Difference between revisions of "Timeline of malaria"

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| 1999 || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:Research Initiative on Traditional Antimalarial Methods|Research Initiative on Traditional Antimalarial Methods]] (RITAM) is launched as a collaboration between [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]], the [[wikipedia:Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health|Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health]] (GIFTS), the [[wikipedia:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]], and researchers and others throughout the world who are investigating or interested in the antimalarial properties of plants, with the purpose of developing or validating local herbal medicines to prevent and/or treat malaria.<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cite web|title=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2297e/7.6.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Tanzania|Tanzania]] (Moshi) (inaugural meeting)
 
| 1999 || Program launch || The [[wikipedia:Research Initiative on Traditional Antimalarial Methods|Research Initiative on Traditional Antimalarial Methods]] (RITAM) is launched as a collaboration between [[wikipedia:WHO|WHO]], the [[wikipedia:Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health|Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health]] (GIFTS), the [[wikipedia:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]], and researchers and others throughout the world who are investigating or interested in the antimalarial properties of plants, with the purpose of developing or validating local herbal medicines to prevent and/or treat malaria.<ref name="Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal">{{cite web|title=Essential Medicines and Health Products Information Portal|url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/en/d/Js2297e/7.6.html|publisher=[[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|accessdate=29 November 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Tanzania|Tanzania]] (Moshi) (inaugural meeting)
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| 1999 || || Harley et al. suggest that "no other single infectious disease has had the impact on humans … [that] malaria has had".<ref name="Bostrom">{{cite book |last1=Bostrom |first1=Nick |last2=Cirkovic |first2=Milan M. |title=Global Catastrophic Risks |date=29 September 2011 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-960650-4 |url=https://books.google.com.ar/books?id=sTkfAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Global+Catastrophic+Risks+2008&hl=en&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=Global%20Catastrophic%20Risks%202008&f=false |language=en}}</ref> ||
 
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| 1999 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Medicines for Malaria Venture|Medicines for Malaria Venture]] (MMV) is founded to reduce the burden of malaria by facilitating the discovery, development, and delivery of antimalarial medicines.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mmv.org/about-us|title = About us|publisher = [[wikipedia:Medicines for Malaria Venture|Medicines for Malaria Venture]]|accessdate = September 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.who.int/phi/documents/medicines_for_malaria_venture.pdf|title = Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)|publisher = [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|accessdate = September 2, 2016}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] would be one of its major funders in subsequent years,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2005/10/Gates-Foundation-Commits-2583-Million-for-Malaria-Research|title = Gates Foundation Commits $258.3 Million for Malaria Research and Development|date = October 1, 2015|accessdate = September 2, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]}}</ref> and it would partner with drug company [[wikipedia:Novartis|Novartis]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/novartis-expands-partnership-medicines-malaria-venture-develop-next-generation|website=Novartis|title = Novartis expands partnership with Medicines for Malaria Venture to develop next-generation antimalarial treatment|date = June 15, 2016|accessdate = September 2, 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Switzerland |Switzerland ]]([[wikipedia:Geneva|Geneva]])
 
| 1999 || Organization || [[wikipedia:Medicines for Malaria Venture|Medicines for Malaria Venture]] (MMV) is founded to reduce the burden of malaria by facilitating the discovery, development, and delivery of antimalarial medicines.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.mmv.org/about-us|title = About us|publisher = [[wikipedia:Medicines for Malaria Venture|Medicines for Malaria Venture]]|accessdate = September 2, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.who.int/phi/documents/medicines_for_malaria_venture.pdf|title = Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV)|publisher = [[wikipedia:World Health Organization|World Health Organization]]|accessdate = September 2, 2016}}</ref> The [[wikipedia:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]] would be one of its major funders in subsequent years,<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.gatesfoundation.org/Media-Center/Press-Releases/2005/10/Gates-Foundation-Commits-2583-Million-for-Malaria-Research|title = Gates Foundation Commits $258.3 Million for Malaria Research and Development|date = October 1, 2015|accessdate = September 2, 2016|publisher = [[wikipedia:Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation|Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation]]}}</ref> and it would partner with drug company [[wikipedia:Novartis|Novartis]].<ref>{{cite web|url = https://www.novartis.com/news/media-releases/novartis-expands-partnership-medicines-malaria-venture-develop-next-generation|website=Novartis|title = Novartis expands partnership with Medicines for Malaria Venture to develop next-generation antimalarial treatment|date = June 15, 2016|accessdate = September 2, 2016}}</ref> || [[wikipedia:Switzerland |Switzerland ]]([[wikipedia:Geneva|Geneva]])

Latest revision as of 10:51, 21 July 2022

The content on this page is forked from the English Wikipedia page entitled "Timeline of malaria". The original page still exists at Timeline of malaria. The original content was released under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License (CC-BY-SA), so this page inherits this license. This page has been edited significantly on the Timelines Wiki after forking and may differ significantly from the current version on Wikipedia.
For a comprehensive treatment of the subject, see wikipedia:History of malaria.

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite; it is spread by the bite of an infected mosquito. Every year, 300 to 700 million people get infected. Malaria kills 1 million to 2 million people every year. 90% of the deaths occur in Africa.[1]

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

  • When and where was malaria first described?
  • When and who first described the most common malaria parasites infecting humans?
  • When and who developed the first vaccine candidate?
  • When were introduced the most common antimalarial drugs?
  • How did DDT develop as a vector control from its discovery to its ban?

