Timeline of immigration detention in the United States

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This timeline covers immigration detention in the United States.

It is a complement to the timeline of immigration enforcement in the United States and timeline of immigrant processing and visa policy in the United States.

See also List of detention sites in the United States for a list of detention centers.

Visual data

Google Trends

The image below shows Google Trends data in United States for Immigration detention in the United States (Topic) from January 2004 to March 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by state and displayed on map.[1]

Immigration detention in the United States gt.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article Immigration detention in the United States, on desktop, mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app from July 2015; to February 2021.[2]

Immigration detention in the United States wv.png

Full timeline

For the affected agencies column: ICE is shorthand for U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement; CBP is shorthand for U.S. Customs and Border Protection. INS is shorthand for Immigration and Naturalization Services; it is the predecessor to both ICE and CBP.

Year Month and date (if available) Entity type Event type Affected agencies (past, and present equivalents) Details U.S. state (if applicable) Location
1892 Immigration inspection station Start Ellis Island becomes an immigration inspection station, handling immigrants arriving via the Atlantic. Immigrants could be temporarily detained upon arrival for closer examination, or to hold till they are deported. Federally owned, but near New York Ellis Island
1902 Immigration inspection station New functionality The Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital is opened. It is both a general hospital and a contagious disease hospital. It also serves as a detention facility for new immigrants deemed unfit to enter the United States or held back for further examination. Federally owned, but near New York Ellis Island
1910 Immigration inspection station Start Angel Island Immigration Station, an immigrant inspection facility with a detention center, opens for operations. It handles immigrants arriving via the Pacific. California Angel Island
1984 January 22 Detention center, detention contractors Start INS (present equivalent: ICE), Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) The Houston Processing Center opens at the site of the Olympic Hotel on I-45 North between Tidwell and Parker in Houston, Texas, processing 87 people. It is operated by the Corrections Corporation of America based on contract signed in 1983, and is the first detention center operated by a private contractor in the United States (and likely the earliest example of a private contract for operating a prison in the modern United States). Previously, INS detention centers were managed by the Federal Bureau of Prisons.[3][4] Texas Houston Processing Center, Houston
1984 Detention center Start INS (present equivalent: ICE) The Varick Street Federal Detention Facility opens in Manhattan, New York. The detention center would ultimately be closed in 2010 after protests by inmates and pressure from advocacy groups.[5] New York Varick Street Federal Detention Facility, Manhattan, New York City
1994 August Detention center (child detention) Start INS (present equivalent: ICE) A detention center for juveniles opens in Leesport, Berks County, Pennsylvania. An article suggests that despite its distance from the border with Mexico, the location may have been chosen partly because of its convenience for government officials.[6] This would eventually lead to a nearby new building being used as a family detention center in 2001.[7][8] Pennsylvania Berks County Detention Center, Leesport, Berks County
1996 April 24 Legislation (adjacent) Start Executive branch The Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996 is signed into law by President Bill Clinton after passing both chambers of the 104th United States Congress. Though not focused on migration, the Act has provisions related to the removal and exclusion of alien terrorists and modification of asylum procedures. It creates more reasons to detain migrants and is one of the factors responsible for an increase in immigration detention in the coming years.[9]
1996 September 30 Legislation (landmark) Start Immigration and Naturalization Services Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 is signed into law by President Bill Clinton after passing both chambers of the 104th United States Congress. It includes a number of provisions facilitating various forms of immigration enforcement that would be rolled out over the next two decades. One of its provisions that expands immigration detention is the addition of Immigration and Nationality Act Section 287(g), which allows state and local law enforcement officials to enforce federal immigration law on the condition that they are trained and monitored by ICE.
