20 August 2021}}</ref> An economic downturn prompts several struggling biotech firms to sell off their equipment to biohacker collectives, accelerating the dissemination of genetic engineering techniques.<ref name="sdsddd"/>
@@ Line 33: / Line 49: @@
 |}
-== Visual and numerical data ==
-=== Mentions on Google Scholar ===
-The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 13, 2021.
-{| class="sortable wikitable"
-! Year
-! biohacking
-! biohacking technology
-! biohacking implant
-! biohacking ethics
-! biohacking gene editing
-|-
-| 1995 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0
-|-
-| 2000 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
-|-
-| 2002 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0
-|-
-| 2004 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 2
-|-
-| 2006 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 5 || 5
-|-
-| 2008 || 11 || 9 || 2 || 10 || 5
-|-
-| 2010 || 25 || 23 || 7 || 15 || 13
-|-
-| 2012 || 60 || 50 || 10 || 32 || 24
-|-
-| 2014 || 133 || 116 || 44 || 78 || 49
-|-
-| 2016 || 247 || 214 || 83 || 169 || 107
-|-
-| 2017 || 303 || 260 || 104 || 185 || 147
-|-
-| 2018 || 371 || 327 || 146 || 226 || 178
-|-
-| 2019 || 556 || 429 || 182 || 305 || 255
-|-
-| 2020 || 527 || 442 || 187 || 333 || 257
-|-
-|}
-[[File:Biohacking.png|thumb|center|700px]]
-=== Google Trends ===
-The chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Biohacking (search term), from January 2004 to Month 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biohacking |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=biohacking |website=Google Trends |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
-[[File:Biohacking gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
-=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
-The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Biohacking, from 2000 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biohacking |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=biohacking&year_start=2000&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3 |website=books.google.com |access-date=23 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
-[[File:Biohacking ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
-=== Wikipedia Views ===
-The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Biohacking}}, from July 2015 to April 2021. <ref>{{cite web |title=Biohacking |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Biohacking&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
-[[File:Biohacking wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 ==Full timeline==
@@ Line 101: / Line 55: @@
 ! Year !! Event type !! Category !! Details !! Location/Launch site
 |-
-| 1930s || {{w|Ethical code}} || || The Mertonian ethos is proposed by American sociologist {{w|Robert K. Merton}} as an account of scientist's norms of behavior.<ref name="Delfanti">{{cite book |last1=Delfanti |first1=Alessandro |title=Biohackers: The Politics of Open Science |date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-0-7453-3280-2 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Biohackers.html?id=aEFTLwEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1930s || {{w|Ethical code}} || General || The Mertonian ethos is proposed by American sociologist {{w|Robert K. Merton}} as an account of scientist's norms of behavior.<ref name="Delfanti">{{cite book |last1=Delfanti |first1=Alessandro |title=Biohackers: The Politics of Open Science |date=7 May 2013 |publisher=Pluto Press |isbn=978-0-7453-3280-2 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Biohackers.html?id=aEFTLwEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1930s || Scientific background || {{w|Body hacking}} || German physician {{w|Werner Forssmann}} performs the first clinical cardiac catheterization on himself. He would later win the Nobel Prize.<ref name="america.aljazeera.com"/> || {{w|Germany}}
@@ Line 114: / Line 68: @@
 |-
 | 1970 || Scientific background || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || Hamilton Smith and Kent Wilcox announce having isolated and characterized a {{w|restriction enzyme}} (HindII) in a second bacterial species, ''{{w|Haemophilus influenza}}'', and demonstrate that it degrades the DNA of a foreign phage. Restriction enzymes are used for many different purposes in biotechnology. They can be used to splice and insert segments of DNA into other segments of DNA, thereby providing a means to modify DNA and construct new forms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Made by bacteria restriction enzymes are key to cloning DNA |url=https://www.whatisbiotechnology.org/index.php/science/summary/restriction/made-by-bacteria-restriction-enzymes-are-key-to-cloning-dna |website=WhatisBiotechnology.org |access-date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> Restriction enzymes find their way into the hands of biohackers.<ref>{{cite web |title=(PDF) Roses are black, violets are green - The emergence of amateur genetic engineers |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333802709_Roses_are_black_violets_are_green_-_The_emergence_of_amateur_genetic_engineers |website=ResearchGate |access-date=3 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 1972 || Concept development || {{w|Neurohacking}} ({{w|nootropics}}) || The term ''nootropics'' is first proposed by Romanian chemist [[w:Corneliu E. Giurgea|Corneliu Giurgea]], from {{w|University of Bucharest}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Giurgea |first1=C. |last2=Salama |first2=M. |title=Nootropic drugs |journal=Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology |date=January 1977 |volume=1 |issue=3-4 |pages=235–247 |doi=10.1016/0364-7722(77)90046-7}}</ref> || {{w|Romania}}
 |-
 | 1973 || Scientific background || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || {{w|Stanley Norman Cohen}} and {{w|Herbert Boyer}} manage to construct a new functional plasmid species ''{{w|in vitro}}'' and insert it into an ''{{w|Escherichia coli}}'', thus creating the first transgenic organism.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRANSGENIC ANIMALS |url=https://web.wpi.edu/Pubs/E-project/Available/E-project-082511-160224/unrestricted/Rebecca_Cunningham_and_Andrew_Reed,_IQP_Final.pdf |website=web.wpi.edu |access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1977 || Scientific background || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || British biochemist {{w|Frederick Sanger}} and his team at the Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology in {{w|Cambridge}} develop the ‘Chain Termination Method’, marking th begining of {{w|DNA sequencing}}. || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+|-
+| 1982 || Project launch || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || The {{w|GenBank}} {{w|sequence database}} is released as an [[w:Open access (publishing)|open access]], annotated collection of all publicly available {{w|nucleotide}} sequences and their {{w|protein}} translations. It is produced and maintained by the {{w|National Center for Biotechnology Information}} in the {{w|United States}} as part of the {{w|International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration}} (INSDC).<ref>{{cite web |title=1982: GenBank Database Formed |url=https://www.genome.gov/25520321/online-education-kit-1982-genbank-database-formed#:~:text=GenBank%2C%20NIH's%20publicly%20accessible%20genetic,the%20data%20in%20the%20archive. |website=Genome.gov |access-date=10 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+|| {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1983 || Scientific background || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || American biochemist {{w|Kary Mullis}} conceives the {{w|polymerase chain reaction}} (PCR) as a relatively simple and inexpensive technology used to amplify or make billions of copies of a segment of DNA.<ref>{{cite web |title=1983 {{!}} Invention of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology for amplifying DNA |url=https://unlockinglifescode.org/timeline/1983-invention-polymerase-chain-reaction-pcr-technology-amplifying-dna |website=Genome: Unlocking Life's Code |access-date=9 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 123: / Line 82: @@