Chronology

Period Event
Prehistory (from Jurassic period to Paleolithic) The origin of malaria dates back to a very early time in a warm and humid Africa, being present long before the whole timeline of development of apes.[2] Malaria infection in humans from parasite plasmodium falciparum is thought to have been originally caught from gorillas.[3]
Ancient history Malaria is already known throughout the era of the Roman Empire,[4] Ancient Egypt and the Indian subcontinent.[5] In Ancient Greece, Hippocrates already writes a description of the disease.[6] Malaria is also known to exist in Ancient China.[7] Antimalarial artemisinin is described.[8]
Middle Ages In Europe, witchcraft and astrology thrive around the treatment during this period.[9] Malaria is attributed to a 'bad air', hence the term mal aria (from Medieval Italian).[10]
1500s–1600s Malaria reaches the Americas through Spanish colonization. The native population in Peru makes use of bark of the cinchona tree for treating fever.[11] After its discovery by the Spanish, the bark is brought to Europe where it comes into general use.[11][12][13][14]
1700s The cinchona bark from South America is established as a major cure for fever in the Western World.[15] Malaria spontaneously begins to disappear in Europe.[16]
1800s Parasites are first identified as source of malaria.[17]
1900s Increasing scientific research leads to rapid advance in the knowledge of malarial parasites and the development of drugs, such as chloroquine, mefloquine and pyrimethamine. Antibiotics are also developed. DDT insecticidal properties are discovered.[18] Early eradications are achieved in the first half of the century.[19]
1940s–1950s Massive use and proven effect of insecticide DDT frees Europe and North America from malaria.[20][21]
1970s–1990s The malaria situation deteriorates in the 70s. Reduced control measures between 1972 and 1976, due to financial constraints, lead to a massive 2–3 fold increases in malaria cases at a global level. Concerns about the potential harmful side-effects of insecticide DDT provoke its ban across many countries, raising controversy and an arguably huge number of preventable deaths in the developing world.[22][23]
1990s–2000s The World Health Organization starts to investigate artemisinin and its derivatives, finally promoting them on a large scale in the 2000s.[24]
2000–2015 Malaria incidence among populations at risk (the rate of new cases) falls by 37% globally.[1]