1997 January 28 Agreement Start Executive branch During the presidency of Bill Clinton, an agreement is reached regarding the permissible conditions for detaining child migrants, commonly called the Flores Agreement or Flores Settlement. This is a follow-up to the Supreme Court case Reno v. Flores. The three obligations identified for the government are: (1) The government is required to release children from immigration detention without unnecessary delay to, in order of preference, parents, other adult relatives, or licensed programs willing to accept custody. (2) If a suitable placement is not immediately available, the government is obligated to place children in the "least restrictive" setting appropriate to their age and any special needs. (3) The government must implement standards relating to the care and treatment of children in immigration detention.[10]
1997 Watchdog organization Start Detention Watch Network Detention Watch Network is founded by the Catholic Legal Immigration Network, Inc., Florence Immigrant and Refugee Rights Project and Lutherans Immigration and Refugee Service to combat the explosive growth of the U.S. immigration detention system.[11]
2000 September Detention standards Start INS (present equivalent: ICE) A set of National Detention Standards (NDS) is issued that establishes "consistent conditions of confinement, program operations and management expectations" within the immigration detention system.[12] These would be the operational standards for detention centers to strive for until the introduction of new standards (PBNDS) in 2008.[13]
2001 March 3 Detention center (family detention) Repurposing INS (present equivalent: ICE) The Berks County Residential Center in Leesport, Berks County, Pennsylvania opens as a family detention center; Berks would be the first family detention center in the US.[6][7][8][14] Pennsylvania Berks County Residential Center, Leesport, Berks County
2001 June 28 Court ruling Start Executive branch Zadvydas v. Davis is decided. The court rules that the plenary power doctrine does not authorize the indefinite detention of immigrants under order of deportation whom no other country will accept. To justify detention of immigrants for a period longer than six months, the government is required to show removal in the foreseeable future or special circumstances.
2003 March 1 Organizational restructuring Update Immigration and Naturalization Services and U.S. Department of Homeland Security The Immigration and Naturalization Services (INS) (that was under the Department of Justice) is disbanded. Its functions are divided into three sub-agencies of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security: United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS), Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), and Customs and Border Protection (CBP).
2003 Detention center Start ICE, Management and Training Corporation The Willacy County Regional Detention Center opens for operations in Raymondville, Texas, operated by Management and Training Corporation under contract with the United States Marshal Service. Texas Willacy County Regional Detention Center, Raymondville
2004 Detention center Start ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) The Stewart Detention Center opens for operations in Lumpkin, Georgia. Georgia Stewart Detention Center, Lumpkin
2004 Detention center Start ICE, GEO Group The Northwest Detention Center opens for operations in Tacoma, Washington, operated by Correctional Services Corporation on contract with the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. In 2005, Correctional Services Corporation would be purchased by GEO Group, so the management of the facility would transition to GEO Group. Washington Northwest Detention Center, Tacoma
2004 December 17 Detention capacity Update DHS (ICE) The Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004 directs DHS to increase by 8,000 in each of the Fiscal Years from 2005 to 2010 the number of beds available for immigration detention and removal operations of DHS. It also requires priority for the use of these additional beds to the detention of individuals charged with removability or inadmissibility on security and related grounds.[15][16]
2005 Watchdog organization Update Detention Watch Network Detention Watch Network relaunches as a dues-based membership network comprised of individuals and organizations working collectively on advocacy, public education and grassroots organizing efforts.[11]
2005 May Detention center Start The South Texas Detention Facility, a privately operated prison, opens for operation in Pearsall, Texas as the Pearsall Immigration Detention Center. The prison houses people for the U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement as well as United States Marshal Service. Texas South Texas Detention Facility, Pearsall
2005 October Detention capacity Proposal DHS Michael Chertoff, then Secretary of Homeland Security, calls for an increase in detention center capacity so that the United States immigration enforcement can hold people in detention between the time of catching them and the time of their immigration hearings, and does not need to resort to catch and release.[17]
2006 May Detention center (family detention) Start ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) The T. Don Hutto Family Residential Center starts operations as a family detention center on the site of a former private prison operated by the same operating company (Corrections Corporation of America). Its opening is motivated by a desire to increase detention capacity to be able to end "catch-and-release", and family detention in particular is promoted as an alterative to family separation (where parents are detained separately from children).[18][19][20] Texas T. Don Hutto Family Residential Center, Taylor, Williamson County