 | 1983 || Scientific background || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || A tobacco resistant to antibiotics is grown as the first {{w|genetically modified plant}} (GMP).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Zeljezić |first1=D |title=[Genetically modified organisms in food--production, detection and risks]. |journal=Arhiv za higijenu rada i toksikologiju |date=November 2004 |volume=55 |issue=4 |pages=301-12 |pmid=15584557}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 1984 || Literature  || {{w|Body hacking}} || American-Canadian writer {{w|William Gibson}} publishes novel {{w|Neuromancer}}, which is often attributed as the cause in the rise of {{w|transhumanism}} culture popularity in modern times, as well as for coining terminology and ideas that form the basis of modern Cyberpunk and body hacking culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neuromancer {{!}} Summary & Cultural Impact|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Neuromancer|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 1984 || Literature || {{w|Body hacking}} || American-Canadian writer {{w|William Gibson}} publishes novel {{w|Neuromancer}}, which is often attributed as the cause in the rise of {{w|transhumanism}} culture popularity in modern times, as well as for coining terminology and ideas that form the basis of modern Cyberpunk and body hacking culture.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Neuromancer {{!}} Summary & Cultural Impact|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Neuromancer|access-date=2020-09-24|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 1984 || Scientific background || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || American geneticist {{w|Phillip Leder}} and Timothy Stewart produce a tumor-prone transgenic mouse, used as model of breast cancer.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Hanahan |first1=Douglas |last2=Wagner |first2=Erwin F. |last3=Palmiter |first3=Richard D. |title=The origins of oncomice: a history of the first transgenic mice genetically engineered to develop cancer |url=http://genesdev.cshlp.org/content/21/18/2258.long |website=Genes & Development |access-date=9 September 2021 |pages=2258–2270 |language=en |doi=10.1101/gad.1583307 |date=15 September 2007}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 143: / Line 102: @@
 | 1995 || Concept development || General || Cornell University ornithologist Rick Bonney coins the term {{w|citizen science}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gura |first1=Trisha |title=Citizen science: Amateur experts |journal=Nature |date=April 2013 |volume=496 |issue=7444 |pages=259–261 |doi=10.1038/nj7444-259a |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nj7444-259a |language=en |issn=1476-4687}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 1996 || Scientific background || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || [[w:Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the Sheep]] is born in {{w|Edinburgh}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Life of Dolly {{!}} Dolly the Sheep |url=https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dolly the Sheep |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/about/dolly |website=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=6 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 1996 || Scientific background || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || [[w:Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the Sheep]] is born in {{w|Edinburgh}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=The Life of Dolly {{!}} Dolly the Sheep |url=https://dolly.roslin.ed.ac.uk/facts/the-life-of-dolly/index.html |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Dolly the Sheep |url=https://www.ed.ac.uk/roslin/about/dolly |website=The University of Edinburgh |access-date=6 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> A milestone of science, her cloning proves that a cloned organism could be produced from a mature cell from a specific body part.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Niemann |first1=Heiner |last2=Tian |first2=X Cindy |last3=King |first3=W Allan |last4=Lee |first4=Rita S F |title=Epigenetic reprogramming in embryonic and foetal development upon somatic cell nuclear transfer cloning |journal=REPRODUCTION |date=February 2008 |volume=135 |issue=2 |pages=151–163 |doi=10.1530/REP-07-0397}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
 | 1998 || Organization || {{w|Body hacking}} || The global transhumanist foundation {{w|Humanity+}} is co-founded by {{w|Nick Bostrom}}, to encourage public engagement with the prospects of future technologies being used to enhance human capacities.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nick Bostrom {{!}} Edge.org |url=https://www.edge.org/memberbio/nick_bostrom#:~:text=Bostrom%20co%2Dfounded%20the%20World,local%20chapters%20in%20many%20countries. |website=www.edge.org |access-date=6 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 161: / Line 120: @@
 | 2002 || Scientific background || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || The {{w|Human Genome Project}} is conducted. Soon after the human genome is fully sequenced, the first DIY biologists would start tinkering with biological material.<ref name="Contributor">{{cite web |last1=Contributor |first1=External |title=Biohacking: Democratization of Science or Just a Quirky Hobby? |url=https://www.labiotech.eu/in-depth/biohacking-democratisation-science-hobby/ |website=Labiotech.eu |date=7 November 2018}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2002 || Notable case || {{w|Body hacking}} || Ahortly after the {{w|Soham murders}}, English engineer {{w|Kevin Warwick}} offers to implant a {{w|tracking device}} into an 11-year-old girl as an anti-abduction measure. The plan produces a mixed reaction, with endorsement from many worried parents but ethical concerns from children's societies. As a result, the idea would not go ahead.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tracking device implant criticised |url=https://www.communitycare.co.uk/2002/09/05/tracking-device-implant-criticised/ |website=Community Care |access-date=9 September 2021 |date=5 September 2002}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+| 2002 || Notable case || {{w|Body hacking}} || Shortly after the {{w|Soham murders}}, English engineer {{w|Kevin Warwick}} offers to implant a {{w|tracking device}} into an 11-year-old girl as an anti-abduction measure. The plan produces a mixed reaction, with endorsement from many worried parents but ethical concerns from children's societies. As a result, the idea would not go ahead.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tracking device implant criticised |url=https://www.communitycare.co.uk/2002/09/05/tracking-device-implant-criticised/ |website=Community Care |access-date=9 September 2021 |date=5 September 2002}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
