Timeline of waste management

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This is a timeline of waste management, focusing mainly on municipal solid waste and commercial waste. Human waste is treated on the timeline of sanitation. Radioactive waste is not covered on this timeline. Recycling is covered on the timeline of recycling. Rise of common items in waste, such as beverage cans, plastics, and paper, are described.

Big picture

Time period Development summary
Middle Ages After the fall of Rome, waste collection and municipal sanitation begins a decline that would last throughout this era.[1]
18th – 19th centuries Industrial revolution flourishes. Industrialization along sustained urban growth in Western Europe causes a rapid deterioration in levels of sanitation and the general quality of urban life.[2] Late in the 19th century, a technological approach to solid-waste management begins to develop.[1]
20th century Municipal systems of waste disposal spring up at the turn of the century in large cities of Europe and North America. Technological advances continue during the first half of the century. Garbage grinders, compaction trucks, and pneumatic collection systems develop.[1]
1930s The Dumpster is introduced in the United States.
1940s Disposal of packaging material increases by 67% after World War II as consumerism and obsolescence become entrenched in emerging developed countries.[3]
1950s Dempster develops as a refuse handling system.[4]
1960s The first garbage bags meant for usage at homes appear during the decade.[5] Also, the first automated vacuum collection system is created in Sweden.[6]
1970s Smaller dumpsters are introduced, often known as wheelie bins which are also emptied mechanically. In the mid-1970s Petersen Industries introduce the first grapple truck for municipal waste collection.
1990s Garbage trucks technology changes dramatically.[7] Societies start wasting food more than ever in the developed world.[3]

Visual data

[File:Municipal waste landfilled, incinerated, recycled and composted in the European Union. In millions of tonnes..png|thumb|center|400px|Municipal waste landfilled, incinerated, recycled and composted in the European Union.]]