2006 July Chertoff indicates in House committee testimony that an infusion of funding for more immigration detention has allowed DHS to detain almost all non-Mexican illegal immigrants.[21]
2006 October 4 Detention capacity Update DHS/ICE When signing the DHS Appropriations Act of 2007, then-President George W. Bush notes that the funding in the Act will allow the addition of at least 6,700 new beds in detention centers, which would help continue to cut down on the use of catch-and-release policies.[22][15]
2007 March Detention center Criticism/challenge ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic), American Civil Liberties Union The American Civil Liberties Union, University of Texas immigration law clinic, and the law firm LeBouef, Lamb, Greene & MacRae, file a lawsuit against DHS secretary Michael Chertoff and the immigration officials who oversee Hutto, alleging that the conditions at Hutto for children violate the Flores settlement. This would lead to a settlement in August 2007 to improve conditions, and an update in August 2009 with a plan to end family detention at Hutto.[19][23] Texas T. Don Hutto Family Residential Center, Taylor, Williamson County
2007 June 8 Detention capacity Update DHS/ICE In a report accompanying the DHS Appropriations Act of 2008, the House Committee on Appropriations writes that it supports ICE's requested funding for increasing its detention capacity from 27,500 beds to 28,450 beds (an incrase of 950), based on written and oral statements that this increase is sufficient to maintain ICE practice of "repatriating all illegal crossers apprehended at the borders."[24][15]
2007 July 6 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, Government Accountability Office (GAO) A report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) covering 23 detention centers shows significant telephone access problems but no pattern of noncompliance for other standards GAO reviewed.[25]
2007 Detention standards (monitoring) Start ICE, Nakamoto Group ICE enters into a contract with the Nakamoto Group that is a "monthly monitoring contract" that "involved monthly technical assistance visits to mostly ICE detention facilities and included full-time technicall assistance compliance reviewers at the forty largest ICE detention facilities."[26]
2008 Detention standards Update ICE ICE revises its National Detention Standards (NDS) released in 2000 to create a new set of standards called Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS), that, "developed in coordination with agency stakeholders, prescribe both the expected outcomes of each detention standard and the expected practices required to achieve them."[27] These would be the operational standards till the release of revised standards in 2011.[13]
2008 May 5 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) A New York Times article talks about deaths in ICE detention centers and the lack of accountability around them. It provides a detailed account of the death in ICE's Elizabeth Detention Center in New Jersey of Boubacar Bah, a 52-year-old tailor from Guinea.[28] New Jersey Elizabeth Detention Center, Elizabeth
2008 May 11 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE Two articles in the Washington Post, published on the same day, look at cases of deaths in ICE detention. One is about Yusif Osman, a U.S. legal resident from Ghana detained on smuggling charges.[29] Another is about Francisco Castaneda from El Salvador, detained after drug possession charges.[30] Both had died at the Otay Mesa detention center in the San Diego region. California Otay Mesa detention center, San Diego
2008 June 4 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, GAO A report by the Government Accountability Office (GAO) covering 23 detention centers shows 3 of the centers to be in noncompliance with ICE's medical care standards at the time. It also finds 4 of the 23 centers to be in noncompliance with ICE's detainee grievance standards.[31]
2008 October Detention center Criticism/challenge ICE, New York City Bar Association The New York City Bar Association receives a petition signed by 100 men in the Varick Street Federal Detention Facility in Manhattan, New York, describing "cramped, filthy quarters where dire medical needs were ignored and hungry prisoners were put to work for $1 a day" according to a New York Times article published in November 2009.[5] New York Varick Street Federal Detention Facility, Manhattan, New York City
2009 around March Detention center Start ICE, Immigration Centers of America A detention center is opened in Farmville, Virginia, through an agreement with the city of Farmville, amidst protests. The center is operated by Immigration Centers of America.[32] The National Immigrant Justice Center woud later list this as an example of "middleman contracting" considered improper under federal procurement law.[33]
2009 October 28 Detention capacity Update ICE The DHS Appropriations Act of 2009, for the first time, imposes a "bed mandate" on ICE based on language suggested by Senator Robert Byrd. Specifically, it says: "That funding made available under this heading shall maintain a level of not less than 33,400 detention beds through September 30, 2010."[34][35] The capacity would drop to 32,800 in Fiscal Year 2012 and increase to 34,000 in Fiscal Year 2015, and fluctuate further in the coming years.[15] There would later be comments by politicians claiming that the mandate requires ICE to fill the capacity every day, but fact-checking by the Washington Post[35] and PolitiFact[36] would reject that inference.
