Difference between revisions of "Timeline of colorectal cancer"

This is a '''timeline of [[colorectal cancer]]''', describing especially major discoveries and advances in treatment of the disease.

|Ancient times||Different herbs to treat colorectal cancer are proposed more than 6,000 years ago in ancient [[China]]. The ancient [[Ancient Greece|Greek]] and [[India]]n civilizations also record preventative care and treatment plans, such as the use of [[olive oil]], for colon health.<ref name="The History of Colorectal Cancer Screening Colonoscopies">{{cite web|title=The History of Colorectal Cancer Screening Colonoscopies|url=http://www.preventingcolorectalcancer.org/The-History-of-Colorectal-Cancer-Screening-Colonoscopies|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref>

|1960s||The [[colonoscope]] is developed thanks in part to advances in fiber optics and engineering.<ref name="The History of Colorectal Cancer Screening Colonoscopies" /> Engineering advances improve the visualization and illumination provided by the [[laparoscope]].<ref name="Role of Laparoscopic Techniques in Colorectal Cancer Surgery">{{cite web|title=Role of Laparoscopic Techniques in Colorectal Cancer Surgery|url=http://www.cancernetwork.com/oncology-journal/role-laparoscopic-techniques-colorectal-cancer-surgery|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref>

|1970s||[[Endoscopy|Endoscopic screening]], including [[colonoscopy]] and flexible [[sigmoidoscopy]], are introduced, enabling discovery of colorectal cancers and precancers at their earliest stages when they are most treatable and curable.<ref name="Cancer progress">{{cite web|title=Cancer progress|url=http://cancerprogress.net/timeline/colorectal-cancer|accessdate=10 September 2016}}</ref>

|1980s||Video chip technology is introduced for [[laparoscopy]], providing a major enhance in colorectal cancer [[surgery]].<ref name="Role of Laparoscopic Techniques in Colorectal Cancer Surgery" />

|1990s||New gene tests for hereditary conditions are developed, which enable physicians to identify people with these conditions and monitor them more closely for cancer or pre cancerous [[polyps]] through regular colonoscopy screenings.<ref name="Cancer progress" />

|Present time||Today, the treatment of colorectal cancer can be aimed at cure or palliation. When colorectal cancer is caught early, surgery can be curative. Globally, colorectal cancer is the third most common type of cancer making up about 10% of all cases.<ref name=WCR2014Epi>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 1.1}}</ref> In 2012, there were 1.4 million new cases and 694,000 deaths from the disease.<ref name=WCR2014Epi/> It is more common in [[Developed country|developed countries]], where more than 65% of cases are found.<ref name=WCR2014>{{cite book|title=World Cancer Report 2014|date=2014|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=9283204298|pages=Chapter 5.5}}</ref> It is less common in women than men.<ref name=WCR2014/>

|1896||Development||English Sir Jonathan Huchinson first describes the association of mucosal pigmentation and gastrointestinal [[polyposis]].<ref name="Colorectal cancer risk in hamartomatous polyposis syndromes">{{cite journal|title=Colorectal cancer risk in hamartomatous polyposis syndromes|doi=10.4240/WJGS.v7.i3.25|url=http://www.wjgnet.com/1948-9366/full/v7/i3/25.htm | volume=7|journal=World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery|pages=25}}</ref>||

|1913||Development||[[Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]] is first described.<ref>{{cite web|title=Recent Developments in Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3109/00365529609094737?journalCode=igas20|accessdate=12 September 2016}}</ref>||

|1925||Discovery||Researchers first describe association between [[inflammatory bowel disease]] and [[colorectal cancer]].<ref name="Current Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer" />||

|1925||Discovery||American gastroenterologist [[Burrill Bernard Crohn]] and [[Herman Rosenberg]] report the first case of [[adenocarcinoma]] complicating [[ulcerative colitis]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Colorectal cancer complicating ulcerative colitis: a reviewColorectal Cancer Complicating Ulcerative Colitis|url=http://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/v95/n10/full/ajg20001423a.html|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref>||

|1932||Development||English physician [[Cuthbert Dukes]] devices a classification system for colorectal cancer.<ref name="The History of Colorectal Cancer Screening Colonoscopies" />||

|1958||Treatment||[[Fluorouracil]] is introduced for treating colorectal cancer. It is found to show improvements when combining with other drugs like [[leucovorin]], [[methotrexate]] and [[trimetrexate]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Bertino|first1=JR|title=Chemotherapy of colorectal cancer: history and new themes.|pmid=9420015|volume=24|journal=Semin Oncol|pages=S18-3-S18-7}}</ref>||

