Timeline of model organisms
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Big picture
| Time period | Development summary | More details |
|---|
Full timeline
| Year | Species | Event type | Details | Location/researcher affiliation |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1900 | German botanist Carl Correns conducts experiments on Zea mays, commonly known as corn or maize. Correns confirms the findings of Gregor Mendel, an Austrian monk, regarding the principles of inheritance and genetic traits. Mendel's work, initially published in 1866, outlines the laws of inheritance based on his experiments with pea plants. Correns' validation of Mendel's findings with Zea mays provided further evidence for the existence of discrete units of inheritance, which we now know as genes. This confirmation plays a crucial role in the establishment of modern genetics and lays the foundation for understanding heredity in plants and animals.[1] | Germany | ||
| 1902 | American biologist William Ernest Castle begins genetic studies on Mus musculus, commonly known as the house mouse. This marks the initiation of systematic genetic research on this species. Castle's work contributes to the understanding of inheritance patterns and genetic variation in mice, laying the groundwork for further investigations into the genetic basis of traits and the mechanisms of heredity. His studies on Mus musculus were instrumental in the development of mouse models for genetic research, which continue to be crucial in biomedical research and the study of human genetics.[2][3] | United States | ||
| 1909 | Thomas Hunt Morgan begins his groundbreaking work with the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, which would become synonymous with his name. Prior to this, C. W. Woodworth and W. E. Castle had shown interest in Drosophila for genetic studies. Morgan's research with Drosophila would lead to the discovery of sex linkage of the gene for white eyes, demonstrating the phenomenon of linkage. He bred Drosophila in large quantities, facilitating the analysis of spontaneous mutations and the localization of genes. Morgan's work laid the foundation for understanding the linear arrangement of genes in chromosomes and significantly advanced the field of genetics.[4] | |||
| 1913 | Edgar Nelson Emerson and Roland McMillan East publish a significant paper on quantitative genetics in Zea mays. This paper marks an important milestone in the understanding of genetic principles governing quantitative traits, which are traits controlled by multiple genes and influenced by environmental factors. Emerson and East's work would contribute to the development of quantitative genetics as a field by elucidating the complex inheritance patterns of traits such as height, yield, and other quantitative characteristics in maize. Their research lays the foundation for further studies in the genetics of complex traits in various organisms.[5] | |||
| 1915 | The Morgan Group, led by Thomas Hunt Morgan, publishes the first book on Mendelian genetics focusing on Drosophila melanogaster, commonly known as the fruit fly. This publication represents a significant milestone in the field of genetics, as it provides a comprehensive overview of the principles of Mendelian inheritance as observed in Drosophila. The book likely covers topics such as the inheritance of traits, the mapping of genes, and the understanding of genetic linkage. This work serves as a foundational resource for researchers studying genetics and paves the way for further investigations into the mechanisms of inheritance in various organisms. | |||
| 1927 | Researchers Shear and Dodge make a notable discovery regarding Neurospora crassa, a type of bread mold. They identify and describe the sexual cycle of Neurospora crassa, shedding light on its reproductive mechanisms. Additionally, they characterize different mating types within the species, which are essential for sexual reproduction. This finding is significant in advancing the understanding of fungal genetics and reproductive biology. It lays the groundwork for further studies on the genetics and life cycle of Neurospora crassa, making it an essential model organism in genetic research. | |||
| 1930 | Chlamydomonas reinhardtii: Moewus develops genetic system. | |||
| 1935 | Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Winge describes haplo- and diplophase of life cycle. | |||
| 1937 | Paramecium spp.: Sonneborn and Jennings domesticate crosses and define mating types. | |||
