Timeline of contract research organizations

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This is a timeline of contract research organizations, attempting to describe mostly the launch of a variety of organizations in the field.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

  • What are the diverse industries and specialties where contract research is conducted?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Industry/specialty".
    • You will mostly see biotechnology focused on healthcare, and to a much lesser degree, non-healthcare related business.
  • What are some of the many organizations having been launched with focus on the field of contract research?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Organization".
    • You will see the launch of the most important CROs but also an illustrative list displayed for sake of geographical diversity.
  • What are some important aquisitions in the contract research business?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Acquisition".
    • You will see some important acquisitions, especially occurring in recent years.
  • What are some books specialized in the field of contract research?
    • Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the group of rows with value "Literature".
    • You will see a variety of titles on the topic.
  • Other events are described under the following types: "Conference", "Business development", "Market size", "Merger", "Policy", "Research", and "Statistics",

Big picture

Time period Development summary More details
1930s–1960s Early period Contract research organizations come to exist in the 1930s.[1] In the 1940s and 1950s, companies like Huntingdon Life Sciences and Charles River Laboratories are founded. They provide either animals for clients to experiment on, or conduct the tests themselves, in a wide range of scientific areas rather than just pharmaceuticals. In the 1960s, increasing regulation of pharmaceutical products is imposed.[2]
1970s–1980s Trend towards outsourcing The pharmaceutical industry adopts outsourcing preclinical safety studies as an integral and essential part of their overall strategy. Major antecedents are thalidomide in the 1960s, which is found to cause the death of children in several countries, and the introduction of Good Laboratory Practice in the 1970s.[3] Quintiles, one of the largest CROs in the world, as well as Parexelis, are founded in 1982.[2]
1990s onwards Explosive growth The 1990s see an explosive growth in the market for CRO services, with proliferation of mergers and acquisitions. Pharmaceuticals and CROs set up trials in Latin America, Eastern Europe, India, and China.[2] Today, outsourcing is an essential element in the strategy of pharmaceutical companies.[3] The trend towards outsourcing of non-core activities grows not just with pharmaceutical companies, but also across the life science industry as a whole, as companies seek to reduce cost and increase focus on their core activities.[4]
2020 onwards COVID-19 pandemic A spike of worldwide interest in contract research organizations is experienced during the pandemic, with the impact on the CRO market expected to be significant due to increased clinical trials on the verge of developing effective therapeutics and vaccines against the SARS-CoV2 virus.[5]

Numerical and visual data

Google trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Contract research organization, from January 2004 to May 2022, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map. A spike of interest can be seen during the COVID-19 pandemic.[6]

Contract research organization GT.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Contract research from 1900 to 2019.

Contract research Ngram.PNG

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of May 29, 2022.

Year N° of mentions
2000 1,240
2002 1,480
2004 1,780
2006 2,190
2008 2,520
2010 2,850
2012 3,330
2014 3,630
2016 3,340
2018 3,370
2020 3,500
Contract research Google Scholar.PNG

Wikipedia views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Contract research organization, from July 2015 to April 2022.[7]