 |-
 | 2003 || Competition || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || The {{w|International Genetically Engineered Machines}} is created. It is one of the most important contribution of the early pioneers to the rise of {{w|do-it-yourself biology}}. It would be considered to have done more than any other event to create a generation of biohackers. In these international contests, university student teams compete to make synthetic systems that work in living cells. Several participants at iGEM competitions would become founders of the numerous DIY-Bio groups emerging after 2008.<ref name="Keulartz"/> ||  {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 179: / Line 138: @@
 | 2006 || Notable case || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || An {{w|MIT}} [[w:International Genetically Engineered Machine|iGEM]] team manages to modify the normally putrid smell of bacteria so that the cells generate pleasant scents, such as wintergreen and banana.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dixon |first1=James |last2=Kuldell |first2=Natalie |title=BioBuilding |journal=Methods in Enzymology |date=2011 |volume=497 |pages=255–271 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-385075-1.00012-3}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=BioBuilding: Using Banana-Scented Bacteria to Teach Synthetic Biology |journal=Methods in Enzymology |date=1 January 2011 |volume=497 |pages=255–271 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-385075-1.00012-3}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2007 || Common view || {{w|Nutrigenomics}} || ''New York Magazine'' reports on a faction of biohackers who believe the fewer calories they consume on a daily basis, the longer they'll live.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zaczek |first1=Alyssa |title=What's a biohacker? You might already be one. |url=https://www.sctimes.com/story/life/food/2017/11/15/whats-biohacker-you-might-already-one/825501001/ |website=St. Cloud Times |access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Ultra-Extreme Calorie Restriction Diet Test -- New York Magazine - Nymag |url=https://nymag.com/news/features/23169/ |website=New York Magazine |access-date=4 September 2021 |language=en-us}}</ref> ||
+| 2007 || Common view || {{w|Nutrigenomics}} || ''New York Magazine'' reports on a faction of biohackers who believe the fewer calories they consume on a daily basis, the longer they'll live.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Zaczek |first1=Alyssa |title=What's a biohacker? You might already be one. |url=https://www.sctimes.com/story/life/food/2017/11/15/whats-biohacker-you-might-already-one/825501001/ |website=St. Cloud Times |access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Ultra-Extreme Calorie Restriction Diet Test -- New York Magazine - Nymag |url=https://nymag.com/news/features/23169/ |website=New York Magazine |access-date=4 September 2021 |language=en-us}}</ref> See [[Timeline of calorie restriction]]. ||
 |-
 | 2008 || Organization || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || The [[w:DIYbio (organization)|DIYbio organization]] is founded in {{w|Boston}} by Jason Bobe and Mackenzie Cowell.<ref>{{cite web |title=DIYbio on the News Hour |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IIWH6Hhcnc |website=youtube.com |access-date=1 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Meyer">{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Morgan |title=Biologie et médecine « do-it-yourself »: Histoire, pratiques, enjeux |journal=médecine/sciences |date=May 2018 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=473–479 |doi=10.1051/medsci/20183405022}}</ref> DIYbio.org is launched as a channel of communication for DIYers who want to build a community around it.<ref name="O’Reilly Media">{{cite web |last1=Sluys |first1=Edgar Andrés Ochoa Cruz, Oscar Joel de la Barrera Benavidez, Manuel Giménez, Maria Chavez, Marie-Anne Van |title=The biohacking landscape in Latin America |url=https://www.oreilly.com/content/biohacking-latin-america/ |website=O’Reilly Media |access-date=4 September 2021 |date=2 May 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=DIYbio.org |url=https://sphere.diybio.org/networks/diybio-org/ |website=sphere.diybio.org |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="McFarland">{{cite book |last1=Vargo |first1=Marc E. |title=The Weaponizing of Biology: Bioterrorism, Biocrime and Biohacking |date=11 August 2017 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-1-4766-2933-9 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/The_Weaponizing_of_Biology.html?id=K2EwDwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 200: / Line 159: @@
 |-
 | 2009 || Notable case || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || A team of seven Cambridge University manage to engineer bacteria to secrete a variety of coloured pigments, visible to the naked eye. They design standardized sequences of DNA, called BioBrick, and insert them into {{w|E. coli}} bacteria. Each BioBrick part contains genes from existing organisms, enabling the bacteria to produce a colour. By combining these with other BioBricks, bacteria could be programmed to do tasks for humans. Their invention, which they call E. chromi, wins the Grand Prize at the 2009 International Genetically Engineered Machine Competition (iGEM).<ref>{{cite web |title=ALEXANDRA DAISY GINSBERG |url=https://www.daisyginsberg.com/work/echromi-living-colour-from-bacteria |website=www.daisyginsberg.com |access-date=3 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United Kingdom}}
+|-
+| 2009 || Research || {{w|Performance psychology}} || A study shows that {{w|meditation}} increases the {{w|grey matter}} in subjects’ brains.<ref>{{cite web |title=The beginners' guide to biohacking |url=https://inews.co.uk/inews-lifestyle/wellbeing/beginners-guide-biohacking-31781 |website=inews.co.uk |access-date=10 September 2021 |language=en |date=19 November 2016}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 2010 || Organization || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || {{w|Victoria Makerspace}} is founded in {{w|Victoria, British Columbia}}, by Derek Jacoby and Thomas Gray as a biology community lab.<ref>{{cite journal |title=UVic Torch Alumni Magazine - Autumn 2013 |journal=Issuu |url=https://issuu.com/uvic_torch_alumni_magazine/docs/2013_autumn |language=en}}</ref> This lab would take part in the FBI DIY biology summit in Walnut Creek, California in 2012,<ref>{{cite web|first=Michael | last=Scroggins | date=Fall 2013 | title=DIYbio and the "New FBI" | work=O'Reilly BioCoder |url=http://chimera.labs.oreilly.com/books/1230000000737/ch03.html }}</ref> the first Canadian DIY Biology Summit in 2016,<ref>{{cite web|title=DIY Biology: From Basement to Biolab|url=http://science.gc.ca/eic/site/063.nsf/eng/h_D79B5951.html#ws082825D8|website=The Science of Health}}</ref> and the iGEM synthetic biology competition in 2014 with a project on preventing dental decay.<ref>{{cite web|title=iGEM 2014 Team Information|url=http://igem.org/Team.cgi?team_id=1490|access-date=9 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
@@ Line 216: / Line 177: @@
 |-