| 1939 | T phages: Ellis and Delbrück describe replication cycle, ‘one-step growth. | |||
| 1941 | N. crassa: Beadle and Tatum isolate first biochemical mutants. | |||
| 1943 | Arabidopsis thaliana: Laibach initiates program in genetics and development. | |||
| 1943 | S.cerevisiae: Lindegren begins genetics with heterothallic strains. | |||
| 1944 | T phages: Delbrück initiates Phage Group. | |||
| 1946 | Escherichia coli: Lederberg and Tatum discover gene exchange. | |||
| 1946 | S. cerevisiae: Ephrussi discovers cytoplasmic petite colonie variant. | |||
| 1949 | S. cerevisiae: Roman begins major US genetic studies. | |||
| 1950 | C. reinhardtii: Lewin and Sager begin nuclear and organelle genetic studies. | |||
| 1950 | Z. mays: McClintock describes transposable elements. | |||
| 1951 | Phage lambda: Lederberg laboratory discovers phage and specialized transduction | |||
| 1952 | Phage P22: Zinder and Lederberg discover transduction | |||
| 1953 | Aspergillus nidulans: Pontecorvo describes genetic and parasexual systems | |||
| 1954 | N. crassa: First major article on map construction in N. crassa | |||
| 1956 | C. reinhardtii: Levine develops important genetic programme | |||
| 1958 | C. reinhardtii: Gillham begins genetics of chloroplast | |||
| 1958 | Tetrahymena thermophila: Allen and Nanney describe genetic system | |||
| 1960 | E. coli: Jacob and Wollman fully describe genetic system. | |||
| 1965 | A. thaliana: First International Arabidopsis Symposium. | |||
| 1965 | Caenorhabditis elegans: Brenner proposes programme in genetics of neural development. | |||
| 1966 | Homo sapiens: First edition of Mendelian Inheritance in Man | |||
| 1974 | C. elegans: Important genetics publication. | |||
| 1980 | D. melanogaster: NüssleinVolhard and Wieschaus isolate developmental mutants. | |||
| 1981 | D. rerio: Clonal propagation method published. | |||
| 1984 | A. thaliana: Leutwiler et al. determine genome size. | |||
| 1986 | D. rerio: Important genetics publication. | |||
| 1996 | S. cerevisiae: Genome sequenced. | |||
| 1996 | D. rerio: Large-scale screen for developmental mutants. | |||
| 1997 | E. coli: Genome sequenced. | |||
| 1998 | C. elegans: Genome sequenced. | |||
| 2000 | A. thaliana: Genome sequenced. | |||
| 2000 | The genome of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is sequenced in a groundbreaking effort published in the March 24, 2000 issue of Science. This project, a collaboration between Celera Genomics and the Drosophila Genome Projects, marks the first successful application of the whole genome shotgun (WGS) method in a multicellular organism. Researchers sequence approximately 97 to 98 percent of the genome, capturing nearly all of the estimated 13,600 genes. This achievement is significant in genetic research, establishing a precedent for future genome projects. Further improvements and annotations would since be made by the Berkeley Drosophila Genome Project and FlyBase.[6][7][8] | United States | ||
| 2001 | H. sapiens: Genome sequenced. | |||
| 2002 | M. musculus: Genome sequenced | |||
| 2003 | N. crassa: Genome sequenced. |
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The initial version of the timeline was written by FIXME.
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What the timeline is still missing
- Davis, R. H. (2004). The age of model organisms. Nature Reviews Genetics, 5(1), 69–76. doi:10.1038/nrg1250
- A column for kingdom
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- [2]
- Model organism
- History of model organisms
- [3]
Timeline update strategy
See also
External links
References
- ↑ Rheinberger, H. J. (December 2000). "Mendelian inheritance in Germany between 1900 and 1910. The case of Carl Correns (1864-1933)". Comptes rendus de l'Academie des sciences. Serie III, Sciences de la vie. 323 (12): 1089–1096. ISSN 0764-4469. doi:10.1016/s0764-4469(00)01267-1.
- ↑ Phifer-Rixey, Megan; Nachman, Michael W (15 April 2015). "Insights into mammalian biology from the wild house mouse Mus musculus". eLife. 4. doi:10.7554/eLife.05959.
- ↑ "Chapter 1 - The Laboratory Mouse". www.informatics.jax.org. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1933". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ↑ "Google Scholar". scholar.google.com. Retrieved 2 June 2024.
- ↑ "Drosophila Genome Sequenced". DOE Human Genome Project. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
- ↑ Author(s) (2006). "Title of the Article". Journal Name. doi:10.1186/gb-2006-7-1-r10.
- ↑ "Drosophila Genome Sequence Completed". HHMI. 2000. Retrieved 2024-10-16.
