Difference between revisions of "Timeline of tobacco smoking and disease"

Latest revision as of 21:17, 23 June 2024

This is a timeline of smoking and disease, attempting to describe events related to the effect of tobacco on health. In order to provide context, the timeline includes many events related to tobacco production, introduction, and policies regulating its use.

Sample questions

The following are some interesting questions that can be answered by reading this timeline:

What types of tobacco exposure are described?
- Sort the full timeline by "Inhalation type".
- You will see a category consisting in mainstream smoke, second, and third-hand smoke.
What are some of the several diseases and health effects related to tobacco exposure?
- Look for the different values on the column under title "Health impact (when applicable)".
- You will see a notable number of cancers (especially lung cancer), as well as other diseases and behavioral conditions.
What are some events describing research related to tobacco smoking?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the rows with the value "Research".
- You will mostly see medical research on the effect of tobacco smoking on health.
What are some events describing tobacco consumption?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the rows with the value "Tobacco consumption".
- You will mostly see a bunch of historical records of tobacco consumption in early times, as well as some recent notable trends.
What are some events describing the introduction of tobacco in some countries?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the rows with the value "Tobacco introduction".
- You will mostly see the introduction of tobacco from the Americas into European colonial powers.
What are some events related to the production of tobacco?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the rows with the value "Tobacco industry".
What are some events illustrating governmental implementations related to tobacco use around the world?
- Sort the full timeline by "Event type" and look for the rows with the value "policy".
- You will see a variety of regulations, mainly smoking bans, with an increasing number of countries hoping to eliminate tobacco use.
Other events are described under the following types: "Campaign", "Cigarette advertising", "Concept development", "Public opinion", "Publication", and "Statistics".

Big picture

Time period	Development summary	More details
Before 1880	Pre-cigarette era	Tobacco is grown as early as in 6000 BC in the Americas. The European colonization of the Americas introduces tobacco in the Old continent. Policies against smoking already appear in the sixteenth century. Addiction is an early found health consequence. By the 18th and 19th century, smoking bans and prohibitions become rare, and trade in tobacco becomes an important source of revenue for monarchs and leaders.^[1]
1880 onwards	Cigarette era	Mass production of cigarettes begins after James Albert Bonsack invention of his cigarette rolling machine, which would allow production and consumption to grow tremendously until the health revelations of the late 20th century.
1950s onwards	Tobacco and disease	Since the 1950s, increased evidence is found linking smoking to cancer, especially lung cancer. Research on health effects of passive smoking also increases.

Summary by decade

Time period	Development summary
1920s	A rise of lung cancer prompts epidemiologic research on its causes in the United States and Europe. Initial studies find an association between lung cancer and tobacco smoking.^[2]
1930s	Scholars and activists in the United States become aware of increasing cancer death rates.^[2] Researchers begin to investigate the relationship using the methods of case-control epidemiology.
1940s	Cigarettes start being recognized as the cause of the emerging lung cancer epidemic, a very rare disease in the past.^[3]
1950s	Epidemiologic evidence on lung cancer and smoking becomes abundant and coherent. By the late decade, the amassing evidence that smoking causes lung cancer calls for public health action.^[2]^[4]
1960s	Surveys of physicians continue to show decreasing prevalence of smoking and acceptance of the hazards of cigarette smoking.^[2]
1970s	Researchers find solid evidence that tobacco smoking is addictive, and this behavior is found to resemble other drugs.^[2]
1980s	Surveys in the United States suggest that only 5–10% of physicians smoke.^[2] An increasing number of lawsuits are filed against the tobacco industry because of the harmful effects of its products. Smoking becomes politically incorrect, with more public places forbidding smoking.^[4] The tobacco industry starts marketing heavily in areas outside the U.S., especially developing countries in Asia.^[4]
1990s	An increasing majority of the public in Western Countries acknowledge that cigarette smoking is harmful to health.^[2]
2000s	Smoking rates decline in multiple countries around the world.^[5]^[6]^[7]