 | 2011 || {{w|Ethical code}} || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}}  || A code of ethics is adopted by DIYbio.org. This code remains an important touchstone for experiments.<ref name="Zettler"/> ||
+|-
+| 2011 || Trend growth || {{w|Neurohacking}} || A resurgence in the popularity of at-home and DIY {{w|neurohacking}} starts in this year.<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Wexler|first=Anna|date=2016-04-01|title=The practices of do-it-yourself brain stimulation: implications for ethical considerations and regulatory proposals|url=https://jme.bmj.com/content/42/4/211|journal=Journal of Medical Ethics|language=en|volume=42|issue=4|pages=211–215|doi=10.1136/medethics-2015-102704|issn=0306-6800|pmid=26324456}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wexler|first=Anna|date=2017|title=The Social Context of "Do-It-Yourself" Brain Stimulation: Neurohackers, Biohackers, and Lifehackers|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|language=en|volume=11|page=224|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2017.00224|pmid=28539877|pmc=5423946|issn=1662-5161|doi-access=free}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 2012 || Organization || {{w|Body hacking}} || {{w|Grindhouse Wetware}} is founded in {{w|Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania}} as an [[w:Open-source model|open source]] {{w|biotechnology}} startup company. It applies the [[w:Grinder (biohacking community)|biohacker]] ethic to create technology that augments human capabilities. The company would be later known for their Circadia device.<ref>{{cite web |title=On the Origin of the Biohack Species #exsum13 |url=https://labs.sogeti.com/on-the-origin-of-the-biohack-species-exsum13/ |website=SogetiLabs |access-date=10 September 2021 |date=8 October 2013}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2012 || TED talk || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || {{w|Ellen Jorgensen}} gives a TED talk about biohacking, putting the movement on the map.<ref name="america.aljazeera.com">{{cite web |title=The brave new world of biohacking |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/18/the-brave-new-worldofbiohacking.html |website=america.aljazeera.com |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ellen Jorgensen: Biohacking -- you can do it, too |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWEpeW7Ojzs |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2012 || {{w|Conference}} || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || {{w|Ellen Jorgensen}} gives a TED talk about biohacking, putting the movement on the map.<ref name="america.aljazeera.com">{{cite web |title=The brave new world of biohacking |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2013/10/18/the-brave-new-worldofbiohacking.html |website=america.aljazeera.com |access-date=20 July 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Ellen Jorgensen: Biohacking -- you can do it, too |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AWEpeW7Ojzs |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 2012 || Organization || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || {{w|Baltimore Underground Science Space}} is founded as a non-profit {{w|synthetic biology}} and {{w|biotechnology}} {{w|makerspace}} laboratory for science enthusiasts, hobbyists, and professionals to practice, share and learn about the biological sciences. It is closely aligned with {{w|do-it-yourself biology}} and the Maryland science community generally, and offers courses and lectures in addition to community lab space.<ref>{{cite web |title=Baltimore Underground Science Space (BUGSS) |url=https://sphere.diybio.org/labs/bugss/ |website=sphere.diybio.org |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 229: / Line 192: @@
 | 2012 || Organization || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || SyntechBio opens in {{w|São Paulo}} as the first biohacker space in {{w|Latin America}}. It begins as an experiment inside the University of São Paulo "to accelerate the training of students in the synthetic biology area, enhance multidisciplinary studies, and create an open space to develop and share ideas that wouldn’t be normally supported by the academic community in a research context."<ref name="O’Reilly Media"/> || {{w|Brazil}}
 |-
-| 2013 || Notable case || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || A team of three biohackers affiliated with Biocurious as well as with Genome Compiler conduct a crowd-sourcing campaign to raise money for developing bioluminescent plants that would glow in the dark. The idea is presented as a step towards a more sustainable future when streets would no longer be lit by electric lamps but by glowing trees. Once the project reaches its goals, each subscriber would receive envelopes with seeds of the genetically modified plants. By June 2013, 6000 hackers would be subscribed, bringing in almost 500.000 dollars to fund the project.<ref name="Keulartz"/>
+| 2013 || Notable case || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || A team of three biohackers affiliated with Biocurious as well as with Genome Compiler conduct a crowd-sourcing campaign to raise money for developing bioluminescent plants that would glow in the dark. The idea is presented as a step towards a more sustainable future when streets would no longer be lit by electric lamps but by glowing trees. Once the project reaches its goals, each subscriber would receive envelopes with seeds of the genetically modified plants. By June 2013, 6000 hackers would be subscribed, bringing in almost 500,000 dollars to fund the project.<ref name="Keulartz"/>
 |-
 | 2013 || Notable case || {{w|Body hacking}} || American biohacker Tim Cannon implants the Circadia biosensor into his arm, between the skin and the muscle. Build by {{w|Grindhouse Wetware}}, the device checks the body temperature and {{w|pulse}}, then syncs this information to an Android device. It also conveys information by lighting up.<ref name="You've gotta">{{cite web |title=You've gotta see these human cyborgs (WARNING: GRAPHIC IMAGES) |url=https://www.cnet.com/pictures/youve-got-to-see-these-human-cyborgs/ |website=CNET |access-date=9 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 236: / Line 199: @@
 |-
 | 2013 || Organization || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || Counter Culture Labs opens in {{w|Oakland, California}} as an open community lab by a group of scientists, tinkerers, biotech professionals, hackers, and citizen scientists. It is a hackerspace for DIY biology and citizen science.<ref>{{cite web |title=Counter Culture Labs |url=https://sphere.diybio.org/labs/counterculturelabs/ |website=sphere.diybio.org |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 2013 || Research || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || According to a survey, DIY biologists work on average 7 hours per week on their projects, they are well-educated, more than half of them are fully employed (besides their DIY biology activities) and 25% are students. About two thirds are between 25 and 45 years old and three quarters are male.<ref name="Mdeyer">{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Morgan |last2=Vergnaud |first2=Frédéric |title=The rise of biohacking: Tracing the emergence and evolution of DIY biology through online discussions |journal=Technological Forecasting and Social Change |date=November 2020 |volume=160 |pages=120206 |doi=10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120206}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 2013 || Notable case || {{w|Body hacking}} || DIY biohacker Rich Lee implants headphones in his [[w:Tragus (ear)|tragi]]. He is also known for his work on a vibrating pelvic implant called the Lovetron9000.