Contract research organization WV.png

Full timeline

Year Industry/specialty Event type Details Location
1926 Organization The Food and Drug Research Laboratory (FDRL) is formed. It is likely the first recognized CRO that is not considered an extension of a chemical or pharmaceutical organization.[8]
1931 Biotechnology research Organization Harlan is founded.[9] It is an early supplier of animals and other services to laboratories for the purpose of animal testing. It would also go to provide services including contract research, comprising toxicology, environmental science, and regulatory services.[10] United States
1936 Organization IIT Research Institute is founded as the Armour Research Foundation (ARF). Initially formed to support the research endeavors of faculty members from the Armour Institute of Technology, it would be renamed IITRI in 1963. In 2002, IITRI would became entirely focused on the life sciences, with all other science and engineering divisions being spun off into Alion Science and Technology, a separate employee-owned corporation. Since 2002, research at IITRIwould be entirely focused on biomedical research, with particular emphasis on pre-clinical toxicology, safety evaluations, and drug discovery and development.[11] United States
1944 Research services[12] Organization MRIGlobal is founded. Based in Kansas City, Missouri, it is a company performing contract scientific and engineering research for government and industry.[13] United States
1946 Organization SRI International is founded. Today, its unit SRI Biosciences carries out basic research, drug discovery, and drug development, and provides contract (CRO) services.[14] United States
1947 Biotechnology, education, healthcare, medical Organization Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute is founded. Based in Albuquerque, New Mexico, it is a research company that offers applied research, development, and testing services.[15] United States
1947 Pharmaceutical manufacturing Organization Hill Top Research is founded.[16] Today, it is one of the world's leading clinical research services companies, with centers in the United States and Canada.[17] Based in Saint Petersburg, Florida, it provides clinical trial services in Dermatology Rx.[18] United States
1947 Biotechnology research[19] Organization Charles River Laboratories is founded.[20] Today, it is one of the leading global contract research organizations.[21] United States
1961 Biotechnology research[22] Organization Lancaster Laboratories is founded.[23] One of the largest commercial contract laboratories in the world, it provides laboratory services in the pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and environmental sciences.[24]
1963 Research services Organization Westat is founded.[25] Based in Rockville, Maryland, today, its expertise includes data collection and management, clinical trials, statistical research and survey methods, and evaluation.[26] United States
1964 Research services Organization Sinclair Research Center is founded.[27] Based in Auxvasse, Missouri, it is a nonclinical contract research organization (CRO) offering animal efficacy models, IND-enabling and specialty toxicology services and compliant research capabilities to support biopharmaceutical, animal health and medical device development programs.[28] United States
1970 Statistics The amount of money a company has to invest per drug in this year is around US$100 million.[4]
1972 Organization ERT is founded.[29] It is a global company specializing in clinical services and customizable medical devices to biopharmaceutical and healthcare organizations. United States
1972 Organization The Social Psychiatry Research Institute is founded by two psychiatrists to support and conduct clinical research for antidepressant and anti-anxiety drugs.[30] United States
1975 Organization ACM Global Laboratories is founded.[31] It is a provider of clinical trials and central lab services. It offers pharmacodynamic biomarker analysis, nicotine research, cannabinoid testing, pathology, drug monitoring, and other services.[32] United Kingdom
1976 Pharmaceuticals, biotechnology, product research Organization PRA Health Sciences is founded.[33] Based in Raleigh, North Carolina, it provides product development and data solution services to pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.[34] Providing coverage to more than 90 countries, it is one of the largest contract research organizations in the world.[35] PRA would be acquired by ICON on 1 July 2021.[36] United States
1976 Pharmaceutical, biotechnology, agrochemical[37] Organization WIL Research Laboratories is founded. It is a contract research organization that offers safety pharmacology testing services.[38] United States
1978 (September 5) Healthcare[39] Organization LabCorp is established as National Health Laboratories Incorporated.[40] Based in Burlington, North Carolina, it operates one of the largest clinical laboratory networks in the world, with a United States network of 36 primary laboratories. United States
1982 Biotechnology, healthcare, pharmaceutical[41] Organization Pacific BioLabs is founded.[42] Based in Hercules, California, it is a CRO specializing in toxicology, microbiology and analytical chemistry.[43] United States
1982 Oncology, clinical trials Organization Theradex is founded. Based in Princeton, New Jersey, the company focuses in cancer research.[44][45] United States
1982 Organization PRA Health Sciences is founded. Based in Raleigh, North Carolina, it is a multinational CRO serving the biopharmaceutical industry. PRA Health Sciences’ annual revenue in 2018 was $2.8 billion.[46] United States
1982 Organization Schiff & Company is founded. Based in West Caldwell, New Jersey, it specializes in full services to the industries regulated by the United States Food and Drug Administration and similar agencies in other countries.[47] United States
1982 Biopharmaceutical, biotechnology, consulting, industrial, medical device, web development[48] Organization Parexel is founded.[49] Based in Waltham, Massachusetts, it is a global CRO offering biopharmaceutical and clinical trial management services for the clinical research sector.[46] With about 18,900 employees in 75 locations in 40 countries, Parexel had a revenue of US$4.7 billion in 2021.[50] The company specialties are full-service, regulatory and consulting.[50] United States
1984 Biotechnology, healthcare, pharmaceutical, therapeutics Organization Syneos Health is founded.[51] It is a global CRO created through the merger of INC Research and inVentiv Health. Based in Morrisville, North Carolina, it provides integrated biopharmaceutical solutions in more than 110 countries.[46][52] As of 2022, Syneos Health employed more than 25,000 people, with offices across 91 locations.[35] The company is a full-service, end-to-end service provider.[50] United States
1984 Pharmaceutical manufacturing Organization NCGS Labratories is founded.[53] Based in Charleston, South Carolina, it incorporates a full-service international CRO managing clinical trials in drug, biologic, device, diagnostics and consumer products.[54] United States