Full timeline

Year	Health impact (when applicable)	Tobacco exposure type (when applicable)	Event type	Details	Country/region
6000 BC		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco industry	Tobacco is recorded to be grown in America since about this time.^[8]	Americas
1400 BC–1000 BC			Tobacco industry	Tobacco is cultivated in Mexico.^[9]	Mexico
c.1 BCE		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco consumption	It is believed that use of tobacco begins in the Americas, including smoking (via a number of variations) and in enemas.^[1]
c.1 CE			Tobacco consumption	Tobacco is found "nearly everywhere" in the Americas.^[10]^[1]	Americas
1492 (October 15)		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco consumption	Christopher Columbus discovers smoking.^[1] He is offered dried tobacco leaves as a gift from the American Indians that he encountered.^[4]	The Bahamas
1518		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco consumption	Spanish conquistador Juan de Grijalva lands in Yucatan, and observes cigarette smoking by natives.^[1]
1531			Tobacco industry	Cultivation of tobacco begins in Europe.^[1]	Europe
1535			Tobacco consumption	French explorer Jacques Cartier encounters natives on the island of Montreal who use tobacco.^[1]	Canada
1548			Tobacco industry	The Portuguese cultivate tobacco in Brazil for commercial export.^[1]	Brazil
1556			Tobacco introduction	Tobacco is introduced in France.^[1]	France
1558			Tobacco introduction	Tobacco is introduced in Portugal.^[1]	Portugal
1559			Tobacco introduction	Tobacco is introduced in Spain.^[1]	Spain
1560		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco consumption	Jean Nicot, the French ambassador to Lisbon, is given some seeds by Portuguese sailors returning from the New World. Nicot grows them and sends the leaves to Queen Mother Catherine de' Medici, who likes to sniff the powder made from them.^[8]	Europe
1563		Mainstream smoke	Research	Swiss doctor Conrad Gesner reports that chewing or smoking a tobacco leaf "has a wonderful power of producing a kind of peaceful drunkenness".^[11]	Switzerland
1564			Tobacco introduction	Tobacco is introduced in England.^[1]	United Kingdom
1571			Research	Spanish doctor Nicolas Monardes writes a book about the history of medicinal plants of the new world. In this he claims that tobacco could cure 36 health problems.^[4]	Spain
1575		Mainstream smoke	Policy	The Roman Catholic Church forbids the use of tobacco in any church in Mexico. This is one of the first documented smoking bans in history.^[8]^[1]	Mexico
1588	Nose cancer	Mainstream smoke	Tobacco consumption	A Virginian named Thomas Harriet promotes smoking tobacco as a viable way to get one's daily dose of it. Harriet later dies of nose cancer, as it is popular then to breathe the smoke out through the nose.^[4]	United States
1590		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Pope Urban VII moves against smoking in church buildings.^[12]	Italy
1604		Mainstream smoke	Policy	King James VI and I publishes an anti-smoking treatise, A Counterblaste to Tobacco, that would susequently have the effect of raising taxes on tobacco.
1610	Addiction	Mainstream smoke	Research	Sir Francis Bacon notes that trying to quit the habit of smoking is really hard.^[4]	United Kingdom
1612			Policy	Use and cultivation of tobacco is borbidden in China.^[1]	China
1617			Policy	Mughal emperor Jahangir prohibits the use of tobacco.^[13]	Mongolia
1620			Policy	Japan outlaws tobacco.^[8]	Japan
1624		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Pope Urban VIII issues a worldwide smoking ban, on the logic that tobacco use prompts sneezing, which too closely resembles sexual ecstasy. The pope also threatens excommunication for those who smoke or take snuff in holy places.^[14]
1627		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Russia bans tobacco. The ban would last 70 years.^[15]	Russia
1632		Mainstream smoke	Policy	12 years after the English ship Mayflower arrives on Plymouth Rock, it becomes illegal to smoke publicly in Massachusetts. The ban has more to do with the moral beliefs of the day, than health concerns about smoking tobacco.^[4]	United States
1632		Mainstream smoke	Policy	The first anti-smoking law in the United States is passed, when Massachusetts bans smoking in public places.^[8]	United States
1633		Mainstream smoke	Policy	The Ottoman Sultan Murad IV prohibits smoking in his empire and has smokers executed.^[14]	Turkey
1634		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Tsar Michael of Russia bans smoking, promising even first-time offenders whippings, floggings, a slit nose, and an exile to Siberia.^[14]
1634	Intoxication	Mainstream smoke, second-hand smoke	Policy	The Greek Church bans the use of tobacco, claiming that tobacco smoke produces intoxication.^[1]	Greece
1638		Mainstream smoke	Policy	China makes the use and supply of tobacco a crime punishable by decapitation.^[8]	China
1640		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Bhutan unifier Ngawang Namgyal outlaws the use of tobacco in government buildings.^[1]	Bhutan
1647		Mainstream smoke	Policy	In Connecticut, people are only allowed to smoke once a day and public smoking is prohibited.^[1]	United States
1657		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Smoking is banned in Switzerland.^[1]	Switzerland
1674		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Smokers in Russia are deemed criminals subject to the death penalty. Two years later, the smoking ban would be lifted.^[14]	Russia
1719		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Smoking is banned in most French provinces.^[1]	France
1723		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Smoking is banned in Berlin.^[16]	Germany
1760		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco industry	French–American tobacconist Pierre Abraham Lorillard establishes the Lorillard Tobacco Company in New York City to process tobacco, cigars, and snuff.^[4]	United States
1761	Nose cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	John Hill in England performs an early clinical study of tobacco effects, warning snuff users they are vulnerable to cancers of the nose.^[1]	United Kingdom
1795	Lip cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	German physician Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring reports on cancers of the lip in pipe smokers.^[1]	Germany
1798	Drunkeness	Mainstream smoke, chewing	Research	American physician Benjamin Rush claims that smoking or chewing tobacco leads to drunkenness.^[1]	United States
1826	Poisoning		Research	The pure form of nicotine is discovered. Soon after, scientists conclude that nicotine is a dangerous poison.^[4]
1836	Poisoning		Research	New Englander Samuel Green states that tobacco is an insecticide, a poison, and can kill a man.^[4]	United States
1830s		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco industry	Cigarettes start to appear in this decade.^[8]
1847		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco industry	Phillip Morris is established, selling hand rolled Turkish cigarettes.^[4]	United States
1876		Mainstream smoke	Policy	The Old Government Building in Wellington, New Zealand, becomes the first building in the world to ban smoking. The ban is motivated by the threat of fire, as it is the second largest wooden building in the world.^[17]	New Zealand
1877		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Rutherford Hayes becomes the first United States president to ban smoking in the White House.^[8]	United States
1880		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco industry	James Albert Bonsack in the United States invents what is considered to be the first practical cigarette-making machine. This invention allows for a massive production of cigarettes.^[18]^[19]	United States
1889			Research	Langley and Dickinson publish studies on the effects of nicotine on the ganglia, establishing the ability of nicotine to block the neurons in the superior cervical ganglion.^[20]
1890		Mainstream smoke	Policy	New Brunswick in Canada bans underage smoking. This would be followed by Ontario and Nova Scotia in 1892.^[21]	Canada
1890		Mainstream smoke	Policy	26 American states ban tobacco sales to minors. Further restrictions are imposed over the next decade.^[21]	United States
1891		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Grand Ayatollah Mirza Mahdi al-Shirazi issues a fatwa banning Shiites from using or trading tobacco.^[14]	Iran
1895		Mainstream smoke	Policy	The sale of cigarettes is banned in North Dakota. Over the next twenty-six years, fourteen other statehouses, propelled by the national temperance movement, would follow suit.^[14]	United States
1908		Mainstream smoke	Policy	New York City passes the Sullivan Act, which bans women from smoking in public.^[8]	United States