<ref>{{cite web |title=Why This Guy Implanted Headphones In His Ears |url=https://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-06/biohacking-implanted-headphones/ |website=Popular Science |access-date=6 September 2021 |date=18 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Isaacson |first1=Betsy |title=Man Implants Invisible Headphone In His Ear |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/rich-lee-invisible-headphone_n_3503397 |website=HuffPost |access-date=6 September 2021 |language=en |date=26 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Katz |first1=Leslie |title=Surgically implanted headphones are literally 'in-ear' |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/surgically-implanted-headphones-are-literally-in-ear/ |website=CNET |access-date=6 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 241: / Line 206: @@
 | 2013 || Notable case || {{w|Body hacking}} || {{w|University of Minnesota}} researchers develop a new noninvasive system that allows people to control a flying robot using only their mind.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mind-controlled quadcopter flies using imaginary fists |url=https://newatlas.com/university-minnesota-mind-control-uav/27798/ |website=New Atlas |access-date=20 August 2021 |date=9 June 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Univ. of Minn. develops mind-controlled flying robot |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gOlFW0hIbng |website=youtube.com |access-date=9 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2013 (October) || TED talk || || Amal Graafstra gives a TED talk on biohacking.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biohacking - the forefront of a new kind of human evolution: Amal Graafstra at TEDxSFU |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DxVWhFLI6E |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
+| 2013 (October) || {{w|Conference}} || {{w|Body hacking}} || Amal Graafstra gives a TED talk on biohacking.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biohacking - the forefront of a new kind of human evolution: Amal Graafstra at TEDxSFU |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7DxVWhFLI6E |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 2014 || Organization || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || The DIYbio Mexico movement is born. Its rise is linked to the synthetic biology and biotechnology research groups that participated in the {{w|International Genetically Engineered Machine}}.<ref name="O’Reilly Media"/> || {{w|Mexico}}
@@ Line 249: / Line 214: @@
 | 2014 || Literature || {{w|Nutrigenomics}} || Ari R. Meisel publishes ''Intro to Biohacking''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meisel |first1=Ari R. |title=Intro to Biohacking |publisher=Createspace Independent Pub |isbn=978-1-5025-1546-9 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Intro_to_Biohacking.html?id=R7EdogEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |language=en}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2014 (May) || TED talk || {{w|Nutrigenomics}} || American entrepreneur {{w|Dave Asprey}} gives a TED talk on how to hack the body to become healthier, smarter and how to lower the biological age.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hacking yourself: Dave Asprey at TEDxConstitutionDrive |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yk5sT8zS4mI |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2014 (May) || {{w|Conference}} || {{w|Nutrigenomics}} || American entrepreneur {{w|Dave Asprey}} gives a TED talk on how to hack the body to become healthier, smarter and how to lower the biological age.<ref>{{cite web |title=Hacking yourself: Dave Asprey at TEDxConstitutionDrive |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yk5sT8zS4mI |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 2014 || Trend growth || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || It is estimated that in this year there are 50 DIY biology labs around the world.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jemielniak |first1=Dariusz |last2=Przegalinska |first2=Aleksandra |title=Collaborative Society |date=18 February 2020 |publisher=MIT Press |isbn=978-0-262-35645-9 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=yLDMDwAAQBAJ&redir_esc=y |language=en}}</ref> ||
@@ Line 275: / Line 240: @@
 | 2015 || Competition || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || The {{w|International Genetically Engineered Machine}} is held with 280 teams with more than 2,700 participants from all over the world. "Reminiscent of robotics competitions held for engineers, iGEM uses biological platforms (bacteria, yeast, and plants, among others) to develop solutions and products and to create awareness about society’s problems through synthetic biology".<ref name="O’Reilly Media"/> ||
 |-
-| 2015 || Organization || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || ReaGent is founded {{w|Ghent}}, {{w|Belgium}} as a community of citizen scientists who share an open biolab.<ref>{{cite web |title=ReaGent - Open DIY labo voor citizen science in Gent |url=https://reagentlab.org/ |website=ReaGent |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ReaGent |url=https://sphere.diybio.org/labs/reagent/ |website=sphere.diybio.org |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
+| 2015 || Organization || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || ReaGent is founded in {{w|Ghent}}, {{w|Belgium}} as a community of citizen scientists who share an open biolab.<ref>{{cite web |title=ReaGent - Open DIY labo voor citizen science in Gent |url=https://reagentlab.org/ |website=ReaGent |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=ReaGent |url=https://sphere.diybio.org/labs/reagent/ |website=sphere.diybio.org |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
 |-
 | 2016 || Notable meeting || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || The first Canadian DIY Biology Summit is conducted.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Government of Canada |first1=Innovation |title=The Science of Health - Science.gc.ca |url=http://science.gc.ca/eic/site/063.nsf/eng/h_D79B5951.html#ws082825D8 |website=science.gc.ca |access-date=4 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|Canada}}
@@ Line 287: / Line 252: @@
 | 2016 || Notable meeting || General || The first conference to focus specifically on biohacking is announced in {{w|Oakland, California}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://biohacktheplanet.com/ |title=Biohack the Planet Conference |website=Biohack the Planet |access-date=2016-06-19}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2016 || Literature || {{w|Nootropics}} || Caterina Christakos and Sue Bell publish ''Biohackers Journal - Keeping Track of Your Biohacking Stack''. It is aimed at helping biohackers keep track of their stack of nootropics and smart drug usage and to monitor how it effects their mood, health and performance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Christakos |first1=Caterina |last2=Bell |first2=Sue |title=Biohackers Journal - Keeping Track of Your Biohacking Stack: Biohacking Journal |date=22 June 2016 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1-5348-5474-1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Biohackers_Journal_Keeping_Track_of_Your.html?id=RQSoDAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |language=en}}</ref> ||