1984 Organization Rho is founded. Based in Durham, North Carolina, it provides clinical research services to pharmaceutical, biotechnology, and medical device companies, and to academic and government organizations.[55] United States
1984 Biotechnology, genetics, health diagnostics, manufacturing Organization Bio-Synthesis is founded. Based in Seminole, Texas, it is a contract manufacturer of biology products for research purposes.[56] United States
1985 Organization Eurogentec is founded as a spin-off of the University of Liege.[57] Belgium
1985 Pharmaceutical, biotechnology Organization Pharmaceutical Product Development (PPD) is founded.[58] Based in Wilmington, North Carolina, it provides comprehensive drug development, laboratory, and lifecycle management services. As of 2020, PPD is the third global contract research organizations based on yearly revenue.[21][46] The company specializes in early development and Phase III-IV trial management. In 2021 PPD would be acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific.[50] United States
1985 Biotechnology, consulting, healthcare, market research, product research, professional services[59] Organization Concentrics Research is founded.[60] Based in Indianapolis, it offers research and development services in the physical, engineering, and life sciences.
1986 Pharmaceutical Organization PMC Contract Research is founded. Headquartered in Uppsala, it is the largest contract research and drug development company in Sweden, carrying out clinical trials in its Phase I clinical testing unit and analytical laboratory.[61] Sweden
1986 Biotechnology research[62] Organization BBI Solutions is founded.[63] Based in Crumlin, Wales, it is a manufacturer of biological reagents and finished test platforms for the in-vitro diagnostics market.[64] United Kingdom
1986 Healthcare, pharmaceutical Organization Worldwide Clinical Trials is founded. Based in Morrisville, North Carolina, it is a full-service CRO. With over 2,000 employees in 60 countries, WCT had a revenue of US$422 million in 2021.[50] United States
1987 Pharmaceutical manufacturing[65] Organization Cytel is founded.[66] Headquartered in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is a multinational statistical software developer and contract research organization.[67] United States
1987 Organization Eurofins Scientific is founded. Based in Luxembourg City, it specializes in full-service, discovery, labs, trials and contract development and manufacturing. With about 55,000 employees in 50 countries, Eurofins had a revenue of US$7.5 billions in 2021.[50] Luxembourg
1987 Organization Datapharm Australia is established.[68] It is a leading local contract research organization providing clinical trial management monitoring, data management, statistics and reporting for local and global pharma and biotech companies.[69] Australia
1988 Organization Washington Biotechnology is founded.[70][71] It conducts a wide variety of studies in animal models of human diseases especially inflammatory and autoimmune conditions.[72] United States
1988 Organization MAC Clinical Research is founded.[73] It is a contract research arganization that conducts full-service global clinical trials for many of the world's leading pharmaceutical and biotech companies.[74]
1988 Research services[75] Organization Albuquerque Clinical Trials is founded.[76] It is based in Albuquerque, New Mexico. United States
1988 Organization Technomark is fouded. Initially focused on toxicology and clinical outsourcing, it is a provider of contract research organizations. It is based in La Talaudière,France.[3] France
1989 Pharmaceutical manufacturing[77] Organization STATKING Clinical Services is founded. Based in Fairfield, Ohio, it is a full service contract research organization serving the pharmaceutical and medical device industries.[77][78] United States
1990 Organization ICON is founded.[79] It is a global provider of outsourced development and commercialisation services to the pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device industries.[80] As of September 2020, ICON employed more than 15,000 people in 94 locations and across 40 countries.[35] Ireland
1990 Organization CCDRD AG is founded in Germany as contract research organization for clinical phase I-IV trials. CCDRD AG was founded in 1990 and has been active in clinical trial management for 29 years. It is based in Hoppegarten.[81] Germany
1990 Statistics The amount of money a company has to invest per drug in this year is around US$500 million, compared to 100 million in 1970.[4]
1991 Organization BPI Service is founded in Frankfurt am Main as a subsidiary of the Federal Association of the Pharmaceutical Industry (BPI).[82] Germany
1992 Biotechnology, healthcare[83] Organization Commonwealth Biotechnologies is founded.[84] Based in Richmond, Virginia, it provides research and development services to biotechnology companies.[83]
1992 Organization Medpace is founded.[85] Based in Cincinnati, Ohio, it provides Phase I-IV clinical development services to the biotechnology, pharmaceutical and medical device industries.[86] With over 4,500 employees on 6 continents, Medpace had a revenue of US$1.14 billion in 2021.[50] United States
1993 Pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical device, healthcare Organization CW - Research & Management GmbH is founded. Based in Vienna, it is an independent contract research organization operating in Germany and Austria in the pharmaceutical, biotechnology, medical device and healthcare industry.[87] Austria
1993 Pharmaceutical manufacturing[88] Organization SSS International Clinical Research is founded.[89] Based in Germering,Germany, it is a full-service provider covering all aspects of clinical research.[88] Germany
1993 Organization Research Dynamics is founded. Having provided clinical research services and training to the industry for over 20 years, it is a 100% woman owned company.[90] United States
1994 Pharmaceutical manufacturing[91] Organization Pharm-Olam is founded.[92] Based in Houston, Texas, it offers clinical research services to pharmaceutical, biotechnology and medical device industries.[91] United States
1994 Biotechnology, healthcare, pharmaceutical[93] Organization QPS is founded in Springfield, Missouri. It is a GLP/GCP-compliant contract research organization supporting discovery, preclinical and clinical drug development.[94] United States
1994 Organization Advanced Clinical Services LLC is founded with the purpose to provide staffing and consultation support for pharmaceutical companies in the Chicago metropolitan area.[31] United Kingdom
1994 Organization Vital Systems is founded.[95]
1995 Biotechnology Organization Antibody Solutions is founded. [96] It is a CRO focused on antibody discovery.[97] United States
1995 Organization Dokumeds is founded.[98][99] It is a full-scope contract research organisation in Europe and South Africa.[100] Latvia
1995 Business, information systems, healthcare, pharmaceutical[101] Organization PSI CRO is founded. Based in Zug, Switzerland, it is a full service contract research organization. With 2,200 employees in 5 global offices, PSI CRO had a revenue of US$742 million in 2021.[50] Switzerland