1911			Tobacco industry	For the first time in over 250 years, tobacco growing is allowed in England.^[1]	United Kingdom
1912	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	American Dr. Isaac Adler is the first to strongly suggest that lung cancer is related to smoking.^[22]	United States
1913		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco industry	American businessman R. J. Reynolds begins to market a cigarette brand called Camel.^[4]	United States
1914		Mainstream smoke	Publication	American industrialist Henry Ford publishes a pamphlet called “The Case Against the Little White Slaver,” with a foreword by Thomas Edison, who said he didn’t employ smokers"^[8]	United States
1914–1918		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco consumption	The use of cigarette explodes during World War I, where cigarettes are called the "soldier's smoke".^[4]
1925–1935		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco consumption	Smoking rates among female teenagers triple in this period, after the American Tobacco Company began to market its cigarette to women, gaining 38% of the market.^[4]	United States
1929		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco industry	American business consultant Edward Bernays proposes an increase of market share for Lucky Strikes by getting women to smoke. Bernays hires models, debutantes and feminists to march down Fifth Avenue while smoking, in a “Torch of Freedom” march.^[8]	United States
1930	Cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Researchers in Germany find a statistical correlation between cancer and smoking.^[1]	Germany
1936		Mainstream smoke	Research	Bogen publishes study on the irritant factors in cigarette smoke, and classifies formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and acrolein (propenal) as "irritant factors" in cigarette smoke, rating formaldehyde as a major contributor to cigarette smoke irritation.^[23]
1939	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Franz Hermann in Cologne publishes an early study correlating tobacco smoke with lung cancer.^[3]	Germany
1939		Mainstream smoke	Research	Ribeiro reports the presence of acrolein (propenal) in tobacco smoke.^[23]
1939–1945		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco consumption	During World War II cigarette sales climb to an all time high. Cigarettes are included in a soldier's C-Rations (like food). Tobacco companies send millions of cigarettes to the soldiers for free, and when these soldiers came home, the companies gain a steady stream of loyal customers.^[4]
1941	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Dr. Michael DeBakey cites a correlation between the increased sale of tobacco and the increasing prevalence of lung cancer.^[1]
1942		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Adolf Hitler directs an aggressive antismoking campaign, including heavy taxes and bans on smoking in many public places.^[14]	Germany
1942	Addiction	Mainstream smoke	Research	British researcher L.M. Johnston finds that tobacco addiction is not about the act of smoking itself, but the craving for nicotine.^[24]
1948	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Statistics	Lung cancer is reported to have grown 5 times faster than other cancers since 1938.^[1]
1950	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Five separate epidemiological studies are published in this year, all confirming that smokers of cigarettes are far more likely to contract lung cancer than non-smokers.^[3]	United States
1952	Health impact of asbestos	Mainstream smoke	Tobacco industry	P. Lorillard markets its Kent brand with the "micronite" filter, which contains asbestos. The brand would be later discontinued.^[4]
1953	Cancer	Third-hand smoke	Research	Dr. Ernst L. Wynders finds that putting cigarette tar on the backs of mice causes tumors.^[4]
1954	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Doll and Hill conclude that smokers of 35 or more cigarettes per day increase their odds of dying from lung cancer by a factor of 40.^[3]
1957	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Publication	The British Research Council states that "... a major part of the increase [in lung cancer] is associated with tobacco smoking, particularly in the form of cigarettes" and that "the relationship is one of direct cause and effect."^[1]	United Kingdom
1958	Cancer	Mainstream smoke	Public opinion	44 percent of people in the United States already believe smoking causes cancer.^[25]	United States
1958	Lung disease, heart disease	Mainstream smoke	Research	A number of medical associations warns that tobacco use is linked with both lung and heart disease.^[25]	United States
1959	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Documents show that the industry is well aware of the presence of a radioactive substance in tobacco at this time. Furthermore, the industry is not only cognizant of the potential "cancerous growth" in the lungs of regular smokers but also conducts quantitative radiobiological calculations to estimate the long-term (25 years) lung radiation absorption dose (rad) of ionizing alpha particles emitted from the cigarette smoke.^[26]
1960		Mainstream smoke	Research	As of date, only one-third of all doctors in the United States believe that the case against cigarettes has been established.^[3]	United States
1962	Heart cancer, lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	A study states a conclusive link between smoking and heart and lung cancer in men. The report also states the same link is likely true for women, although women smoke at lower rates and therefore not enough data is available.^[25]
1964		Mainstream smoke	Statistics	Almost one-half of U.S. adults are cigarette smokers at this time, and smoking is ubiquitous in many public places, including restaurants, theaters, and airplane cabins.^[2]	United States
1964	Bladder cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	A report by the Surgeon General of the United States (USDHEW 1964) notes a relationship between smoking and bladder cancer.^[27]	United States
1965		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Television cigarette ads are removed from the air in Great Britain.^[4]	United Kingdom
1966		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Health warnings on cigarette packs begin to appear.^[4]
1968	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	The Surgeon General of the United States concludes that smoking causes lung cancer in women.^[27]
1968	Influenza	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research of 1,900 male cadets after the 1968 Hong Kong A2 influenza epidemic at a South Carolina military academy, compares thee groups: nonsmokers, heavy smokers, and light smokers. Compared with nonsmokers, heavy smokers (more than 20 cigarettes per day) had 21% more illnesses and 20% more bed rest, light smokers (20 cigarettes or fewer per day) had 10% more illnesses and 7% more bed rest.^[28]"	United States
1968		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco industry	Bravo is marketed as a non-tobacco cigarette brand. Made primarily of lettuce, it fails spectacularly.^[4]
1970		Second-hand smoke	Concept development	The term "passive smoking" is first used in the title of a scientific paper.^[29]
1971 (January 1)		Mainstream smoke	Policy	The last cigarette television advertisement is aired in the United States.^[8]	United States
1972	Pancreatic cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Surgeon General of the United States report (USDHEW 1972) notes that epidemiologic evidence demonstrates a significant association between cigarette smoking and cancer of the pancreas.^[27]	United States
1973		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Arizona becomes the first state to restrict smoking in some public spaces.^[2]	United States
1973		Mainstream smoke	Policy	The U.S. Civil Aeronautics Board orders domestic airlines to provide separate seating for smokers and nonsmokers.^[2]	United States
1974		Second-hand smoke	Concept development	The term "environmental tobacco smoke" can be traced back to an industry-sponsored meeting held in Bermuda.^[29]	Bermuda
1974		Mainstream smoke	Policy	The U.S. Interstate Commerce Commission rules that smoking be restricted to the rear 20% of seats in interstate buses.^[2]	United States
1974		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Connecticut enacts the first statute to restrict smoking in restaurants.^[2]	United States
1975		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Smoking restrictions start being put in place in the United States, with the first in Minnesota and carrying on with various local and state governments legislating smoke-free or clean indoor air laws. "In 1975 the U.S. state of Minnesota enacted the Minnesota Clean Indoor Air Act, making it the first state to restrict smoking in most public spaces. At first restaurants were required to have "No Smoking" sections, and bars were exempt from the Act"	United States