+| 2016 || Literature || {{w|Neurohacking}} ({{w|nootropics}}) || Caterina Christakos and Sue Bell publish ''Biohackers Journal - Keeping Track of Your Biohacking Stack''. It is aimed at helping biohackers keep track of their stack of nootropics and smart drug usage and to monitor how it effects their mood, health and performance.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Christakos |first1=Caterina |last2=Bell |first2=Sue |title=Biohackers Journal - Keeping Track of Your Biohacking Stack: Biohacking Journal |date=22 June 2016 |publisher=CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform |isbn=978-1-5348-5474-1 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Biohackers_Journal_Keeping_Track_of_Your.html?id=RQSoDAEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |language=en}}</ref> ||
 |-
-| 2016 || Notable case || {{w|Body hacking}} || American biohacker {{w|Josiah Zayner}}, sick of suffering from severe stomach pain, attempts a full {{w|fecal microbiota transplant}} on himself.<ref name="Verge: Bitter Pill">{{Cite web |last1=Duhaime-Ross |first1=Arielle |title=A Bitter Pill |work={{w|The Verge}} |date=2016-05-04 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/4/11581994/fmt-fecal-matter-transplant-josiah-zayner-microbiome-ibs-c-diff |access-date=20 August 2021 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Afterward, he would claim the experiment left him feeling better.<ref name="How bioha"/> || {{w|United States}}
+| 2016 || Notable case || {{w|Body hacking}} || American biohacker {{w|Josiah Zayner}}, sick of suffering from severe stomach pain, attempts a full {{w|fecal microbiota transplant}} on himself.<ref name="Verge: Bitter Pill">{{Cite web |last1=Duhaime-Ross |first1=Arielle |title=A Bitter Pill |work={{w|The Verge}} |date=2016-05-04 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/4/11581994/fmt-fecal-matter-transplant-josiah-zayner-microbiome-ibs-c-diff |access-date=20 August 2021 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> Afterward, he would claim the experiment left him feeling better.<ref name="How bioha"/><ref>{{cite web|url = https://taibbi.substack.com/p/meet-josiah-zayner-americas-most|title = Meet Josiah Zayner, America's Most Censored Person. Scientist Josiah Zayner is brilliant, daring, and may have incurred the wrath of more internet platforms than any person alive. Is America's most interesting person also its most censored?|last = Taibbi|first = Matt|date = September 24, 2021|accessdate = September 25, 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
 | 2016 || Organization || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || The Latin American Network of Biohacker Spaces is launched at the end of the year. It starts including groups from Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, further expanding through the region.<ref name="O’Reilly Media"/> ||
 |-
-| 2016 (November) || TED talk || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || Nuria Conde gives a TED talk in {{w|Barcelona}}, on how to become a biohacker.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cómo convertirse en un biohacker {{!}} Nuria Conde {{!}} TEDxBarcelona |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kc0IFavUes |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
+| 2016 (November) || {{w|Conference}} || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || Nuria Conde gives a TED talk in {{w|Barcelona}}, on how to become a biohacker.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cómo convertirse en un biohacker {{!}} Nuria Conde {{!}} TEDxBarcelona |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_kc0IFavUes |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
 |-
 | 2017 || Notable case || {{w|Body hacking}} || Workers at Wisconsin-based tech company Three Square Market agree to have microchips implanted in their hands in order to enter the office, log into computers and even buy a snack or two with just a swipe of a hand. The microchip uses {{w|radio-frequency identification}} (RFID) technology.<ref>{{cite web |last1=News |first1=A. B. C. |title=Tech company workers agree to have microchips implanted in their hands |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Technology/tech-company-workers-agree-microchips-implanted-hands/story?id=48818529 |website=ABC News |access-date=20 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
@@ Line 305: / Line 270: @@
 | 2017 || Project launch || General || The CSA Ethics Working Group Resource Collection is started as a collection of tools by the Ethics Working Group of the Citizen Science Association. This collection is aimed at all scientists, including citizen scientists and biohackers, who can use for ethics. It includes codes of ethics, consent form templates, recorded webinars, training, guides, technologies, and related sites and blogs.<ref>{{cite web |title=CSA Ethics Working Group Resource Collection |url=https://sphere.diybio.org/projects/csaethics/ |website=sphere.diybio.org |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|United States}}
 |-
-| 2017 (October) || TED talk || {{w|Body hacking}} || Swedish biohacker Jowan Österlund gives a TED talk in {{w|Bratislava}}, explaining how seamless interection between body and technology should work in the future.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biohacking - the next step in human evolution or a dead end? {{!}} Jowan Österlund {{!}} TEDxBratislava |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioD-tFzLX8k |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Slovakia}}
+| 2017 (October) || {{w|Conference}} || {{w|Body hacking}} || Swedish biohacker Jowan Österlund gives a TED talk in {{w|Bratislava}}, explaining how seamless interection between body and technology should work in the future.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biohacking - the next step in human evolution or a dead end? {{!}} Jowan Österlund {{!}} TEDxBratislava |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ioD-tFzLX8k |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Slovakia}}
 |-
 | 2018 || Statistics || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || By this time, DIYbio.org lists 44 biohacking labs in North America, 31 in Europe and 17 across Asia, South America and Oceania.<ref name="Contributor"/><ref name="Meyer"/> || {{w|Worldwide}}
@@ Line 311: / Line 276: @@
 | 2018 (June) || Notable case || {{w|Body hacking}} || Sydney biohacker Meow-Ludo Disco Gamma Meow-Meow implants an {{w|Opal card}} chip into his hand. However, he is penalized despite implant returning a "valid tap-on", and is fined US$220 for failing to comply with existing transit laws.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Press |first1=Australian Associated |title=Bodyhacking scientist who implanted Opal card chip guilty of fare evasion |url=https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2018/mar/16/bodyhacking-scientist-who-implanted-opal-card-chip-guilty-of-fare-evasion |website=the Guardian |access-date=9 September 2021 |language=en |date=16 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Sydney bio-hacker has travel card implanted into hand |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-06-27/sydney-bio-hacker-has-opal-travel-card-implanted-into-hand/8656174 |website=www.abc.net.au |access-date=9 September 2021 |language=en-AU |date=27 June 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hevesi |first1=Bryant |title=Sydney bio-hacker has Opal travel card chip inserted in his HAND |url=https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-4642694/Sydney-man-Opal-travel-chip-inserted-hand.html |website=Mail Online |access-date=9 September 2021 |date=27 June 2017}}</ref> || {{w|Australia}}