Full timeline

Year Event type Event Geographic location
Palaeozoic era Origin Malaria–causing parasite plasmodium is thought to trace its origin back with the merge of the first insects.[16]
8000 BC Epidemic Malaria epidemic is thought to infect people, as the first big groups of population develop around the birth and expansion of agriculture.[25][26]
2700 BC Publication Chinese text Nei Ching (The Canon of Medicine) is published. It describes several characteristic symptoms of what would later be named malaria.[27] China
1600 BC Science development Vedic writings describe accounts of malaria.[28] India
2000–1500 BC Science development (symptoms) Sumerian and Egyptian doctors describe symptoms resembling those of malaria.[5] Middle East
800 BC Science development (vector) Indian surgeon Sushruta indicates that malaria is caught from insect bites.[29][30] India
340 Science development (treatment) The anti-fever properties of artemisinin are first described by Chinese official Ge Hong of the Jìn Dynasty.[31][32] China
1031–1095 Science development (treatment) Chinese polymath Shen Kuo suggests that plant specie artemisia apiacea has striking antimalarial properties.[24] China
1000–1500 Epidemic Malaria reaches northern Europe.[5] Europe
1492 onwards Epidemic The arrival of Europeans introduces the malaria parasite for the first time into the Americas.[5] Americas
1607 Epidemic Malaria devastates the Jamestown settlement in the Colony of Virginia.[28] United States
1632 Jesuit missionary Bernabé Cobo brings cinchona bark from Perú to Spain.[31][33] Spain
1633 Science development (treatment) Jesuit priest Antonio de la Calancha writes in his Chronicle of St Augustine about a "tree which they call the fever tree whose bark made into a powder amounting to the weight of two small silver coins and given as a beverage, cures the fevers and the tertians" (Tertians being the name for the three-day cycle of one form of malarial fever).[34][4] South America
1649 Publication The Schedula Romana is released. It is considered an early example of efficient anti-malaria recipe (using cinchona bark). The publication by Pietro Paolo Puccerini is attributed to the knowledge of Spanish cardinal Juan de Lugo and to have summarized trials that Lugo probably carried out.[15][35] Italy (Rome)
1663 Publication Italian physician Sebastiano Baldi writes the first compilation of the use of cinchona bark. His work is subsequently researched by numerous authors.[15] Europe
1712 Science development (treatment) Italian physician Francesco Torti writes Therapeutice Specialis, where he describes the therapeutic properties of the bark.[36] Italy (Modena)
1717 Science development (vector) Epidemiologist Giovanni Maria Lancisi publishes De noxiis paludum e zuviis, eorumque remediis where he suggests the possible role of mosquitoes in the transmission of malaria. Lancisi relates the prevalence of malaria in swampy areas to the presence of flies and recommends swamp drainage to prevent it.[37] Italy (Rome)
1821 Science development (treatment) French pharmacist Joseph Bienaimé Caventou and chemist Pierre Joseph Pelletier purify quinine (obtained from the cinchona tree) and other cinchona alkaloids. The quinine molecule is promptly tested in patients, and after numerous medical observations and case reports from all over the world, it is soon indicated that quinine is specific for ‘malarial’ (intermittent) fevers.[15] France (Paris)
1822 Science development (treatment) Quinine is first used as a drug in Senegal.[16] Senegal
1874 Science development (prevention) Austrian chemistry student Othmar Zeidler is credited with the first synthesis of DDT (Dichloro Diphenyl Trichloroethane). DDT is used in the second half of World War II to control malaria and typhus among civilians and troops. After the war, DDT is also used as an agricultural insecticide.[38] Austria[39]
1875 The incidence of malaria peaks in the United States.[28] United States
1880 Science development (parasite) french physician Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran observes parasites inside the red blood cells of infected people for the first time, proposing that malaria is caused by an organism. For this he receives the Nobel Prize in 1907.[17] Algeria
1881 Science development (vector) Carlos Finlay provides strong evidence that a mosquito later designated as Aedes aegypti transmits disease to and from humans.[40][41] The theory remains controversial for twenty years until confirmed in 1901 by Walter Reed.[42] Cuba
1883 < Program launch An Italian program called Bonifica is launched as a set of traditional approach to ‘fevers’, being introduced to deal with land reclamation from water. The program would merge as a long-term anti-malaria project, consisting primarily in agricultural reclamation of large areas of land, upon which peasants can be settled permanently; and secondly, in the provision of these areas of progressive arrangements for adequate medical attention in sickness. An efficient organization of quinine administration is put in place in 1900, and is referred to as ‘Human Bonifica’. Local anti-larval measures are called ‘Small Bonifica’. The program would continue throughout the first half of 20th century.[43] Italy
1886 Science development (symptoms) Italian neurophysiologist Camillo Golgi shows that there are at least two forms of malaria, one with tertian periodicity (fever every other day) and one with quartan periodicity (fever every third day). Golgi also observes that the two forms produce differing numbers of merozoites (new parasites) upon maturity and that fever coincide with the rupture and release of merozoites into the blood stream. Camillo Golgi is awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1906.[27][33] Italy
1890 Science development (parasite) Italian physicians Giovanni Batista Grassi and Raimondo Feletti first introduce the names plasmodium vivax and plasmodium malariae for two of the malaria parasites that affect humans.[27] Italy
1890 Science development American microbiologists Theobald Smith and Frederick Kilborne observe that young ticks taken from cattle infected with the piroplasm Babesia bigemina, an intraerythrocytic protozoan resembling a malaria parasite, could infect susceptible animals. This would be confirmed in a series of meticulously controlled experiments over the next two years.[44]
1897 Science development British medical doctor Ronald Ross, working in India, discovers that mosquito subfamily Culicinae transmit the avian malaria parasite Plasmodium relictum and suggests that human malaria parasites might also be transmitted by mosquitoes.[44] India
1897 Science development (parasite) American bacteriologist William H. Welch names the malignant tertian malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum.[27] United States
1897 Science development Canadian pathologist William George MacCallum discovers the sexual stages of malaria parasites in the blood in birds infected with a related haematozoan, Haemoproteus columbae.[44]
1898 Science development (vector) An Italian team led by Giovanni Battista Grassi proves that anopheles claviger mosquitoes infect humans via the bite.[44] Italy (Rome)
1899 Science development Ronald Ross, working in Sierra Leone, demonstrates that the human malaria parasites are transmitted by mosquito genus Anopheles.[44] Sierra Leone
1899 Science development Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran first recognizes malaria-like parasites belonging to the genus Hepatocystis in non-human primates.[44]
1899 Science development Italian scientists Giovanni Battista Grassi, Giuseppe Bastianelli and Amico Bignami elucidate the entire developmental cycle (sporogony) of Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium malariae in mosquito species Anopheles claviger.[16] Italy
1900–1907 Program launch In Italy, a series of laws establishes a national malaria control campaign (the first of its kind in the world).[45]:4 Italy
1902 Award Ronald Ross receives the Nobel Prize "for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it".[17] Sweden (Stockholm
1903 Organization The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene is founded. Today it operates worldwide, yet it remains focused on developed countries. Research, health care and education are its main activities.[46][47][48] United States (Philadelphia). Serves worldwide.
1906 Epidemic Of the 26,000 people working on the Panama canal, more than 21,000 are hospitalized for malaria at some time during their employment.[49] Panama
1908 Science development (treatment) German chemist Paul Rabe provides the first evidence for the structure of quinine.[34][50] Germany (Hamburg)
1910 The first case of malaria resistance against quinine is identified.[51][52][8]
1911 The first transmission of malaria by blood transfusion is described in a patient with pernicious anaemia.[53]
1913 Organization The Rockefeller Foundation is created, and through one of its branches, the International Health Division, it starts to conduct campaigns against malaria, in addition to yellow fever and hookworm.[54][55][56] United States (New York City)
1913 Malaria is first reported in Korea. Plasmodium vivax would be the only parasite ever to be described in the peninsula.[57] Korea
1922 Science development (parasite) British parasitologist John William Watson Stephens describes the fourth human malaria parasite, plasmodium ovale.[27] United Kingdom (Liverpool)[58]
1925 Organization The First International Congress of Malariology is held in Rome, gathering together internationally known malariologists and experts. The Congress would summon up progress with the Rockefeller Health Board’s presentation of preliminary results of the introduction of Paris Green compound and of larvivorous fishes in Spain and Italy, both local actions.[43] Italy
1931 Science development (parasite) British parasitologist Robert Knowles and Bengali parasitologist Biraj Mohan Das Gupta first describe plasmodium knowlesi ( a primate malaria parasite commonly found in Southeast Asia).[27] India (Kolkata)[59]
1934–1935 Epidemic A malaria epidemic occurs in Sri Lanka (then known as Ceylon) that affects 27% of its population.[60][61]:4 Sri Lanka
1934 Science development (prevention) German scientist Hans Andersag discovers chloroquine at Bayer I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. laboratories.[27] Germany (Elberfeld)
1935–1939 Prevention Pyrethrin indoor spraying operations are conducted in South Africa.[16] South Africa
1937 Science development Sydney James and Parr Tate discover the schizogonic form of Plasmodium gallinaceum in the brains of infected chickens.[16]
1939 Science development (prevention) Organochloride DDT's insecticidal properties are discovered by Paul Hermann Müller, who is awarded the 1948 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.[18] In the following decades, total eradication of malaria is achieved in most of the developed world due to massive agricultural application of DDT.[62][20] Europe, North America