1975		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Italy bans smoking on public transit vehicles (except for smokers' rail carriages) and in some public buildings (hospitals, cinemas, theatres, museums, universities and libraries).^[30]	Italy
1975	Tooth loss	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research concludes that tooth loss is twice higher in smokers than in non-smokers^[31]
1977		Mainstream smoke	Caimpaign	The first national Great American Smokeout takes place. The event challenges people to quit smoking on that day, or use the day to make a plan to quit.^[4]	United States
1977		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Berkeley, California, becomes the first city to pass an ordinance limiting smoking in restaurants.^[2]	United States
1979	Pancreatic cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	A report by the Surgeon General of the United States (USDHEW 1979) indicates that a dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer has been demonstrated.^[27]	United States
1979	Influenza	Mainstream smoke	Statistics	Surveillance of a current influenza outbreak at a military base for women in Israel reveals that influenza symptoms developed in 60.0% of the current smokers vs. 41.6% of the nonsmokers.^[32]	Israel
1979		Mainstream smoke	Pulbication	In light to the increasing number of women who are taking up the smoking habit, the Surgeon General of the United States reports on the Health Consequences of Smoking for Women.^[4]	United States
1980		Mainstream smoke	Statistics	Smoking in the United States peaks to 631.5 billion cigarettes sold in the year.^[8]	United States
1980	Bladder cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	The United States Department of Health and Human Services report (USDHHS 1980) notes a dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and the risk of bladder cancer.^[27]	United States
1980–1981	Lung disease	Second-hand smoke	Research	Scientific journals publish epidemiologic research from Greece, Japan, and the United States finding that those who breathe “environmental tobacco smoke” suffer from decreased lung function.^[2]	Greece, Japan, United States
1982	Kidney cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Report by the Surgeon General of the United States concludes that cigarette smoking is a contributory factor in the development of kidney cancer.^[27]	United States
1982	Influenza	Mainstream smoke, second-hand smoke	Research	Research concludes that smoking may substantially contribute to the growth of influenza epidemics affecting the entire population.^[33]
1982	Esophageal cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Report by the Surgeon General of the United States concludes that smoking is a major cause of esophageal cancer.^[27]	United States
1982	Lung cancer	Second-hand smoke	Research	The Surgeon General of the United States reports that second-hand smoke may cause lung cancer. This causes smoking in public areas to be soon restricted, especially at the workplace.^[4]
1985	Lung cancer	Mainstram smoke	Research	Lung cancer becomes the first killer of women, beating out breast cancer.^[4]
1986	Pancreatic cancer	Mainstram smoke	Research	The International Agency for Research on Cancer concludes that smoking causes cancer of the pancreas.^[27]
1986	Lung cancer, respiratory symptoms	Second-hand smoke	Research	Two major scientific reviews are released in the United States, the Surgeon General's report, The Health Consequences of Involuntary Smoking, and the National Academy of Science's report, Environmental Tobacco Smoke: Measuring Exposures and Assessing Health Effects, both concluding that secondhand smoke could cause lung cancer in healthy adult nonsmokers and respiratory symptoms in children.^[2]	United States
1986	Lung cancer, oral cancer, oropharyngeal cancer, hypopharyngeal cancer, Laryngeal cancer, esophageal cancer, bladder cancer, kidney cancer, pancreatic cancer	Mainstram smoke	Research	The International Agency for Research on Cancer Monograph on tobacco smoking considers the following cancers to be causally related to tobacco smoking: Cancers of the lung, upper aerodigestive tract (oral cancer and cancer of the oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx and oesophagus), urinary bladder and renal pelvis and pancreas.^[34]
1987		Mainstream smoke	Policy	The United States Congress bans smoking on all domestic flights lasting less than 2 hours.^[4]	United States
1988	Addiction	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research by the Surgeon General of the United States concludes that cigarettes are addicting, similar to heroin and cocaine, and that nicotine is the primary agent of addiction.^[2]	United States
1989	Pancreatic cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Report by the Surgeon General of the United States estimates that 29 percent of pancreatic cancer deaths in men and 34 percent in women could be attributed to smoking.^[27]
1989	Inflammatory bowel disease	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research indicates that smoking increases the risk of symptoms associated with inflammatory bowel disease.^[35]
1990		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Smoking is banned on all domestic flights across the United States, except to Alaska and Hawaii.^[4]	United States
1990	Bladder cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Report by the United States Department of Health and Human Services concludes that smoking causes bladder cancer.^[27]
1990	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Report by the United States Department of Health and Human Services concludes that smoking cessation reduces the risk of lung cancer compared with continued smoking.^[27]
1990	Pancreatic cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Investigations of K-ras mutations in pancreatic cancer show that the probability of mutation are significantly higher among smokers compared with nonsmokers in several studies.^[27]
1992		Second-hand smoke	Statistics	A review estimates that secondhand smoke exposure is responsible for 35,000 to 40,000 deaths per year in the United States in the early 1980s.^[36]	United States
1993	Influenza	Mainstream smoke	Research	A study of community-dwelling people 60–90 years of age, finds that 23% of smokers have clinical influenza as compared with 6% of non-smokers.^[37]
1994		Mainstream smoke	Policy	A number of academic medical centers in the United States adopt policies barring their faculty and staff from accepting tobacco industry support.^[2]	United States
1995		Mainstream smoke	Policy	California becomes the first U.S. state to ban smoking in enclosed public spaces.^[25]	United States
1996	Impaired vasolidation	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research associates second-hand smoke with impaired vasodilation among adult nonsmokers.^[38]
1997	Sudden infant death syndrome	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research associates second-hand smoke with sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).^[39]
1997	Behavioral effects	Mainstream smoke	Research	Medical researchers find that smoking is a predictor of divorce.^[40]
1998	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research finds that nicotine activates the mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathway in lung cancer cells.^[41]
1998	Behavioral effects	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research finds that smokers have a 53% greater chance of divorce than nonsmokers.^[42]
1999	Stress	Mainstream smoke	Research	American Psychologist states: "Smokers often report that cigarettes help relieve feelings of stress. However, the stress levels of adult smokers are slightly higher than those of nonsmokers, adolescent smokers report increasing levels of stress as they develop regular patterns of smoking, and smoking cessation leads to reduced stress. Far from acting as an aid for mood control, nicotine dependency seems to exacerbate stress. This is confirmed in the daily mood patterns described by smokers, with normal moods during smoking and worsening moods between cigarettes. Thus, the apparent relaxant effect of smoking only reflects the reversal of the tension and irritability that develop during nicotine depletion. Dependent smokers need nicotine to remain feeling normal."^[43]
1999		Second-hand smoke	Research	Research indicates that second-hand smoke exposure also affects platelet function, vascular endothelium, and myocardial exercise tolerance at levels commonly found in the workplace.^[44]