2009 November 2 Detention center Criticism/challenge ICE, New York City Bar Association (City Bar Justice Center) A report by the City Bar Justice Center of the New York City Bar Association calls for all immigrant detainees to be provided with counsel.[5][37] Later in the month, an article in Fordham Law Review looks at the Varick Street detention facility as a case study in systematic barriers to legal representation.[38] New York Varick Street Federal Detention Facility, Manhattan, New York City
2010 February (approx) Detention center End ICE ICE announces its plans to close the Varick Street Federal Detention Facility in Manhattan, New York and relocate those currently held in it to prisons in New Jersey; Varick Street would only be used as a temporary holding location for a maximum of 12 hours per person. However, plans to close the place run into trouble due to challenges relocating people with medical and mental health challenges.[39] While there are some positive reactions, advocates push for deeper structural changes whereby people would be detained less; concerns are also raised about how relocating detainees would deprive them of their existing relationships with counsel based in New York.[40][41][42] New York Varick Street Federal Detention Facility, Manhattan, New York City
2010 Detention standards (monitoring) Update ICE, Nakamoto Group ICE insources its monthly monitoring program of its largest detention centers, that had previously been handled by the Nakamoto Group on contract. Nakamoto Group would continue to be used by ICE for required annual inspections of detention centers based on ICE checklists.[26]
2011 Detention standards Update ICE ICE releases an updated version of its Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) for its detention centers. ICE states that "PBNDS 2011 is crafted to improve medical and mental health services, increase access to legal services and religious opportunities, improve communication with detainees with limited English proficiency, improve the process for reporting and responding to complaints, and increase recreation and visitation."[43][13]
2011 August Detention center Start ICE, GEO Group The East Wing of the Adelanto Detention Center, a detention facility managed by GEO Group for ICE, opens for operation. The facility had previously been a state prison for adult male inmates before the GEO Group purchased it in 2010 and contracted with ICE in May 2011 to use it for immigration detention. The West Wing would open in July 2012. California Adelanto Detention Center, Adelanto, San Bernandino County
2012 March 13 Detention center Start ICE, GEO Group The Karnes County Civil Detention Center is opened by ICE, described as its first "designed-and-built civil detention center" and intended for low-risk, minimum-security adult male detainees. The 608-bed center is designed and is to be operated by GEO group. The agreement with Karnes County for the center had been entered into in December 2010. This is the first of several planned detention center creations and upgrades to make them feel less like prison. Immigrant rights groups have mixed reactions, with some seeing it as a step forward, and others expressing concerns about private operation of the prison as well as the continued use of detention centers instead of switching more completely to monitoring technology such as ankle bracelets.[44][45][46][47] Texas Karnes County Civil Detention Center, Karnes City, Karnes County
2012 Start CIVIC (now Freedom for Immigrants) Freedom for Immigrants is founded by Christina Fialho and Christina Mansfield as Community Initiatives for Visiting Immigrants in Confinement (CIVIC).[48]
2013 February 22 Detention center Start CBP (Border Patrol) Clint Border Patrol Station opens as a migrant detention facility four miles north of the Mexico-U.S. border in Clint, Texas. The 51,000 sq. ft. facility replaces the 22,800 sq. ft. Fabens Border Patrol facility created in 1999.[49] Clint would be called "the public face of the chaos on America’s southern border" in a 2019 New York Times piece.[50] Texas Client Border Patrol Station, Clint
2013 November 20 (first report), December 6 (reissue) Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, GAO The U.S. Government Accountability Office publishes a report on ICE's handling of sexual abuse risks in its detention centers, and makes several recommendations. The context is to gauge ICE's compliance with the Prison Rape Elimination Act.[51]
2014 Queer Detainee Empowerment Project The Queer Detainee Empowerment Project (QDEP) is founded. Google dates the site to January 2014; the first Wayback Machine snapshot is from March 2014.
2014 January 29 Detention standards ICE The National Immigrant Justice Center conducts depositions of the chief of ICE's Detention Monitoring Unit and a former ICE contracting officer regarding ICE's contracting and inspections processes for immigration detention facilities.[52]
2014 June 20 Detention center (family detention) Start DHS/ICE DHS announces that it is setting up a temporary facility for detaining adults with children in expedited removal on the Artesia, New Mexico campus of the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers. This comes amidst a surge in border-crossing, both by unaccompanied minors and by families with children.[53] The facility would generate controversy among the residents of Artesia.[54] New Mexico Artesia
2014 June 24 Detention capacity Update DHS (both ICE and CBP) DHS Secretary Jeh Johnson submits written testimony to the House Committee on Homeland Security detailing a multi-pronged response to the 2014 migrant surge, particularly the surge in child migrants. Part of the strategy includes increasing detention capacity for children and for families.[55][56]
2014 July Detention center (child detention) Start CBP The Ursula detention center (official name "Central Processing Center"), the largest detention center operated by Customs and Border Protection, opens for operation in McAllen, Texas at the site of a former Gmark warehouse, and extending the existing McAllen border station.[57][58][59] In June 2018, it would gain notoriety for the practice of keeping children in large cages made of chain-link fencing.[60] Texas Central Processing Center (aka Ursula Detention Center), McAllen
2014 August Detention center (family detention) Repurposing ICE The Karnes Family Residential Center is opened in Karnes County for family detention. The original detention center opened in Karnes in 2012 had been a low-security facility for adult males.[61] Texas Karnes Family Residential Center, Karnes City, Karnes County
2014 August 22 Court case Criticism/challenge ICE The lawsuit M.S.P.C. v. Johnson is filed against DHS/ICE for the conditions in the detention center at Artesia, New Mexico.[62][63] Followup investigations by ICE in response to the lawsuit would ultimately lead to an announcement of the closure of the detention center.[64] New Mexico Artesia