1940 Achievement Complete eradication of Anopheles gambiae from northeast Brazil and thus from the New World is achieved by the systematic application of the arsenic-containing compound Paris green to breeding places, and of pyrethrum spray-killing to adult resting places.[19] Brazil
1942 Organization The Office of Malaria Control in War Areas (MCWA) is established with the purpose of limiting the impact of malaria and other vector-borne diseases (such as murine typhus) during World War II around military training bases in the southern United States and its territories, where malaria is still problematic at the time.[63][64] United States
1943 Prevention Indoor sprayind with DDT is introduced in the United States.[16] United States
1943 Organization The Australian Army establishes a malaria experimental group in Cairns where malaria is still present at the time. The group would conduct studies with sulphamerazine and atebrin.[65] Australia
1944 Science development (treatment) Chemists at Imperial Chemical Industries discover antimalarial proguanil.[66] Proguanil is introduced for use in 1948.[51][52][8] United Kingdom
1945 Science development (drug) Antimalarial drug chloroquine is introduced for use.[51][52][8]
1946 Achievement Malaria is eradicated from Chile, from where Plasmodium vivax was localized in the extreme north of the country. However, the vector Anopheles pseudopunctipennis would persist.[57] Chile
1946 Science development (treatment) Camoquin is made available as new antimalarial drug. It is proved to be effective after administration of a single therapeutic dose.[31][67]
1946 Epidemic The last epidemic outbreak in Japan occurs, when troops return from the various fronts. More than 460,000 cases of "imported" malaria would be diagnosed in the country.[57] Japan
1946–1951 Prevention Mass DDT spraying campaigns are conducted in Cyprus, Italy, Greece, Corsica, Venezuela and Guyana.[16] Cyprus, Italy, Greece, France, Venezuela, Guyana
1947 Science development British protozoologist Henry Edward Shortt and British parasitologist Cyril Garnham show that a phase of division in the liver preceded the development of malaria parasites in the blood.[44] United Kingdom (London)
1947 Program launch In the United States, the National Malaria Eradication Program (NMEP) is launched in July. Prior to the launch of this program, malaria is an endemic across the United States, concentrated in the southeastern states. This federal program would successfully eradicate malaria in the United States by 1951.[19][68] United States
1948 Science development (parasite) Belgian physician Ignace Vinke and entomologist Marcel Lips identify and isolate malaria parasite plasmodium berghei from wild rodents in Central Africa.[44][69] Central Africa
1948 Science development (parasite) Anglo-Indian protozoologist Henry Edward Shortt and British biologist Cyril Garnham discover that malaria parasites develop in the liver before entering the blood stream.[44] United Kingdom
1948 Organization The World Health Organization (WHO) forms.[70] Switzerland (Geneva). Operates worldwide.
1949 The first case of malaria resistance against proguanil is identified.[51][52][8] Malaysia[71]
1949 Science development Henry Edward Shortt, Cyril Garnham and co-workers describe exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium falciparum.[44] United Kingdom
1950 Science development (treatment) Primaquine is introduced as new antimalarial drug. It is proven to prevent relapse and sterilizes infectious sexual plasmodia.[72]
1951 Achievement Malaria is declared eradicated from the United States.[63] United States
1952 Science development (prevention) Dr. Mario Pinotti introduces the strategy of putting chloroquine into common cooking salt for malaria suppression, as a way of distributing the drug as a prophylactic on a wide scale. This program (using either chloroquine or pyrimethamine) becomes known as "Pinotti's method" and is employed in South America as well as Asia and Africa.[36][73] Brazil
1952 Science development Antimalarial agent pyrimethamine is first described.[16] United States
1953 Program launch WHO launches an antimalaria program in the upcountry region of Central Province, Liberia, as a pilot project to determine the feasibility of malaria eradication in tropical Africa. The malaria control project in Monrovia constitutes the first large-scale use of synthetic insecticide to combat malaria in tropical Africa, and the WHO pilot project in Central Province is one of a first cluster of projects initiated to explore the efficacy of indoor residual spraying in a variety of African ecological zones.[74][75] Liberia
1954 Science development Henry Edward Shortt, Cyril Garnham and co-workers describe exoerythrocytic forms of Plasmodium ovale.[44] United Kingdom
1955 Program launch WHO launches the Malaria Eradication Programme. The global malaria eradication campaign is adopted by the 8th World Health Assembly and based upon the widespread use of DDT against mosquitos and of antimalarial drugs to treat malaria and eliminate the parasite in humans. Within the next decade, this program succeeds in eradicating malaria from the developed world.[19][76] Worldwide
1957 The first case of malaria resistance against chloroquine is identified.[51][52][8] Thailand[77]
1957 Study George Macdonald develops mathematical models for malaria epidemiology.[16] United Kingdom
1955–1972 Achievement Bulgaria, Cyprus, Dominica, Grenada, Hungary, Italy, Jamaica, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Saint Lucia, Spain, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, United States and Venezuela are certified as malaria-free by the WHO within this period.[78] Bulgaria, Cyprus, Dominica, Grenada, Hungary, Italy, Jamaica, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Saint Lucia, Spain, Taiwan, Trinidad and Tobago, United States Venezuela
1960 Science development British scientist Robert Bray demonstrates the presence The exoerythrocytic stages of Plasmodium malariae in experimentally infected chimpanzees.[44]
1962 Publication Rachel Carson publishes the science book Silent Spring which talks about the detrimental effects of the use of pesticides on the environment. The book has a massive impact in international politics, thus provoking the ban of insecticide DDT in many countries during the following decades. Carson continues to be criticized today by some who argue that such restrictions have caused tens of millions of needless deaths.[79][80] United States
1965 Science development (parasite) The first human infection with plasmodium knowlesi is documented.[27] Malaysia
1967 Antimalarial sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine is introduced. The first case of malaria resistance against sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine is identified in the same year.[52][8] Thailand
1967 Achievement Malaria is eradicated from all developed countries where the disease was endemic and large areas of tropical Asia and Latin America are freed from the risk of infection.[76]
1967–1981 Program launch The secret military Project 523 of the People's Republic of China is aimed at finding new drugs for malaria. Over 500 Chinese scientists are recruited. The project leads to the discovery of artemisinin and derivatives,[81] also pyronaridine, lumefantrine and naphthoquine. All these antimalarial drugs are used today in therapy.[82] China, Vietnam
1969 The World Health Organization acknowledges failure of its goal of malaria eradication and changes its goal to malaria control.[61]:8[83]
1970 Organization Population Services International is created as a nonprofit global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV, and reproductive health. PSI provides life-saving products, clinical services and behavior change communications.[84][85][86] United States (Washington, D.C.). Operates worldwide.
1971 Science development (prevention) Antimalarial mefloquine (sold under the brand names Lariam) is first synthesized at the Experimental Therapeutics Division of the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR). It is number 142,490 of over 500,000 chemical compounds investigated by the United States Armed Forces to combat the devastating consequences of malaria in Vietnam.[87] Mefloquine comes into use in the mid 1980s.[88] Mefloquine is introduced for use in 1977.[51][52][8] United States
1971 Science development (treatment) Chinese scientists isolate the active ingredient of traditional Chinese medical drug qinghao (the blue-green herb) by extracting the artemisinin.[24][31] China
1972 Policy Insecticide DDT is banned in the United States. Many other countries follow suit.[62] United States
1979 Achievement Tunisia is declared malaria–free.[89] Tunisia
1972–1987 Achievement Australia, Brunei, Cuba, Mauritius, Portugal, Réunion, Singapore and Yugoslavia are certified as malaria-free by the WHO within this period.[78] Australia, Brunei, Cuba, Mauritius, Portugal, Réunion, Singapore, Yugoslavia
1974 Achievement Malaria is eradicated from 37 countries mainly in Europe and Americas.[90]
1975 Achievement Europe is declared malaria free. However, the disease would later re-emerge in the Caucasus, Central Asian republics, the Russian Federation and Turkey.[91] Europe
1982 The first case of malaria resistance against mefloquine is identified.[51][52][8] Thailand[92]
1983 Policy Insecticide DDT is banned in Thailand.[93] Thailand
1986 Policy DDT is outlawed in the United Kingdom.[94] United Kingdom
1987 Medical development (prevention) Colombian biochemist Manuel Elkin Patarroyo develops the first synthetic vaccine candidate against plasmodium falciparum, the parasite that causes malaria.[17] Colombia
1988 Medical development (prevention) Antimalarial drug Halfan (Halofantrine) is first registered for treatment.[95]
1992 Organization Malaria Foundation International (MFI) is founded as a non-profit organization dedicated to the fight against malaria. The MFI’s goals are to support awareness, education, training, research, and leadership programs to develop and apply tools to combat the disease.[96][97]
1992 Policy Insecticide DDT is banned in Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam.[93] Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam
1992 Program launch New Global Malaria Control Strategy is launched. Endorsed by a ministerial conference on malaria control, it is later confirmed by the World Health Assembly in 1993. This new strategy is based largely upon the primary health care approach and requires flexible, cost-effective, sustainable, and decentralized programs based upon disease rather than parasite control, adapted to local conditions and responding to local needs. This approach becomes successful and has positive impact in a number of countries such as Brazil, China, Solomon Islands, Philippines, Vanuatu, Vietnam, and Thailand. Its success demonstrates that malaria can be controlled by locally and currently available tools.[76] Worldwide
1996 Medical development (drug) Antimalarial drug atovaquone is introduced. The first case of malaria resistance against atovaquone is identified in the same year.[51][52][8] United Kingdom[98]