2000	Streptococcus pneumoniae	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research associates being a current smoker with a fourfold increase in the risk of invasive disease caused by the pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae.^[45]
2000		Mainstream smoke	Tobacco consumption	About 4.2 million hectares of tobacco were under cultivation worldwide in this year, yielding over seven million tons of tobacco.^[46]
2001	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	A report by the Surgeon General of the United States on women and smoking concludes that “About 90 percent of all lung cancer deaths among U.S. women smokers are attributable to smoking”.^[27]	United States
2001		Second-hand smoke	Research	Research concludes that exposure to tobacco smoke for 30 minutes significantly reduces coronary flow velocity reserve in healthy nonsmokers.^[47]
2001	Squamous cell skin cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	A study conducted in the Netherlands shows that the risk of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is increased by tobacco smoking.^[48]	Netherlands
2002	Death	Mainstream smoke	Statistics	Research in Canada shows that about 17% of deaths are due to smoking (20% in males and 12% in females).^[49]	Canada
2002	Cancer	Second-hand smoke	Research	A study issued by the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization concludes that non-smokers are exposed to the same carcinogens on account of tobacco smoke as active smokers.^[50]
2002	Pancreatic cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	The International Agency for Research on Cancer again concludes that smoking causes cancer of the pancreas and that the risk for pancreatic cancer increases with the duration of smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked daily; the risk remains high after allowing for potential confounding factors such as alcohol consumption; and the risk decreases with increasing time since quitting smoking.^[27]
2002	Kaposi's sarcoma, HIV/AIDS	Mainstream smoke	Research	A study shows that smoking increases the risk of Kaposi's sarcoma in people without HIV infection.^[51]
2003		Mainstream smoke	Policy	India introduces a law banning smoking in public places like restaurants, public transport or schools. The same law also prohibits advertising cigarettes or other tobacco products.^[52]	India
2003 (December 3)		Mainstream smoke	Policy	New Zealand passes legislation to progressively implement a smoking ban in schools, school grounds, and workplaces by December 2004.^[53]	New Zealand
2003	Follicular lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research estimates in a case-control study including 1,319 patients that cigarette smoking has a significant impact on the risk of follicular lymphoma but not on the risk of all non-Hodgkin lymphoma subtypes.^[48]
2003		Second-hand smoke	Concept development	As of year, "secondhand smoke" is the term most used to refer to other people's smoke in the English-language media.^[29]
2004	Asthma, allergies, and other conditions	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research associates second-hand smoke with worsening of asthma, allergies, and other conditions.^[54]
2004	Endometriosis	Mainstream smoke	Research	Some evidence is found for decreased rates of endometriosis in infertile smoking women.^[55]
2004	Bladder cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research observes in a U.S. population that there is a positive association between the use of tobacco and bladder cancer and that gender does not modify this association.^[48]	United States
2004 (March 29)		Mainstream smoke	Policy	The Republic of Ireland implements a nationwide ban on smoking in all workplaces.^[56]	Ireland
2004 (June 1)		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Norway implements a nationwide ban on indoor smoking, becoming the second country to implement a nationwide ban on all indoor smoking, following Ireland by 3 months.^[57]	Norway
2004	Breast cancer	Second-hand smoke	Research	The International Agency for Research on Cancer concludes that there is "no support for a causal relation between involuntary exposure to tobacco smoke and breast cancer in never-smokers.^[58]
2004	Cancer	Second-hand smoke	Research	The International Agency for Research on Cancer concludes that "Involuntary smoking (exposure to secondhand or 'environmental' tobacco smoke) is carcinogenic to humans.^[58]
2004		Third-hand smoke	Research	A study measures the levels of nicotine in dust in the homes of three different groups of families. Homes where parents smoke with children present in the home have the highest levels of nicotine found in dust in all rooms of the house, including the rooms of infants and children. Homes where parents attempt to limit exposure of cigarette smoke to their children have lower levels of nicotine found in dust. Homes that have not been smoked in do not contain any traces of nicotine.^[59]
2004			Policy	Bhutan becomes the first country to completely outlaw the cultivation, harvesting, production, and sale of tobacco products.^[60]	Bhutan
2004	Irritability, jitteriness, dry mouth, rapid heart beat	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research indicates that most smokers, when denied access to nicotine, exhibit withdrawal symptoms such as irritability, jitteriness, dry mouth, and rapid heart beat.^[61]
2004		Mainstream smoke, second-hand smoke	Research	A study shows bars and restaurants in New Jersey have more than nine times the levels of indoor air pollution of New York City, which has already enacted its smoking ban.^[62]	United States
2004		Mainstream smoke	Statistics	Smoking rates decline to about 21% of Americans by this year.^[8]	United States
2005	Cardiovascular disease	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research concludes that secondhand tobacco smoke exposure has immediate and substantial effects on blood and blood vessels in a way that increases the risk of a heart attack, particularly in people already at risk.^[63]
2005	Erectile dysfunction	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research shows that smoking is a key cause of erectile dysfunction (ED).^[64]
2005	Intoxication	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research shows that inhaled sidestream smoke is about four times more toxic than mainstream smoke.^[65]^[66]
2005	Breast cancer	Second-hand smoke	Research	The California Environmental Protection Agency concludes that passive smoking increases the risk of breast cancer in younger, primarily premenopausal females by 70%.^[67]
2005	Pulmonary emphysema	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research shows that pulmonary emphysema can be induced in rats through acute exposure to sidestream tobacco smoke (30 cigarettes per day) over a period of 45 days.^[68]
2006		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Scottish politician Andy Kerr introduces in Scotland a ban on smoking in public areas.^[69]	United Kingdom (Scotland)
2006	Sudden infant death syndrome	Second-hand smoke	Research	A report by the Surgeon General of the United States concludes: "The evidence is sufficient to infer a causal relationship between exposure to secondhand smoke and sudden infant death syndrome."^[70]	United States
2006	Asthma	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research finds positive association between household secondhand tobacco smoke exposure and the relative risk of developing asthma during childhood.^[71]^[72]
2006	Sudden infant death syndrome	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research associates second-hand smoking with 430 sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) deaths in the United States annually.^[73]	United States
2007		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Smoking is banned in all public places in the whole of the United Kingdom.^[74]	United Kingdom
2007		Mainstream smoke	Cigarette advertising	As of year, only one Formula One team, Scuderia Ferrari, receives sponsorship from a tobacco company; Marlboro.^[75]^[76]^[77]
2007		Mainstream smoke	Public opinion	A poll by Gallup finds that 54% of Americans favour completely smoke-free restaurants, 34% favour completely smoke-free hotel rooms, and 29% favour completely smoke-free bars.^[78]	United States
2007	Low birth weight	Mainstream smoke, second-hand smoke	Research	Research suggests that environmental tobacco smoke exposure and maternal smoking during pregnancy cause lower infant birth weights.^[79]
2007		Mainstream smoke	Research	Research suggests that smoking increases levels of liver enzymes that break down drugs and toxins. That means that drugs cleared by these enzymes are cleared more quickly in smokers, which may result in the drugs not working. Specifically, levels of CYP1A2 and CYP2A6 are induced.^[80]