1996 (March 8) Biotechnology, healthcare[102] Organization Novotech is founded. Based in Sydney, Australia, it is a full-service Asia-Pacific biotech specialist. With 2,000 employees and 11 offices, it had a revienue of US$317 million in 2021.[50] Australia
1996 Organization Covance is founded. Based in Princeton, New Jersey, Covance would be acquired by LabCorp and renamed LabCorp Drug Development.[46] As of 2022, the subsidiary employs over 70,000 people, supporting clinical research efforts in almost 100 countries.[35] Covance specializes in preclinical, clinical, post-marketing and pharmacovigilance.[50] United States
1996 Biotechnology Organization ProTrials is founded.[103] Based in San Jose, California, it is a biotechnology firm that provides clinical operations.[104] United States
1996 Clinical trials, healthcare, life science[105] Organization SIRO Clinpharm Private Limited is founded.[106] Based in Thane, Maharashtra, it is an end to end, drug development solutions provider to the global healthcare industry.[107] India
1996 Biotechnology Organization Comparative Biosciences is founded.[108] Based in Sunnyvale, California, it provides scientific resources to all sectors of the biomedical community.[109] United States
1996 Business development The CRO industry in China begins whenQuintiles sets up its Hong Kong Office and MDS Pharma Service starts an investment company in Beijing.[110] China
1996 Organization A-Pharma is founded. It is a privately owned Czech CRO offering complete services in the field of clinical trials, medical devices, drug registration, data management, biostatistics, quality assurance including GCP auditing, translations of medical text and GCP trainings.[89] Czechia
1996 Organization AIX Scientifics is founded.[111] Based in Aachen, Germany, it plans, conducts and evaluates clinical trials based on scientific criteria.[112] Germany
1997 (January 1) Organization KCR CRO is founded. It is a clinical development solutions provider for the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, and medical device industries.[113][114] Poland
1997 Organization Labcorp Drug Development is founded.[115] It is a global provider of nonclinical safety assessment, clinical trial testing and clinical trial management services.[116] United States
1997 Organization Clintec is founded.[117] Bsed in Glasgow, it would be acquired by IQVIA in late 2018.[35] United Kingdom
1997 Organization Nordic BioSite is founded.[118] It is a Swedish supplier of antibodies, proteins, kits, and assays for medical research and diagnostics.[119] Sweden
1997 Organization Comac Medical is founded.[120] It is a full-service, boutique, contract research organization and site management organization.[121]
1997 Organization PharmStats is founded.[122]
1997 Organization MB Quest is founded in Moscow. It is one of the first international CROs to work in Russia.[123] Russia
1997 Research A paper by Taylor J. Crouch briefly mentions CRO-Venture as a potential model.[124][125] United States
1997 Biotechnology, healthcare[126] Organization Clinical Supplies Management is founded.[127] Based in Fargo, North Dakota, it specializes in solving complex clinical trial supply problems for biotech and pharmaceutical companies.[126] United States
1998 Biotechnology, clinical trials, life science, pharmaceutical[128] Organization ZEINCRO is established.[129] Based in Sofia,Bulgaria, t is a contract research organization specialist in Central and South-Eastern Europe.[130] Bulgaria
1998 Policy The Chinese government implements new drug registration regulations which mandate pharmaceutical companies to submit scientific evidence to prove safety and efficacy of new drugs. In response to these regulatory requirements, both local and global pharmaceutical companies become in immediate need of agents that could provide R&D services. A key opportunity for the CROs to prosper appears as a result of this policy.[110] China
1998 Research services[131] Organization OPIS is founded as a small Italian CRO.[132] Based in Desio, Italy, it is a mid-sized CRO providing a full range of clinical research services. OPIS has nine subsidiaries in Europe and a network of collaborators covering 30 countries.[133] Its e-clinical suite is developed to streamline digitalization of clinical data.[131] Italy
1998 Organization Inamed is founded as a spin-off of the GSF National Research Center for Environment and Health (now called Helmholtz Research Centre).[134] Based near Munich, it is an international CRO providing services, required for the planning, conduct and evaluation of clinical trials throughout all phases.[135] Germany
1998 Organization Avail Clinical Research is founded.[136] It conducts Phase I-IV clinical trials.[137] United States
1998 Pharmaceutical manufacturing[138] Organization BioClinica is founded.[139] Based in Newtown, Pennsylvania, it is a specialty services provider focused in utilizing expertise and technology to create clarity in the clinical trial process.[140]
1998 Consulting, project management, service industry[141] Organization Integrium is founded.[142] Based in Tustin, California, it specializes in cardiovascular, metabolic, renal, oncology, inflammatory, dermatology, wound healing, regenerative, and orphan disease therapeutic areas, providing clinical study solutions to biotechnology, medical device, diagnostic, and medical food companies.[141] United States
1998 Organization Synchron is founded. Based in India, it provides clinical research services from phase I to phase IV, including bioavailability and bioequivalence.[143] India
1999 Organization MonitorCRO is established. It is a pioneering CRO in Turkey.[144] Turkey
1999 Organization Profil is founded. Based in Germany, its key competence is the performance of glucose clamp studies, often combined with isotope dilution techniques and muscle or fat biopsies.[145] Germany
1999 Biotechnology, pharmaceutical[146] Organization Wolfe Laboratories is founded.[147] Based in Watertown, Massachusetts, it is a CRO that provides integrated drug development solutions to the biopharmaceutical industry.[148] United States
1999 Biotechnology, healthcare, pharmaceutical[149] Organization Cyprotex Limited is founded.[150] Based in Macclesfield, England, it specializes in preclinical absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME).[151] United Kingdom
1999 Biotechnology, healthcare, information technology Organization Lambda Therapeutic Research is founded. Based in Ahmedabad, Gujarat, it operates as a contract research organization delivering clinical development. With over 1,500 employees and 7 global offices, it had a revenue of US$485 million. Lambda is a full-service provider.[50] India
1999 Biotechnology, healthcare, pharmaceutical Organization ResearchPoint Global is founded. Based in Austin, Texas, it is a full-service CRO with 15 global offices and clinical coverage in over 60 countries.[152][153] United States