|1966||Development||[[Lynch syndrome]], also known as hereditary non polyposis colorectal cancer, is first categorized.<ref>{{cite web|title=Immunochemistry screening for Lynch syndrome in colorectal adenocarcinoma using an initial two antibody panel can replace a four antibody panel|url=https://www.nzma.org.nz/journal/read-the-journal/all-issues/2010-2019/2013/vol-126-no-1382/article-oregan|accessdate=6 September 2016}}</ref>||

|1966–1969||Development||Japanese surgeon [[Hiromi Shinya]] and [[William Wolff]], working at [[Beth Israel Medical Center]] develop colonoscopic techniques using an [[esophagoscopy|esophagoscope]], which would allow one [[endoscopy|endoscopist]] to perform a colonoscopy, rather than the two-person technique, which was previously the standard. They also develop the electrosurgical [[polypectomy]] snare for polyp removal. In September 1969, Wolff and Shinya publish their work using diagnostic fiber colonoscopy, thus revolutionizing the diagnosis and treatment of colon cancer.<ref name="The History of Colorectal Cancer Screening Colonoscopies" />||[[New York City]], [[US]]

|1982||Treatment||New procedure called [[total mesorectal excision]] emerges as a new standard surgical treatment for rectal cancer. It consist in removing only the cancerous region of the [[rectum]], allowing patients to maintain normal [[bowel]] function.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Role of Total Mesorectal Excision in the Management of Rectal Cancer|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/456036|accessdate=11 September 2016}}</ref>||

|1985||Treatment||[[Transanal endoscopic microsurgery]] (TEM) is developed as a [[surgery]] performed via a scope inserted into the [[anus]] to remove early stage rectal cancers less invasively. TEM is especially important as an option for patients who are too ill or elderly to undergo an open abdominal operation.<ref name="Cancer progress" />||

|1985–1991||Treatment||Treatment after surgery is found to increase colorectal cancer survival, by means of administration of chemotherapy ([[adjuvant treatment]]). Prior to this, about half of patients experienced a recurrence of their cancer after surgery, which often led to death.<ref name="Cancer progress" />||

|1990–1999||Development||Genetic tests become available for [[familial adenomatous polyposis]] and [[hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer]].<ref name="Cancer progress" />||

|1992||Development||[[Gastrointestinal stromal tumor]] is first described.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Gastric Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) Incidentally Found After Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Case Report|doi=10.17795/acr-24855|url=http://colorectalresearch.com/24855.fulltext | volume=2|journal=Annals of Colorectal Research}}</ref>||

|1994||Discovery||Study shows that approximately one third of patients with low grade [[dysplasia]] progress to high grade dysplasia or colorectal cancer during further examination.<ref name="Current Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Colorectal Cancer" />||

|1996||Treatment||[[FDA]] approves [[Camptosar]] ([[irinotecan]]), for advanced colon cancer.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Irinotecan (CPT-11): Recent Developments and Future Directions–Colorectal Cancer and Beyond|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.6-1-66|url=http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/6/1/66.full | volume=6|journal=The Oncologist|pages=66–80}}</ref>||[[United States]]  

|1997||Discovery||[[Surgery]] is found to cure colon cancer patients with tumors that have spread to the [[liver alone]].<ref name="Cancer progress" />||

|2000|| ||The [[American College of Gastroenterology]] recommends [[colonoscopy]] every 10 years as the preferred screening strategy for persons at average risk of acquiring [[colorectal cancer]].<ref name="Colorectal Cancer Screening for Persons at Average Risk">{{cite journal|title=Colorectal Cancer Screening for Persons at Average Risk|doi=10.1093/jnci/94.15.1126|url=http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/94/15/1126.full | volume=94|journal=CancerSpectrum Knowledge Environment|pages=1126–1133}}</ref>||

|2001–2004||Treatment||[[FDA]] approves [[Xeloda]] ([[capecitabine]]), the first oral [[chemotherapy]] drug, for patients with advanced metastatic colon cancer, and later for patients with stage III colon cancer (cancer with limited spread in the surrounding tissue) who have had surgery to remove the tumor.<ref name="Cancer progress" />||[[United States]]

|2002–2004||Treatment||[[FOLFOX]] regime, which combines [[eloxatin]] ([[oxaliplatin]]) with [[fluorouracil]] and [[leucovorin]], is approved to treat advanced colon cancer that has spread despite other treatments.<ref name="Cancer progress" />||  