2008 (December)		Mainstream smoke	Public opinion	Gallup poll, of over 26,500 Europeans, finds that "a majority of EU citizens support smoking bans in public places, such as offices, restaurants and bars. The poll further finds that "support for workplace smoking restrictions is slightly higher than support for such restrictions in restaurants (84% vs. 79%). Two-thirds support smoke-free bars, pubs and clubs.^[81]	Europe
2008	Neurobehavioral effects	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research identifies neurobehavioral effects of second-hand smoking.^[82]
2008	Endometrial cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	A meta-analysis of 34 studies notes that endometrial cancer, which is considered as one of the most common female genital tumors, is negatively associated with ever smoking.^[83]
2008 (September)	Inflammatory bowel disease	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research suggests that prenatal and childhood passive smoke exposure does not appear to increase the risk of inflammatory bowel disease.^[84]
2008 (October)	Tooth decay	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research finds an increase in tooth decay (as well as related salivary biomarkers) associated with passive smoking in children.^[85]
2008 (October)		Mainstream smoke	Policy	India introduces a ban on smoking in public.^[86]	India
2008		Mainstream smoke, second-hand smoke	Statistics	More than 161,000 deaths attributed to lung cancer are counted in the year in the United States. Of these deaths, an estimated 10% to 15% are caused by factors other than first-hand smoking; equivalent to 16,000 to 24,000 deaths annually. Slightly more than half of the lung cancer deaths caused by factors other than first-hand smoking are found in nonsmokers. Clinical epidemiology of lung cancer links the primary factors closely tied to lung cancer in non-smokers as exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke, carcinogens including radon, and other indoor air pollutants.^[87]	United States
2008		Mainstream smoke	Policy	The World Health Organization declares that it does not consider the e-cigarette to be a legitimate smoking cessation aid.^[24]
2008	Death	Mainstream smoke	Research	The World Health Organization names tobacco use as the world's single greatest preventable cause of death.^[88]
2009 (July 1)		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Ireland prohibits the advertising and display of tobacco products in all retail outlets.^[89]	Ireland
2009		Third-hand smoke	Research	The term "third-hand smoke" is coined to identify the residual tobacco smoke contamination that remains after the cigarette is extinguished and secondhand smoke has cleared from the air.^[90]^[91]
2009	Myocardial infarction	Mainstream smoke	Research	A systematic review and meta-analysis find that bans on smoking in public places are associated with a significant reduction of incidence of heart attacks.^[92]
2009	Coronary heart disease	Mainstream smoke	Research	A report by the U.S. Institute of Medicine concludes that smoking bans reduce the risk of coronary heart disease and heart attacks, but the report's authors are unable to identify the magnitude of this reduction.^[93]	United States
2009	Atherosclerosis	Second-hand smoke	Research	Epidemiological studies show that both active and passive cigarette smoking increase the risk of atherosclerosis.^[94]
2009	Pancreatic cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research shows that current smokers are diagnosed with pancreas cancer six to eight years sooner than never-smokers.^[48]
2010	Birth defect	Second-hand smoke	Research	Studies comparing females exposed to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and non-exposed females, demonstrate that females exposed while pregnant have higher risks of delivering a child with congenital abnormalities, longer lengths, smaller head circumferences, and low birth weight.^[95]
2010	Health risk	Third-hand smoke	Research	Research suggests that by-products of third-hand smoke may pose a health risk.^[96]
2010	Cancer	Third-hand smoke	Research	A study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences finds that nicotine residue which coats smokers as well as interior car or room surfaces can react with nitrous acid present in the air to create tobacco-specific nitrosamines, carcinogens found in tobacco products. It is also found that ensuring ventilation while a cigarette is smoked does not eliminate the deposition of third-hand smoke in an enclosed space, according to the study's authors.^[97]
2010–2011		Third-hand smoke	Research	Studies show that humans can be exposed to third-hand smoke through inhalation, skin contact, or ingestion. There are also many surfaces that can accumulate THS compounds. Common surfaces that humans come into contact with daily include couches, furniture, curtains, and car seats. THS is thought to potentially cause the greatest harm to infants and young children because younger children are more likely to put their hands in their mouths or be cuddled up to a smoker with toxins on their skin and clothes. Infants also crawl on the floor and eat from their hands without washing them first, ingesting the toxins into their still developing systems.^[98]^[99]
2011 (May 31)		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Venezuela introduces a restriction upon smoking in enclosed public and commercial spaces.^[100]	Venezuela
2011 (July)		Mainstream smoke	Public opinion	A Gallup poll reports that for the first time, a majority of Americans (59%) support a ban on smoking in all public places.	United States
2011 (October)		Third-hand smoke	Policy	Christus St. Frances Cabrini Hospital in Alexandria, Louisiana seeks to eliminate third-hand smoke and forbids its employees to work if their clothing smells of smoke. This prohibition is enacted after it is known that third-hand smoke poses a special danger for the developing brains of infants and small children.^[101]	United States
2011	Stroke	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research strongly associates passive smoking with an increased risk of stroke, and this increased risk is disproportionately high at low levels of exposure."^[102]
2011	Breast cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research finds that smokers exhibit an increased risk for breast cancer when compared to never-smokers.^[103]
2011	Stillbirth, congenital malformation	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research associates second-hand smoke in women with stillbirth and congenital malformations in children.^[104]
2011		Second-hand smoke	Research	A commentary in Environmental Health Perspectives argues that research into "thirdhand smoke" renders it inappropriate to refer to passive smoking with the term "secondhand smoke", which the authors state constitutes a pars pro toto.^[105]
2012	Cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	According to the World Health Organization, an estimated 22% of cancer-deaths are attributable to tobacco use.^[106]
2012	Pancreatic cancer	Second-hand smoke	Research	A Study finds no evidence that passive smoking is associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer.^[107]
2012	Middle ear infection	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research associates second-hand smoke with increased risk of middle ear infections.^[108]^[109]
2012 (March)		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Brazil becomes the first country in the world to ban all flavored tobacco, including menthols. The majority of the estimated 600 additives used are also banned, permitting only eight. This regulation applies to domestic and internationally imported cigarettes.^[110]^[111]	Brazil
2012	Cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Jensen et al. show that nicotine is carcinogen for the gastrointestinal system.^[112]
2013	Lung cancer	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research shows that passive smoking is a risk factor for lung cancer.^[113]
2013		Third-hand smoke	Concept development	A study with six focus groups in metro and rural Georgia (USA) asks participants whether they have heard of third-hand smoke. Most of the participants have not heard about it and does not know what third-hand smoke is.^[114]
2013	Neural tube defects	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research associates maternal exposure to secondhand smoke exposure during pregnancy with an increased risk of neural tube defects.^[115]
2013	Cognitive impairment, dementia	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research concludes that exposure to secondhand smoke may increase the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in adults 50 and over.^[116]