 |-
-| 2018 (July) || TED talk || {{w|Nutrigenomics}}, {{w|nootropics}} || Ben Greenfield gives a TED talk sharing tips for longevity and how to biohack the body.<ref>{{cite web |title=Can you Hack Your Biological Age? {{!}} Ben Greenfield |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7ccaKmoSfM |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
+| 2018 (July) || {{w|Conference}} || {{w|Nutrigenomics}}, {{w|neurohacking}} || Ben Greenfield gives a TED talk sharing tips for longevity and how to biohack the body.<ref>{{cite web |title=Can you Hack Your Biological Age? {{!}} Ben Greenfield |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p7ccaKmoSfM |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 2018 (July 7) || Organization || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || BIOOK is founded in Spain. Based on the {{w|do-it-yourself biology}} movement and on {{w|Citizen Science}}, it is a non-profit association that aims to promote social innovation, "creating ecosystems for citizens to participate and enjoy scientific-cultural production, eliminating boundaries between biology and other disciplines."<ref>{{cite web |title=Biook |url=https://sphere.diybio.org/groups/biook/ |website=sphere.diybio.org |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|Spain}}
+|-
+| 2019 || Literature || {{w|Nutrigenomics}} || Olli Sovijärvi, Teemu Arina, and Jaakko Halmetoja publish their ''Biohacker's Handbook'', which focuses on nutrition and lifestyle.<ref>{{cite book |last1=M.D |first1=Olli Sovijärvi |last2=Arina |first2=Teemu |last3=Halmetoja |first3=Jaakko |title=Biohacker's Handbook: Upgrade yourself and unleash your inner potential |publisher=Biohacker Center |isbn=978-952-7241-08-0 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Biohacker_s_Handbook.html?id=-s3ODwAAQBAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |language=en}}</ref> ||
 |-
 | 2019 (May) || Notable case || {{w|Body hacking}} || Belgium-based Russian biohacker named Vladimir Kaigorodov injects himself with {{w|DNA}} from [[w:Dolly (sheep)|Dolly the Sheep]], claiming that it came to his body "as a kind of new stage in human evolution".<ref>{{cite web |title=Russian biohacker injects himself with Dolly the sheep's DNA |url=https://biohackinfo.com/news-vladimir-kaigorodov-sheep-dna-injection/ |website=Biohackinfo |access-date=6 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|Belgium}}
+|-
+| 2019 (October) || Literature || General || {{w|Dave Asprey}} publishes ''Super Human: The Bulletproof Plan to Age Backwards and Maybe Even Live Forever'', which covers topics such as health and fitness, healthy living, and psychology.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Asprey |first1=Dave |title=Super Human: The Bulletproof Plan to Age Backwards and Maybe Even Live Forever |date=29 October 2019 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-294386-6 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books/about/Super_Human.html?id=t7f1wQEACAAJ&source=kp_book_description&redir_esc=y |language=en}}</ref> ||
+|-
+| 2020 (January 7) || {{w|Conference}} || {{w|Nutrigenomics}} || Martin Kremmer gives a TED talk in Copenhagen, recounting his experience with biohacking.<ref>{{cite web |title=My experience with bio-hacking {{!}} Martin Kremmer {{!}} TEDxCopenhagen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADyCY382lAY |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Denmark}}
 |-
 | 2020 || {{w|Television}} || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}}, {{w|body hacking}}  || German techno-thriller television series ''{{w|Biohackers}}'' is released on {{w|Netflix}}. It depicts illegal genetic experimentation.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Welle (www.dw.com) |first1=Deutsche |title='Biohackers' play god in German Netflix series {{!}} DW {{!}} 20.08.2020 |url=https://www.dw.com/en/biohackers-play-god-in-german-netflix-series/a-54630705 |website=DW.COM |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> || {{w|Germany}}
@@ Line 319: / Line 292: @@
 | 2020 || Statistics || General || As of date, North America holds the dominant share of the overall revenue owing to the presence of several key biohacking market players in the region, especially in the United States. Europe holds the second-largest revenue share.<ref name="Markets"/> || {{w|North America}}
 |-
-| 2028 || Statistics || General || The global biohacking market size is anticipated to reach US$ 63.7 billion by this year.<ref name="Markets">{{cite web |last1=Markets |first1=Research and |title=Global Biohacking Market Forecasts and Outlook 2021-2028: Forensics Laboratories Segment Recorded Revenue Share of 28% in 2020, with High Product Adoption for Monitoring Patient Health Conditions |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/08/23/2284708/0/en/Global-Biohacking-Market-Forecasts-and-Outlook-2021-2028-Forensics-Laboratories-Segment-Recorded-Revenue-Share-of-28-in-2020-with-High-Product-Adoption-for-Monitoring-Patient-Healt.html |website=GlobeNewswire News Room |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en |date=23 August 2021}}</ref> ||
+| 2020 (December) || Literature || {{w|Performance psychology}}, {{w|nutrigenomics}} || Kristen Willeumier publishes ''Biohack Your Brain: How to Boost Cognitive Health, Performance & Power''
+|-
+| 2021 || Notable case || {{w|Body hacking}} || Scientists at {{w|Brown University}} develop the BrainGate system, which allows users to wirelessly connect themselves to a computer with "single-neuron resolution" and "full broadband fidelity" via a simple transmitter device place atop the head.<ref>{{cite web |last1=months |first1=Dale John Wong 5 |title=Scientists wirelessly connect human brains to computers for the first time ever |url=https://sea.mashable.com/science/15164/scientists-wirelessly-connect-human-brains-to-computers-for-the-first-time-ever?fbclid=IwAR3iXF_kiMB2PTKAGUxpZ61CXrV1Krx4gQyUoho9bLDkyqHs1XRzq1bCL94 |website=Mashable SEA |access-date=10 September 2021 |language=en-sg |date=5 April 2021}}</ref>  || {{w|United States}}
+|-
+| 2028 || Statistics || General || The global biohacking market size is anticipated to reach US$ 63.7 billion by this year.<ref name="Markets">{{cite web |last1=Markets |first1=Research and |title=Global Biohacking Market Forecasts and Outlook 2021-2028: Forensics Laboratories Segment Recorded Revenue Share of 28% in 2020, with High Product Adoption for Monitoring Patient Health Conditions |url=https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2021/08/23/2284708/0/en/Global-Biohacking-Market-Forecasts-and-Outlook-2021-2028-Forensics-Laboratories-Segment-Recorded-Revenue-Share-of-28-in-2020-with-High-Product-Adoption-for-Monitoring-Patient-Healt.html |website=GlobeNewswire News Room |access-date=2 September 2021 |language=en |date=23 August 2021}}</ref> || Worldwide
+|-
+|}
+== Visual and numerical data ==
+=== Mentions on Google Scholar ===
+The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 13, 2021.