1999 Organization Intrials is founded.[154] Based in Sao Paulo, Brazil, it is a full-service Latin America CRO with offices in Buenos Aires, Santiago de Chile and Mexico City.[155] Brazil
1999 Organization Quattromed is founded.[156] It is medical laboratory services provider for general practitioners, private clinics as well as regional and local hospitals in Estonia, Finland and Lithuania.[157] Estonia
1999 Organization George Institute for Global Health is established. Headquartered in Sydney, it is an independent global medical research institute, with additional major centers in China, India and the United Kingdom.[158] Australia
1999 Organization The Cancer Trials Support Unit is founded[159] as a service of the U.S. National Cancer Institute designed to facilitate access to NCI-funded clinical trials for qualified sites and to support the management and conduct of those trials.[160] United States
1999 Clinical trials, healthcare, medical device, product tesearch, test and measurement[161] Organization Mediconomics is founded.[162] Based in Hanover, it is a contract research organization that specializes in product development, clinical trails, and pharmaceutical consultancy.[161] Germany
1999 (October) Web-enabled solution Organization Inceutica is founded with the purpose to deliver web-enabled solutions for pharmaceutical/biotech R&D. Its technology platform aims to connect pharma and biopharma companies to service providers.[3]
2000 Biotechnology research[163] Organization Siron Clinical is founded. It focuses in clinical research.[164] Based in the Netherlands in 2000, it provides regulatory and clinical operation services across Europe, Israel, and Turkey.[165] Netherlands
2000 Organization SanaClis is founded.[166] "SanaClis is a full-service European CRO offering a comprehensive range of services for clinical trials."[167]
2000 Organization MediTech is founded. A European CRO dedicated to medical device clinical trials and services related to development and commercialization of medical devices, it would be acquired by Medpace in 2012.[168]
2000 Pharmaceutical manufacturing[169] Organization Cmed is founded. Based in Horsham, England, it is a full-service contract research organization helping clients execute clinical trials in a variety of therapeutic areas, specializing in oncology and rare diseases.[170] United Kingdom
2000 Organization WuXi AppTec is founded.[171] It is a leading global pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical, and medical device outsourcing company with operations in China and the United States.[172] China
2000 Biotechnology[173] Organization AbCRO is founded.[174] Based in Wilmington, North Carolina, it is a clinical research organization providing clinical trial services for pharmaceutical and biotechnology companies.[173] United States
2000 Organization Biotoxtech is founded.[175] It is a non-clinical CRO offering GLP-complaint toxicological studies. It offers general toxicity, genotoxicity, safety pharmacology, developmental toxicology, carcinogenicity and histopathology services, etc.[176] South Korea
2000 Biotechnology, pharmaceutical[177] Organization Alturas Analytics is founded. Based in Moscow, Idaho, it is a contract research organization providing personalized MS/MS bioanalytical services to the pharma and biotech industries worldwide.[178] United States
2000 Research services[179] Organization Vedic Lifesciences is founded.[180] Based in Mumbai, it is a CRO designing and conducting clinical trials and toxicity studies for foods and food supplements.[181] India
2000 Pharmaceutical Organization SanaClis is founded. Based in Bratislava, Slovakia, it is a contract research organization offering a comprehensive range of services.[182][183] Slovakia
2000 Biotechnology, life science, pharmaceutical Organization Pyxant Labs is founded. Based in Colorado Springs, Colorado, it is a bioanalytical contract research organization, providing bioanalysis to pharmaceutical companies for all stages of the drug development process.[184] United States
2000 Organization Chemon is founded. Headquartered in Suwon, South Korea, it is a privately owned, non-clinical Contract Research Organization.[185] South Korea
2000 Biotechnology, healthcare, health diagnostics, pharmaceutical[186] Organization Viroclinics Biosciences is founded. Based in Rotterdam, it is a contract research and clinical laboratory service company providing diagnostic and preclinical studies.[186][187][59][188] Netherlands
2000 Organization MeDiNova Research is founded. Based in Coventry, England, it is made up of 33 active clinical research sites.[189] United Kingdom
2000 Organization The European Research and Project Office GmbH is founded. Based in Sankt Ingbert, Germany, it provides support services for the planning, initiation, and implementation of large international collaborative projects.[190] Germany
2001 Organization ePharmaSolutions is founded. Based in Plymouth Meeting, Pennsylvania, it is a provider of e-clinical solutions that helps pharmaceutical companies & CROs accelerate & improve clinical studies.[191] United States
1994 Clean energy, CleanTech, solar[192] Organization Fraunhofer USA is founded. Based in Plymouth, Michigan, it performs applied research under contract to government and industry with customers such as federal and state governments, multinational corporations as well as small to medium-sized companies.[192] United States
2001 Organization Larix is founded. Based in Copenhagen, it offers services within statistics, data management, clinical operations, medical writing, pharmacovigilance, data monitoring committees and quality assurance.[193] Denmark
2001 Organization Associated Medical Clinical Science Services is founded.[194]
2001 Organization Astron Research Limited is founded. "Astron Research Limited, a leading IP oriented pharma contract research organization, is a fast growing Pharma Contract Research Organisation (CRO) with a strong quest to deliver best services to the rapidly growing Healthcare industry and has embarked its presence as a prominent global CRO.The Company was established in the year 2001 with an objective to provide prompt and reliable services to Pharma sector worldwide and improve the product quality with the help of Technological Innovations and Upgradations. Astron commenced its UK operations in 2004 for Quality Testing and QP Release of finished formulations and API. This facility is now UK-MHRA approved"[195]
2001 Organization Allphase Clinical Research is established. Based in Ottawa, Ontario, it is a full-service contract research organization.[196] Canada
2001 Biotechnology, healthcare, medical pharmaceutical[197] Organization ASCOPharm is founded. Based in Paris it is a clinical and medical service group.[198] France
2001 Healthcare, health diagnostics, software Organization Visiopharm is founded. Based in Hørsholm, Denmark, it provides image analysis and stereology software as Quantitative Digital Pathology solution.[199] Denmark
2001 Organization Cellvax is founded.[200] Based in Maisons-Alfort, France, it provides drug validation studies both in vitro and in vivo allowing to accelerate the drug development process for unmet needs related to severe human diseases, mainly in Cancer and Osteoarthritis (OA) fields.[201] France