|2004||Discovery||Researchers publish a study suggesting that [[focused ultrasound]] combined with [[radiation]] could be safe and effective in patients with rectal carcinoma.<ref name="Colorectal Cancer">{{cite web|title=Colorectal Cancer|url=http://www.fusfoundation.org/diseases-and-conditions/oncological/colorectal-cancer|accessdate=8 September 2016}}</ref>||[[China]]

|2004||Treatment||[[Avastin]] ([[bevacizumab]]) is approved for treating colorectal cancer.<ref name="New Combinations in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: What Are Our Expectations?">{{cite journal|title=New Combinations in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: What Are Our Expectations?|doi=10.1634/theoncologist.10-5-320|url=http://theoncologist.alphamedpress.org/content/10/5/320.full | volume=10|journal=The Oncologist|pages=320–322}}</ref>||

|2004||Treatment||[[Erbitux]] ([[cetuximab]]) is approved for treating colorectal cancer.<ref name="New Combinations in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: What Are Our Expectations?" />||  

|2008||Report||The [[International Agency for Research on Cancer|IARK]] ranks colorectal cancer (CRC) second for cancer prevalence and third for mortality in men and third for frequency and second for mortality in women in developed countries.<ref name="Immune cells: plastic players along colorectal cancer progression">{{cite web|title=Immune cells: plastic players along colorectal cancer progression|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcmm.12117/pdf|accessdate=8 September 2016}}</ref>||

|2009||Development||Several studies report the feasibility of using stool based [[microRNA]] as [[biomarkers]] for colorectal cancer [[screening (medicine)|screening]].<ref name="Colorectal cancer screening: are stool and blood based tests good enough?">{{cite web|title=Colorectal cancer screening: are stool and blood based tests good enough?|url=http://cco.amegroups.com/article/view/1253/1926|accessdate=8 September 2016}}</ref>||

|2010||Discovery||Researchers find a consistent link between higher [[vitamin D]] levels in the [[blood]] and a lower rate of colorectal cancer.<ref name="Healthy Eating: Controlling Colorectal Cancer">{{cite web|title=Healthy Eating: Controlling Colorectal Cancer|url=http://www.patienteducationcenter.org/articles/healthy-eating-controlling-colorectal-cancer/|accessdate=8 September 2016}}</ref>||

|2012||Treatment||[[FDA]] approves [[Stivarga]] ([[regorafenib]]) and [[Zaltrap]] ([[aflibercept]]) for [[antiangiogenic therapy]]. Studies show both drugs extend survival, offering new options for patients with aggressive colorectal cancers.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Update on antiangiogenic therapy in colorectal cancer: aflibercept and regorafenib|doi=10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.008|pmc=3635194 | pmid=23730520|volume=4|year=2013|journal=J Gastrointest Oncol|pages=231–8 | last1 = Jitawatanarat | first1 = P | last2 = Wee | first2 = W}}</ref>||[[United States]]

|2012||Discovery||Researchers find that [[virtual colonoscopy]] (a less invasive form of colonoscopy) is as accurate as conventional [[colonoscopy]] in finding potentially cancerous polyps.<ref name="Cancer">{{cite web|title=Cancer|url=http://www.research.va.gov/topics/cancer.cfm|accessdate=8 September 2016}}</ref>||

|2014||Development||Researchers at [[Cleveland Clinic]] create online colorectal cancer risk calculator, designed to help both patients and physicians determine when screening for colorectal cancer is appropriate.<ref>{{cite news|title=Cleveland Clinic researchers create online colorectal cancer risk calculator|url=http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2014-01/cc-ccr010314.php|accessdate=7 September 2016}}</ref>||[[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], [[US]]  

|2015||Treatment||[[FDA]] approves [[Lonsurf]] ([[trifluridine]] and [[tipiracil]]) for patients with an advanced form of colorectal cancer who are no longer responding to other therapies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm463650.htm|title=Press Announcements - FDA approves new oral medication to treat patients with advanced colorectal cancer|website=www.fda.gov|language=en|access-date=2017-03-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=. Raedler|first1=Lisa A|title=Lonsurf (Trifluridine plus Tipiracil): A New Oral Treatment Approved for Patients with Metastatic Colorectal Cancer|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5013844/|accessdate=6 March 2017|pmc=5013844}}</ref>||[[United States]]

* [[Timeline of brain cancer]]

* [[Timeline of kidney cancer]]

* [[Timeline of lung cancer]]

* [[Timeline of pancreatic cancer]]

* [[Timeline of liver cancer]]

* [[Timeline of bladder cancer]]

[[Category:Colorectal cancer]]

[[Category:Health-related timelines]]