Full timeline

Year Event type Details
3000 BC A landfill is developed in Knossos, Crete, with large holes dug for refuse. Garbage is dumped and filled with dirt at various levels.[7] Greece
2100 BC System The elite section in the city of Heraclopolis maintains a waste collection and disposal system.[3] Egypt
500 BC Policy A municipal dump is organized in Athens. Regulations require waste to be dumped at least a mile from the city limits.[3] Greece
1350 Policy Britain makes a law mandating clean front yards. However, the law is not taken too seriously.[3] United Kingdom
1357 Policy The city authorities of London forbid throwing rubbish, earth, gravel or dung into the Thames.[3] United Kingdom
1407 Policy Britain passes a law declaring waste should be stored inside till rakers to remove it.[3] United Kingdom
1551 German papermaker Andreas Bernhart begins placing his paper in wrappers labeled with his name and address. This is the first recorded use of packaging.[8]
1714 Policy Every city in England is required to have an official scavenger.[1] United Kingdom
1751 English official Corbyn Morris in London proposes a uniform public management for cleaning the city in order to preserve the health of the people.[9] United Kingdom
1757 Service The first municipal street–cleaning service in the United States is started in Philadelphia by Benjamin Franklin. During the same time period, American homes begin digging solid waste pits instead of throwing it out of doors and windows.[3] United States
1786 Service A proper waste collection service is first instigated in the Cape Colony.[3] South Africa
1842 Publication British Social reformer, Edwin Chadwick publishes report The Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population in which he argues for the importance of adequate waste removal and management facilities to improve the health and wellbeing of the city's population.[10] United Kingdom
1855 Background The first human–made plastic is invented.[3]
1869 Background American John Hyatt starts producing "celluloid", thus giving birth to the plastics industry.[8] United States
1874 Publication Edwin Chadwick writes his Report of an Inquiry into the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain, linking disease to filthy environmental conditions.[3]
1874 Facility The first incinerator is built in Nottingham by Manlove, Alliott & Co. Ltd..[11] This would mark a significant development in solid-waste treatment and disposal practices in the country.[1] United Kingdom
1884 System Eugène Poubelle introduces the first integrated kerbside collection and recycling system, requiring residents to separate their waste into perishable items, paper and cloth, and crockery and shells. "He also established rules for how private collectors and city workers should cooperate and he developed standard dimensions for refuse containers: his name in France is now synonymous with the garbage can. Under Poubelle, food waste and other organics collected in Paris were transported to nearby Saint Ouen where they were composted. This continued well into the 20th century when plastics began to contaminate the waste stream."[12] France
1885 Facility A waste incinerator is built in Governors Island, New York.[3] United States
1895 System New York City becomes the first U.S. city with public-sector garbage management.[13]
1916 Technology Cities in the United States begin switching from horse–drawn to motorized waste collection equipment.[3] United States
1920s Technology A dumping lever mechanism is introduced for garbage removal trucks.[14] United Kingdom
1920s Using wetlands for disposal of waste become popular in the United States.[3] United States
1920s Technology Mechanical transport for solid waste management is introduced in South Africa.[3] South Africa
1930 Policy The king of Patiala in India converts cars into garbage vehicles.[3] India
1934 Policy The United States supreme court bans municipal waste dumping into oceans.[3] United States
1935 Background The can of bear is first commercialized.[8] United States
1937 Technology American businessman George Dempster invents the Dempster-Dumpster system in which wheeled waste containers are mechanically tipped into the truck. His containers become known as Dumpsters, entering the word to the language. United States
1938 Technology The Garwood Load Packer becomes the first truck to incorporate a hydraulic compactor.[15] "In 1938, the Garwood Load Packer revolutionized the industry when the notion of including a compactor in the truck was implemented. The first primitive compactor could double a truck's capacity. This was made possible by use of a hydraulic press which compacted the contents of the truck periodically."
1938 Background American phycisist Chester Carlson develops the Xerography process.[8] United States
1942 Technology Low density polyethylene is invented.[3]
1944 Background Dow Chemical Company develops styrophoam.[8] United States
1949 Statistics Over 2500 Garwood Load Packers are in use across the United States and Canada.[15] United States, Canada
1950 Technology Canadian inventor Harry Wasylyk from Winnipeg invents the first garbage bag.[5][3] Canada
1952 Technology American body builder Vincen Bowles, develops and sells a fixed-bucket front loader. The device would be subsequently modified to service detachable containers.[4] United States
1955 Technology The Dempster Dumpmaster is introduced as the first front loader.[4]
1956 Policy The Clean Air Act is passed in Britain, replacing solid fuel for heating house by with gas and electricity.[3] United Kingdom
1960s Technology The first patents for residential garbage compactors are filed in the United States.[16] United States
1960–1965 Technology The modern lightweight shopping bag is invented by Swedish engineer Sten Gustaf Thulin. This simple, strong bag with a high load carrying capacity is patented in 1965 by Celloplast, a producer of cellulose film based in Norrkoping.[17] Sweden
1961 Technology The first vacuum waste system in the world is installed at Sollefteå Hospital in Sollefteå, Sweden.[18] Sweden
1965 Technology The first vacuum system for household waste is installed in the new residential district of Ör-Hallonbergen, Sweden.[18] Sweden
1970 Organization The International Solid Waste Association is founded.[19]