2014 October 10 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, GAO A U.S. Government Accountability Office report on ICE detention standards and costs finds that ICE uses two methods to collect detention center cost data, and also that it has three sets of detention standards (2000 NDS, 2008 PBNDS, 2011 PBNDS) with each set of standards followed by at least some detention centers.[65][66]
2014 November 18 (announcement), December (execution) Detention center (family detention) End DHS/ICE DHS announces that the temporary family detention facility in Artesia, New Mexico will be shut down by the end of December. The detention center in Dilley, South Texas that is planned for a December opening is expected to make up the lost detention capacity.[67][68][64] New Mexico Artesia
2014 December 15 Detention center (family detention) Start ICE, Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) The South Texas Family Residential Center opens in Dilley, South Texas. It has a capacity of 2,400 and is intended to detain mainly women and children from Central America. It is managed by the Corrections Corporation of America.[69][70] A Washington Post article in August 2016 would describe the setup of the center as based on a 4-year, $1 billion, no-bid contract, that circumvented the contract bidding process by using the city of Eloy, Arizona as a middleman.[71] Texas South Texas Family Residential Center, Dilley
2014  – 2015 December 16, 2014  – August 6, 2015; ICE policy change May 2015 Court case Criticism/challenge ICE The court case RILR v. Johnson is processed by the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia. The plaintiffs are three mothers who came with their children, have asylum claims, and were locked up. The claim is that ICE has been locking up families -- including those with legitimate asylum claims -- as a way of deterring potential border-crossers, and that the "no-release" policy for detainees is a violation of federal immigration law and regulations, as well as the Fifth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. In May 2015, ICE announces that it will no longer consider general deterrence in detention decisions for families, upon which all parties agree to administratively close the case, with the possibility of reopening if ICE changes its policy.[72][73]
2015 May 13 Detention standards, detention policy Update ICE ICE announces a number of changes to its standards and practices around detention. One of the changes is to stop invoking deterrence effects as a factor in custody determinations for all families; this happens in the context of the RILR v. Johnson case that is seeking something similar. The creation of an Advisory Committee on Family Residential Centers, consistent with the Federal Advisory Committee Act, is also announced. Other efforts to improve and monitor family detention practices are also announced.[74][75]
2015 September 17 Detention standards (family detention) Criticism/challenge ICE, CBP, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights A report by the United States Commission on Civil Rights titled "With Liberty and Justice for All: The State of Civil Rights at Immigration Detention Facilities" recommends an end to the practice of family detention, based on conditions in detention centers, violation of the Flores settlement conditions, and the lack of due process for detainees. The report is based on hearings in May and visits to the Karnes detention center and a processing center in Port Isabel.[76][77][66] Texas Karnes Family Residential Center, Karnes City, Karnes County; Port Isabel
2015 October Detention standards (family detenntion) Criticism/challenge ICE A Human Rights First report Family Detention: Still Happening, Still Damaging discusses the state of family detention in the United States, covering the three detention centers of Berks, Dilley, and Karnes.[78]
2015 October 22 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE The report "Lives In Peril: How Ineffective Inspections Make ICE Complicit In Detention Center Abuse" is published by the National Immigrant Justice Center and Detention Watch Network as part of The Immigration Detention Transparency And Human Rights Project. It is based on information collected through Freedom of Information Act requests filed by NIJC and a federal court order following three years of litigation.[79]
2016 Detention standards Update ICE ICE revises its 2011 Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) to "ensure consistency with federal legal and regulatory requirements as well as prior ICE policies and policy statements." The revision is reflected through updates in the 2011 PBNDS on the ICE website, rather than a separate set of standards.[43]
2016 January 21 (announcement), January 27 (official notice) Detention center (child detention) Criticism/challenge ICE, Pennsylvania Department of Human Services (PA DHS) The Pennsylvania Department of Human Services (PA DHS) issues notice that the licensing of the Berks County Residential Center to operate as a child detention facility is being revoked and will not be renewed.[80][81][82] The decision would be appealed in February;[83] PA DHS would issue reports of violations to the Berks County Residential Center in the years from 2016 to 2018.[84] Pennsylvania Berks County Residential Center, Leesport, Berks County
2016 February 29 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, GAO A U.S. Government Accountability Office report reviews the current state of medical care at ICE's detention centers and makes recommendations that DHS accepts and plans to implement.[85]
2016 March 15 Detention standards (monitoring) Start ICE, CBP, DHS OIG The DHS Office of Inspector General (OIG) releases a statement that it will conduct periodic unannounced inspections of CBP and ICE detention centers. This is in response to concerns raised by immigrant rights groups and complaints to the DHS OIG hotline about conditions in detentioon centers. The first inspection is done on the day of this statement.[86][87]
2016 October 27 Detention center Start ICE The Nation reports that the Cibola County Correctional Center in Milan, Cibola County, New Mexico is reopening as an immigration detention center under contract with ICE, just a month after losing its contract as a minimum-security prison for the Federal Bureau of Prisons and the United States Marshals Service.[88] New Mexico Cibola County Correctional Center, Milan, Cibola County
2016 October 28 Detention contractors Update Corrections Corporation of America (now CoreCivic) Corrections Corporation of America, one of the two major private players in immigration detention (the other being GEO Group) rebrands as CoreCivic.[89] The renaming happens after years of bad press for the company around its management of detention facilities.