1996 Medical development (drug) Antimalarial drugs Arsumax (Artesunate) and Malarone Atovaquone/proguanil are first registered for treatment.[95]
1997 Organization Multilateral Initiative on Malaria (MIM), an alliance of organizations that facilitates research on malaria, is established. MIM would also collaborate with the Disease Control Priorities Project.[99][100] Senegal (Dakar)
1998 Program launch Malaria Research and Reference Reagent Resource Center (MR4) is launched to provide resources like malaria reagents, protocols and technical support to the international research community. It is funded by the (NIAID).[101][102] United States
1998 Organization Global framework Roll Back Malaria Partnership is launched as a partnership between WHO, UNICEF, UNDP and the World Bank, with the purpose of coordinating action against malaria.[103] In 2015 RBM launched a Global Call to Action to increase coverage with preventive treatment to protect pregnant women from the devastation caused by malaria during pregnancy.[104][105]
1983 Policy Insecticide DDT is banned in Malaysia.[93] Malaysia
1984 Prevention Mosquito nets treated with permethrin start to be used in Burkina Faso.[16] Burkina Faso
1998–1999 Epidemic Plasmodium vivax malaria epidemic breaks out in North Korea. By 1999, an estimated 100,000 cases would accumulate.[57] North Korea
1999 Program launch The Research Initiative on Traditional Antimalarial Methods (RITAM) is launched as a collaboration between WHO, the Global Initiative for Traditional Systems of Health (GIFTS), the University of Oxford, and researchers and others throughout the world who are investigating or interested in the antimalarial properties of plants, with the purpose of developing or validating local herbal medicines to prevent and/or treat malaria.[106] Tanzania (Moshi) (inaugural meeting)
1999 Harley et al. suggest that "no other single infectious disease has had the impact on humans … [that] malaria has had".[107]
1999 Organization Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) is founded to reduce the burden of malaria by facilitating the discovery, development, and delivery of antimalarial medicines.[108][109] The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation would be one of its major funders in subsequent years,[110] and it would partner with drug company Novartis.[111] Switzerland (Geneva)
1999 Medical development (drug) Coartem (Artemether/lumefantrine) is registered for the treatment of malaria.[95]
1999 Epidemic Plasmodium vivax malaria epidemic breaks out in Paraguay. 9,947 cases are reported. Anopheles darlingi is the only vector reported.[57] Paraguay
2000 The African Summit on Roll Back Malaria takes place in Abuja, Nigeria, on April 25. Signatories committed to an intensive effort to halve mortality from malaria in Africa by 2010.[112][113] Abuja, Nigeria
2000 Organization Africa Fighting Malaria is founded as an NGO. It conducts research into the social and economic aspects of malaria.[114][115] South Africa
2000 Organization The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation is founded by Bill and Melinda Gates with the aims of enhancing healthcare and reduce extreme poverty at a global level. Today it is the largest private foundation in the world, having donated over one billion dollars on malaria alone.[116][117] United States (Seattle). Operates worldwide.
2000 Science development (treatment) Roll Back Malaria Partnership launches new artemisinin combination therapy ACT.[31][118]
2001 Policy DDT is banned as a pesticide worldwide under the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants after it is discovered to be dangerous to wildlife and the environment.[94] Sweden (Stockholm), worldwide
2001 Organization The Amazon Malaria Initiative is launched with the goal of preventing and controlling malaria in the Amazon basin. With support from the U.S. Agency for International Development, it has expanded into eleven countries.[119][120] Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Bolivia, Venezuela (ceased participation), Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Panama.
2002 Organization The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria is founded as an international financing institution dedicated to attract and fund additional resources to stop and treat those diseases.[121][122] Switzerland (Geneva)
2002 Organization The African Malaria Network Trust (AMANET) is established. Its main goal is vaccine development, although it has expanded its aims, including other intervention measures such as antimalaria drugs and vector control.[123][124] Tanzania (Dar es Salaam). Operates in Africa.
2002 The Malaria Journal, a peer-reviewed open access medical journal published by BioMed Central, is established.[125] United Kingdom
2003 Organization The Malaria Consortium is founded as a non-profit organization dedicated to the control of malaria.[126][127] United Kingdom (London). Operates in Africa and Asia.
2003 Organization Sanaria is founded as a biotechnology company. It develops vaccines protective against malaria, as well as related products for use in malaria research.[128] United States
2004 Organization Against Malaria Foundation is set up with the aim of handling money and raising funds. Much of the funds raised by it are used to purchase bednets. GiveWell, an independent charity evaluator, names AMF its top-rated charity worldwide in 2011, 2012, 2014 and 2015, and recommends to donors to donate exclusively to AMF in 2015 due to its large funding gap.[129] United Kingdom (London). Operates in Africa.
2004 Organization MalariaWorld is launched as a project between the Multilateral Initiative on Malaria and the National Library of Medicine with the aim of facilitating free and unrestricted access to information on malaria. MalariaWorld has collaborated with the Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance.[130][131] United States (Washington, DC.)
2005 Organization South African Malaria Initiative is launched with aims at finding new ways to prevent and treat malaria.[132][133][134] South Africa
2005 Organization The Innovative Vector Control Consortium is established as a research consortium. It focuses on the development of new insecticides for public health vector control and also information systems and tools in order to enable new and existing pesticides to be used more effectively.[135][136] United Kingdom, United States, South Africa
2005 Program launch On June 30, the President's Malaria Initiative (PMI) is launched by the United States government, under President George W. Bush.[137][138] United States (serves worldwide)
2005 Program launch The Malaria Atlas Project is founded.[139] Its website would launch on May 1, 2006.[140] United Kingdom (Oxford)
2006 Organization Malaria No More is founded. It has partnerships and focuses in advocacy to elevate malaria on the global health agenda.[141][142] United States (Seattle). Operates worldwide.
2006 Organization The United Nations Foundation creates the Nothing But Nets campaign to prevent malaria deaths by purchasing, distributing, and teaching the proper use of mosquito bed nets.[143][144] Sub-Saharan Africa
2006 Publication The second edition of Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries, commonly referred to as DCP2, is published.[145] Chapter 21 of the publication is entitled "Conquering Malaria".[146] DCP2 cost-effectiveness estimates have been influential.[147]
2007–2015 Achievement Armenia, Maldives, Morocco, Turkmenistan and the United Arab Emirates are certified as malaria-free by the WHO within this period.[78] Armenia, Maldives, Morocco, Turkmenistan, United Arab Emirates
2008 Report The first World Malaria Report is published by the World Health Organization.[148] The World Malaria Report is an annual report on the global distribution of malaria cases and deaths, how WHO strategies are working, sources of funding, and recent evidence related to prevention and treatment strategies.[149] The Report would be cited in evaluations of malaria and malaria control strategies.[150][151]
2008 Organization The Millennium Foundation for Innovative Finance for Health is established. Its project MassiveGood is meant to collect funds for combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis.[152][153] United States, United Kingdom, Germany, Austria, Switzerland and Spain. Serves worldwide.
2008 Program launch The United Methodist Church launches comprehensive anti-malaria campaign Imagine No Malaria, with aims at raising $75 million "to empower the people of Africa to overcome malaria’s burden".[154][155] United States
2008 Program launch The Global Malaria Action Plan (GMAP), developed by the Roll Back Malaria Partnership, is launched at the 2008 MDG Malaria Summit on September 25.[156]:2[157] United States (New York City)
2008 Program launch The Government of Indonesia launches a national campaign against malaria, aiming for the country to become malaria-free by 2030.[158] Indonesia
2009 Organization The African Leaders Malaria Alliance (ALMA) is founded by African Heads of State to use their individual and collective power to keep malaria high on the political and policy agenda.[159][160] Africa
2011 The World Health Organization grants Armenia malaria-free status.[161] Armenia
2012 Organization The Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance (MESA) is formed to conduct research on malaria elimination.[162][163] Spain
2012 Program launch Target Malaria is launched as a not-for-profit research consortium with aims at reducing the population of malaria-transmitting mosquitoes in sub-Saharan Africa by developing and sharing technology for malaria control. Target Malaria investigates the use of genes that produce enzymes, and explores different strategies to use them in order to reduce or modify populations of Anopheles mosquitoes. Target Malaria is funded by many organizations, including Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the European Commission, and the National Institutes of Health.[164][165] Teams in Burkina Faso, Mali and Uganda
2014 Organization EVIMalaR is conducted as a malaria research network. Funded by the European Commission and involving at least 62 partners from 51 institutes.[166][167][168] Europe, Africa, India and Australia.
2013–2015 Organization Dundee University establishes a center for development of drugs. A new anti-malaria drug is obtained.[169][170] United Kingdom (Dundee)
2015 Scientific development Researchers at University of California campuses in Irvine and San Diego announce they could possibly eliminate malaria using the CRISPR technology to start a gene drive in mosquitos.[171] United States
2015 Report The World Health Organization calculates 212 million cases of malaria occurring worldwide during the year, and 429,000 deaths, mostly young children.[172]
2015 Scientific development International research team, using DNA sequencing, manages to assess the extent to which geographical barriers in the Amazon rainforest affect genetic variation among malaria vector Anopheles darlingi populations.[173] Amazon basin