1972 Organization The United Nations Conference on the Human Environment is held in Stockholm, Sweden. This event is considered to mark a turning point in waste management.[3] Sweden
1973 Study (discipline) Garbology, the study of modern refuse and trash as well as the use of trash cans, compactors and various types of trash can liners, is started as an academic discipline at the University of Arizona, originating from an idea of two students for a class project.[20] United States
1975 Policy The waste hierarchy concept is introduced for the first time as a waste policy by The European Union’s Waste Framework Directive, emphasizing the importance of waste minimization, and the protection of the environment and human health, as a priority. Following the this Directive, the European Union policy and legislation would further adapt to the principles of the waste hierarchy.[21]
1976 Policy The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act is enacted in the United States to close open dumps, create standards for landfills, incinerators and the disposal of hazardous waste. It is the principal federal law in the country governing the disposal of solid waste and hazardous waste.[22][23] United States
1989 (22 March) Organization The Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal is adopted to stop movement of hazardous waste from one country to other country. 105 states sign the Final Act of the convention. [3] Switzerland
1990 Statistics Global municipal solid waste touches 1.3 billion metric tons.[3]
1992 (5 May) Policy The Basel Convention enters into force. Many countries pass legislations enlisting waste that cannot be imported into their territory.[3]
1997 Technology Lee Rathbun introduces the Lightning Rear Steer System, which includes an elevated, rear-facing cab for both driving the truck and operating the loader. This configuration allows the operator to follow behind haul trucks and load continuously.
2000 Statistics Over 5,000 cities in the United States use Pay as you throw programs, which charge residents based on amounts of garbage they throw away.[7] United States
2000 Study The United States Environmental Protection Agency confirms a link between global warming and waste, showing that reducing garbage and recycling cuts down greenhouse gas emissions.[23] United Sattes
2000 Policy The Waste-Management Law is promulgated in Japan, requiring 3R components (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) measured in 10 industries and 69 product items, covering about 50% of the waste generated in the country.[24] Japan
2001 Policy The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act is enacted by the Government of the Philippines, after collapse of dumpsite during the Payatas landslide resulted in over 200 deaths in 2000.[3] Philippines
2002 Statistics Total global solid waste touches nearly 12 billion tons, out of which 11 billion tons are from industrial wastes and 1.6 billion tons are municipal solid wastes.[3]
2004 Study conducted at the University of Arizona indicates that 14 to 15% of United States edible food is untouched or unopened, amounting to $43 billion worth of discarded, but edible, food.[25]
2006 Statistics Electronic waste makes up 5% of the total solid waste stream.[1]
2007 Policy The Solid Waste Management (SWM) and Public Cleansing Act is enacted by the Government of Malaysia in order to federalize SWM and progress the nation to status of a developed country by 2020.[3] Malaysia
2007 Policy San Francisco becomes the first city in the United States to prohibit the distribution of plastic bags by grocery stores."[23] United States
2008 Technology French company Pellenc ST develops MIR (mid infrared) waste sorting technology, as a more efficient way to separate paper and cardboard.[26] France
2008 Statistics 389 million tonnes of municipal solid waste are generated in the United States during the year.[27] United States
2008 Organization Stop Wasting Food (In Danish Stop Spild af Mad) is founded by Russo-Danish activist Selina Juul as a consumer organization that works for the reduction of food waste in society. [28] Due to this movement, Denmark would achieve a national reduction in food waste by 25% in 5 years (2010–2015).[29][30][31][32][33][34] Denmark
2009 Statistics Study estimates that from 20% to 40% of fruit and vegetables in the United Kingdom are rejected before they even reach retailers, as a result of high cosmetic standards.[35] United Kingdom
2009 Policy A broad waste management act is introduced in South Africa, empowering the environment minister to require EPR measures on a product–by–product basis.[36] South Africa
2011 Technology A RESEM pyrolysis plant becomes operational in Texas, processing up to 60 tons per day. United States
2011 Study Study estimates the total of global food loss and waste to around one third of the edible parts of food produced for human consumption, amounting to about 1.3 billion tonnes per year.[37]
2011 Policy The government of Zanzibar prohibits the use of plastic bags.[38] Tanzania
2013 Publication Global initiative D-Waste publishes the first Waste Atlas Report. Through this report the concept of the Waste Atlas and its main features are presented to the public.[39]
2014 Statistics A National Geographic study indicates that more than 30% of the food in the United States, valued at $162 billion annually, isn't eaten.[40] United States
2014 Background The plastic global production reaches 300 million tons. 40% by weight of world production takes place in Asia. North America and Europe cover each 20%.[38]
2015 Policy The first state-wide ban on plastic bags in grocery and convenience stores is enacted in California.[23] United States
2016 The Government of India launches a web application to track the status of various kinds of wastes generated in the country.[41] India
2016 Study Japanese scientists discover a species of bacteria called ideonella sakainesis that eats plastics commonly found in water bottles by an enzyme that turns the Polyethylene terephthalate to generate an intermediate chemical which is taken up by the cell, then broken down even further giving the bacteria carbon and energy to grow.[23] Japan
2017 Study Research team at Stanford University develops a flexible and biodegradable semiconductor that could help drastically decrease electronic waste in the future.[23] United states
2017 Statistics Almost 50 million tons of electronic waste are thrown out, a 20% increase from 2015.[23]