+{| class="sortable wikitable"
+! Year
+! biohacking
+! biohacking technology
+! biohacking implant
+! biohacking ethics
+! biohacking gene editing
+|-
+| 1995 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0 || 0
+|-
+| 2000 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0 || 0
+|-
+| 2002 || 1 || 1 || 1 || 0 || 0
+|-
+| 2004 || 3 || 2 || 0 || 2 || 2
+|-
+| 2006 || 2 || 2 || 0 || 5 || 5
+|-
+| 2008 || 11 || 9 || 2 || 10 || 5
+|-
+| 2010 || 25 || 23 || 7 || 15 || 13
+|-
+| 2012 || 60 || 50 || 10 || 32 || 24
 |-
-| 2018 (July 7) || Organization || {{w|Do-it-yourself biology}} || BIOOK is founded in Spain. Based on the {{w|do-it-yourself biology}} movement and on {{w|Citizen Science}}, it is a non-profit association that aims to promote social innovation, "creating ecosystems for citizens to participate and enjoy scientific-cultural production, eliminating boundaries between biology and other disciplines."<ref>{{cite web |title=Biook |url=https://sphere.diybio.org/groups/biook/ |website=sphere.diybio.org |access-date=7 September 2021}}</ref> || {{{w|Spain}}
+| 2014 || 133 || 116 || 44 || 78 || 49
+|-
+| 2016 || 247 || 214 || 83 || 169 || 107
+|-
+| 2017 || 303 || 260 || 104 || 185 || 147
+|-
+| 2018 || 371 || 327 || 146 || 226 || 178
 |-
-| 2020 (January 7) || TED talk || || Martin Kremmer gives a TED talk in Copenhagen, recounting his experience with biohacking.<ref>{{cite web |title=My experience with bio-hacking {{!}} Martin Kremmer {{!}} TEDxCopenhagen |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ADyCY382lAY |website=youtube.com |access-date=8 September 2021 |language=en}}</ref> || {{w|Denmark}}
+| 2019 || 556 || 429 || 182 || 305 || 255
 |-
-| 2021 || Notable case || {{w|Body hacking}} || Scientists at {{w|Brown University}} develop the BrainGate system, which allows users to wirelessly connect themselves to a computer with "single-neuron resolution" and "full broadband fidelity" via a simple transmitter device place atop the head.<ref>{{cite web |last1=months |first1=Dale John Wong 5 |title=Scientists wirelessly connect human brains to computers for the first time ever |url=https://sea.mashable.com/science/15164/scientists-wirelessly-connect-human-brains-to-computers-for-the-first-time-ever?fbclid=IwAR3iXF_kiMB2PTKAGUxpZ61CXrV1Krx4gQyUoho9bLDkyqHs1XRzq1bCL94 |website=Mashable SEA |access-date=10 September 2021 |language=en-sg |date=5 April 2021}}</ref>  || {{w|United States}}
+| 2020 || 527 || 442 || 187 || 333 || 257
 |-
 |}
+[[File:Biohacking.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Google Trends ===
+The chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Biohacking (search term), from January 2004 to Month 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biohacking |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=biohacking |website=Google Trends |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Biohacking gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
+=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
+The chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Biohacking, from 2000 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Biohacking |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=biohacking&year_start=2000&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3 |website=books.google.com |access-date=23 May 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:Biohacking ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Wikipedia Views ===
+The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article {{w|Biohacking}}, from July 2015 to April 2021. <ref>{{cite web |title=Biohacking |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?page=Biohacking&allmonths=allmonths-api&language=en&drilldown=all |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Biohacking wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 ==Meta information on the timeline==
@@ Line 344: / Line 379: @@
 ===What the timeline is still missing===
-* [https://sphere.diybio.org/browse/?q=&idx=diybiosphere&p=0&dFR%5Btags%5D%5B0%5D=biohacking]
-* [https://sphere.diybio.org/browse/?q=&idx=diybiosphere&p=0&dFR%5Btags%5D%5B0%5D=DIYBio]
 * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4884673/ check for articles here]
-* [https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s11693-013-9116-4]
+* [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11693-013-9116-4]
-* [https://sci-hub.se/10.1002/bies.201300149 more events]
+* [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.201300149 more events]
-* [https://sci-hub.se/10.1051/medsci/20183405022 more events]
+* [https://www.medecinesciences.org/articles/medsci/full_html/2018/06/medsci180123s/medsci180123s.html more events]
-* [https://sci-hub.se/10.1007/s00203-016-1257-x]
+* [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00203-016-1257-x]
-* Genbank
 * genomic database, community lab, online sharing tool, cracking of dna code, hacker, open science, open source, open access, citizen science, online cooperative science (science 2.0).
+* [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040162520310325?via%3Dihub]
-* [https://biohackacademy.github.io/biofactory/class/4/pdf/1%20History%20of%20Biohacking.pdf]
-* [https://sci-hub.se/10.1016/j.techfore.2020.120206]
 * [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7226663/]
 * [https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2405844020307763]
-* {{w|Body hacking}}
-* {{w|Category:Do it yourself}}
-* {{w|Body hacking}}
-* {{w|Neurohacking}}
 ===Timeline update strategy===
@@ Line 370: / Line 396: @@
 * [[Timeline of quantified self]]
 * [[Timeline of life extension]]
+* [[Timeline of meditation]]
+* [[Timeline of Neuralink]]
 ==External links==