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of August 8, 2021.

Year malaria cholera
1900 1,260 1,190
1910 1,250 1,160
1920 1,770 1,010
1930 1,800 653
1940 1,500 555
1950 2,300 788
1960 1,950 937
1970 2,920 1,860
1980 4,100 3,360
1990 7,280 5,450
2000 17,300 9,590
2010 58,200 18,800
2020 48,800 25,200
Leukemia google schoolar.png

The chart below shows global reported malaria cases by the WHO for the period 1962–1997. The number of reporting countries is detailed below.[174][175]

WHO reported malaria cases 1962-1997.png

Google Trends

The comparative chart below shows Google Trends data for Malaria (Disease), Dengue fever (Disease), Yellow fever (Disease), Zika fever (Disease) and Chikungunya virus infection (Disease), from January 2004 to March 2020, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.[176]

Malaria, Dengue fever, Yellow fever, Zika fever and Chikungunya virus infection all.png

Google Ngram Viewer

The chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for malaria, from 1500 to 2019.[177]

Malaria ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The chart below shows pageviews of the English Wikipedia article malaria, on desktop from December 2007, and on mobile-web, desktop-spider, mobile-web-spider and mobile app, from July 2015; to February 2021.[178]

Malaria wv.png

Other

  • Funding for malaria control by the Global Fund in countries belonging to African WHO region, for the period 2013-2015. Table 1.

  • Funding for malaria control by the Global Fund in countries belonging to African WHO region, for the period 2013-2015. Table 2.

  • Funding for malaria control by the Global Fund in countries belonging to African WHO region, for the period 2013-2015. Table 3.