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See also


References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 "Solid-waste management". britannica.com. Retrieved 14 August 2017. 
  2. ↑ Florence Nightingale, Selected Writings of Florence Nightingale, ed. Lucy Ridgely Seymer (New York: The Macmillan Co., 1954), pp. 38287
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 Chandrappa, Ramesha; Bhusan Das, Diganta. Solid Waste Management: Principles and Practice. Retrieved 12 August 2017. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "The Early Dumpmaster". classicrefusetrucks.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Humans invent simplest but highly important things by mistake". pravdareport.com. Retrieved 14 August 2017. 
  6. ↑ Chutes to suck waste from estate, BBC News, 9 December 2008, retrieved 13 August 2017 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 "History of the Garbage Man". garbagemanday.org. Retrieved 14 August 2017. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Plastics in Food Packaging Conference. Plastics Instit. 
  9. ↑ Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England". Chartered Institution of Wastes Management. 
  10. ↑ Chadwick, Edwin (1842). Report...from the Poor Law Commissioners on an Inquiry into the Sanitary Conditions of the Labouring Population of Great Britain. London. pp. 369–372.  via Laura Del Col (11 October 2002). "Chadwick's Report on Sanitary Conditions". The Victorian Web. 
  11. ↑ Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England" (PDF). Chartered Institution of Wastes Management. 
  12. ↑ Frederique Krupa, Parisian Garbage from 1789-1900, Paris: Urban Sanitation Before the 20th Century: A History of Invisible Infrastructure
  13. ↑ National Waste & Recycling Association. "History of Solid Waste Management". Washington, D.C. Retrieved 11 August 2017. 
  14. ↑ "Covered Bodies". Archived from the original on 2015-01-06. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "Garwood Load Packer". tigerdude.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017. 
  16. ↑ "SNAPSHOTS OF PUBLIC SANITATION". hygieneforhealth.org.au. Retrieved 27 August 2017. 
  17. ↑ "Polyethylene 'T-Shirt" Carrier Bag (1965)". plasticsnewseurope.com. Retrieved 27 August 2017. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2010-11-25. 
  19. ↑ "The World's Leading Network Promoting Professional and Sustainable Waste Management". iswa.org. Retrieved 14 August 2017. 
  20. ↑ "We Are What We Throw Away". nytimes.com. Retrieved 13 August 2017. 
  21. ↑ European Commission (2014). "EU Waste Legislation". Archived from the original on 17 August 2017. 
  22. ↑ Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, P.L. 94-580, Template:USStat, Template:USC et seq., October 21, 1976. RCRA Full text.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 23.4 23.5 23.6 Bradbury, Matt. "A Brief Timeline of the History of Recycling". buschsystems.com. Retrieved 15 August 2017. 
  24. ↑ "Assessing Extended Producer Responsibility LAWS in JAPAN". acs.org. Retrieved 17 August 2017. 
  25. ↑ "US wastes half its food". Retrieved 15 August 2017. 
  26. ↑ "Waste sorting - A look at the separation and sorting techniques in today's European marke". waste-management-world.com. Retrieved 11 August 2017. 
  27. ↑ Ekström, Karin M. Waste Management and Sustainable Consumption: Reflections on Consumer Waste. Retrieved 16 August 2017. 
  28. ↑ "Medlemmer" [Members] (in Danish). stopspildafmad.dk. Retrieved 2015-09-04. 
  29. ↑ Helen Russell. "How did Denmark become a leader in the food waste revolution?". The Guardian. Retrieved 13 August 2017. 
  30. ↑ Irene Hell. "Denmark leads Europe in tackling food waste". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved 13 August 2017. 
  31. ↑ Jonathan Bloom. "Denmark Capitalizes on Culture to Stop Food Waste". National Geographic. Retrieved 13 August 2017. 
  32. ↑ Prathap Nair. "The country where unwanted food is selling out". BBC. Retrieved 13 August 2017. 
  33. ↑ Harriet Noble. "Denmark's Food Waste Vigilante". BBC World Hacks. Retrieved 2017-02-18. 
  34. ↑ Kathleen Hawkins. "How one woman is winning the fight against food waste". BBC News. Retrieved 13 August 2017. 
  35. ↑ humans.txt. "The Global Food Waste Scandal - Feedback". Feedback. Retrieved 13 August 2017. 
  36. ↑ "The S tate of P lay on Extende d Producer Responsibility (EPR): Opportunities and C hallenges" (PDF). oecd.org. Retrieved 16 August 2017. 
  37. ↑ Gustavsson, J, Cederberg, C & Sonesson, U, 2011, Global Food Losses and Food Waste, Food And Agriculture Organization Of The United Nations, Gothenburg Sweden, available at: http://large.stanford.edu/courses/2012/ph240/briggs1/docs/mb060e00.pdf
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 "Recycling municipal waste". coursera.org. Retrieved 16 August 2017. 
  39. ↑ "SWEEP-Net contribution to Waste Atlas". sweep-net.org. Retrieved 14 August 2017. 
  40. ↑ "One-Third of Food Is Lost or Wasted: What Can Be Done". news.nationalgeographic.com. 2014-10-13. Retrieved 13 August 2017. 
  41. ↑ "Government launches web-based integrated waste management system", The Times of India, 25 May 2016 
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