2013	DNA damage	Third-hand smoke	Research	Research suggests that thirdhand smoke causes DNA damage in human cells.^[117]
2014	Lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	A review finds that smoking cannabis doubles the risk of lung cancer, though cannabis is in many countries commonly mixed with tobacco.^[118]
2013	Prostate cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research suggests that current smokers have a reduced risk of prostate cancer compared with never-smokers.^[48]
2014	Learning difficulties, developmental delays, executive function problems	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research associates second-hand smoke with learning difficulties, developmental delays, and executive function problems.^[119]
2014	Sinusitis	Second-hand smoke	Research	The majority of studies find a significant association between secondhand smoke exposure and sinusitis.^[120]
2014	Miscarriage	Second-hand smoke	Research	A meta-analysis finds that maternal secondhand smoke exposure increases the risk of miscarriage by 11%.^[121]
2014	Allergic diseases	Second-hand smoke	Research	A systematic review and meta-analysis find that passive smoking is associated with a slightly increased risk of allergic diseases among children and adolescents. The evidence for an association is weaker for adults.^[122]
2015 (January)	Sleep disordered breathing	Second-hand smoke	Research	Most studies find a significant association between passive smoking and sleep disordered breathing in children.^[123]
2015	Type 2 diabetes	Second-hand smoke	Research	A study associates second-hand smoke with type 2 diabetes.^[124]
2015	Asthma	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research associates second-hand smoke exposure with an almost doubled risk of hospitalization for asthma exacerbation among children with asthma.^[125]
2015	Orofacial cleft	Second-hand smoke	Research	A study suggests that maternal passive smoking increases the risk of non-syndromic orofacial clefts by 50% among their children.^[126]
2015	Diabetes	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research indicates that it remains unclear whether the association between passive smoking and diabetes is causal.^[127]
2015	Meningococcal disease	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research associates second-hand smoke with invasive meningococcal disease.^[128]
2015		Mainstream smoke	Research	A study finds that about 17% of mortality due to cigarette smoking in the United States is due to diseases other than those usually believed to be related.^[129]	United States
2015	Psychosis	Mainstram smoke	Research	A meta-analysis finds that smokers are at greater risk of developing psychotic illness.^[130]
2015	Breast cancer	Second-hand smoke	Research	A meta-analysis finds that the evidence that passive smoking moderately increases the risk of breast cancer has become "more substantial than a few years ago."^[131]
2015	Tuberculosis	Second-hand smoke	Research	Review suggests that passive smoking may increase the risk of tuberculosis infection and accelerate the progression of the disease, but the evidence remains weak.^[132]
2015	Cervical cancer	Second-hand smoke	Research	An overview of systematic reviews finds that exposure to secondhand smoke increases the risk of cervical cancer.^[128]
2015	Depression	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research suggests that exposure to secondhand smoke is associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms.^[133]
2015		Mainstream smoke	Statistics	It is calculated than more than 1.1 billion individuals worldwide smoked tobacco in this year.^[48]	Worldwide
2016 (January)		Mainstream smoke	Policy	Turkmenistan president Gurbanguly Berdymukhammedov reportedly bans all tobacco sales in the country.^[134]	Turkmenistan
2016	Bladder cancer	Second-hand smoke	Research	A study finds that secondhand smoke exposure is associated with a significant increase in the risk of bladder cancer.^[135]
2016		Third-hand smoke	Research	A study is done to look at how long third-hand smoke (THS) stay in three different fabrics over a timespan of 72 hours and post washing. The three different fiber types include wool, cotton, and polyester. Levels of THS are measured using a self-designed surface acoustic wave gas sensor (SAW) which measures a frequency change when a compound is laid down on the surface of the sensor. The results of this study find that third-hand smoke tends to stay in wool the most right after smoking and polyester the least. Wool has the slowest desorption while polyester has the fastest. Also, the study concludes that even though doing laundry and washing these fibers with detergent is an effective way to get rid of some of the smoke, there is still a remaining THS residue left on all the fibers.^[136]
2016	Atopic dermatitis	Second-hand smoke	Research	A systematic review and meta-analysis find that passive smoking is associated with a higher rate of atopic dermatitis.^[137]
2016	Cognitive deficits	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research reports that children exposed to secondhand smoke show reduced vocabulary and reasoning skills when compared with non-exposed children as well as more general cognitive and intellectual deficits.^[138]
2016	Periodontitis	Second-hand smoke	Research	A study associates second-hand smoke with a possible increased risk of periodontitis.^[139]
2016		Second-hand smoke	Research	A systematic review and meta-analysis find that passive smoking is associated with a higher rate of atopic dermatitis.^[140]
2016		Third-hand smoke	Research	According to a study conducted by Northrup, 22% of infants and children are exposed to second-hand smoke, and third-hand smoke in their homes each year, comprising a major proportion of the 126 million nonsmokers exposed to harmful tobacco products annually.^[141]
2016 (October)	Cardiovascular disease	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research associates second-hand smoke with adverse effects on the cardiovascular system of children.^[142]
2017		Second-hand smoke	Research	As of date, passive smoking causes about 900,000 deaths a year, which is about 1/8 of all deaths caused by smoking.^[143]
2017	Anesthesia complications	Second-hand smoke	Research	Research associates second-hand smoke with anesthesia complications and some negative surgical outcomes.^[144]
2017	Squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma	Mainstream smoke	Research	Research including almost 44,000 individuals finds an increased risk of squamous cell carcinoma and a decreased risk of basal cell carcinoma in current smokers compared to never-smokers.^[48]
2017		Third-hand smoke	Research	A paper uses the concept of "cessation imperative", explaining that the only way to fully protect people from exposure to thirdhand smoke is for smokers to quit smoking because even smoking in places when others are not present can expose people to tobacco smoke contaminants.^[145]
2018	Non-communicable disease	Mainstream smoke	Statistics	Research finds that 18% of noncommunicable disease (NCD) deaths are attributable to tobacco use in the European Region, meaning almost 1 in 5 premature NCD deaths could be avoided by eliminating tobacco use.^[146]	WHO European Region
2018		Mainstream smoke	Research	A report by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine concludes, “while it is biologically plausible that nicotine can act as a tumor promoter, the existing body of evidence indicates this is unlikely to translate into increased risk of human cancer.”^[147]
2018		Mainstream smoke	Policy	As of year, 169 states have signed the World Health Organization (WHO) Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC), which governs international tobacco control.^[148]^[149]	Worldwide
2019		Mainstream smoke	Research	The Surgeon General of the United States announces a link between serious disease and e-cigarettes, an alternative to smoking in which traditional tobacco companies heavily invest.^[25]	United States
2019	Tracheal cancer, bronchus cancer, lung cancer	Mainstream smoke	Research	The report from WHO/Europe “European tobacco use – trends report 2019” notes that almost 9 in 10 deaths (including premature deaths) from trachea, bronchus and lung cancer in the European Region are related to tobacco. In other words, 90% of lung cancers could be avoided by eliminating tobacco use.^[146]	WHO European Region
2025		Mainstream smoke	Program	New Zealand hopes to achieve being tobacco-free by this year.^[150]	New Zealand
2035		Mainstream smoke	Program	The British Medical Assocation establishes the goal of a smokeless Britain by this year.^[8]	United Kingdom
2040		Mainstream smoke	Program	Finland hopes to achieve being tobacco-free by this year.^[151]	Finland