2016 November 21 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE A report by the Southern Poverty Law Center finds that "detainees are routinely denied their due process rights and frequently endure inhumane conditions in isolated facilities that have little oversight from the federal government."[90]
2017 December 11 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, DHS OIG DHS OIG publishes a report based in unanounced inspections of five detention centers, raising concerns about the treatment and care of ICE detainees at four of the five centers. The report includes one recommendation that ICE accepts and plans to implement.[91][87]
2018 January Detention center Criticism/challenge ICE The Free Migration Project, National Immigration Project, and Aldea launch a coordinated legal effort to push for a shutdown of the Berks County Residential Center. This follows previous efforts including publications by the Center for Social Justice arguing that Pennsylvania's Department of Human Services has authority to shut down the center based on the revocation of its license.[92] A coalition of organizations called th Shut Down Berks Coalition is also created to coordinate advocacy work around pushing for a shutdown of the center.[93] Pennsylvania Berks County Residential Center, Leesport, Berks County
2018 April 18 Detention statistics Criticism/challenge ICE, GAO A U.S. Government Accountability Office report identifies opportunities for ICE to improve its detention cost estimates.[94]
2018 May 7 Detention policy Announcement DHS/ICE, Department of Justice, Department of Health and Human Services Attorney General Jeff Sessions delivers remarks describing immigration enforcement actions under Donald Trump. Among the "zero tolerance" policies described is what would become known as the Trump administration family separation policy: adults crossing the border with children were being separated from the children with the adults prosecuted by the Department of Justice and the children referred to the Department of Health and Human Services; in many cases the children would also end up detained.[95][96] Later commentary would suggest that family separation is partly being used as a way to detain adults who came with children in a way that does not have to comply with the Flores settlement.[97]
2018 June 14 Detention center (temporary shelter) Start DHS/ICE The Tornillo tent city appears to have started operation around this time, as a temporary shelter to detain migrants. It would be shut down in January 2019. Texas Tornillo tent city, Tornillo
2018 June 20 Detentioon policy Update DHS/ICE, Department of Justice, Department of Health and Human Services, Department of Defense An executive order signed by then-President Donald Trump changes the administration's policy on family separation: adults crossing the border with children would no longer be separated from their children; instead, the entire family would be detained where feasible and not deemed bad for the child's welfare, or the family would not be detained. The longer-term solution is left to Congress. The executive order also directs the Attorney General to seek an update to the Flores settlement that would allow for more family detention.[98][96]
2018 June 20 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE A report titled "Code Red: The Fatal Consequences Of Dangerously Substandard Medical Care In Immigration Detention" critically reviews 15 deaths in ICE detention centers covered by the ICE in its detainee death reviews from December 2015 to April 2017. In addition to being highly critical of the poor standard of care, the report is also critical of ICE for its focus on adherence to checklists rather than on qualtiy of care. The report is jointly published by Human Rights Watch, the American Civil Liberties Union, the National Immigrant Justice Center, and Detention Watch Network.[87]
2018 June 26 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, Nakamoto Group, DHS OIG A report by the DHS Office of the Inspector General finds that neither of ICE's two types of inspection and monitoring processes (Office of Detention Oversight inspections, and inspections contracted out to the Nakamoto Group, a private company) ensure consistent compliance with detention standards, nor do they promote comprehensive deficiency corrections. Five recommendations are made to improve inspections, follow-up, and monitoring of ICE detention facilities, all of which are accepted by ICE with plans to implement.[99][100]
2018 September 27 Detention center Criticism/challenge ICE, GEO Group, DHS OIG A report by the DHS Office of the Inspector General identifies several ways that the Adelanto Detention Center fails to meet ICE's Performance-Based National Detention Standards (PBNDS) of 2011. ICE concurs with the recommendations and says it is implementing corrective action.[101][100] California Adelanto Detention Center, Adelanto, San Bernandino County