2001 Organization Clinical Financial Services is founded. "[202]"[203]
2001 Organization VR Analytical is founded. It is a cGMP contract research organization providing extractable and leachable(E/L) testing services.[204]
2001 Drug discovery Organization Reaction is founded. It is a contract research organization that provides drug discovery services to over 1,800 biopharmaceutical customers worldwide.[205]
2001 Healthcare, medical[206] Organization Richmond Pharmacology is founded.[207] Based in London, it is one of the largest Early Phase full-service CROs in the United Kingdom.[206] United Kingdom
2001 Bioinformatics Organization BioAlgorithms Inc. is founded as a contract research organization.[208] United States
2001 Biotechnology, manufacturing[209] Organization QuantifiCare is founded as a spin-off of INRIA.[210] Based in Cumming, Georgia, it is a biotechnology firm that develops and manufactures imaging solutions.[209] United States
2001 Biotechnology, pharmaceutical[211] Organization KYMOS Pharma Services is founded.[212] Based in Barcelona, Spain, it supports biopharma companies.[211] Spain
2001 Organization GiantCRO is founded. A full service contract research organization, it is one of leading CROs in China.[213] China
2001 Biotechnology, clinical trials, cosmetics, dietary supplements, life science, medical device pharmaceutical Organization Global Clinical Trials is founded. Based in Princeton, New Jersey, it is a contract research organization.[214] United States
2002 Organization Praxis is founded. It focuses in the approach to patient recruitment.[215]
2002 Organization Synergy Research Group is founded.[216] "Synergy Research Group is a Russian CRO providing a full range of CRO services for pharmaceutical and biotechnological companies in Russia. Synergy CRO is the World's First Agile Risk-Based Contract Research Organization, totally devoted to the Risk-Based Thinking in Drug Development."[217] Russia
2002 Biotechnology, healthcare, medical Organization ClinDatrix is founded.[218] Based in Irvine, California, it is a contract research organization that offers services to the biotech, medical device, and pharmaceutical industries.[219] United States
2002 Biotechnology, genetics, manufacturing[220] Organization GenScript is founded.[221] Based in Piscataway, New Jersey, its product portfolio comprises antibodies, recombinant proteins, stable cell lines, molecular biology reagents, peptides and biochemicals, CRISPR Cas9 reagents and others.[222] United States
2002 Research services[223] Organization ethica CRO is founded.[224] Based in Montreal, Quebec, it is a full-service contract research organization that conducts and manages ethical clinical research for industries across Canada and the United States.[225] Canada
2002 Biotechnology, clinical trials, pharmaceutical Organization Frontage is founded.[226] Based in Exton, Pennsylvania, it is a CRO that provides integrated, science-driven, product development services. [227]
2002 Biotechnology, medical, pharmaceutical[228] Organization HD Biosciences is founded. Based in Shanghai, it specializes in drug discovery contract research.[228] China
2002 Biotechnology[229] Organization NovAliX is founded.[230] Based in Illkirch, Alsace, France, it is a drug discovery-focused CRO focused in chemistry and biophysics.[229] France
2002 Biotechnology, healthcare[231] Organization CorDynamics is founded. Based in Chicago, it is a preclinical cardiovascular contract research organization and consulting group focused on examining the cardiovascular effects of emerging drug candidates.[232] United States
2002 Biotechnology[233] Organization reMYND NV is founded as a spin-off from the University of Leuven. It drives the development of disease-modifying treatments against Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Diabetes and other orphan protein misfolding disorders.[234] Belgium
2003 Clinical trials, database, healthcare, medical, pharmaceutical[235] Organization H&J CRO International is founded. Headquartered in Shanghai and New Jersey, it is a full-Service CRO providing global clinical trial solutions.[236] China, United States
2003 Literature Shayne C. Gad publishes The Selection and Use of Contract Research Organizations.[237]
2003 Education, healthcare, medical, pharmaceutical Organization Quartesian is founded.[238] Based in Newtown, West Virginia, it offers biostatistics, programming, and medical writing services. It also provides data to organizations performing clinical studies.[239][240] United States
2003 Biotechnology research[241] Organization Blue Sky BioServices is founded.[242] Based in Worcester, Massachusetts, it provides R&D based gene through screen services for biotech and pharma companies from startups to established leaders in the field.[241] United States
2003 Pharmaceutical manufacturing[243] Organization Pharmservice is founded. It delivers services in the Czech and Slovak Republics.[89][89] Czechia
2003 Pharmaceutical manufacturing[244] Organization Medelis is founded.[44] Based in Nashville, Tennessee, it is a full-service oncology contract research organization.[245] United States
2003 Pharmaceutical manufacturing[246] Organization Activa Cro is founded in Buenos Aires.[247] It is a Southern Cone full-service contract research provider.[246] Argentina
2004 (April 26) Organization GB Pharma is founded.[248] Based in Chennai, it is a provider of pharma consulting services, it offers clinical research, regulatory affairs, market access and pharmacovigilance, and other services.[249] India
2004 Organization Neox Clinical Research is founded.[250] Based in Prague, it is a privately owned full-service CRO, offering activities throughout Europe, with a primary focus in Central and Eastern Europe.[251] Czechia
2004 Organization Atlantic Research Group is founded.[44]
2004 Biotechnology, chemical, pharmaceutical[252] Organization Pharmaron is founded.[253] Based in Waltham, Massachusetts, it is a research and development service provider for the pharmaceutical industry.[252] United States
2004 Pharmaceutical, medical device Organization Integrated Clinical Research is founded. Based in Abilene, Texas, it would participate in over 30 studies focused on retina and vitreous conditions including adult macular degeneration, retina vein occlusions, macular edema, and uveitis. Clinical trials may include the study of pharmaceutical agents or surgical procedures designated for specific disease management.[254] United States
2004 Health diagnostics, home healthcare[255] Organization Janix is founded. Based in Aliso Viejo, California, it has operations in North America, Europe, Israel, Africa and Asia Pacific.[256] United States
2004 Biotechnology, clinical trials, medical[257] Organization Clinipace, Inc. is founded.[55] Based in Morrisville, North Carolina, it is a clinical research software company providing a single, integrated data capture and study management platform for post-approval research and registries conducted by biopharmaceutical and medical device companies.[258] United States