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of December 12, 2021.

Year	"tobacco" "disease"
1900	776
1910	957
1920	1,130
1930	963
1940	1,250
1950	1,330
1960	2,440
1970	3,470
1980	4,210
1990	9,580
2000	29,900
2010	75,800
2020	53,200

Google Trends

The chart below shows Google Trends data for Tobacco disease (Search term), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.^[152]

Google Ngram Viewer

The comparative chart below shows Google Ngram Viewer data for Cigarettes, lung cancer, tobacco smoking and lung disease, from 1800 to 2019.^[153]

Cigarettes, lung cancer, tobacco smoking and lung disease ngram.png

Wikipedia Views

The comparative chart below shows pageviews on desktop of the English Wikipedia articles Smoking, Passive smoking and Third-hand smoke, from December 2007 to March 2021. The data gap observed from October 2014 to June 2015 is the result of Wikipedia Views failure to retrieve data.^[154]

Smoking, Passive smoking and Third-hand smoke wv.png

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

The initial version of the timeline was written by User:Sebastian.

Funding information for this timeline is available.

Feedback and comments

Feedback for the timeline can be provided at the following places:

FIXME

What the timeline is still missing

[1]

Timeline update strategy

External links

References

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@@ Line 64: / Line 64: @@
 |}
-== Numerical and visual data  ==
-=== Google Scholar ===
-The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of December 12, 2021.
-{| class="sortable wikitable"
-! Year
-! "tobacco" "disease"
-|-
-| 1900 || 776
-|-
-| 1910 || 957
-|-
-| 1920 || 1,130
-|-
-| 1930 || 963
-|-
-| 1940 || 1,250
-|-
-| 1950 || 1,330
-|-
-| 1960 || 2,440
-|-
-| 1970 || 3,470
-|-
-| 1980 || 4,210
-|-
-| 1990 || 9,580
-|-
-| 2000 || 29,900
-|-
-| 2010 || 75,800
-|-
-| 2020 || 53,200
-|-
-|}
-[[File:xxx|thumb|center|700px]]
-=== Google Trends ===
-The chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Tobacco disease (Search term), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tobacco disease |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=tobacco%20disease |website=Google Trends |access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref>
-[[File:Tobacco disease gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
-=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
-The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Cigarettes, lung cancer, tobacco smoking and lung disease, from 1800 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cigarettes, lung cancer, tobacco smoking and lung disease |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=cigarettes%2Clung+cancer%2Ctobacco+smoking%2Clung+disease&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2Ccigarettes%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Clung%20cancer%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ctobacco%20smoking%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Clung%20disease%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=22 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
-[[File:Cigarettes, lung cancer, tobacco smoking and lung disease ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
-=== Wikipedia Views ===
-The comparative chart below shows pageviews on desktop of the English Wikipedia articles {{w|Smoking}}, {{w|Passive smoking}} and {{w|Third-hand smoke}}, from December 2007 to March 2021. The data gap observed from October 2014 to June 2015 is the result of Wikipedia Views failure to retrieve data. A data gap observed on desktop from October 2014 to June 2015 is the result of Wikipedia Views failure to retrieve data.<ref>{{cite web |title=Smoking, Passive smoking and Third-hand smoke |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?pages[0]=Passive+smoking&pages[1]=Third-hand+smoke&pages[2]=Smoking&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=desktop |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>
-[[File:Smoking, Passive smoking and Third-hand smoke wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 ==Full timeline==
@@ Line 656: / Line 599: @@
 |-
 |}
+== Numerical and visual data  ==
+=== Google Scholar ===
+The following table summarizes per-year mentions on Google Scholar as of December 12, 2021.
+{| class="sortable wikitable"
+! Year
+! "tobacco" "disease"
+|-
+| 1900 || 776
+|-
+| 1910 || 957
+|-
+| 1920 || 1,130
+|-
+| 1930 || 963
+|-
+| 1940 || 1,250
+|-
+| 1950 || 1,330
+|-
+| 1960 || 2,440
+|-
+| 1970 || 3,470
+|-
+| 1980 || 4,210
+|-
+| 1990 || 9,580
+|-
+| 2000 || 29,900
+|-
+| 2010 || 75,800
+|-
+| 2020 || 53,200
+|-
+|}
+[[File:Tobacco disease gscho.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Google Trends ===
+The chart below shows {{w|Google Trends}} data for Tobacco disease (Search term), from January 2004 to April 2021, when the screenshot was taken. Interest is also ranked by country and displayed on world map.<ref>{{cite web |title=Tobacco disease |url=https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=tobacco%20disease |website=Google Trends |access-date=22 April 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Tobacco disease gt.png|thumb|center|600px]]
+=== Google Ngram Viewer ===
+The comparative chart below shows {{w|Google Ngram Viewer}} data for Cigarettes, lung cancer, tobacco smoking and lung disease, from 1800 to 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=Cigarettes, lung cancer, tobacco smoking and lung disease |url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=cigarettes%2Clung+cancer%2Ctobacco+smoking%2Clung+disease&year_start=1800&year_end=2019&corpus=26&smoothing=3&direct_url=t1%3B%2Ccigarettes%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Clung%20cancer%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Ctobacco%20smoking%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2Clung%20disease%3B%2Cc0 |website=books.google.com |access-date=22 April 2021 |language=en}}</ref>
+[[File:Cigarettes, lung cancer, tobacco smoking and lung disease ngram.png|thumb|center|700px]]
+=== Wikipedia Views ===
+The comparative chart below shows pageviews on desktop of the English Wikipedia articles {{w|Smoking}}, {{w|Passive smoking}} and {{w|Third-hand smoke}}, from December 2007 to March 2021. The data gap observed from October 2014 to June 2015 is the result of Wikipedia Views failure to retrieve data.<ref>{{cite web |title=Smoking, Passive smoking and Third-hand smoke |url=https://wikipediaviews.org/displayviewsformultiplemonths.php?pages[0]=Passive+smoking&pages[1]=Third-hand+smoke&pages[2]=Smoking&allmonths=allmonths&language=en&drilldown=desktop |website=wikipediaviews.org |access-date=26 April 2021}}</ref>
+[[File:Smoking, Passive smoking and Third-hand smoke wv.png|thumb|center|450px]]
 ==Meta information on the timeline==

Difference between revisions of "Timeline of tobacco smoking and disease"

Latest revision as of 21:17, 23 June 2024

Contents

Sample questions

Big picture

Summary by decade

Full timeline

Numerical and visual data

Google Scholar

Google Trends

Google Ngram Viewer

Wikipedia Views

Meta information on the timeline

How the timeline was built

Feedback and comments

What the timeline is still missing

Timeline update strategy

See also

External links

References

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