2018 November 15 (query), December 4 (response) Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, Nakamoto Group A group of United States senators, including Elizabeth Warren (seemingly the leader), Bernie Sanders, and many others, ask Jennifer Nakamoto, the head of the Nakamoto Group, to address concerns about the thoroughness of the Nakamoto Group's inspections raised by recent DHS OIG reports.[102] Jennifer Nakamoto responds, contesting specific findings in some of the DHS OIG reports, as well as highlighting the limited mandate created by ICE for the Nakamoto Group's inspections, as well as the idea that the Nakamoto Group can only evaluate violations present at the time of the inspections.[26][100]
2018 Detention statistics Start ICE ICE begins publishing detainee deaths within 90 days of each death. This is because "Congressional requirements described in the Department of Homeland Security Appropriations Bill (2018) require ICE to make public all reports regarding an in-custody death within 90 days." The first reported death is for April 10, 2018.[103][104] Some immigrant justice and advocacy groups consider these reports to be shams that are more notifications of death than actual analyses of the cause of death.[105]
2019 January 29 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, DHS OIG A report by the DHS Office of the Inspector General finds that "ICE does not adequately hold detention facility contractors accountable for not meeting performance standards." It makes five recommendations, all of which ICE accepts and proposes steps to implement.[106][100]
2019 August 21 Detention standards (child detention) Update DHS, Department of Health and Human Services DHS and the Department of Health and Human Services announce a final rule replacing the original Flores settlement rules, taking effect in 60 days. Importantly, this gets rid of the 20-day limit (introduced in 2015 by the Obama administration) on the duration that children can be detained.[107][108][97][96] The plan would be rejected by U.S. District Judge Dolly Gee of the Central District of California on September 5.[96]
2019 September Detention standards (child detention) Criticism/challenge Department of Health and Human Services A report by the Office of Inspector General (OIG) at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services looks into mental health challenges at child detention facilities run by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.[109][96]
2019 October Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, CBP, U.S. Commission on Civil Rights The United States Commission on Civil Rights releases a report tittled "Trauma at the Border: The Human Cost of Inhumane Immigration Policies"; Chapter 3 of the report goes into detail on detention standards. The report recommends ending Zero Tolerance, ending family separation, and not detaining peope who have been passed the credible fear test.[110]
2019 Detention standards Start ICE ICE releases its 2019 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities. According to ICE: "These detention standards will apply to the approximately 45 U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement’s (ICE) Intergovernmental Service Agreement (IGSA) facilities currently operating under the NDS, approximately 35 United States Marshals Service (USMS) facilities used by ICE and which ICE inspects against the NDS, as well as approximately 60 facilities (both IGSA and USMS) which do not reach the threshold for ICE annual inspections – generally those with an Average Daily Population of less than 10."[111]
2020 Detention standards Start ICE ICE releases its 2020 Family Residential Standards.[112]
2020 March 24 (publication), April 21 (public release) Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, CBP, GAO A U.S. Government Accountability Office report looks at care of pregnant women in CBP's and ICE's detention facilities. It find an overall compliance rate of 79% or higher, and a minority of complaints about care of pregnant women to be substantiated, with many claims hard to adjudicate.[113]
2020 April 20 onward Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE Detainees at the Mesa Verde Detention Facility and the Yuba County Jail file a class action lawsuit against ICE in the United States District Court for the Northern District of California, alleging that conditions of confinement at these facilities violated their constitutional rights by exposing them to unreasonable risks of infection and death from COVID-19. Preliminary injunctions are issued in June 2020 and December 2020.[114][115][116] California Mesa Verde Detention Facility, Bakersfield; Yuba County Jail, Marysville, Yuba County
2020 April 30 Detention standards Criticism/challenge DHS/ICE A report titled Justice-Free Zones: U.S. Immigration Detention under the Trump Administration is published jointly by the American Civil Liberties Union, Human Rights Watch, and National Immigrant Justice Center. The report describes the growth in immigration detention under the Trump administration, including the heavy reliance on private prisons to drive the growth in detention capacity, and the use of old prisons whose use was declining due to a reduction in incarceration. Detention conditions are described as "inhumane" and the term "black box" is used to describe people's challeges getting out of detention.[117]