2005 Organization ClinLife is founded.[259] It is a global web based platform, which connects patients and study volunteers to relevant and available research studies through an easy-to-follow process.[260] Germany
2005 Pharmaceutical, medical device Organization Medwork is founded.[261] Based in Athens, it provides a range of specialized services to the pharmaceutical and medical device industries, including pharmacovigilance, materiovigilance, cosmetovigilance and quality assurance services.[262] Greece
2005 Pharmaceutical, biotechnology, functional food, medical device Organization Crown CRO is established. It specializes in services for clinical trials and regulatory affairs in Europe and the United States, serving the pharmaceutical, biotech, functional food, and medical device industries as well as contract research organizations. Based in Finland, it has strong presence in Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.[89]
2005 Organization Linical is established by a group of professionals engaged in new drug development at a major Japanese pharmaceutical company. Given the increasing internationalization of large scale pharmaceutical product development, this company would expand its activities worldwide, to become the first Japanese Headquartered Global CRO (Contract Research Organization) capable of delivering a one-stop service for large-scale, global projects.[263] Japan
2005 Organization Clinical Site Services (CSS) is founded.[264] A patient recruitment and retention company, it provides recruiting services for clinical trials across a range of therapeutic areas.[265] United Kingdom
2006 Biotechnology[266] Organization BioPharma Services is founded. Based in Toronto, it is a full-service Contract Research Organization.[266]
2007 Healthcare, pharmaceutical[267] Organization Ascent Clinical Research Solutions is founded.[268] Based in Düsseldorf, it is a contract research organization focused on clinical trials. It prepares, manages, and conducts clinical trials."[269] Germany
2007 Biotechnology, healthcare, medical[270] Organization Libra Medical is founded.[271] Based in Minneapolis, it is a contract research organization providing services and clinical data management solutions. It delivers regulatory affairs, clinical trial management, and quality assurance services. In addition, the company offers the MAESTRO clinical trial management system, a software package for clinical study needs.[272] United States
2007 Biotechnology, consulting, legal, life science, pharmaceutical[273] Organization Aepodia is founded.[274] Based in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, it is a solution provider specialized in the early development of drugs/medical devices up to clinical proof-of-concept.[275] Belgium
2007 Organization Redoxis is founded.[276] It is a Swedish CRO focused on preclinical models for autoimmune and inflammatory conditions. Redoxis provides a range of in vivo and in vitro models validated with standard reference therapies.[277] Sweden
2007 Market size The contract research market worths US$15 billion in the year, with the top 10 companies controlling 56% of the market, and employing tens of thousands of workers across the world.[2]
2008 Organization Retrogenix is founded.[278] It is a contract research organization specialising in cell microarray technology and off-target profiling for drug discovery.[279] United Kingdom
2008 Organization PrimeVigilance is founded.[280] It offers holistic services for pharmaceutical, generic and biotechnology companies.[281]
2008 Organization Symphony Pharma Life Sciences is founded. It has expertise in process research/development and scale-up (non-GMP and cGMP).[282]
2008 Biotechnology, clinical trials, medical Organization Venn Life Sciences is founded. Based in Dublin, it conducts contract research providing clinical trial services from pre-clinical to Phase III.[283] Ireland
2009 Organization Sysdata is founded. It is a niche CRO focused on staffing and business resource solutions to biotech/pharmaceutical companies. Areas includes data management, biostatistics, SAS programming, and medical writings.[284] United States
2009 Literature Margaret Liu and Kate Davis publish A Clinical Trials Manual From The Duke Clinical Research Institute.[285]
2009 Statistics The amount of money a company has to invest per drug in this year is around US$4 billion, compared to 500 million in 1990.[4]
2010 Organization DataClin is established.[286] It is a research organization specializing in clinical data management, biostatistics and medical writing in support of clinical trials.[287]
2010 Biotechnology, clinical sites, medical device, pharmaceutical Organization Pharmaspecific is founded.[89] It is a company specialized in clinical research in France.[288] France
2011 Organization Clinial Trial Consultants is founded. Its track record includes first-in-human, PET/MR, Expert Precision QT, drug-drug and food interaction, biosimilar, bioequivalence, and bioavailability studies, new drug delivery systems, medical device and Phase IIa studies.[289]
2011 (July 19) Bioinformatics, Biopharma, Biotechnology, Food Processing, Nutraceutical Organization Microbion Open Innovation is founded. Based in Verona, Italy, it is a CRO specialized in molecular microbiology and DNA fingerprinting of industrial microbes as well as contaminants.[290] Italy
2011 (August 1) Biotechnology, genetics, healthcare, health diagnostics Organization Personalis is founded. Based in Menlo Park, California, it is a contract research organization and genome-scale diagnostics services company specializing in genome guided medicine.[291] United States
2011 Statistics As of date, there are about 300 contract research organizations in China, more than 100 of which are located in Beijing.[292] China
2012 Literature Milind Antani and Gowree Gokhale publish Contract research and manufacturing services, which discusses the legal and regulatory scenario and major concerns and issues of contract research and manufacturing services in India.[293] India
2012 Biotechnology, healthcare, medical device, pharmaceutical[294] Organization Precision for Medicine is founded. Based in Bethwesda, Maryland, it is a full-service, end-to-end provider specialized in oncology, CGT and autoimmunity. With over 1,400 employees and 40 offices in 25 locations, Precision for Medicine had a revenue of US$400 million.[50] United States
2013 Analytics, big data, clinical trials, healthcare, hospital, pharmaceutical Organization TriNetX is founded. Based in Cambridge, Massachusetts, it is a global health research network focused on clinical research.[295] United States
2013 Literature Jakob Miera publishes Mergers & Acquisitions in the Contract Research Organization Industry.[296]
2013 Healthcare, medical device, therapeutics[297] Organization Spirovation is founded.[55] It is a specialty CRO affiliated with the Marsico Lung Insitute at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.[298] United States
2014 Pharmaceutical manufacturing[299] Organization Simbec-Orion is founded.[300] Based in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales, it is a full-service clinical research organisation with specialist expertise in clinical pharmacology, oncology, rare diseases and orphan indications.[301] United Kingdom