  • Funding for malaria control by the Global Fund in countries belonging to American WHO region, for the period 2013-2015.

  • Funding for malaria control by the Global Fund in countries belonging to East Mediterranean WHO region, for the period 2013-2015.

  • Funding for malaria control by the Global Fund in countries belonging to South-East Asia WHO region, for the period 2013-2015.

  • Funding for malaria control by the Global Fund in countries belonging to Western Pacific WHO region, for the period 2013-2015.

  • Funding for malaria control by the PMI/USAID in countries belonging to African WHO region, for the period 2013-2015. Table 1.

  • Funding for malaria control by the PMI/USAID in countries belonging to African WHO region, for the period 2013-2015. Table 2.

  • Funding for malaria control by the PMI/USAID in countries belonging to African WHO region, for the period 2013-2015. Table 3.

  • Funding for malaria control by the PMI/USAID in countries belonging to America and East-Mediterranean WHO regions, for the period 2013-2015.

  • File:Funding for malaria control by the PMI/USAID in countries belonging to South-East Asia and Western Pacific WHO regions, for the period 2013-2015.

  • Funding for malaria control by the World Bank in countries belonging to African WHO region, for the period 2013-2015. Table 1.

  • Funding for malaria control by the World Bank in countries belonging to African WHO region, for the period 2013-2015. Table 2.

  • Funding for malaria control by the World Bank in countries belonging to American and East-Mediterranean WHO regions, for the period 2013-2015.

  • Funding for malaria control by the World Bank in countries belonging to South-East Asian and Western Pacific WHO regions, for the period 2013-2015.

  • Malaria deaths per WHO region for period between 2000 and 2015.[179] All regions but South–East Asia show negligible levels compared to Africa, where the vast majority of malaria deaths occur. Cumulative.

  • Worldwide estimated costs for scaling up malaria control interventions for the period 2006-2015 (in US$ millions)[180][181]

  • Committed funding (US$ millions) on malaria control by Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation for the period 2009–2015.[182]

  • Changes in the annual number of malaria cases in the seven countries of Central America from 1982 to 2000.