2020 August 16 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, MVM Inc. A report in the New York Times describes how MVM Inc., a transportation security company that ICE has contracted with in the past, has been extensively using hotel detention at ICE's request, to handle detention capacity that cannot be met at detention centers. While conditions in the hotels are reported to be generally better than detention centers, concerns are raised about the fact that legal protections for detainees do not contractually apply to hotel detention.[118]
2020 August 19 Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, GAO A U.S. Government Accountability Office report concludes that ICE should enhance its use of facility oversight data and management of detainee complaints.[119]
2021 January 13 (publication), February 13 (public release) Detention standards Criticism/challenge ICE, GAO A U.S. Government Accountability Office report suggests actions ICE should take to improve planning, documentation, and oversight of detention facility contracts.[120][121]
2021 March Detention center (family detention) Update ICE ICE announces that all families that were being held at the Berks County detention center are no longer being held there, and that the detention center will no longer be used for family detention. There are plans to use it for adult detention in the future. The other two family detention centers, Dilley and Karnes, are to be used only for holding families for short, three-day periods.[122][123] Pennsylvania Berks County Residential Center, Leesport, Berks County
2021 March 20 Detention standards ICE, Endeavors Axios reports that ICE awarded a $86 million contract to Endeavors, a Texas-based nonprofit, for hotel detention of migrants for the next six months in Arizona and Texas.[124] Arizona, Texas
2021 April 28 Detention center Criticism/challenge ICE The American Civil Liberties Union calls on DHS/ICE to shut down 39 ICE detention facilities, citing historically low occupancy rates and the costs of maintaining unused detention space.[125][121] In response, ICE says that the current low occupancy is due to having released detaines to comply with social distancing requirements during the COVID-19 pandemic, and future occupancy may be higher. ICE also explains that by making guaranteed payments even for unused beds, it is able to negotiate lower overall rates.[126]
2021 December 16 Detention policy (family detention) Update ICE The Biden administration announces an end to family detention for the time being. Both Dilley and Karnes are converted to adult detention centers.[127][128] Texas South Texas Family Residential Center, Dilley; Karnes Family Residential Center, Karnes City, Karnes County

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  111. ↑ "2019 National Detention Standards for Non-Dedicated Facilities". U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement. Retrieved April 29, 2021. 
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  118. ↑ Dickerson, Caitlin (August 16, 2020). "A Private Security Company Is Detaining Migrant Children at Hotels. Under emergency coronavirus orders, the Trump administration is using hotels across the country to hold migrant children and families before expelling them.". Retrieved December 18, 2021. 
  119. ↑ "Immigration Detention: ICE Should Enhance Its Use of Facility Oversight Data and Management of Detainee Complaints". U.S. Government Accountability Office. August 19, 2020. Retrieved July 4, 2021. 
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  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 Sganga, Nicole; Montoya-Galvez, Camilo (April 28, 2021). "ACLU calls on Biden administration to close dozens of ICE detention facilities". CBS News. Retrieved July 4, 2021. 
  122. ↑ Hall, Peter (March 3, 2021). "Last family released from Berks County immigration detention center". The Morning Call. Retrieved December 18, 2021. 
  123. ↑ Merchant, Nomaan (March 6, 2021). "US Says It Will Stop Using Berks Co. Detention Center to Hold Migrant Families. The detention center in Pennsylvania will instead be used by ICE to hold adults, the government said". NBC Philadelphia. Retrieved December 18, 2021. 
  124. ↑ "Scoop: ICE securing hotel rooms to hold growing number of migrant families". Axios. March 20, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021. 
  125. ↑ "ACLU calls on Biden administration to shut down ice detention facilities. Low detention numbers pose unique opportunity to shut down architecture used to abuse and traumatize immigrants". American Civil Liberties Union. April 28, 2021. Retrieved July 4, 2021. 
  126. ↑ Rose, Joel (April 28, 2021). "ACLU Calls On DHS To Close ICE Detention Centers, Citing High Cost Of Empty Beds". NPR. Retrieved July 4, 2021. 
  127. ↑ Knight, Stef (December 16, 2021). "Scoop: Biden to stop holding undocumented families in detention centers". Axios. Retrieved December 18, 2021. 
  128. ↑ "Biden administration halts immigrant family detention for now". Los Angeles Times. December 17, 2021. Retrieved December 18, 2021. 
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