2014 Conference The first conference discussing CRO-Venture business model is held in Boston.[124] United States
2014 Biotechnology, clinical trials, healthcare, medical, pharmaceutical Organization SciQuus Oncology is founded.[302] Based in Causse-de-la-Selle, France, it offers services to the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, with experience spanning the development lifecycle from pre-IND studies to the management of large registration trials.[303] France
2014 Literature Jakob Miera publishes CRO – Contract Research Organization: How Drug Research is Evolving.[304]
2014 Organization ProRelix Research is founded.[305] Based in Pune, Maharashtra, and with offices in the United States along with networks in Australia, Europe, and Africa[306], it is a CRO offering several professional services and resources for drug development and analysis on the industry to support clinical research.[307] India
2015 (February) Acquisition LabCorp, the world’s leading health care diagnostics company, completes acquisition of Covance.[308]
2015 Organization Remo Contract Research Organization is founded. Based in Columbus, Ohio, it offers preclinical, regulatory, and clinical services.[309]
2016 (January) Acquisition Charles River Laboratories acquires WIL Research for $585 million, with aims to expand its global footprint and bolster its manufacturing capabilities.[310] United States
2016 (May) Biotechnology, clinical trials, healthcare, medical, pharmaceutical[311] Merger Healthcare software and data company IMS Health Holdings and drug-industry outsourcer Quintiles Transnational Holdings announce a $8.75 billion all-stock deal worth merger, and combine into what would be IQVIA, today one of the largest contract research organizations in the world based on its yearly revenue.[21] With about 88,000 employees in 100 countries, IQVIA would have a revenue of $13.87 billion in 2021Based in Durham, North Carolina, today, it is a global provider of advanced analytics, technology solutions, and clinical research services to the life sciences industry.[312] It is a full-service, end-to-end service provider.[50][313][46] United States
2016 Biopharma, biotechnology, clinical trials, pharmaceutical, product research[314] Organization DRK Pharma Solutions is founded.[315] Based in Vandœuvres, Switzerland, it provides to the pharmaceutical and biopharmaceutical industries in the areas of product development, clinical research, bioavailability/bioequivalence studies and GxP and regulatory advisory.[316] Switzerland
2016 Organization HepaPredict is founded as a private spin-off from Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm.[317] Sweden
2017 (May) Merger INC Research and inVentiv Health merge in a US$4.6 billion deal.[318] United States
2017 (May) Acquisition Chiltern acquires Integrated Development Associates Co., a Japenese contract research organization with staff in Japan, Korea and Southeast Asia. A major CRO, Chiltern has more than 4,300 employees located across 47 countries.[319]
2017 (June) Acquisition Carlyle Group and GTCR acquire and privatize Albany Molecular Research, Inc., a global contract research, development and manufacturing organization working with the life sciences industry. The acquisition deal is reported at US$922 million.[320] United States
2017 July Acquisition LabCorp acquires contract research organization Chiltern for $1.2 Billion.[321] United States
2017 (August) Merger INC Research and inVentiv Health announce successful completion of merger, in a combination that creates the only fully integrated biopharmaceutical solutions organization, including an end-to-end Contract Research Organization (CRO) and Contract Commercial Organization (CCO).[322][323]
2017 (August) Acquisition ICON, one of the top 10 global CROs, acquires Mapi Group, a leading patient-centred health outcomes research and commercialization company.[324] Ireland, Netherlands
2017 (September) Acquisition Pamplona Capital Management acquires Parexel International, in a $5 billion deal to take the CRO private.[325] United States
2018 (January 25) Biotechnology, medical, pharmaceutical Organization Innovation Studio d.o.o. is founded. Based in Zagreb, Croatia, it provides contract research and development of new innovative products.[326] Croatia
2018 (June) Research A paper by Victoria A. Steadman on collaborations between contract research organizations and the pharmaceutical industry in drug discovery, focuses on CRO-Venture model.[327]
2018 Clinical trials[328] Organization ACROSS Global is founded.[329] Based in Singapore, it is a worldwide strategic alliance of clinical research organizations (CRO) and specialized service providers.[330] Singapore
2018 Conference A conference focusing on CRO-Venture model is held in New York City.[124] United States
2020 Literature Shayne C. Gad, Charles B. Spainhour, and David G. Serota publish Contract Research and Development Organizations-Their History, Selection, and Utilization.[331]
2021 (February) Acquisition ICON enters into an agreement to acquire PRA Health Sciences.[50]
2021 (November) Acquisition LabCorp announces acquisition of contract research organization Toxikon.[332] United States
2021 (December) Acquisition Instrument and software supplier Thermo Fisher Scientific acquires CRO PPD.[50]
2021 (year round) Acquisition/merger The number of mergers and acquisitions among contract research organizations notably grows despite the Covid-19 pandemic.[333]
2021 Market size The global contract research organization services market is valued at USD 62.75 billion in the year.[334]
2029 Market size The contract research market is expected to worth USD 163.48 billion by this year.[334]

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References

  1. ↑ Spainhour, C.B. (2014). "Contract Research Organizations". Encyclopedia of Toxicology: 1030–1033. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-386454-3.00965-9. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "A history of: Contract Research Organisations (CROs) -". pharmaphorum.com. 10 November 2010. Retrieved 28 May 2022. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Gad, Shayne C. (3 July 2003). The Selection and Use of Contract Research Organizations. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-134-42486-3. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Lustig, Kevin; Thompson, Maria; Gul, Sheraz (2013). "The evolution of the Contract Research Organisation and the future of the pharmaceutical industry". European Pharmaceutical Review. pp. 60–62. Retrieved 28 May 2022. 
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  7. ↑ "Wikipedia Views: results". wikipediaviews.org. Retrieved 29 May 2022. 
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  61. ↑ "PMC Contract Research - Crunchbase Company Profile & Funding". Crunchbase. Retrieved 12 March 2022. 
  62. ↑ "LinkedIn Login, Sign in". LinkedIn. Retrieved 25 April 2022. 
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