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

What the timeline is still missing

mosquito laser

Timeline update strategy

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Malaria Fact sheet N°94". World Health Organization. Retrieved 2 February 2016. 
  2. ↑ Loy, Dorothy E.; Liu, Weimin; Li, Yingying; Learn, Gerald H.; Plenderleith, Lindsey J.; Sundararaman, Sesh A.; Sharp, Paul M.; Hahn, Beatrice H. "Out of Africa: origins and evolution of the human malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax". International Journal for Parasitology. doi:10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.05.008. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
  3. ↑ Liu W; Li Y; Learn GH; Rudicell RS; Robertson JD; Keele BF; Ndjango J-BN; Sanz CM; Morgan DB; Locatelli S; Gonder MK; Kranzusch PJ; Walsh PD; Delaporte E; Mpoudi-Ngole E; Georgiev AV; Muller MN; Shaw GW; Peeters M; Sharp PM; Julian C. Rayner JC; Hahn BH (2010). "Origin of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum in gorillas". Nature. 467 (7314): 420–5. Bibcode:2010Natur.467..420L. PMC 2997044Freely accessible. PMID 20864995. doi:10.1038/nature09442. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Jay Bollet, Alfred. Plagues & Poxes: The Impact of Human History on Epidemic Disease. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
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  6. ↑ Gibson, M.; Nye, E. Ronald Ross: Malariologist and Polymath: A Biography. p. 23. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
  7. ↑ Unschuld, Paul U. Huang Di Nei Jing Su Wen: Nature, Knowledge, Imagery in an Ancient Chinese ... 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.9 "History of antimalarials". Medicines for Malaria Venture. Retrieved 16 December 2016. 
  9. ↑ Hempelmann E, Krafts K (2013). "Bad air, amulets and mosquitoes: 2,000 years of changing perspectives on malaria" (PDF). Malar J. 12 (1): 213. PMC 3723432Freely accessible. PMID 23835014. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-12-232. 
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  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 de Zulueta J (June 1998). "The end of malaria in Europe: an eradication of the disease by control measures". Parassitologia. 40 (1–2): 245–6. PMID 9653750. 
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  23. ↑ Souder, William (September 4, 2012). "Rachel Carson Didn't Kill Millions of Africans". Slate. Retrieved September 5, 2012. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Hsu, E (June 2006). "Reflections on the 'discovery' of the antimalarial qinghao". Br J Clin Pharmacol. 61: 666–70. PMC 1885105Freely accessible. PMID 16722826. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02673.x. 
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  29. ↑ Western Journal of Surgery, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Volume 47. p. 495. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
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  32. ↑ Rao, Yi; Zhang, Daqing; Li, Runhong. Tu Youyou and the Discovery of Artemisinin: 2015 Nobel Laureate in ... Retrieved 16 December 2016. 
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  35. ↑ Lane Furdell, Elizabeth. The Royal Doctors, 1485-1714: Medical Personnel at the Tudor and Stuart Courts. p. 141. Retrieved 16 December 2016. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Rosenthal, Philip J. Antimalarial Chemotherapy: Mechanisms of Action, Resistance, and New ... Retrieved 24 November 2016. 
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  111. ↑ "Novartis expands partnership with Medicines for Malaria Venture to develop next-generation antimalarial treatment". Novartis. June 15, 2016. Retrieved September 2, 2016. 
  112. ↑ "The Abuja Declaration and the Plan of Action". Retrieved January 19, 2017. 
  113. ↑ "The Abuja Declaration and the plan of action. An extract from the African Summit on Roll Back Malaria". World Health Organization. Retrieved January 19, 2017. 
  114. ↑ "Africa Fighting Malaria". Retrieved 24 November 2016. 
  115. ↑ Appiah, Anthony; Gates, Henry Louis. Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 1. p. 117. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
  116. ↑ The Challenge of Global Health Foreign Affairs, January/February 2007
  117. ↑ Donald G. McNeil Jr., Gates Foundation's Influence Criticized, N.Y. Times, Feb 16, 2008
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  119. ↑ "Amazon Malaria Initiative". United States Agency for International Development. Retrieved 28 November 2016. 
  120. ↑ "THE AMAZON MALARIA INITIATIVE" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
  121. ↑ "The Global Fund Overview". The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Retrieved 28 November 2016. 
  122. ↑ "The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (GFATM)". GiveWell. Retrieved 15 December 2016. The Global Fund is an extremely large funding mechanism, supporting a broad variety of programs to combat HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis and malaria throughout the developing world. The Global Fund's commitment to transparency is outstanding, and its activities are mostly proven and cost-effective.  
  123. ↑ Kilama, WL; Chilengi, R; Wanga, CL (December 2007). "Towards an African-driven malaria vaccine development program: history and activities of the African Malaria Network Trust (AMANET).". Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 77: 282–8. PMID 18165504. 
  124. ↑ "African Malaria Network Trust". Health Systems Trust. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
  125. ↑ Hommel, Marcel (2010). "10 years of Malaria Journal: how did Open Access change publication patterns?". Malaria Journal. 9: 284. ISSN 1475-2875. doi:10.1186/1475-2875-9-284. Retrieved 2017-01-13. BioMed Central which is now part of the Springer Group, publishes 206 peer-reviewed Open Access journals, including Malaria Journal, started in 2002, and Parasite & Vectors, started in 2008. 
  126. ↑ "Malaria Consortium 2003-2013: a decade in communicable disease control and child health". Malaria Consortium. Retrieved 28 November 2016. 
  127. ↑ "Malaria Consortium – Seasonal Malaria Chemoprevention". GiveWell. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
  128. ↑ "WELCOME TO SANARIA". sanaria.com. Retrieved 18 June 2017. 
  129. ↑ "Top-Ranked Charities". GiveWell. Retrieved 13 December 2012. 
  130. ↑ "About Us". Malaria Eradication Scientific Alliance. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
  131. ↑ "MalariaWorld". Retrieved 28 November 2016. 
  132. ↑ "South Africa Launches Collaborative Malaria Initiative That Aims To Develop New Treatment, Prevention Methods". Retrieved 24 November 2016. 
  133. ↑ "Malaria Foundation International". malaria.org. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
  134. ↑ Chibale, Kelly; Davies-Coleman, Mike; Masimirembwa, Collen. Drug Discovery in Africa: Impacts of Genomics, Natural Products, Traditional ... Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
  135. ↑ "The role of vector control in stopping the transmission of malaria: threats and opportunities". Royal Society. Retrieved 28 November 2016. 
  136. ↑ Knapp, Jennifer; Malone, David; Hamon, Nicholas; Richardson, Jason H.; Macdonald, Michael. "Disruptive technology for vector control: the Innovative Vector Control Consortium and the US Military join forces to explore transformative insecticide application technology for mosquito control programmes". Malar J. United States National Library of Medicine. 14: 371. PMC 4583753Freely accessible. PMID 26409879. doi:10.1186/s12936-015-0907-9. 
  137. ↑ "President's Malaria Initiative (PMI)". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. September 21, 2005. Retrieved March 21, 2017. 
  138. ↑ "About". President's Malaria Initiative. Retrieved March 21, 2017. 
  139. ↑ "MAP Researchers". Malaria Atlas Project. Retrieved January 9, 2017. The Malaria Atlas Project (MAP) was founded in 2005 
  140. ↑ Hay, Simon I; Snow, Robert W (December 5, 2006). "The Malaria Atlas Project: Developing Global Maps of Malaria Risk". PLOS. Retrieved January 9, 2017. The MAP Web site (http://www.map.ox.ac.uk) was launched on May 1, 2006, to further the aims and ambitions of MAP. 
  141. ↑ "Malaria No More". United Nations Foundation. Retrieved 28 November 2016. 
  142. ↑ "Malaria No More". Nothing But Nets. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
  143. ↑ "About us". Nothing But Nets. Retrieved 16 December 2016. 
  144. ↑ "Nothing But Nets". GiveWell. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
  145. ↑ "About the Project". Retrieved March 30, 2016. 
  146. ↑ "DCP2 - Chapters". Retrieved January 17, 2017. 
  147. ↑ "Cost-Effectiveness". GiveWell. Retrieved January 17, 2017. DCP2 estimates have shaped some of our strategic priorities in deciding which areas to explore (for example, our list of priority programs) but we do not rely on it for final recommendation decisions. 
  148. ↑ "World Malaria Report 2008". World Health Organization. December 1, 2008. Retrieved April 8, 2017. 
  149. ↑ "World Malaria Report". World Health Organization. Retrieved April 8, 2017. 
  150. ↑ "Evidence On the Connection Between Large-Scale Malaria Control and Large-Scale Declines in Malaria Burden". GiveWell. December 1, 2012. Retrieved April 8, 2017. 
  151. ↑ Snowden, James (January 18, 2016). "The Economic Benefits of Malaria Eradication". Giving What We Can. Retrieved April 8, 2017. 
  152. ↑ "Taskforce on Innovative International Financing for Health Systems: showing the way forward". Retrieved 4 September 2016. 
  153. ↑ "PR NEWSWIRE : MILLEN NIUM FOUNDATION ANNOUNCES MASSIVE GO OD ; -- SOLIDARITY MOVEMENT TO HELP FIN ANCE HEALTH CARE FOR WORLD'S POOR" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
  154. ↑ "Imagine No Malaria". Retrieved 24 November 2016. 
  155. ↑ ELLIOTT, STUART (18 April 2011). "Campaign Seeks to Take a 'Bite' Out of Disease". New York Times. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
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  157. ↑ "2008 Millennium Development Goals Malaria Summit - Kaiser Network webcast of the event". Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. September 25, 2008. Archived from the original on April 10, 2009. 
  158. ↑ "West Java aims to be malaria-free by 2022". reliefweb.int. Retrieved 11 November 2019. 
  159. ↑ "Who we are" (PDF). African Leaders Malaria Alliance. Retrieved 28 November 2016. 
  160. ↑ McCrea, Jennifer; Walker, Jeffrey C.; Weber, Karl. The Generosity Network: New Transformational Tools for Successful Fund-Raising. Retrieved 15 December 2016. 
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  180. ↑ "Estimated global resources needed to attain international malaria control goals". SciELO. Retrieved 6 December 2016. 
  181. ↑ "Table". SciELO. Retrieved 6 December 2016. 
  182. ↑ "Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation". IATI Registry. Retrieved 7 December 2016. 
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